Analgesics

Drug Classifications

Relief of pain
Type and degree of pain
2 Types
Mild pain - Aspirin, acetaminophen and
dextropropoxyphene
Sever pain narcotic analgesic (codeine, oxycodone)
If patient has chronic pain, potent narcotics are
recommended.

Anesthetics
Used to relieve pain by interfering with nerve
transmission
2 Types
General acts by depressing the cerebral nerve that
carry sensory pain signals to the brain
Effects: Loss of pain and consciousness
Dosage Form: Inhalation, IV
Example: Halothane and ether

Local used for local nerve blocks in relieving pain

Antacids
Used to relieve gastric hyperactivity and the pain
associated with Duodenal or gastric ulcer
Lower HCl content of the stomach by neutralizing or
buffering
Reduce acid irritation
Example: Sodium bicarbonate, sodium carbonate,
aluminum hydroxide

Dosage form: Topical preparation (Ointment, gels, creams)

Example: Lidocaine, Procaine, cocaine

Anthelmintics

Antianginal

Used to rid the body of worm infestation

Worms gain access through the body most commonly
due to contaminated food and animal saliva
Most infestation are curable by proper therapy
Example: Pyrvinium pamoate, piperazine citrate, and
diethylcarbamazine citrate

Drugs used to relieve the chest pain associated with

increased oxygen demand by the heart muscle due to
physical exertion
Classification
Vasodilators
Nitroglycerin, Isosorbide dinitrate, pentaerythritol
tetranitrate

Beta-adrenergic blocking agents (Beta blockers)

Propranolol, Nadolol, Labetalol

Anticholinergic

Anticholinergic

Inhibits cholinergic nerves that are primarily

responsible for gastrointestinal hypersecretion and
motility
Gastrointestinal antispasmodic
Example: Propantheline, belladonna alkaloid, adiphenine,
dicyclomine

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Anticoagulant
Inhibits the clotting mechanism
Can also serve as a prophylaxis to prevent clotting
during hemodialysis and surgery
Clot can serve as a physical barrier to blood flow
resulting to heart attack and stroke

Anticonvulsant
Used to depress the brain nerve firing to control
convulsive seizure in epilepsy
Prevent or reduce convulsion in electroshock therapy,
brain damage and ingestion of certain poison
Example: Phenytoin, Trimethadione, diazepam

Example: Heparin, and Warfarin

Antiemetic

Antihistamine

Emesis ( Vomiting), common cause of a wide variety

of disease and drugs (morphine, antineoplastic) that
stimulates the vomiting center or Chemoreceptor
trigger zone

Used to antagonizes the pathological effect of

histamine that is released as a consequence of various
disease state

Antiemetic blocks the brain center associated with

vomiting

Drowsiness is a leading side effect of these agent

Example: Prochlorphenazine, chlorpromazine,

Granisetron, Metroclopramide, Meclizine

Hayfever, common colds, asthma, allergy

Loratadine, Cetirizine, Levocetirizine, Hydroxyzine,

Diphenhydramine

Antihypertensive
Treatment to lower blood pressure by
Reducing vascular volume (diuretics)
Relaxing blood vessel (vasodilator)
Inhibiting sympathomimetic nervous system (Nerve
ending blocking agents)
Inhibiting renal mechanism for blood elevation(ACE
inhibitors)

Anti-infective and Sulfonamides

Natural or synthetic agents
Able to inhibit the growth (bacteriostatic) or destroy
(bactericidal) microorganism
Topical - bacitracin, neomycin, polymyxin
Oral, Parenteral - Penicillin, cephalosporin,
Tetracycline, Erythromycin
Disinfectant - Alcohols,acetic acid, boric acid, iodine,
hydrogen peroxide

Antitussive

Antihypertensive
Examples:
Diuretics - Thiazide
Beta-adrenergic blocking agents - Propranolol
Nerve ending blocking agents - reserpine, methyldopa,
guanethidine
CNS Blocker - Clonidine
Vasodilator - Hydralazine, prazosin
ACE Inhibitors - Captopril, Enalapril
ARB - Losartan, Telmisartan

Antineoplastic
Cellular toxins that function by destroying rapidly
multiplying cells associated with cancer
Destroys also normal cells in the body - rapidly
growing (Hair, Liver, GI mucosa)
Examples: Vinblastine, Vincristine, Cisplatin, 5fluorouracil, Cyclophosphamide

Antiviral

Inhibits cough reflex

Used to treat viral infections

Depress the CNS cough trigger

Example: Acyclovir , Amantadine, Zidovudine

Example: Codeine, hydrocodone, dexthromethorphan

Can be found in combination with antihistamine

Bronchodilators
Antiasthmatic relax bronchial smooth muscle which
dilates the airway

Cardiac Stimulant and Depressant

Depression - Slow heart rate and impulse conduction
through the heart
example: Quinidine, Procinamide, Propranolol

Permits normal respiratory air breathing

Epinephrine, Isoproterenol, Pseudoephedrine,
Theophylline

Decongestant
Vasoconstrictors
Caus the shrinking of the mucous membrane ,
permitting improved air transit through the nasal and
other passage
Example: Ephedrine, pseudoephedrine,
phenylephrine, Disopyramide

Emetics
Used to induce vomiting
Eliminate poisonous substance
Example: Ipecac syrup , apomorphine ( less frequent)

Stimulant - Overexcitability resulting in rhythm

disturbance and rapid heart rate with depress cardiac
output
example: Epinephrine, Isoproterenol

Digestant
Drugs that promote digestion of food in the GI
Usually GI replacement products for normal digestion
Example: HCl, pepsin, pancreatin, diastase
Simethicone is used in combination with this product
to alleviate trapped gas

Hormones
Organic compound that are normally produced
endogenously by the endocrine gland
Supplemented in the form of drugs in cases of
deficiency or secondary to disease state or surgery to
the gland

Hormones
Pituitary hormone - regulates the release of glandular
hormone. Also called Releasing factor
Growth Hormone (GH) - Regulates growth
Thyroid Hormone - Regulates the activity of all body
cells
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing
hormone (LH) control sexual growth and
development

Hypnotics and Sedatives

Hormones
Corticotropin (ACTH) - Regulates corticosteroid
release from the adrenal gland which, influences the
body to maintain blood pressure and withstand
environmental stress
Vasopressin - Maintain blood pressure
Oxytocin - Used in Obstetrics to induce uterine
contraction in labor

Laxatives and Cathartic

Produce and maintain sleep

Promote defactaion

Treatment for patients with sleep disturbance

(Insomnia)

Stimulate peristaltic movement by irritating the GIT,

retaining water in bowel, lubricating the bowel, or
reducing the surface tension of fecal material

At lower dose used as anticonvulsants

Example: Barbiturates, benzodiazepine sleep inducing
drugs flurazepam, temazepam, triazolam

Tranquilizer
Drugs that produce a sense of detach calmness
without depression of mental faculties or clouding of
consciousness
Treatment for mental and emotional disorder
Used for secondary problems such as emotional
distress or agitation due to surgery or cancer
Example: Phenothiazine (chlorpromazine,
triluoperazine, diazepam)

Example: Castor oil, Prunes, Magnesium salts,

Phenolphthalein, psyllium seed, mineral oil, senna,
dioctylsodiumsulfosuccinate

Miscellaneous Drugs
Diagnostics - used to determine a specific disease
state
Histamine - Achlorhydria
Barium Sulfate - fluoroscopically identify GIT lesion or
ulcer
Sodium Diatrizoate - Radiopaque dye used for
angiography of the brain and heart and urographically
for the urinary tract to visualize vascular insufficiency or
aneurysm

Miscellaneous
Radioisotope - Diagnostic aid to identify or treat
certain tumor
Iodine, Phosphate, Gold, Cobalt, and Sodium

What drug will you give?

Vitamins - Organic catalyst that are required daily by

the human body in small amount for proper
functioning of certain enzyme system that mediate
chemical reaction of the cells and maintain body
tissue
Vitamin A, B, C, D, E, K

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Diuretic

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Local
Anesthetic

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Antihistamine

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Anti-angina

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Anticoagulant

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Anti-diarrheal

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Antimicrobial/
Antibacterial/
Anti-infective

Anti-tussive

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Bronchodilators

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Antineoplastic

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Antihypertensive

Laxative

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Anticonvulsant

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Decongestant

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Antiemetic

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Antacid

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General Anesthetic

Digestant

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Anthelmintic

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Analgesic

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Antiviral

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