Twist Drills

Twist Drills
End-cutting tools
Used to produce holes in most types
of materials
Two helical grooves, or flutes, are cut
lengthwise around body of drill
Provide cutting edges and space for
cuttings to escape during drilling process

Twist Drill Parts

Most made of high-speed steel
Replaced carbon-steel drills for two
reasons
Can be operated at double the cutting speed
Cutting edge lasts longer

Stamped with letters H.S or H.S.S.

Carbide-tipped drills
Speeds for production have increased up
to 300% over high-speed drills
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Three Main
Parts
of a Drill

Point

Body

Shank

Drill Shank
Straight-shank drills
Held in drill chuck
Up to in.
in diameter

Tapered-shank drills
Fit into internal taper of drill press spindle
Tang provided on end to prevent drill from
slipping
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Drill Body
Portion of drill between shank and point
Consists of number of parts for cutting
Flutes
Two or more helical grooves cut around
body of drill
Form cutting edges, admit cutting fluid,
allow chips to escape hole

Body Clearance
Undercut portion of body between margin
and flutes
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Drill Body
Margin
Narrow, raised section on body of drill
Extends entire length of flutes
Provides full size to drill body and edges

Web
Thin partition in center of drill,
extends full length of flutes
Forms chisel edge at cutting
end of drill
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Drill Point
Consists of chisel edge, lips, lip clearance,
and heel
Chisel edge
Chisel-shaped portion of drill point

Lips
Cutting edges formed by intersection of flutes
Must be of equal length and have same angle
So drill run true and not cut hole larger than drill
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Drill Point

Lip Clearance

The relief ground on point of drill extending

from cutting lips back to the heel

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Drill Point Characteristics

The use of various point angles and lip
clearances, in conjunction with thinning
of the drill web, will allow:
1. Control size, quality and straightness of
drilled hole
2. Control size, shape and formation of chip
3. Control chip flow up flutes

4. Increase strength of drill's cutting edges

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Drill Point Characteristics

5. Reduce rate of wear at cutting edges
6. Reduce amount of drilling pressure
required
7. Control amount of burr produced
8. Reduce amount of heat generated
9. Permit use of various speeds and feeds for
more efficient drilling

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Conventional Point (118)

Most commonly used drill point
Gives satisfactory results for most
general-purpose drilling
Lip clearance of 8 to 12 for best
results
Too much weakens cutting
edge and causes drill to chip
Too little results in use of
heavy drilling pressure
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Long Angle Point 60 - 90

Used on low helix drills for drilling of
nonferrous metals, soft cast irons,
plastics, fibers, and wood
Lip clearance generally from 12 to 15
Flat may be ground on
face of lips to prevent
drill from drawing itself
into the soft material
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Flat Angle Point 135 -150

Used to drill hard and tough materials
Lip clearance on flat angle point drills
only 6 to 8 to provide as much
support as possible for cutting edges
Shorter cutting edge
tends to reduce friction
and heat during drilling
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Four Systems of Drill Sizes

a)Fractional
Range from 1/64 to 4 in. (steps of 1/64th )

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Four Systems of Drill Sizes

b)Number
Range from #1 (.228 in.) to #97 (.0059 in.)

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Four Systems of Drill Sizes

d)Letter
Range from A to Z (A = .234 in., Z = .413
in.)

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Four Systems of Drill Sizes

e)Millimeter (Metric)
Straight-shank standard (0.5 to 20 mm)

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Types of Drills
Wide variety manufactured to suit
specific drilling operations and materials
Design of drills vary

Number and width of flutes

Amount of helix or rake angle of flutes
Shape of land or margin
Shape of flute: straight or helical
Whether helix is right-hand or left-hand
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Twist Drills
Manufactured from four main materials

Carbon-steel drills
High-speed steel drills Uncoated
High-speed steel drills Coated
High Cobalt Content
Cemented-carbide drills

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Twist Drills
Carbon-steel drills
Used in hobby shops not for machine shop
work
Lowest cost of all drills
Cutting edges wear down quickly
High-speed steel drills - Uncoated
Used extensively in machine shop work
Replaced High Carbon Steel Drills
Cutting edges withstand more heat and
wear
Most commonly used

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Twist Drills
High-speed steel drills - Coated
Used extensively in machine shop work
Supplements uncoated High Speed Steel
Drills
Cutting edges withstand much more heat
and wear
Black Oxide

Titanium Nitride

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Twist Drills
High Cobalt High-Speed Steel drills
Used in machine shop work
5% Cobalt allows cutting edges to withstand
more heat and wear

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Twist Drills
Cemented-carbide drills
Operated at high speeds, withstand higher
heat, and can drill hard materials
Carbide Tipped
Solid Carbide

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General-Purpose Drill
Has two Helical flutes
Designed to perform well on wide variety of
materials, equipment and job conditions
Can be made to suit different conditions and
materials by varying point angle, speeds and
feeds
Straight-shank drills called general-purpose
jobbers length drills
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Low-Helix Drill
Developed primarily to drill brass and
thin materials
Used to drill shallow holes in some
aluminum and magnesium alloys
Can remove large volume of chips
formed by high rates of penetration

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High-Helix Drills
Designed for drilling deep holes in
aluminum, copper, die-cast material,
and other metals
Material where chips have tendency to jam

High helix angle (35 to 45)

Wider flutes assist in clearing chips from
hole

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Core Drill
Three or four flutes
Used to enlarge cored, drilled, or
punched holes
Produced in sizes from to 3 in.

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Oil Hole Drills

Have one or two oil holes running from
shank to cutting point
Compressed air, oil, or cutting fluid can be
forced through when deep holes being
drilled

Cutting fluid cools drill's cutting edges

and flushes chips out of hole

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Straight-Fluted Drills
Recommended for drilling operations on
soft materials such as brass, bronze,
copper and various types of plastic
Straight flute prevents drill from drawing
itself into material while cutting

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Deep Hole (Gun) Drills

Used for producing holes from
approximately 3/8 to 3 in. in diameter
and as deep as 20 feet
Consists of round, tubular stem, on end
is fastened flat, two-fluted drilling insert
Cutting fluid forced through center of
stem to flush chips from hole

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Spade Drills
Cutting end is flat blade with two
cutting lips
Easily replaced or sharpened
Available in wide range of sizes
Micro to 12 inch diameter

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Hard-Steel Drill
Used for drilling hardened steel
Made from heat-resistant alloy
As brought into contact with workpiece,
fluted, triangular point softens metal by
friction and then removes softened metal

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Step Drills
Used to drill and countersink or drill
and counterbore different sizes of
holes in one operation
Usually has two or more diameters
Each size or step separated by square
or angular shoulder

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Saw-Type Hole Cutter

Cylindrical-diameter cutter
with twist drill in center to
provide guide for cutting
teeth on hole cutter
Made in various diameters
Used for drilling
holes in thin materials
Little burr produced
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Procedure to Grind a Drill

1. Wear approved safety glasses
2. Check grinding wheel and dress it to
sharpen and/or straighten wheel face
3. Adjust grinder tool rest so it is within
.060 in. of wheel face
4. Examine drill point and margins for
wear
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5. Hold drill near point with one hand,

other hand hold shank of drill slightly
lower than point
6. Move drill so it is approximately 59 to
face of grinding wheel
7. Hold lip or cutting edge of drill parallel
to grinder toolrest
8. Bring lip of drill against grinding wheel
and slowly lower drill shank
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Drilling Facts and Problems

Excessive speed
Excessive clearance
Excessive feed
Insufficient clearance
Cutting lips with unequal angles
Cutting lips with unequal in length
Loading and galling
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Excessive speed will cause wear at outer corners

of drill. This permits fewer regrinds of drill due
to amount of stock to be removed in
reconditioning.
Discoloration is warning sign of excess speed.

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Excessive clearance results in lack of support

behind cutting edge with quick dulling and poor
tool life. Despite initial free cutting action.
Clearance angle behind cutting lip for general
purposes is 8 to 12.

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Excessive feed sets up abnormal end thrust,

which causes breakdown of chisel point and
cutting lips. Failure induced by this cause will
be broken or split drill.

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Insufficient clearance causes the drill to rub

behind the cutting edge. It will make the drill
work hard, generate heat, and increase end
thrust. This results in poor holes and drill
breakage.

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The web is the tapered central portion of the

body that joins the lands.

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Cutting lips with unequal angles will cause one

cutting edge to work harder than the other. This
causes torsion strain, bellmouth holes,
rapid dulling, and poor tool life.

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Cutting lips unequal in length cause

chisel point to be off center axis and will
drill holes oversize by approximately
twice the amount
of eccentricity.

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Loading and galling is

caused by poor chip
removal with insufficient
dissipation of heat so that
material anneals itself to
the cutting edge and flute.
This condition frequently
results from using wrong
drills for the job or
inadequate cutting fluid
application.
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Characteristics of a
Properly Ground Drill

Length of both cutting lips equal

Angle of both cutting lips be the same
Lips should be free from nicks or wear
No sign of wear on margin

Note: Resharpen drill if it does not meet

all of these requirements.
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When to Regrind
Color and shape of chips change
More drilling pressure required
Chips turn blue because of excessive
heat
Top of hole out of round
Poor finish produced in hole
Drill chatters when it contacts metal
Drill squeals and may jam in hole
Excessive burr left around drilled hole
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Factors Causing
Premature Dulling of Drill
Drill speed may be too high for
hardness of material being cut
Feed may be too heavy and overload
cutting lips
Feed may be too light and cause lips to
scrape rather than cut
May be hard spots or scale on work
surface
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More Factors
Work or drill may not be supported
properly, resulting in springing and
chatter
Drill point may be incorrect for material
being drilled
Finish on lips may be poor

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More Factors

Remove drill from wheel without

moving position of body or hands,
rotate drill one-half turn, and grind the
other cutting edge
Check angle of drill point and length of
lips with drill point gage
Repeat operations 6-10 until cutting
edges are sharp and lands are free
from wear nicks
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