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Report on Taylor series
Introduction :
In mathematics, a Taylor series is a representation of a function as an infinite sum, of
terms that are calculated from the values of the function's derivatives at a single point.
The concept of a Taylor series was discovered by the Scottish mathematician James
Gregory and formally introduced by the English mathematician Brook Taylor in 1715. If
the Taylor series is centered at zero, then that series is also called a Maclaurin series,
named after the Scottish mathematician Colin Maclaurin, who made extensive use of this
special case of Taylor series in the 18th century.
It is common practice to approximate a function by using a finite number of terms of its
Taylor series. Taylor's theorem gives quantitative estimates on the error in this
approximation. Any finite number of initial terms of the Taylor series of a function is
called a Taylor polynomial. The Taylor series of a function is the limit of that function's
Taylor polynomials, provided that the limit exists. A function may not be equal to its
Taylor series, even if its Taylor series converges at every point. A function that is equal to
its Taylor series in an open interval (or a disc in the complex plane) is known as
an analytic function in that interval.

Definition 1:

The Nth-order Taylor polynomial for y = f(x) at x 0 is:

PN (X) = f(x0) + f(x0)(x x0) + f(x0)/2! (x x0)2 + + f(N)(x0)/N! (x

x0)N , (open form)
which can also be written as (recall that 0! = 1)

PN (X) = f (0)(x0)/0! + f (1) (x0)/1! (xx0)+f (2)(x0)/2! (xx0) 2+ + f (N)

(x0)/N! (xx0)

( a finite sum, i.e. the sum stops ).

Formula is in open form. It can also be written in closed form, by

using sigma notation, as

PN (X) = f (n) (x0)/n! (x x0) n

So y =

PN (X) is a polynomial of degree at most N and it has the form

PN (X) = cn (x x0)n

where the constants

cn = f

(n)

(x0)/ n!

are specially chosen so that derivatives match up at x 0, i.e. the

constants cns are chosen so that:
PN (x0) = f(x0)
PN 1(x0) = f

(1)

(x0)

PN 2(x0) = f

(2)

(x0)

(N)

(x0)

...

PN N(x0) = f

The constant cn is the n th Taylor coefficient of y = f(x) about x 0. The

Nth-order Maclaurin polynomial for y = f(x) is just the Nth-order Taylor
polynomial for y = f(x) at x0 = 0 and so it is

PN (X) = f (n) (0)/n! x n.

Definition 2: The Taylor series for y = f(x) at x0 is the power series:

P (X) = f(x0) + f(x0)(x x0) + f(x0)/2! (x x0)2 + + f(N)(x0)/N! (x

x0)N , (open form)
which can also be written as

P (X) = f (0)(x0)/0! + f (1) (x0)/1! (xx0)+f (2)(x0)/2! (xx0) 2+ + f (N)

(x0)/N! (xx0)

(the sum keeps on going and going)

The Taylor series can also be written in closed form, by using sigma
notation, as

P (X) = f (n) (x0)/n! (x x0)n.

(closed form)

The Maclaurin series for y = f(x) is just the Taylor series for y = f(x) at
x0 = 0.