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Discourse Terminology Practice
Discourse Terminology Practice
Discourse Terminology Practice
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DISCOURSE 1
Ellie Cavalcanti
POST-SESSION TASK
DISCOURSE
DELTA TIMETABLE
Exercise 1
Read the text and complete the definition table at the end:
Discourse analysis is concerned with the study of the relationship between language and the contexts in which
it is used. It grew out of work in different disciplines in the 1960s and early 1970s, including linguistics,
semiotics, psychology, anthropology and sociology. The linguistic philosophers such as Austin (1962) , Searle
(1969) and Grice (1975) were influential in the study of language in social action, reflected in Speech Act
Theory and the formulation of Conversational Maxims, alongside the emergence of pragmatics , which is the
study of meaning in context (e.g. Levinson 1983 and Leech 1983 ). British discourse analysis was greatly
influenced by M.A.K. Halliday's functional approach to language.
Discourse is language in use for communication and it is generally pre-supposed to be coherent
(understandable). Discourse analysis is the search to discover what makes language coherent. Language rules
- morphological, syntactic and semantic plus a "knowledge of the world" are required to understand discourse.
Language as a formal system plus schemata - social, cultural, experiential and creative experiences are
needed. i.e. social and psychological context is important for the understanding of language.
What implications does the analysis of discourse have for language learning and teaching? An understanding
of the concepts of discourse will help you and your students read with deeper understanding and write with
greater fluency. Language learners interacting with speakers of a target language must be exposed to language
samples which observe social, cultural, and discourse conventions - or in other words, which are
pragmatically appropriate. Speakers who do not use pragmatically appropriate language run the risk of
appearing uncooperative at the least , or, more seriously , rude or insulting.
Let's look now at coherence and cohesion. These two terms are often confused as they both relate to how texts
are constructed or held together. In the exam (and let's face it, that's why we're really interested in all this!)
these two concepts are directly tested through a student produced text ( you would have to identify errors ) or
through an authentic text (you would be asked to identify the features used in that text.)
Coherence
This is the 'glue' that holds the text together. It is a difficult concept to define and is most obvious when it is
absent.
e.g. The box contains on average 100 large paper clips. Applied linguistics then is not the same as linguistics.
Just send 10 Guinness bottle tops.
The above is clearly not coherent. Coherence refers to the overall semantic structure of a text and its unity. For
a text to have coherence the following conditions must be met:
1. Development - the presentation of ideas must be orderly and convey a sense of direction.
2. Continuity - there must be consistency of facts, opinions and writer perspective, as well as reference to
previously mentioned ideas. Newly introduced ideas must be relevant.
The combination of these patterns is called a text's lexical chain . This will differ for each text, but its presence
will add to cohesion within the text.
Appropriate uses of cohesive devices, as described above, support the overall coherence of writing.
Now, use information from the text to complete the table below:
TERM
Discourse
Discourse analysis
DEFINITION
Exercise 2 - Referencing
Identify the different types of referencing being used in the following short texts.
1. It rained day and night for two weeks. The basement flooded and everything was under water. It spoilt all
our calculations.
2. The trip would hardly have been noteworthy, except for the man who made it. In mid-July a powerful
American financier flew to Mexico City for a series of talks with high ranking government officials.
3. The government are to blame for unemployment. The voters are no longer prepared to listen to platitudes
and want action.
4. She claims Leo Tolstoy as a distant cousin. Her grandfather was Alexei Tolstoy - the famous 'Red Count'
who sided with Lenin's revolutionaries. Now, Tatyana Tolstaya has put pen to paper, in her case to
demonstrate that someone from her family can write.
Exercise 4 - Conjunction
Look at the text below and identify the conjunctions which link the sentences to each other.
Using the categories given below (based on Halliday and Hassan 1976), say what type of conjunctive relation
is being signaled in each case.
Categories
1. Additive (e.g. and, in addition)
2. Adversative (e.g. but, however)
3. Causal (e.g. because, consequently)
4. Temporal (e.g. then, subsequently)
Wind power. Wave power. Solar power. Tidal power.
Whilst their use will increase they are unlikely to provide large amounts of economic electricity. Generally,
the cost of harnessing their power is huge.
However, there is a more practical, reliable and economical way of ensuring electricity for the future. And
that is through nuclear energy. It's not a new idea, of course. We've been using nuclear electricity for the last
30 years. In fact, it now accounts for around 20% of Britain's electricity production. And it's one of the
cheapest and safest ways to produce electricity we know for the future.
What's more, world supplies of uranium are estimated to last for hundreds of years, which will give us more
than enough time to develop alternatives if we need to.
So, while some people might not care about their children's future.
We do.
POST-SESSION TASK
DISCOURSE
DELTA TIMETABLE