socialur mecnierebaTa seria

kulturis
sociologia
momzadebulia socialur mecnierebaTa centris
akademiuri stipendiis safuZvelze

saleqcio kursi
socialuri mecnierebebis magistraturisaTvis

marika asaTiani

Tbilisi

2006

socialur mecnierebaTa seria

mTavari redaqtori: marine CitaSvili
enobrivi redaqtori: lia kaWarava
dakabadoneba, ydis dizaini: giorgi bagrationi

socialur mecnierebaTa centri, 2006

Center for Social Sciences, 2006
q. Tbilisi, 0108, T. WoveliZis q. # 10
el. fosta: contact@ucss.ge
internet gverdi: www.ucss.ge

wigni momzadebulia da gamocemulia `socialur mecnierebaTa

centris (Center for Social Sciences) mier, fondis OSI Zug,
budapeStis Ria sazogadoebis institutis umaRlesi ganaTlebis
mxardaWeris programis (HESP) finansuri xelSewyobiT

The book has been published by the Center for Social Sciences,
sponsored by the OSI-Zug Foundation and the Higher Education
Support Program (HESP) of the Open Society Institute-Budapest.

ISBN: 99940 - 872 - 7 - 4

Here, we also examine architecture as a professional context for cultural production to

account for the change from modernist to postmodernist architecture at the beginning of the
last quarter of the twentieth century. Questions of discourse and practice, aesthetics,
organization, and economic context are interweaved. The profession combines aspects of
both art world and culture industry.
Explanations of changes in popular music styles usually focus on changes in the
audience, affecting demand, or on changes among creators and performers themselves.
Peterson challenges such explanations of musical change from a production-of-culture
perspective in this carefully focused analysis of how and why rock music attained it sudden
popularity in the 1950s. Important but unrecognized supply-side factors like regulations,
technology, industry structure, organization structure, and (not included here) types of
occupational careers prompted the emergence of rock and roll as the basis of pop music.
Finally, we look at how is social change possible when social structures pattern and
constrain human action? Here, we refer among others to William Sewell who includes a
cultural dimension- schemas in his concept of social structure, and by giving important
theoretical weight to the cultural point that meanings for the same thing may vary. He
redefines the idea of social structure as combining cultural schemas and resources,
developing a theory of human agency as inherent in structures and articulating how social
structures differ in depth and range. Of particular interest here is the way qualities of culture
help make social structures changeable.

kultura ................................................................................................................................................................... 5
kultura, rogorc jgufebisa da sazogadoebebis maxasiaTebeli elementi.................. 5
kultura, rogorc adamianuri gamoxatulebis gancalkevebuli samyaro ........................ 6
kultura, rogorc mniSvnelobis gansazRvra ..................................................................................... 7
kulturis sociologia, rogorc samuSao midgoma.......................................................................... 9
kulturis SedarebiTi avtonomiis Sesaxeb......................................................................................... 9
Tavdapirveli dixotomia .............................................................................................................................. 9
klasikuri perspeqtivebi............................................................................................................................. 10
parsonsi .................................................................................................................................................................. 11
antonio gramSi ................................................................................................................................................... 12
semiotika ferdinand sosuri ................................................................................................................. 13
funqcionalizmi ................................................................................................................................................ 15
semiotika roland barti ........................................................................................................................... 15
dramaturgiuli midgoma............................................................................................................................... 17
veberianizmi ........................................................................................................................................................ 18
durkhemi.................................................................................................................................................................. 19
marqsizmi da kultura.................................................................................................................................... 21
postruqturalizmi da kultura fuko, pier burdie ................................................................ 23
daskvnis saxiT..................................................................................................................................................... 24
ena da reprezentacia ..................................................................................................................................... 25
mniSvnelobebis warmoqmna ........................................................................................................................... 26
kulturisa da enis saSualebiT mniSvnelobis warmoeba da cirkulacia ....................... 27
reprezentacia da mniSvneloba ................................................................................................................ 28
Zalauflebis axali koncefciebi............................................................................................................ 35
televizualuri mesijebis warmoeba da gavrceleba .................................................................. 37
reprezentaciebi da media - fiqcia ....................................................................................................... 38
qalebis kultura da kacebis kultura ................................................................................................. 38
qalebisa da "namdvili qalebis" gamosaxulebebi ......................................................................... 39
maskulinobis xatis warmoqmna .................................................................................................................. 42
fsiqoanalizi da subieqti .......................................................................................................................... 46
mayureblad yofnis fenomeni..................................................................................................................... 47
roland barti: miTebi da niSnebi ............................................................................................................ 48
ideologia ............................................................................................................................................................. 49
subkultura/stili........................................................................................................................................... 52

86

stili, rogorc mizanmimarTuli komunikacia................................................................................. 54

stili, rogorc brikolaJi ........................................................................................................................... 55
stili, rogorc ajanyebis gamomsaxveli: pankebi .......................................................................... 56
Tanamedrove sazogadoeba: istoriuli konteqsti ...................................................................... 58
ra iyo ganmanaTlebloba? ............................................................................................................................ 58
manqana ...................................................................................................................................................................... 60
qalaqi ....................................................................................................................................................................... 60
erovnuli saxelmwifo .................................................................................................................................... 61
sazogadoeba rogorc moraluri Zala? ............................................................................................... 62
postmodernistuli sazogadoeba: postmodernuli xana: postmodernizmi .................. 63
istoriuli konteqsti: postindustrializmi................................................................................. 64
istoriuli konteqsti : momxmarebloba (konzumerizmi) .......................................................... 65
sazogadoeba da individi............................................................................................................................. 66
gviandeli Tanamedrove sazogadoeba an meore/Semdgomi Tanamedroveoba ................ 67
generaciuli politika .................................................................................................................................. 69
dro, sivrce da arqiteqtura ..................................................................................................................... 71
xelovneba da urbanuli sivrceebi - dena l. hovsi......................................................................... 71
monumentebi .......................................................................................................................................................... 72
arqiteqturuli diskursebi ...................................................................................................................... 75
arqiteqtura da kulturuli cvlilebebi .......................................................................................... 77
SOCIOLOGY OF CULTURE...................................................................................................................................... 79

counter-hegemonic styles. Punk, in particular, was a unique mixture of an avant-garde

cultural strategy, marketing savvy adn working class transtreasion in the face of a section of
British youths restricted access to consumer markets. The line between subculture as
resisteance and commercial culture as both provider of pleasures and an instrument of
hegemony is in fact very hard to draw especially when youth markets are in question.
Cultural Production
Given a concern with unavoidable diversity in the ways human beings appear to each
other, and a concern not to reduce this diversity to universality prematurely, then it makes
sense to wonder about where diversity comes from (causes and history, evolution, chance,
necessity) the products of diversity (culture as product and objects - "cultures"), the activities
that diversify human groups (culture as process -"Culture") the impact of group diversity on
participating persons (enculturation and the construction of the self)
Cultural anthropologists have above all been interested in the causes of human diversity
(fighting racism, mechanism to emphasize the multiplicity of solutions human beings have
given to similar conditions), and many have also been interested in the impact of "cultural"
diversity on persons.
With some exceptions (Levi-Strauss arguably being one, and Marx and some Marxists
depending on where the emphasis is put in their work), it is only relatively recently that much
work has been done emphasizing the processes that makes differences given an apparently
homogeneous and coherent starting point. An early figure with a profound influence is that of
the Russian Mikhail Bakhtin. Many of those have established the importance of "popular"
culture in understanding how human beings make up their world.
In many ways, the concern with "popular" culture (by contrast to "high" culture) is a
paradoxical return to the universalistic concerns of the early philosophers of culture: to be
concerned with popular culture is to be concerned with the productive aspect of humanity. It
is to be concerned by all that human beings do, whatever it may be and whereever it may
take place.
Alternatively, to be concerned with humanity is to be concerned: individual human
beings, their constitution and characteristics (the "pragmatist" orientation); what human
beings have done and how it now constrains if not determine them (a "sociological"
orientation with both Marxist and Durkheimian versions); what human beings are doing with
each other and with what other human beings did in the past (the orientation to "resistance"
and "popular" culture);
This might also be presented as an evolution in the conversations about culture from: a
concern with consensus (learning); a concern with social structure (and determination); a
concern with continuing productivity (resistance); or from a concern with culture as history
imposing itself on individuals; to culture as the activity of individuals in history;
The latter summarizes Fiske's argument in Understanding popular culture. It concerns a
confrontation with the "freedom" or at least ultimate indeterminacy of practical human action
in historical conditions. Fiske makes his argument through a set of oppositions between
popular culture vs. hegemonic culture; producerly text vs. writerly text; jouissance (carnival)
vs. pleasure (discipline); Progressive politics vs. conservative politics.
The central focus here is on the continuing production of every day life and on the
relative freedom of people in the conduct of their everyday life to interpret that which they
encounter or consume. The central concept is that of "appropriation" for particular purposes
often not envisioned by the original "writers" of the texts.
Producing art is a collective enterprise depending on an extensive division of labor and
on shared conventions challenges the commonsense emphasis on individual artistic
creativity and absolute aesthetic criteria. According to Becker, in his book on Art Worlds, art
worlds enable and constrain artistic production mobilizing resources, distributing products,
assigning critical assessments, and influencing editing processes and artistic reputations
as well on the ways the state may influence art worlds, how different artistic roles are defined
in relation to art worlds, and how art worlds change. Becker demonstrates that the
production of culture perspective is not limited to understanding the outcomes of culture
industries involving mass production for the market but also helps understand other sorts of
social organization of artistic production.
85

readings are produced by those who inflect the preferred reading to take account of their
social position; and 'oppositional' readings are produced by those whose social position puts
them into direct conflict with the preferred reading. Hall insists that there remain limits to
interpretation: meaning cannot be simply 'private' and 'individual' (Hall 1980: 135). Hall's
emphasis on ideology has been criticized for being at the expense of the importance of
ownership and control (Stevenson 1995: 35).
In their famous 1944 essay, The Culture Industry: Enlightenment As Mass Deception,
Max Horkheimer and Theodor Adorno examine the rationalized, capitalist organization of
cultural production in modern societies. Their analysis of mass culture and content, and its
psychological and political consequences was among the most wide ranging of scholars
attempts to come to grips with the impact of movies and radio, and continues to offer insights
into later forms of mass culture like television. For Horkheimer and Adorno, when art and
entertainment are commodified for the mass market in concentrated, rationalized
businesses, culture becomes formulaic, commercialized, imaginatively limited, and critically
stunted; and audiences become passive, conformist, and uncritical. True individuality is
absorbed, true human needs are repressed, and even intimacy is reified.
Whereas many observers of modern culture have feared that current processes where
leading to homogenization and mass production, Paul Dimaggio argues that such fears are
exaggerated, because culture industries take a variety of organizational forms, and the
extent to which diversity and innovation are encouraged varies according to organizational
form and industry structure. Thus, homogenized mass culture is only one of several possible
outcomes of culture industries.
Most sociologists of culture agree that some forms of cultural consumption serve as
markers of social status. For instance, knowledge of fine arts, literature, and upper class
etiquette signals wealth and prestige. Such knowledge may also serve as pass key for
entrance into elite social life. Bourdieu calls this passkey cultural capital because it is cultural
knowledge that can be translated into real economic gains, for example by allowing access
to elite social networks and clubs hire business deals often are made. By restricting access
to resources, social status can be translated into market position and political status. This
process can be seen as the results of two interrelated levels of exclusion. First, social
exclusion is a process of social selection that is based on a previously determined set of
cultural criteria and is exercised by people with high levels of income, education and
occupational prestige. Social exclusion occurs at the level of social relations and is the sort
of social closure that Weber addresses as the monopolization of resources and inclusion in
social intercourse.

Subculture
In sociology, a subculture is a culture or set of people with distinct behavior and
beliefs within a larger culture. The essence of a subculture, that distinguishes it from other
social groupings, is awareness of style and differences in style, in clothing, music or other
interests. Dick Hebdige, in his classic 1979 book Subculture: The Meaning of Style, used
style as a subculture's fashions, mannerisms, activities, music, and interests. Subcultural
styles are distinguished from mainstream styles by being intentionally "fabricated", their
constructedness, as different from conventional. That was the world of subcultures more
visible in Britain than anywhere else: teds, skinheads, punks, Bowie-ites, hippies, dreads.
For Hebdige two Gramscian terms are especially useful in analyzing subcultures:
conjuncture and specificity. Subcultures form in communal and symbolic engagements with
the larger system of late industrial culture; theyre organized around, but not wholly
determined by age and class, and are expressed in teh creation of styles. These styles are
produced within specific historical and cultural conjunctures, they are not to be read as
simply rsisting hegemony or as magical resoultions to social tensions as earlier thoerists
had supposed. Ratehr subcultures hybridize styles out of the images and material culture
available to them in the effort to construct identities which will confer on them relative
autonomy within a social order fractures by class, generational differences, work.
In his later work, Hebdige was to rework his method, admitting that he had
underestimated the power of commercial culture to appropriate, and indeed, to produce,
84

kulturis sociologia Seexeba adamianis qcevasTan dakavSirebuli mniSvnelobis warmoebas. kulturis sociologebi ikvleven, Tu rogor xdeba mniSvnelobis warmoeba, ratom gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan is mniSvnelobebi rac ama
Tu im qmedebis ukan igulisxmeba da ra gavlenas axdenen isini adamianebis qcevaze.
sociologiis mocemuli sfero, aseve ganixilavs, Tu ra rols TamaSobs
kulturuli simboloebi socialuri erTobis, dominaciisa da dapirispirebis
procesebSi.
masala, romelic aq aris Tavmoyrili bevr sxvadasxva Temas moicavs; aq
ganxiluli iqneba kulturasa da Zalauflebas Soris damokidebuleba, kulturis
funqcionireba mikro konteqstSi, rac, Tavis mxriv, efuZneba farTod aRiarebul
kulturul faseulobebs.
aseve ganvixilavT, Tu rogor xdeba kulturis sferoebis (mag. kino, musika,
literatura, xelovneba, moda) konkretuli kulturuli industriis an institutis mier organizireba; rogor icvlebian kulturis es sferoebi droTa
ganmavlobaSi ufro did socialur ZalebTan Tu erTmaneTTan urTierTqmedebis
Sedegad yovelive es xels gviwyobs gavarkvioT, ratom da rogor warmoiqmneba
da mimdinareobs mniSvneladi, simboluri procesebi.
moyvanili masala, agreTve, asaxavs Tanamedrove kulturis sociologiaSi
mniSvnelovan perspeqtivebsa da Ziridad Temebs.
kultura
rodesac vsaubrobT an vfiqrobT adamianTa jgufebze, rogorc wesi, cneba
kultura xSirad figurirebs da am cnebis gareSe operireba SeuZleblad migvaCnia. magram ras warmoadgens konkretulad kultura? Cveulebrivi gamoyenebis
dros, am cnebas xSirad bundovani da winaaRmdegobrivi xasiaTi aqvs. imdenad,
ramdenadac kulturis cneba Zalian farTo da mravalplastiania, socialuri da
humanitaruli mecnierebebis warmomadgenlebi kulturas Tavisi gamokvlevebis
sagnad iyeneben sxvadasxva meTodis gamoyenebiT. Tumca, kulturis cnebis
sifarTovisa da gaurkvevlobis mizeziT, zogierTma mecnierma kulturis cnebis,
rogorc samuSao midgomis, gamoyenebaze saerTod uari ganacxada.
kulturis sociologebma gadawyvites zemoT xsenebuli problemuri sakiTxebi garkveulwilad mainc gadaelaxaT. aq CamovTvliT im aspeqtebs, rac
sazogadod igulisxmeba, rodesac kulturaze vsaubrobT da SevecdebiT avxsnaT,
Tu ratom arsebobs bundovaneba da winaaRmdegobebi kulturis cnebis
gansazRvrebis dros.
imisaTvis, rom gadaeWraT kulturasTan dakavSirebuli sawyisi gaugebroba,
Tanamedrove humanitaruli da socialuri mecnierebebis mkvlevrebi SeTanxmdnen, rom kultura ganixilon rogorc mniSvnelobis ganmsazRvreli procesebi.
kulturis sociologia iTvaliswinebs interdisciplinarul midgomebisa da
sociologiuri safuZvlebis sinTezs da, aqedan gamomdinare ikvlevs mniSvnelobis ganmsazRvrel procesebs sami mimarTulebiT:
mniSvnelobis gansazRvra yoveldRiur qmedebaSi, mniSvnelobis institucionaluri warmoeba da saerTo mentaluri CarCoebi, romelTa saSualebiTac
iqmneba mniSvneloba.
kultura, rogorc jgufebisa da
sazogadoebebis maxasiaTebeli elementi
kultura xSirad moiazreba rogorc iseTi ram, rac gvakavSirebs Cveni jgufis
sxva wevrebTan da am gansxvavebis safuZvelze Cven vemijnebiT sxva jgufis
wevrebs. Tu Cven viziarebT garkveuli adamianebis msoflmxedvelobas,
damokidebulebas ama Tu im sakiTxisadmi, cxovrebis wess, qcevas, Cven Tavs
mivakuTvnebT imave kulturasa Tu subkulturas.
aseve SegviZlia visaubroT kulturul sxvaobaze, rodesac axal situaciaSi
CavvardebiT an axal jgufTan gviwevs urTerToba da vxedavT, rom CvenTvis
5

miRebuli samyaros Semecnebis gzebi da qmedeba gansxvavdeba maTgan. am kuTxiT

danaxuli kultura SeiZleba warmoadgendes mTel jgufs an sazogadoebas da
amrigad Cven ganvasxvavebT erTmaneTisgan sxvadasxva xalxis kulturebs.
kulturis aseTi gageba gamoikveTa me-19 saukunis evropaSi. am periodSi
evropelebis mier wamowyebulma kvleviTma mogzaurobebma Tu dapyrobebma
ganapiroba evropelebis dafiqreba kulturuli gansxvavebulobebis Sesaxeb,
ramac Tavis mxriv xeli Seuwyo SedarebiTi azris ganviTarebas gansxvavebul
sazogadoebebTan mimarTebaSi.
SemdgomSi es tendencia Tanamedrove epoqaSi damkvidrda da gadamwyveti
roli iTamaSa anTropologiis, rogorc disciplinis CamoyalibebaSi. kulturis
anTropologiuri gagebiT, adamianebis cxovrebis wesi ganisazRvreba da
gamoixateba maTi kulturiT. kultura vlindeba yvelaferSi, dawyebuli samuSao
iaraRebidan, damTavrebuli religiiT.
me 19 saukunis evropaSi kulturebi ganixileboda socialuri progresis
Sesaxeb evropuli warmodgenebidan gamomdinare da Sesabamisad evropuli
kulturebi msoflio ierarqiis yvelaze maRal safexurze Tavsdeboda. me-20
saukuneSi evropuli kulturis upiratesobis Sesaxeb gancxadebebi gaiSviaTda. es
ki ganapiroba kolonialurma da postkolonialurma socialurma urTierTobebma, dominantur da maT daqvemdebarebul jfufebs Soris urTierTdamokidebulebam. kulturuli ierarqiis cnebis uaryofiT, kultura gagebul
iqna rogorc pluraluri da SedarebiTi fenomeni, gansxvavebul kulturebs
mieniWaT Tanabari mniSvneloba/faseuloba.
kultura, rogorc adamianuri
gamoxatulebis gancalkevebuli samyaro
arsebobs kulturis gansxvavebuli gagebac. am SemTxvevaSi Cven kulturuls
vuwodebT garkveul RonisZiebebs an materialur nivTebs. mag. opera, Teatri,
xalxuri simRerebi, novelebi, xelovneba Tu Senobebis stili. kulturis cnebis
aseTi gamoyenebis dros kulturisada socialuri cxovrebis sxva sferoebi
erTmaneTs emijneba, miuxedavad imisa, Cven vadarebT Tu ara erTmaneTs
gansxvavebul sazogadoebebs.
gansakuTrebuli kulturuli praqtikisa da sagnebis saSualebiT garkveuli
informacia gadaecemaT sxva adamianebs Cvens Sesaxeb, anu Tu ra warmoadgens
CvenTvis Rirebuls da gamoxatavs Cveni, rogorc jgufis identobas.
kulturis anTropoligiuri gageba ukavSirdeba danarCen msoflioSi evropul eqspansias, kulturis meore mniSvneloba ki Seexeba mniSvnelovan socialur
cvlilebebs. kulturas uwodebdnen kulturuli institutebis mier warmoebuli
produqtebis garkveul sferos inglisSi, industriuli revoluciis dros.
Tanamedrove socialur organizaciaze gadasvlam socialuri diferenciacia
da dapirispirebebi gamoiwvia. movlenebis ganviTarebam mkveTrad gamijna
erTmaneTisgan yoveldRiuri, pragmatuli, konfliqtebiT aRsavse ekonimikisa da
politikis (kapitalizmis axali samyaro, industria, demokratia da revolucia)
da xelovnebisa da moralis idealisturi wminda sferoebi. xelovnebisa da
moralis sferoebi gamoxatavdnen ufro maRal adamianur SesaZleblobebsa da
Rirebulebebs gansxvavebiT imisagan, rasac Tanamedrove ekonomikuri da
politikuri cxovreba sTavazobda adamianebs.
zogisTvis, kulturis es calke sferoebi Tanamedrove sazogadoebis kritikis
safuZvelia; isini sazogadoebisTvis destruqciuli da zedapiruli aspeqtebis
gverdidan danaxvis da kritikis saSualebas iZleodnen. sxvebisTvis kultura
warmoadgenda epifenomens da politikisa da ekonomikis materialurad xelSesaxebi sferoebisgan gansxvavebiT hqonda ufro feminuri xasiaTi. amgvarad,
kulturis pirveli gageba asocirdeboda anTropologiasTan, xolo meore gageba,
exeboda humanitaruli mecnierebebebis ramdenime sferos literaturas,
xelovnebasa da musikas.
rodesac saubari xelovnebas, popularul kulturas, xalxur kulturas, an
Tundac maskulturas exeba, Cven saqme gvaqvs kulturis Sesaxeb im
6

see equally well (they all see through the same lense), or badly, certain positions prevent
easier access . Men have been handicapped by various matters, women scholars can now
correct some improper generalizations.
Not all human beings can see equally well, or they see equally well, but through different
lenses, thus the knowledge each attain will remain incommensurate: they will never be able
to agree on what it is that they are seeing; men and women are fundamentally different, they
have different ways of knowing, and this produce different sciences.
The lenses are really mirrors reflecting what is happening in the cave and all knowledge
is grounded in the social relationships among those who look.
There is fundamentally no way to produce a science that is not the product of gender
(though how this would work is itself unknowable)
There are no mirrors or lenses, no cave, no light, and no objects, it is all a personal
(individual, "in the head") construction. This can easily be transformed into an idealist or
nihilistic approach that is radically inimical to any kind of systematic conversation.
By implication gender itself is not an analytic category but rather a political ploy, and
thus an illusion: feminism has thereby radically deconstructed itself.
Social systems or cultures, however constraining, are also relatively open to exploitation
by all persons, particularly around the areas of contradiction within the system (i.e. each
culture has particular places where it is more vulnerable to cooptation, and possibly change)
Social fields, to the extent that they place human beings in different positions, thereby
gives them different interests, as well as different tools (weapons, etc.) in their struggle
against those placed in other positions.
Given a theory of internalization, this negates the principle of the "psychic unity of
mankind." People in different positions, with different experiences, would be different. Taken
seriously, this requires renewed interest in "objective" analyses of the structures of the fields.
Systematic discussion must come back to the basic intuition, that is that sex,
everywhere is culturally constructed in ways that are not directly predictable from the
biological nature of sexuality, but does not ignore it either (see the initial discussion in this
class of Lvi-Strauss's contribution to the theory of culture). Thus human sex, everywhere
is "gender" constructed contrastively among the possibilities that cultural elaboration has
built historically. Thus "gender" can never be explained by reference to a substance
("women as different by men because they are women, biologically") but always in reference
to what others make of them in a particular field, that is--paradoxically perhaps, and
controversially certainly--men (just like men are made in reference to women, and all other
possible genders).

Media and Cultural Consumption

Stuart Hall argues that the media appear to reflect reality whilst in fact they construct it.
His work Policing the Crisis, reflects an analysis of the signifying practices of the mass
media from the perspective of Marxist culturalist theory inflected through Gramsci's theory of
hegemony, and 'an Althusserian conception of the media as an ideological state apparatus
largely concerned with the reproduction of dominant ideologies', claiming relative autonomy
for the mass media (Woollacott 1982: 110). For Hall et al. the mass media do tend to
reproduce interpretations which serve the interests of the ruling class, but they are also 'a
field of ideological struggle'. The media signification system is seen as relatively
autonomous. 'The news' performs a crucial role in defining events, although this is seen as
secondary to the primary definers: accredited sources in government and other institutions.
The media also serve 'to reinforce a consensual viewpoint by using public idioms and by
claiming to voice public opinion' (Woollacott 1982: 109).
Stuart Hall has also addressed theoretically the issue of how people make sense of
media texts. In a key paper, 'Encoding/Decoding', Stuart Hall (1980), argued that the
dominant ideology is typically inscribed as the 'preferred reading' in a media text, but that
this is not automatically adopted by readers. The social situations of
readers/viewers/listeners may lead them to adopt different stances. 'Dominant' readings are
produced by those whose social situation favours the preferred reading; 'negotiated'
83

and its implication for the development of classes and other such groupings within complex
societies. These theories appeared: "static" in that they did not explicitly consider the
possibility that classes arise historically through processes of struggle; classes are not in
continuing struggle requiring specific work to maintain them. Unconcerned with the
possibility of productive activity by the people involved; that is class position might be used
as a variable explaining variation in behaviour, thereby preventing the analyst to consider
that people in their local circumstances might be, or become aware of their limitations, and
act on them. If this is thought possible then research can be conducted that makes of the
people's awareness an independent variable.
Such points had been made repeatedly but those who made them still had to deal with
the historical fact that few among the classes or groups easily identifiable as "oppressed"
seemed to act on the basis of the agency that they were granted.
It would seem that something was preventing them from acting, and the concepts of
hegemony or habitus might appear to do the trick by proposing that individuals came to
accept the legitimacy of their position through the pedagogic activity of institutions such as
the school (or the media).
What Difference Gender?

warmodgenasTan, romelic gamoikveTa masiuri socialuri cvelilebebis asaxvis

mizniT. aRniSnuli cvlilebebi evropul sazogadoebaSi Tanamedrove ekonomikuri da politikuri institutebis dabadebis procesSi moxda (maSin rodesac
sxva, ufro naklebad diferencirebul sazogadoebebSi kultura ar ganixileboda
rogorc cxovrebis calkeuli sfero).
magaliTad, xSirad msjeloben garkveul kulturul praqtikasa da sagnebze
(opera, qandakeba) rogorc maRali kulturaze. aseTi msjeloba exmaureba me19 saukuneSi Camoyalibebul warmodgenebs, romlebic gamoyofda praqtikisa da
kulturuli sagnebis garkveul sferos da mas mijnavda yoveldRiuri
ekonomikuri da politikuri cxovrebisgan.
rodesac akritikeben maskulturas, maskulturisTvis damaxasiaTebeli
komerciulobidan gamomdinare, amiT xazi esmeva kulturis, rogorc cxovrebis
gancalkevebul da wminda sferos. aseve, SeiZleba es arapirdapir mianiSnebdes
imisken, rom maRali kultura warmoadgens mxolod SeniRbul pretenzias maRal
socialur statusze da amiT xazs usvams imas, rom popularuli an xalxuri
kulturis nimuSebs ufro mdabio statusi gaaCniaT.
kultura, rogorc mniSvnelobis gansazRvra

Men used to be the subject of the human sciences on the unexamined idea that what
was discovered studying male human beings also had to apply to female human beings.
Researchers moved to studies of women. Gender was discovered as a theoretical term:
sex + cultural elaboration = gender. In linguistics, it was always accepted that gender is a
convention, an artificial social construction, and that the relationship between a person or
object and a gender is arbitrary in the Saussurian sense.
The evidence that placing women in particular position (homemakers, nurses, teachers)
was the result not only of undirected cultural evolution but also of specific political acts
repeated over the years both at the local levels (girls and boys being tracked in families and
schools) and at the national level (limitations on voting, etc.).
The growing acceptance at the national political level (whether because of ideological
shifts or because of economic transformations) that most forms of "gendering" was
illegitimate (which is a different thing than arbitrary).
The self is considered as constructed implicitly through interaction (G.H. Mead) and also
multiple (Derrida and desconstruction) and also explicitly affirmed through political
affirmation (that is self-naming and associational patterns): one is not made "Chicana"
through early enculturation but through specific public activities.
Illustration of the objective conditions women face as they construct their public selves
(Salzinger and Central American immigrant "maids" in the information age), a focus on the
political work produced by all actors ("dominant" males and "resisting" females) to reproduce
and transform their positions in an agonistic rather than cooperative feedback process.
The reconstitution of sex as difference that makes a difference (either through biology or
very early enculturation): The radical deconstruction of all sciences by the demonstration
that they are all social (cultural) and that human reasoning cannot free itself from its
grounding in particular genders (races, historical conditions, etc.)
In the development of gender studies in anthropology and related disciplines, it may be
the last possibility that has been most determinedly explored, eventually producing radical
critiques of the possibility of knowledge (and thereby ethnography). This aligned feminist
studies with post-modern deconstruction, until it became clear that the implicit relativism
(nihilism) in these trends was fundamentally inimical to the political (moral, ethical) agenda
that had first triggered feminist scholarship.
One way to clarify the evolution of the relationship between cultural positioning and
knowledge is in terms of Plato's metaphor of the cave where human beings are locked,
unable to see the objects except as shadows on the wall. I also imagine that the light plays
through one, or many, lenses. The scientific task, in this perspective, is to reconstruct a
model of the object by triangulating the play of the shadow, the direction of the light, etc.
Given this analogy several problems can arise: while every human beings can potentially

kulturis farTod gavrcelebuli mniSvneloba kargad asaxavs am cnebis

istorias. erTi mxriv, yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi termini SeiZleba exebodes
adamianebis saqmianobis im sferosa da specialur nimuSebs, romlebic
gansxvavdeba praqtikuli socialuri cxovrebis yoveldRiuri samyarosgan an
kidev exebodes jgufis, an mTeli xalxis cxovrebis wess. kulturis es arsebuli
gansazRvrebebi am cnebas mTeli misi istoriis manZilze bundovanebas sZenda.
rogorc sxva disciplinebi, kulturis sociologia Camoyalibda am tipis
gansxvavebulobebis fonze da xeli Seuwyo kulturis cnebis gansazRvras.
mecnierebi xazs usvamen kulturis gansxvavebul aspeqtebs, rogoric aris
mniSvneloba, faseuloba, nimuSebi, ricxvebi, Cveulebebi, ritualebi, simboloebi,
kodebi, ideebi, diskursi, msoflmxedveloba, ideologia Tu principebi; es
CamonaTvali ar aris amomwuravi. kulturuli sagnebis nebismieri CamonaTvali
yovelTvis iqneba arasruli, imdenad ramdenadac mniSvneloba da interpretacia
aris aqtiuri da cvalebadi procesi. ufro metic, aseTi CamonaTvali Tavis TavSi
moicavs mniSvnelovan Teoriul dapirispirebebs im mkvlevrebs Soris, romlebic
xazs usvamen diskursebisa da kulturuli praqtikis mniSvnelobas, kognitur
kategoriebs, faseulobebs, vinc aanalizebs konkretul produqtebs da Rma
teqstualur nimuSebs, rom ar CavTvaloT amaTi SesaZlo kombinaciebi.
magram bevri es winaaRmdegoba da kamaTi moixsneba, Tu Cven kulturas
SevxedavT rogorc mniSvnelobis ganmsazRvreli procesebis erTobliobas,
romlebic sxvadasxva tipis socialur garemoSi mimdinareobs (specialur
sferoebSi, Tu ufro zogadad) da asaxvas povebs gansxvavebul socialur
praqtikasa, Tu socialur produqtebSi. dRes kulturis mkvlevarebis ZiriTad
mizans warmoadgens mniSvnelobis ganmsazRvreli procesebis gageba, sxvadasxva
mniSvnelobebisa da maTi socialur cxovrebaze gavlenis Seswavla.
aqedan gamomdinare, kulturis sociologebma SeiZleba gamoikvlion kultura, rogorc sazogadoebis calke sfero an kidev kultura, rogorc cxovrebis
wesi - qvemoT moyvanili magaliTebi exeba orive aspeqts isini cdiloben
mniSvnelobis ganmsazRvreli procesebis gagebas.
Tanamedrove kulturis sociologia xSirad eyrdnoba anTropologias,
istorias, feministur, media, kulturulogiur kvlevebs, literatur kritikas,
politikur mecnierebas da socialur fsiqologias. kulturis sociologiaSi
muSaoba gulisxmobsinterdisciplinaruli midgomebis gamoyenebas, rac
saSualebas gvaZlevs SemoqmedebiTad movekidoT Cveni Seswavlis sagans.
Tanamedrove kulturis sociologiaSi gamoikveTa sami mimarTuleba.
TiToeuli maTganis Seswavlis sagania mniSvnelobis ganmsazRvreli procesebi
sxvadasxva analitikur doneze.
Cven SevexebiT rogorc mniSvnelobis gansazRvras safuZvelSi, aseve

82

ganvixilavT, Tu rogori urTierTobebi gansazRvravs da Seadgens mniSvnelobebs

da Semdeg individebi rogor operireben am mniSvnelobebiT. esa Tu is mniSvneloba
SeiZleba ar iyos gaziarebuli an logikuri mocemuli jgufis Tu mTlianad
sazogadoebis yvela wevrisTvis. saerTo normebi, Rirebulebebi, kognituri
CarCoebi da moqmedebis aRiarebuli gzebi ar SeiZleba iyos yvelasTvis
gamWvirvale da sworxazovani. aramed, gamomdinare konteqstidan individebi da
socialuri jgufebi eyrdnobian mocemuli mniSvnelobebis simbolur repertuarebs. Tumca, erTi da igive adamiani sxvadasxva dros SeiZleba gansxavebul
qmedebebs irCevdes an kidev sxvadasxva xalxi erTsa da imave konteqstSi ar
daeyrdnos analogiur simboloebs.
meore xazi Seiswavlis mniSvnelobis gansazRvris procesebs, romlebic
gvxvdeba instituciur sferoebSi an kulturuli prodiuserebis qselebSi. es
midgoma kulturas ganixilavs rogorc socialur produqts da xazs usvams
specifikur konteqstebs, sadac vxvdebiT kulturul warmoebasa da inovacias. aq
ganixileba, Tu rogor iqmneba konkretul organizaciul konteqstSi xelovneba
an kidev, Tu rogor xdeba musikis garkveuli stilis gavrceleba, an mecnierebis
praqtikaSi danergva. yovelive es mniSvnelovan zegavlenas SeiZleba axdens
kulturuli produqtis Seqmnaze. magaliTad, mogvianebiT saubari gveqneba
postmodernistuli arqiteqturis ganviTarebaze, warmoadgens Tu ara is
konkretuli profesiuli garemos produqts, Tu ufro farTo masStabis
msoflio istoriuli cvlilebebiT aris ganpirobebuli. musikis sferos rac
Seexeba, petersonis mixedviT, rok musikis warmoSoba miewereba industriaSi
momxdar cvlilebebs da ara demografiul afeTqebas.
mesame midgoma kulturis sociologiaSi gamoiZiebs mniSvnelobis ganmsazRvrel procesebs teqstSi, eyrdnoba teqstualur analizs, rac ufro axloa
humanitaruli mecnierebebTan, vidre kulturis sociologiasTan. kulturuli
repertuarebi, obieqtebi da teqstebi analitikurad emijneba socialur konteqsts da ganixileba rogorc Seswavlis damoukidebeli obieqti. Tu kulturas
enas SevadarebT, maSin masac aqvs Tavisi Sinagani struqtura; rac Seexeba
mniSvnelobebis warmoqmnas am Sinagan struqturas Tanamimdevruli xasiaTi aqvs.
kulturis sociologiebi mimarTaven sxva disciplinebis analitikur
saSualebebs, raTa ukeT da siRrmiseulad iqnes gagebuli kulturis esa Tu is
struqtura; magaliTad, cnebebi, romlebic farTod gamoiyeneba Semdegia:
simboluri kodebi, niSnebis sistemebi, Janrebi, narativebi. diskursiuli
analizisgan gansxvavebiT, romelic ZiriTadad teqstualur niSan-Tvisebebs
ikvlevs, sociologebi, romlebic analogiur meTodebs mimarTaven, paralelebs
avleben mocemul teqstualur niSan-Tvisebebsa da im gzebs Soris romelTa
saSualebiTac individebi gavlenas axdenen am niSan-Tvisebebze da, piriqiT,
eqcevian maTi gavlenis qveS.
mniSvnelobis Seqmnis procesis Seswavla "safuZvelSi", "institucionalur
sferoSi" , da "teqstSi" ar gamoricxavs erTmaneTs da analizi SeiZleba gakeTdes
samive meTodis gamoyenebiT. Tuki mniSvnelobis warmoebas ganvixilavT rogorc
samive doneze erTdroulad mimdinare process, maSin aseTi midgoma dagvexmareba
gadavlaxoT kamaTi imis Sesaxeb, kultura Tanxmobas emyareba, Tu kulturaideologia asaxavs Zalauflebis urTierTobebs.
pirvel rigSi, "safuZvlis" meTodis gamoyeneba saSualebas gvaZlevs
ganvixiloT repertuarebis ganxorcieleba, rogorc socialur jgufebSi da
jgufebs Soris arsebuli sxvaoba da konfliqti. Tumca, aseTi tipis analizi
ewinaaRmdegeba im Sexedulebebs kulturis Sesaxeb, romlebic miiCneven, rom
kultura aris ideologia radganac kulturuli repertuarebi, individi,
istoriuli cvalebadoba miuTiTebs imaze, rom kulturuli Zalaufleba ar aris
adamianebis manipulireba maTi interesebis Seqmnis gziT. (anu marqsis mixedviT
cru cnobierebis Seqmna). meore mniSvnelobis Seqmna instituciur sferoSi da
teqstSi gvexmareba ganvsazRvroT variaciebisa da gaurkvevlobis wyaroebi, rac
Tavidan agvacilebs Semdeg visaubroT kulturis konsensusisa da ideologiuri
dominaciis Sesaxeb.

such a space of representation should have opened up within popular culture; what genre
and gender elements interact in the narrative structures and representational forms; and how
these
popular
forms
have
been
ideologically
shaped
and
inflected.

Marxism and Culture: Hegemony and Domination

Addressing the matter of the maintenance of arbitrariness across the generations and
when this arbitrariness is hard on large groups of individuals within a population opens
question of power within social fields, societies, zones of interaction, etc.
In one way of another, the classical versions of the models of sociability left aside the
issue of differentiation within the body politic and inequalities in resources or power. More
recent versions have tried to deal with it in a variety of fashions. This is Williams's concern.
First we must understand the nature of the power. We can then explore one of the ways of
doing this. According to Marx: the ideas of the ruling class are in every epoch the ruling
ideas i.e. the class, which is the ruling material force of society, is at the same time its ruling
intellectual
force.
The class, which has the means of material production at its disposal, has control at the
same time over the means of mental production, so that thereby, generally speaking, the
ideas of those who lack the means of mental production are subject to it. (The German
Ideology (1970: 64))
This is an analysis intended to move people to action (education). It is also an analysis
that does not point at the principles guiding its moral choices. Underlying this statement is a
classical puzzle in Euro-American political philosophy: how is one to understand political rule
(outside of pure relationships of brute force) and how is one to constitute new forms of
political rule that are both grounded in the nature of humanity and in the moral choices in
favour of individual freedom and self-actualisation that "we" have made?
What happens when you start doubting that there are in fact no condition under which
"consent" can be considered as given by all the governed? And, in particular, what happens
in complex societies when it can be shown that people occupying different positions have
different interests that must somehow conflict with each other if in fact these positions are
mutually constituted through the division of labour (or even simple coexistence within the
same geographical area)? What are the processes through which ruling classes (genders,
ethnic or racial groups, etc.) impose their "ideas" to the ruled classes?
Is it enough to hold political power in order to impose ideas? What are ideas anyway,
and what role might they play in the reproduction of class (gender...) positions?
Raymond Williams in his essay on Base and Superstructure challenges on of the most
widespread assumptions about culture, the idea that meanings and values are determined
by some more objective material reality (a model most well known from the Marxist theories
of ideology Williams discusses but also implicit in many other theories of society). The book
develops a more supple model of cultural determination which recognizes cultural elements
in material production, material and structural elements of meaning and value, and a
relationship of limits and pressures rather than strict causal determination between them.
Williams regards culture as "active experiences and practices leading to "studies of
different types of institution and formation in cultural production and distribution, and in the
linking of these within whole social material processes.
The problem may have to do, in Gramsci's writing with the appearance that the working
classes do not "understand" their conditions. Given the theories of language, it should be
clear that the appearance of non-understanding is mostly produced by the absence of a
particular type of analytic language that is in fact only found among certain intellectual
classes.
The import of this critique is that it establishes that one cannot differentiate culture from
society (motivation from action; personality psychology from the social sciences) (as this was
done by Parsons). One is moving beyond the distinction between "what people say" and
What people do
The concepts of hegemony and the related concept of habitus were partially developed
in specific reaction against social theories that focused on the division of labour in society,
81

politics of categorical distinctions. Cultural categorization and the power of authoritative

categorization are important stakes in social struggles and central to understanding of
inequality and social change. Moreover, intellectuals and social scientists are not only
analysts but also important participants in symbolic politics, and their work demands an ethic
of reflexivity.
Using the illustration of life in the modern city, George Simmel suggests here some
distinctive features of culture in modern, complex societies (in contrast with the smaller, premodern societies, which anthropologists like Ruth Benedict mostly studied). In large and
highly differentiated modern societies, the multiple social circles, the money economy, and
the specialized division of labor lead to increasing rationalization and objectification in
culture. Simmel also suggests that while the possibilities of individuality and individualism
grow, individual experience becomes more shallow, and that objective cultural products
multiply and come to dominate subjective meanings and values.
Given the intuition that "shreds and patches" drawn from various places can be so
organized into particular patterns that appear "unique" and "different" to an observer, the
problem remains: how is this intuition to be grounded? Is it in fact more than an intuition to
be dismissed on the basis of further analysis? Is it an "illusion" as gestalt experiments are
often said to reveal? Or are we confronted here with essential aspects of all reality: mutually
organized parts make new "wholes" for those who stand in particular relations to the parts.
In fact, there is powerful evidence that the intuition of cultural integration that drove
Benedict's work is not an illusion to be deconstructed but rather something to confront
directly.
Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices (Language)
For many reasons, this should take us to a discussion of the importance of language in
relation to culture. When we talk about culture, we refer to shared meanings. As for the
language, it is the privileged medium in which we make sense of things, in which meaning
is produced and exchanged. Meanings can only be shared through our common access to
language. So language is central to meaning and culture and has always been regarded as
the key repository of cultural values and meanings. Language is also an ultimate metaphor
for humanity ("In the beginning was the Word"); one the most obvious instance of human
cultural activity to analyse for what it might teach us about humanity together. But how
language construct meanings and how does it sustain the dialogue between participants
which enables them to build up a culture of shared understandings and so interpret the world
in roughly the same ways? Language is able to do this because it operates as a
representational system. In language we use signs and symbols whether they are sounds,
written words, electronically produced images, musical notes, even objects to stand for or
represent to other people our concepts, ideas and feelings. Representation through
language is therefore central to the processes by which meaning is produced.
Language provides one general model of how culture and representation work,
especially in what has come to be known as the semiotic approach semiotics being the
study or science of signs and their general role as vehicles of meaning in culture. In more
recent years, the preoccupation with meaning has taken a different turn, being more
concerned, not with the detail of how language works, but with the broader role of discourse
in culture. Discourses are the way of referring to or constructing knowledge about a
particular topic of practice: a cluster (or formation) of ideas, images and practices, which
provide ways of talking about, forms of knowledge and conduct associated with, a particular
topic, social activity or institutional site in society.
These discursive formations, as they are known, define what is and is not appropriate in
our formulation of, and our practices in relation to a particular subject or site of social activity;
what knowledge is considered useful, relevant and true in that context; and what sorts of
persons or subjects embody its characteristics.
We examine also, how representation is working in television soap opera. These are
enormously popular sources of fictional narrative in modern life, circulating meanings
throughout popular culture and increasingly worldwide which have been traditionally
defined as feminine in their appeal, reference, and mode of operation. Christine Gledhill, in
Representation, Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices, unveils the way this
gendered identification of a TV genre has been constructed. She considers how and why
80

kulturis sociologia, rogorc samuSao midgoma

kulturis sociologiaSi empiriuli kvlevebis Catarebis dros Tu Teoriuli
ganazrebebisas, gasaTvaliswinebelia Semdegi aspeqtebi:
1. miuxedavad imisa, xdeba Tu ara konkretuli kulturuli diskursis
miReba/gaziareba (mag, rogoric aris "kulturuli omebi", "individualizmi"),
aseTi diskursebis farTo aRiareba da gavrceleba Tavad qmnis mniSvnelovan
socialur faqtebs;
2. gaTvaliswinebul unda iqnes, farTo masStabiani kulturuli inovaciisa
da socialuri cvlilebebis Teoriebi;
3. gaerTiandes ori potenciurad urTierTsawinaaRmdego kvlevis xazi
kulturis sociologiaSi, romelic saTaves socialur fsiqologiaSi iRebs;
pirveli kognicias exeba, meore ki emociebs;
4. gafarTovdes mizez-Sedegobriobis cneba, romelic mniSvnelobis
ganmsazRvrel procesebs ganixilavs, rogorc mizez-Sedegobriv meqanizms.
5. gaTvaliswinebul
gatarebis dros

iqnes

kvlevebis

Sedegebi

kulturis

politikis

zemoT CamoTvlils monaxazis xasiaTi aqvs. yvela es sakiTxi diskursis

socialuri Sedegebi, kulturuli difuzia socialur cvlilebaSi, kognicia da
emocia mniSvnelobis ganmsazRvrel procesebSi, kauzaluri meqanizmebi, interpretaciuli kvlevebis Sefaseba da mniSvnelobis-Seqmna sociologiur praqtikaSi
xels Seuwyobs zogadi sociologiuri gagebis ganviTarebas da mianiSnebs im
aspeqtebze, romlebic ufro Rrma empiriul da Teoriul Seswavlas moiTxovs.
kulturis SedarebiTi avtonomiis Sesaxeb
am TavSi visaubrebT kulturis mimarT arsebuli ZiriTadi midgomebis Sesaxeb.
erTi mxriv, es iqneba SedarebiTi mimoxilva, meore mxriv ki, mas gaaCnia sistemuri
mxare, romelic moicavs warmoSobili argumentebis erTobliobas.
Tavdapirveli dixotomia
mas Semdeg, rac safuZveli Caeyara sazogadoebebis mecnierul ganxilvas, ori
Teoriuli ukiduresoba dominirebda moqmedebisa da wesrigis cnebebis analizis
dros. moqmedebis meqanisturi xedva adamianis qcevas manqanas amsgavsebda,
romelic prognozirebadia da reagirebs garemos mier SemoTavazebul stimulebze avtomaturad da obieqturad. wesrigi, romelic ukavSirdeba meqanikur
qmedebas, Sesabamisad aris iZulebiTi da gavlenas axdens adamianis qcevaze misi
zemoqmedebis Zalidan gamomdinare.
zemoT xsenebuli xedvis sapirispirod Camoyalibda moqmedebisa da wesrigis
subieqturi gageba. am Tvalsazrisis mixedviT, moqmedeba motivirebulia im
raRaciT rac adamianSive Tavidanve arsebobs, magaliTad, grZnobiT, aRqmiT,
gancdebiT. wesrigi, romelic aseT qmedebas emyareba ideuri xasiaTis aris, anu is
warmoadgens iseT rames, rac adamianebis TavSia mocemuli. aq saqme gvaqvs
subieqtur wesrigTan da ara mxolod subieqtur moqmedebasTan, ramdenadac
subieturoba ganixileba rogorc sazRvrebi da ara ganzraxva, idea romelic
zogadia da ara individualuri survilis Sesabamisi.
mocemuli sazRvrebi ki ganixileba rogorc mravali interpretaciuli aqtis
mizezi an Sedegi. gamocdilebasa da gamocdilebis mniSvnelobas gadamwyveti
xasiaTi aqvs am midgomisTvis.
9

kulturis cneba aq Semodis imdenad, ramdenadac mniSvneloba ganisazRvreba

rogorc garkveuli gziT mowesrigebuli fenomeni. kultura warmoadgens
"wesrigs", romelic Seesabameba mniSvnelad qmedebas. subieqturi, antimeqanisturi wesrigi moiazreba, rogorc nebayoflobiTi mizezebis safuZvelze
arsebuli da ara aucileblobis ZaliT Camoyalibebuli, rasac meqanisturi,
obieqturi xedva aviTarebda.
marqssa da hegels Soris dapirispireba gvTavazobs meqanistursa da
kulturul formebs Soris arsebuli gansxvavebulobis pirvel formas,
romelsac xSirad eyrdnobian socialuri mecnierebebis warmomadgenlebi am
Temebis irgvliv diskusiis dros. gonis fenomenologiaSi hegeli saubrobs
istoriul ganviTarebaze, romelic ganpirobebulia im frustraciebiT,
romlebic SeiniSneboda konkretul istoriul periodSi arsebuli SezRudvebis
gamo. TiToeuli periodi xasiaTdeboda garkveuli sazRvrebiT romelTa
farglebSic xdeboda mniSvnelobis moazreba. hegeli am yovlismomcvel
sazRvrebs uwodebs gaists, anu saukunis gons, cneba romelic germanuli
idealizmis konteqstSi kulturis Tanamedrove gagebis ekvivalenturia.
imdenad, ramdenadac marqsi pirdapir ewinaaRmdegeba hegelis Teorias, misi
Sexedulebebi saSualebas iZleva gansxvavebul WrilSi davinaxoT meqanisturi
midgoma. istoriul materialisturi ganviTarebis Teoria, romelic marqsma
SeimuSava Tavis gviandel naSromebSi aRiarebs hegelis Teorias, rom istoriis
wina etapebi Seicavda istoriis Semdgom etapebs. Tumca marqsi ganviTarebis
wyarod miiCnevs ara subieqtur frustraciebs, aramed racionaluri interesis
obieqtur uaryofas. igi saubrobs ekonomikur da politikur wesrigze,
romlebic, marqsis azriT, ar aris subieqturi. marqsi radikalurad gamijnavs
erTmaneTisgan "superstruqturasa" da "baziss" cnobierebasa da socialur
arsebas. kulturuli fenomenebi samarTlebrivi kodebi, religiuri ritualebi,
xelovneba da inteleqtualuri ideebi miewereba superstruqturas da ganixileba
rogorc bazisis mier determinirebuli. imisaTvis, rom moxdes kulturuli
fenomenis axsna, saWiroa ara maTi Sinagani struqturisa da mniSvnelobis
Seswavla, aramed im materialuri elementebis dakvirveba, romlebsac isini
asaxaven. ramdenadac kultura ganpirobebulia mis gareT arsebuli Zalebis mier,
kulturas kauzaluri gagebiT ar aqvs avtonomia.
marqsis meqanisturi Sexedulebebi ganavrco sxvadasxva socialur mecnierulma skolam rogorc meTodologiuri, aseve ideologiuri Sexedulebebis
gaTvaliswinebiT. meTodologiurad cdilobdnen moeZiaT socialuri fenomenebis winaswar gansazRvris gzebi, gamoeaSkaravebinaT gazomvis "namdvili
obieqtebi"; ideologiurad ki reformis mxardamWeri radikaluri da liberaluri suliskveTeba gulisxmobda adamianuri tanjvis "realobis" mtkicebas
meqanisturi perspeqtividan gamomdinare.
meqanisturi moZraobis sawinaaRmdegod moqmedeba ganixileboda rogorc
mniSvnelobiT datvirTuli, xolo kulturas ganmsazRvreli Zala eniWeboda.
marqsma safuZveli Cauyara kulturis avtonomiis Sesaxeb kamaTs, miuxedavad
imisa, rom ver gansazRvra am kamaTis rezultati. sazogadoebis meqanisturi
xedvis oponentebi subieqtur midgomas icaven da Tvlian, rom kulturas ufro
SefardebiTi "avtonomia" gaaCnia materialisturi formebis fonze.

Mariam Asatiani

SOCIOLOGY OF CULTURE
Course Summary

Course Description and Objectives

dilTaim hegelis religiuri Teoria naturalisturi goniT Caanacvla.

dilTai xazs usvams adamianuri gamocdilebis centralurobas mniSvnelobis
wyaros dadgenaSi, rogorc monawilesTvis, aseve mkvlevrisTvisac. dilTais
azriT, urTierTgagebis saWiroebas mivyavarT individualuri gamocdilebis
farglebs gareT saerTo ideebisken da sabolood kulturuli sistemebis
mastruqturirebel ZalasTan.
dilTai xazs usvams struqturuli sistemis Sinagan da subieqtur
mdebareobas. es gansakuTrebuli mdebareoba specialur "hermenevtikul" meTods
moiTxovs.

The theme of culture and empirical research on culture has grown immensely in
sociology and the other social sciences over the last 25 years. Many disciplines have
experienced the so-called cultural turn. Beyond just recognizing that culture matters,
scholars have developed a variety of theories of just what culture is and how it operates.
Cultural processes and practices, and symbolic and classificatory systems, are constitutive
elements of social life and important sites of, and vehicles for, political contestation. To
speak of culture this way is to speak in terms of shared ways of life, shared repertoires of
action, shared orientations to the world, shared widely shared specific attitudes, values,
behaviors, and practices, shared operating systems, shared webs of significance, and so
on.
We will discuss our relationship to the culture(s) in which we live, and the relationship
between culture and power. We will consider how culture operates in micro-interactional
settings on the basis of widely shared cultural beliefs, and how it can exist in more clearly
delimited settings (for example, organizational cultures). Finally, we will examine how certain
cultural industries, or venues for experiencing culture, such as film, popular music, books,
high art, and fashion are organized and how they have changed over time in response to
both larger social forces and to each other.
Introduction to the Sociology of Culture and the Place (Problem) of Culture in Modern
Civilization
The idea of culture is notoriously difficult to define and the concept seems all
encompassing and ambiguous. However, most of the social scientists agreed to treat culture
as the processes of meaning making. Cultural sociology, combining interdisciplinary
influences with sociological presuppositions, examines meaning making processes, along
three specific dimensions: meaning making in everyday action, the shared mental
frameworks which are the tools of meaning making and the institutional production of
meaning.
Ruth Benedict presents some widely shared and important ideas about culture: the
ideas that human societies cannot be explained simply by nature, that cultural possibilities
are innumerable, that cultures are diverse, that different elements within a culture are
interconnected, and that elements of culture must be understood by placing them in their
context.
In his essay, Thick Description: Toward an Interpretative Theory of Culture, Clifford
Geertz challenges reductionist social explanation which ignores the symbolic dimensions of
social life, but also criticizes reified cultural analysis of abstract codes, preferring instead
ethnographys close examination of grounded, concrete sequences of action and their
contexts. Geertz emphasizes that culture is public and collective, not simply an attribute of
individuals; he also makes the important methodological point that cultural analysis should
not be treated as idiosyncratic but rather that it should be assessed on criteria appropriate to
the subject.
One of the fundamental tools for analyzing culture is the concept of cognitive categories.
As Zerubavel demonstrates, cognitive categories create meaning from a potentially
undifferentiated flux of experience. Further, they vary according to time, place, and social
context, and frequently generate dissent and debate. While categorical distinction is
essential, people may classify in either rigid, fuzzy or flexible ways, creating or blurring gaps
between mental entities to different degrees.
Pierre Bourdieu argues that social explanation must take into account the subjective
categories in which people understand their worlds, the pre-conscious practices in which
those categories are articulated, the power exercised in social categorization, and the

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klasikuri perspeqtivebi

urTierToba organizaciul klientebTan exmaureba SemoqmedebiT-teqnikuri

produserebis urTierTobas kulturuli industriebis organizaciul da
menejerul nawilTan. musikosebis an televiziis damoukidebeli prodiuserebis
msgavsad arqiteqturul firmebsac kontraqtis damTavrebis mere aRar aqvT
urTierToba TavianT damkveTTan. ramdenadac patara firmebs danaxarji didi ar
aqvT da sargebloben didi kompetenciiT (risTvisac maT qiraoben) maT srul
pasuxismgeblobas aZleven produqciaze.
arqiteqtorebi sTavazoben alternatiul winadadebebs klientebs da rogorc
kulturul industriebSi menejerebi, didi klientebi asponsoreben garkveul
nawils. didi samSeneblo firmebi ki yvelanair xerxs mimarTaven, rom maTi servisi
popularuli gaxdes.
elitaruli dizainerebi TviTon ukeTeben sakuTar Tavs marketings rom
moiZion klientebi, didi komerciuli klientebi ki Tavis mxriv popularizacias
uweven arqiteqtorebs, maT saxelebs, rogorc axali proeqtis komerciuli
paketis organul nawils. arqiteqturaSi modisa da tendenciebis gavrceleba
naklebad aris damokidebuli mas mediaze, specializirebul presaze, trening
institutebis
sitemaze.
dizainis
procesi
imdenad
rTuli
da
profesionalizebulia, xolo mSenebloba klientebisTvis da bankebisTvis
imdenad Zviri rom xanmokle modas iSviaTad Tu vinme aitacebs.
es miuTiTebs imaze, rom elitaruli arqiteqtorebi imijis Seqmnas uyureben
rogorc kontrolis dakargvas mSeneblobis procesze. imijebis gamravleba,
romelTa Sorisac klientebs arCevanis gakeTebis SesaZlebloba eZlevaT, mas
mediis mier arqiteqtorebis "kulturul gmirebad gamocxadeba iwvevs imas, rom
stilisturi konvenciebi mokle droSi gacveTil tendenciebad iqceva. amitom
arqiteqtorebi ufro da ufro xSirad warmoadgenen ara Senobas, aramed imijs.
imiji ki formiT dauaxlovda modasa da kulturis industriebs. am imijebis
mwarmoeblebi miiltvian siaxlisken an imitaciisken, ramdenadac gadamwyveti
faqtori aris is, Tu riTi SeiZleba gaizardos msyidvelobiTi fasi.
rogorc saqme, postmodernistuli arqiteqtura warmoadgens im materialuri
Zalebis gansaxierebas, romlebic Slian gansxvavebas "maRal da dabal
kulturul produqcias Soris. arqiteqtorebs ukveTaven maTi SemoqmedebiTobis
gamo da aZleven Tavisuflebas, rom gamoigonon, Tumca maTi SemoqmedebiToba
klientis arCevaniT SeiZleba SeizRudos. sponsors Tavisi cvlilebebis Setana
SeuZlia; es ki upirispirdeba diskursis avtonomias.
aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom bevr kulturul sferoSi, mecnierebis eqspansia da
ganaTlebuli auditoriis zrda iZleva diskursis farglebSi inovaciebis
saSualebas. arqiteqtura warmoaCens dialeqtikas, romelic bevri kulturuli
sferosTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli: diskursis avtonomia teqnikur produserebs
axalisebs, rom gariskon praqtikaSi, maSin rodesac realizaciis xarji xSirad
barieris rols TamaSobs. amitomac arqiteqturas filosofosebi da
Teoretikosebi postmodernizmis xanas alegoriad miiCneven.

hermenevtika warmoadgens interpretaciul midgomas, romelic gamoavlens

Sinagani da subieqturi struqturebis bunebasa da maT mniSvnelobas. mniSvneloba
mkvlevrebisTvis gasagebi xdeba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu isini kulturuli struqturebis interpretacias moaxdenen da ar Seecdebian, magaliTad, sxva Zalebis
Sedegebis axsnas, rac warmoadgens meqanisturi midgomis meTodologiur
impulss. interpretacia gamomdinareobs gagebidan da ara mxolod dakvirvebidan.
dilTai bunebrivi mecnierebebis mier gamoyenebul meTodebs, dakvirvebas
upirispirebs hermenevtikul meTods. is gvTavazobs kulturuli kvlevebis
pirvel da erT-erT yvelaze filosofiur gamarTlebas, magram amas akeTebs
dualisturi gziT, romelic asaxavs germanuli idealizmis calmxriv
problematikas. dilTais miaCnia, rom socialuri fenomenis Seswavla unda moxdes
mxolod da mxolod kulturuli perspeqtividan gamomdinare. is maTematikur,
fizikur da biologiur mecnierebebs aniWebs gare meqanisturi wesrigis
dakvirvebebis prerogativas. amgvarad, dilTai xazs usvams kulturis
avtonomias, romelic ganxilulia idealisturi kuTxiT.
Tu ramdenad mWidrod unda iyos dakavSirebuli hermenevtikuli midgoma
kulturis cnebasTan dRemde warmoadgens kamaTis sagans.

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11

parsonsi
me-20 saukunis socialuri Teoriis istoriaSi, talkont parsonsma
SemogvTavaza socialuri meqanizmis Sesaswavli yvelaze daxvewili formaluri
midgoma, romelic orTodoqsuli hermenevtikuli tradiciis farglebs scildeboda. sazogadoebis mimarT Tavis funqcionalistur midgomaSi, parsonsma
konceptualurad moiazra kulturasa da materialur Zalas Soris urTierToba,
rogorc analitikuri safexurebi erTian empiriul samyaroSi da ara rogorc
Sinagani gamocdileba garegani determinaciis sapirispirod.
parsonsis mixedviT, monawileebi iTaviseben mniSvnelad wesrigs (kulturuli
sistema) romelic ufro zogadia, vidre socialur urTierTobaTa kompleqsi
(socialuri sistema) da romelTa nawils isini aseve warmoadgenen. es analitikuri
argumenti, erTi mxriv, niSnavs, rom yoveli socialuri aqti akonkretebs ufro
farTo kulturul mocemulobas. socialuri qmedeba ar unda ganixilebodes
meqanisturad, radganac misi kulturuli aspeqti yovelTvis aqtualuria. meore
mxriv, moqmedeba aseve socialuria da ara mxolod kulturuli sistemis nawili;
aq idealisturi perspeqtiva uariyofa. imdenad, ramdenadac parsonsi aseve
aRiarebs mesame analitikuri sistemis arsebobas, romelsac warmoadgens
pirovneba, is ambobs, rom verc kulturuli kodebi da verc socialuri
determinizmi akninebs fsiqologiuri imperativebis mniSvnelobas.
qmedeba aris simboluri, socialuri da motivaciuri erTsa da imave dros.
sruli empiriuli analizis Casatareblad, mkvlevarma unda Seiswavlos samive
analitikur sistemas Soris konkretuli urTierTmimarTeba. miuxedavad imisa,
rom kulturis es analitikuri avtonomia mniSvnelovania nebismier empiriul
konkretul momentSi, is mainc aris instituciuri faqtorebis gavlenis qveS.
parsonsis xedva kulturuli, socialuri da fsiqologiuri sistemebis
analitikuri avtonomiis Sesaxeb gvTavazobs erTgvar gamosavals meqanistursubieqtivisturi dixotomiidan. aq kulturas SedarebiT avtonomiuri sfero
eniWeba, magram ara sruli avtonomia.
Tumca problemebi male gamoikveTeba, rodesac aris am sxvadasxva doneebis
erTmaneTisgan gamijvnis mcdeloba ara analitikur doneze, aramed realobaSi.
arian Tu ara socialuri fenomenebi organizebuli meqanikurad da eqvemdebarebian aucileblobis kanonebs Tu mniSvnelobis wesebs? rogor unda moxdes
realurad kulturuli da socialuri doneebis interpretacia?
am dilemis pasuxad parsonsma uaRresad Tanamimdevruli rekomendacia
SemogvTavaza. funqcionaluri analizi unda exebodes kulturis institucionalizacias, Tu rogor xdeba kultura socialuri sistemebis realuri
struqturebis nawili. institucionalizaciaze es fokusi, parsonsis mixedviT,
sagrZnoblad daaviwroebs sociologebis kulturul interess. isini Tavisi

Seswavlis sagnad gaixdian Rirebulebebs da ara simbolur sistemebs. Rirebulebebi dagvexmareba simbolur-abstraqtuli formiT vimsjeloT centraluri
institucionaluri problemebis Sesaxeb. isini Seexebian iseT sakiTxebs rogorc
aris Tanasworba - uTanasworoba, spontanuroba disciplina, avtoritetisadmi
morCileba kritikuli qmedeba, sazogadoebrivi sakuTreba - kerZo sakuTreba.
parsonsis mixedviT, normatiuli warmodgenebi yalibdeba swored aseTi
konkretuli sakiTxebis irgvliv. monawileebma arCevani unda gaakeTon realur
alternativebs Soris. arCevanis gakeTebis Semdgom normatiuli an RirebulebiTi
standartebi ikveTeba. institucionalizacia niSnavs, rom erTi an meore
standarti gadaiqceva monawilis rolis damaxasiaTebel niSnad. individisTvis,
jgufisTvis am institucionalizebuli Rirebulebidan gadaxveva sanqciiT
regulirdeba/isjeba; xolo Rirebulebisadmi damorCilebas moyveba jildo.
RirebulebiTi analizis perspeqtividan institutebis ganxilva bevris
momcemia, Tumca ar unda moxdes kulturuli analizis Canacvleba am midgomiT.
RirebulebiTi analizis dros, interpretacia Semoifargleba mxolod im
mniSvnelobebiT romelTa institucionalizaciac aris SesaZlebeli. Sedegad, is
cnebebi romlebsac RirebulebiTi analizi iyenebs, mniSvnelobis analizis dros
eyrdnoba meqanistur, wmindad socialuri analizisTvis SemuSavebul leqsikas.

arqiteqtura da kulturuli cvlilebebi

analogiuri problemebi da miRwevebi gaaCnia marqsizmsac, romelic aseve

warmoadgens idealisturad gagebuli kulturis kritikas. gramSis naSromebis
mixedviT revoluciuri da klasebze orientirebul Teoriis Sesaxeb msjeloba
SeiZleba moxdes marqsis gviandeli naSromebis mecnieruli meTodologiis
farglebs gareTac. gramSi marqsizms uwodebs "praqsisis Teorias". gramSim Tavisi
kritikuli Teoria aago italiel hegelianel kroCestan dialogis procesSi. man
hermenevtikuli tradiciis gavleniT apriori miiCnia, rom yvela moTamaSe/monawile aris inteleqtuali, da rom mniSvnelobiT daintereseba warmoadgens
rogorc yoveli adamianuri qmedebis ganuyofel ganzomilebas, aseve socialuri
wesrigis yovel istoriuli formas.
rogorc parsonsi, aseve gramSi emijneba idealizms da kulturas ganixilavs
rogorc urTierTdakavSirebuls meqanistur institutebTan da ara rogorc maT
Semcvlels. socialuri sistemis Zalebis analizi gancalkevebuli unda iyos maTi
mniSvnelobis analizisgan. gramSisTvis, iseve rogorc parsonsisTvis, socialuri
sistema kulturis mTavar sayrdens Seadgens. sazogadoebis namdvili Zalebi
ewinaaRmdegebian an avseben kulturis mniSvnelad Zalas.
gramSis kulturuli marqsizmi gansxvavdeba funqcionalizmisgan imiT, rom
mas socialuri sistema da Sesabamisad kulturis adgili am sistemaSi
gansxvavebulad aqvs moazrebuli. kulturuli procesebi, gramSis mixedviT,
TvalsaCinoa mkacrad dayofil sazogadoebaSi, klasobrivi batonobis ierarqiaSi,
romlis safuZvelsac politikuri Zala warmoadgens. kultura xdeba klasobrivi
Zalauflebis procesis Semadgeneli nawili.
gramSi Tvlis, rom maRali donis inteleqtualebic ki Tavisi Teoriebis
amosaval wertilad warmoebis dominant models iReben da gamomdinare Tavisi
susti institucionaluri poziciidan, iZulebulebi xdebian Seurigdnen arsebul
Zalebs. maRali donis inteleqtualuri ideebi, romlebic gansazRvraven
TiToeuli epoqis TviTcnobierebas vrceldeba masebamde ufro dabali donis
kvaziinteleqtualebis mier, magaliTad, maswavleblebisa da Jurnalistebis mier,
im moTamaSeebis mier, romlebic ufro organulad arian dakavSirebuli
kapitalisturi sazogadoebis institutebTan. gramSis aq mohyavs analogia
kaTolikur eklesiasTan; Teologebi ayalibeben abstraqtul kanonebs, maSin,
rodesac mRvdlebi da moZRvrebi axdenen im doqtrinebis formulirebas,
romelic mimarTulia ubralo adamianebze da maT uxsnis tanjvis fenomens.
inteleqtualebis ideologiur Zalauflebas gramSi "kulturul hegemonias"
uwodebs. miuxedavad imisa, rom sazogadoeba Zalian ierarqiulia, gabatonebul
klass ar SeuZlia sakuTari Tavis SenarCuneba mxolod Zalis saSualebiT.

arqiteqturis Seswavla miuTiTebs im faqtze rom cvlilebebs konkretul

kulturul diskursSi lokaluri xasiaTi aqvT. aseve specializirebuli diskursebis farglebSi araTanamimdevruli dinebebi yovelTvis ar aris pasuxi ufro
farTo garegan araTanamimdevrulobebze.
meore msoflio omis mier gamowveuli statikurobis, destruqciisa da
rekonstruqciis garemoebebma gamoiwvia is rom modernistuli moZraoba
gardaiqmna mcire jfufisTvis damaxasiaTebeli xedvidan universalur da yovlis
momcvel stilad. Sesabamisad, banaluri da gamofituli modernizmis masobrivma
triumfma, Tavis mxriv, gamoiwvia arqiteqtorebis reaqcia. monotonuroba da
mosawyeni erTgvarovneba, romelsac "formebis amowurva" ewoda iTxovda esTetikur inovacias da Teoriul gadaxedvas. ara omis katastrofulma Sedegebma,
aramed axalgazrda da ganaTlebulma xalxis aqtiurobam ganapiroba da Semdeg
ganaxorciela warmoqmnili moTxovnebi.
arqiteqtorebis axalgazrda Taoba da ganaTleba gadamwyvet rols ver
Seasrulebdnen rom ara axalgazrda arqiteqtorebis didi raodenoba. swored
arqiteqtorebis didma raodenobam gamoiwvia profesiis SigniT arsebuli
konkurencia. konkurencia ki TavisTavad yovelTvis dakavSirebuli iyo kulturul inovaciasTan iseT mravalferovan viTarebaSi rogoric aris islamuri
religia, me-19 saukunis franguli mxatvroba da meoce saukunis amerikuli
mecniereba.
aSS-s ekonomikurma ganviTarebam ki 50-ian da 60-ian wlebSi moaxdina
arqiteqtorTa mzardi ricxvis dasaqmeba. Tumca 70-iani wlebis krizisis periodSi
prioriteti eniWebodaT da elitarul jgufebad yalibdebodnen is arqiteqtorebi, romlebic prestiJuli saswavleblebis kursdamTavrebulebi iyvnen.
isinive warmoadgendnen wamyvan eqspertebs gavlenian JurnalebSi, xelovnebis
centrebSi da konkursebis JiuriSi.
amgvarad arqiteqturuli postmodernizmi ganamtkicebs raodenobas,
konkurenciasa da inovacias Soris arsebul urTierTmimarTebas kulturis
mwarmoeblebis viwro rigebSi.
aseve, daqiravebuli TanamSromlebis nawilobrivi Tanxvedra qmnis
specializirebul kulturul sferoebsa da ufro farTo politikur da
socialur moZraobebs Soris konkretul kavSirebs. ukanaskneli, ki STaagonebs
dominanturi inteleqtualuri paradigmebisa da specialistebis rolebis
garSemo arsebuli molodinebis gadafasebas.
postmodernizms ar SeeZlo gaemeorebina 20-iani wlebis artistuli da
politikuri avangardis gamiznuli da mtkice sinTezi, ramdenadac 1918 wlis
revoluciuri viTareba ar arsebobda 60 iani wlebis im qveynebSi, romlebic
imdenad mdidrebi iyvnen, rom arqiteqturiT dainteresebuliyvnen. Tumca
arqiteqturul postmodernizmSi arsebuli dapirispirebuli Sinaarsi swored im
periodSi warmoiSva rogorc aSS-Si, aseve evropaSi, rodesac axali memarcxeneebi
aRzevdnen antiteqnokratiuli sloganiT.
da bolos kulturuli specializaciis yvelaze mniSvnelovani Sedegi
Semdegia: urTierqmedeba kulturis mwarmoeblebsa da maT potenciur
auditorias Srois aris yovelTvis gaSualebuli mwarmoeblebis praqtikaSi
arsebuli garemoebebiTa da istoriuli viTarebiT.
postmodernistuli gardamavali periodis dros amerikuli dizainis elitis
praqtikaSi
ori
momentis
gamoyofa
SeiZleba.
pirveli
warmoadgens
arqiteqturuli amocanis kompleqsurobas, rac did wilad ganpirobebulia
arqiteqturis ganxorcielebasTan dakavSirebuli ekonomikur da organizaciul
siZneleebTan. aseve miuxedavad imisa, rom nageboba aRiqmeba stilisturi
konvenciebis gziT, misi socialuri funqcia ufro farTod moiazreba da
masisTvis ufro xelmisawvdomia vidre stili an esTetika.
meore momenti warmoadgens kulturul industriebTan arqiteqturuli
saqmis garkveuli aspeqtebis kavSirs.
postmodernizmma aRniSna patara da saSualo firmebis gamravleba diskursis
farglebSi da ara, magaliTad, amerikuli arqiteqturis biznesSi. maTi

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antonio gramSi

reiganis xanis arqiteqturas", isini ZiriTadad gulisxmoben stils; Tumca im

periodis arqiteqturisTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSani stils naklebad exeboda,
aramed ZiriTadad aq saubaria uamrav saofise da komerciul sivrceze, feSenebelur sastumroebze, mdidarTa saxlebze da elitisTvis gamiznul kulturul
dawesebulebebze.
modernistuli arqiteqturis gadafasebis dros, warmoiSva konfliqti
arqiteqturis "imijsa" da "realobas" Soris. es cnebebi exeba koncefciasa da
koncefciis ganxorcielebas Soris uTanxmoebas, ramdenadac arqiteqtorebi
yovelTvis axdenen imijis dizains, maSin rodesac sxvebi ageben Senobas. swored es
imiji da realoba ikavebda centralur adgils postmodernistul SejibrSi, rac
niSnavda rom raRac icvleboda, nebsiT Tu uneblied arqiteqtoris Zireul
socialur identobaSi.
arqiteqturuli dideba, profesiuli ideologia romelic aRiarebda dizains
dizainis gulisTvis 70-ian wlebSi aRmocenda. Tavdapirvelad, is Seecada
dabruneboda modernizmis avtonomiur TviTgansazRvrebas, magram ukve gvian iyo.
modernizmis mimdevrebs aRar hqondaT profesiuli Zalaufleba aRedginaT
modernizmi nawilobriv ganviTarebuli esTetikuri SesaZlebobis saSualebiT.
ameve dros, garemos "xelis SeSlis winaaRmdeg" ganwyobili Zlieri saSualo
klasis moZraoba iTxovda rom SenarCunebuliyo ukve damaxinjebuli urbanuli
qsovili. Tumca am moZraobamac daigviana. arsebulma modernistulma imitaciebma
gamoiwvies nostalgiuri ltolva SenarCunebuliyo Zveli ubnebi, rac
asorcirdeboda usafrTxoebasTan da normalur cxovrebasTan.
tradiciuli modernizmis uaryofa 80 - iani wlebis meore nawilSi mZlavr
tendenciad iqca arqiteqtorebs Soris. qalaqSi mcxovrebi muSaTa klasi da
Raribebi dazaraldnen ganaxlebisgan ufro metad, vidre restavraciebisgan;
konteqstis gaTvaliswineba, pativiscema labirinTuli struqturis quCebis
mimarT da sacxovrebeli qalaqebis mravalferovani konstruqcia tradiciuli
postmodernizmis yvelaze pozitiur da mniSvnelovan wvlils warmoadgenda.
postmodernizmis arsi mdgomareobda imaSi, rom aRiarebuli iyo ara erTi stili,
aramed mravali ena.
swored postmodernizmis damkvidrebis Sedegad, ufro da ufro metma
arqiteqtorma ipova sxvadasxva gemovnebis klienti, rac xels uwyobda
mravalferovani proeqtebis ganxorcielebas. es sxvadasxva klientebi
stilistur siaxles moiTxovdnen an kidev xdeboda maTi darwmuneba rom axali da
Tvisobrivad gansxvavebuli arqiteqturuli enebi misaRebi iyo.
Sesabamisad, krizisi arqiteqturaSi gadailaxa da fokusi gasworda moxda
arqiteqtoris rogorc artistis tradiciuli identobis aRdgena, formalizmi ki
daexmara dizainerebs rom Tavis sasargeblod gamoeyenebinaT indivudualisturi
proeqtebi.
80-ian wlebSi, aSS-Si socialuri SekveTebi da demokratiulad orientirebuli sazogadoebrivi arqiteqtura gaqra. ideologiuri komforti,
romelsac formalizmi sTavazobda arqiteqtorebs srulyofilebas moiTxvoda;
srulyofilebas srulyofilebis gamo, rac ukve damkvidrebuli ekleqturi
diskursis Semadgenel nawils warmoadgenda. 80-ian wlebSi arqiteqturam dakarga
erTiani xedva da erTiani stili. arc erT jgufs gaaCnda sakmarisi Zalaufleba an
gavlena erTi konkretuli mimarTulebis, an/da saerTo standartebis
dasamkvidreblad sxvadasxva profesiuli praqtikebisTvis.
amrigad, XX saukuneSi, arqiteqturuli modernizmi gadaiqca teqnokratiuli
socialuri inJineriidan korporaciuli Zalauflebis samsaxurSi myofad.
socialuri stimulis dakargviT, esTetikurma xedvam rutinuli xasiaTi miiRo.
diskursis doneze daZabulobebi da gadafasebebi gamravlda da daaCqara
esTetikuri dezintegracia. rodesac aqtivistma Taobam ufro mwvave xasiaTi
misca profesiis farglebSi mimdinare kritikas, praqtikis prioritetulobam
tradiciebis mimdevrebi aiZula arqiteqtorTa praqtikis mravalferovneba
eRiarebinaT. am kuTxidan danaxuli, postmodernistuli pluralizmi 1960 - iani
wlebis antiavtoritatuli politikis memkvidreobas warmoadgens.

sazogadoeba ar aris mxolod ekonomikuri an politikuri wesrigi, aramed

moralur politikuri bloki, romelic Sekrulia gabatonebuli ideebisadmi
nebayoflobiTi morCilebis Sedegad. gramSis saxiT gveZleva kulturis
institucionalizebuli Teoria marqsistuli formiT. Tumca, es dominanturi
kultura sabolood kritikis qveS eqceva. revoluciuri kulturuli
ganviTarebis miseuli mosazreba aris iseTive damokidebuli arsebul, namdvil
realobaze, rogorc misi gabatonebuli ideebis Teoria.
imdenad, ramdenadac muSaTa klasi arsebobs eqspluatirebul obieqtur da
konkretul viTarebaSi, gramSi Tvlis, rom maTi praqtikuli cnobierebis
Camoyalibeba gardauvalia, da upirispirdeba burJuaziisa da aristokratiis
idealizirebul cnobierebas. Tumca, gramSi acnobierebs rom es latenturi
cnobiereba ver gamovlindeba, Tuki ar iqneba Camoyalibebuli da gamoTqmuli
inteleqtualuri formiT. ubralod, praqtikuli cnobiereba uZluria
gabatonebuli ideebis inteleqtualuri Zalis winaSe. alternatiuli ideologia
jer unda Camoyalibdes, amocana, romelic Sesrulda marqsisa da sxva maRali
socialurad moazrovne inteleqtualebis mier. "organuli" inteleqtualebis
revoluciuri kadrebis formaciis Sedegad politikuri partiis liderebi da
mimdevrebi

romlebic
ufro
praqtikulebi
arian
da
naklebad
inteleqtualurebi - es ideebi xdeba ufro SesamCnevi da xelmisawvdomi.
kulturuli marqsizmi scildeba funqcionalur analizs Tavisi normatiuli
datvirTviT. is dainteresebulia ara mxolod kulturis axsniTa Tu
interpretaciiT, aramed kargi mniSvnelobis da cudi mniSvnelobis SefasebadapirispirebiT. gramSi upirispirebs racionalur cnobierebas yoveldRiur
cnobierebasa da religias. igi ar kmayofildeba kontrhegemonuri kulturis
ganviTarebis axsniT, aramed aseve dainteresebulia, Tu rogor SeiZleba am
kulturam migviyvanos ufro Tavisufal da damoukidebel cxovrebamde.
kulturuli marqsizmi funqcionalur analizTan SedarebiT, ufro metad
aRiarebs kulturis gavlenas socialur cvlilebaze. aseve xazs usvams
kulturasa da Zalauflebas Soris kavSiris mniSvnelobas. Tumca kulturis
Sesaxeb rogorc Zalauflebis msaxurze saubari, akninebs kulturuli Rirebulebebis rols Zalauflebis garkveuli kontrolis da regulaciis funqciis
Sesrulebis procesSi.
funqcionalistur TeoriaSi kulturisa da sazogadoebis gamijvnam pirvel
adgilze Rirebulebebi daayena da ara simboloebi. kulturul marqsizmSi
klasobrivi cnobierebis cneba iseTive rols TamaSobs rogorc Rirebulebebi.
Tumca is ganisazRvreba kulturuli mniSvnelobis farglebSi da Tavad
socialuri sistemis nawilia.
cnobierebis marqsistuli analizis, iseve rogorc Rirebulebebis funqcionalisturi analizis dros xSirad xdeba socialuris upiratesobisken
gadaxra da kulturis SedarebiTi avtonomiis nivelireba. es naTeli magaliTia,
imisa Tu ra rTulia kulturisa da sazogadoebis urTierTdamokidebuli
kavSiris moazreba.

76

13

semiotika ferdinand sosuri

semiotika Tanamedrove kulturuli analizis erT-erT mniSvnelovani
midgomaa. ferdinand sosuri ambobs, rom socialuri struqturis an qmedebis
gageba SeuZlebelia kulturuli elementebis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe. rogorc
lingvistvisTvis, misTvis enaa amosavali wertili. igi acnobierebs, rom laparaki
TavisTavad socialuri qmedebaa, romelic fsiqologiurad aris motivirebuli
da konkretul situaciur SezRudvebs eqvemdebareba. miuxedavad imisa, rom
individebi SeiZleba CaiTvalon rogorc pasuxismgebelni TavianT salaparako
aqtebze, maT realurad aranairi kontroli ar gaaCniaT im enaze, riTac isini
axorcieleben mocemul salaparako aqtebs. molaparake individebs ar SeuZliaT
im niSnebis gansazRvra, romlebsac isini mimarTaven laparakis dros. es niSnebi
fiqsirebulia sazogadoebis mier mkacrad Camoyalibebuli CarCoebis farglebSi.
rodesac sosuri saubrobs enis socialur determinaciaze, is ar miuTiTebs

socialuri institutebis SedarebiT Zalaze. ena rogorc simboluri sistema,

romelic uricxvi socialuri aqtis Tavmoyraa, warmoadgens damoukidebel Zalas.
ena abstraqtuli kodia, romlis struqturac determinirebulia kanonebis mier,
romlebic Sinagania TavisTavad da ara socialuri sistemis zewolis Sedegad
mocemuli.
sityvebi warmoadgenen niSnebs, romlebic iSleba aRmniSvnelad da aRsaniSnad.
sosuri mkveTrad mijnavs aRmniSvnels, bgerasa Tu sityvis materialuri
komponents aRniSnulisgan, cneba romelzec materialuri bgera aris mibmuli. is
Tvlis, rom aRmniSvnelsa da aRniSnuls, materialursa da idealur komponentebs
Soris damokidebuleba aris TviTneburi. ar arsebobs obiqturad aucilebeli an
namdvili mizezi imisa, Tu ratom aRiniSneba esa Tu is cneba raRac garkveul
bgeraTa SeTanxmebiT; maTi erTmaneTze mibma xdeba Cveulebis gamo.
sosuri ufro Sors midis da amtkicebs, rom sityvis gageba rTulia, rodesac
is namdvil socialur obieqts exeba da masTan xdeba dawyvileba enis saSualebiT.
es urTierTobac aris TviTneburad ganpirobebuli Cveulebis mier. mniSvneloba
gamomdinareobs urTierTobebidan gansxvavebebi da msgavsebebi romlebic
yalibdeba sityvebs Soris, enobrivi sistemis niSnebs Soris. cvlilebebi am
urTierTobebSi ar aris im socialur obieqtebSi momxdari cvlilebebis amsaxveli, romlebsac isini exebian. niSanTa sistema axlo momavalSi aris ucvleli. is
viTardeba Sinagani kanonebis Sesabamisad. misi Semadgeneli nawilebis axlandeli
ganlagebis gageba SesaZlebelia mxolod adreuli tradiciebis ganxilvis
saSualebiT, romelTa wiaRSic isini Camoyalibdnen.
Tu es nebayoflobiTi urTierToba arsebobs sityvebsa da sagnebs Soris enaSi,
sosuris mixedviT, ratom ar unda arsebobdes igive yvela socialur institutSi
da aqtivobaSi? misi azriT, lingvistika aris semiotikis qveganayofi, niSnebis
ufro zogadi mecniereba. TiToeuli socialuri aqtivoba aris areuli niSanTa
sistemasTan, romelic enis analogiurad muSaobs. arc istoriuli ganviTareba da
arc socialuri urTierToba ar gansazRvravs niSanTa sistemis am struqturas.
misi mniSvnelobis gageba SesaZlebelia mxolod institucionaluri kulturis
Sinagani kodebis rekonstruqciis safuZvelze.
semiotikur analizs miuxedavad mcdelobebisa, mainc calmxrivi xasiaTi aqvs.
is exeba niSanTa sistemebs da ara sazogadoebebs. miuxedavad imisa, rom enaTa
sistemebi socialuri institutebis msgavsia, semiotika gvTavazobs CavataroT
struqturuli analizi da Tavi davaneboT interaqcionistuli da situaciuri
SezRudvebis Seswavlas. semiotika amdenad gvabrunebs kulturis Zlieri
avtonomiis gagebasTan, romelsac hermenevtika gvTavazobda. dilTais mixedviT,
socialuri qmedeba mxolod Signidan unda Seswavliliyo. Tumca misTvis
Signidan niSnavs subieqturi gmocdilebis mocemulobebisken dabrunebas.
sosurisTvis ki sityvebis Sinagani urTierTobebis Seswavlas.
semiotika formalurad udgeba niSanTa sistemebis struqturebis Seswavlas.
struqtura Sedgeba analogebis da kontrastebis rTuli mocemulobebisgan,
romlebic mkvlevarma unda gamoavlinos monawile individebis subieqturi
gamocdilebis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe. es mosazreba rom gagveziarebina, maSin
mniSvnelobis kvlevisTvis Tavi unda dagvenebebina, razec aris dafuZnebuli
kulturuli analizi.
yvela arsebuli Tanamedrove midgoma kulturis mimarT interesdeba
mniSvneladi moqmedebiT da ara instrumentuliT, aseve aRiarebs simboluri
sistemebis avtonomias da mijnavs mas arakulturuli saxis determinaciebisgan.
Tumca kvlav sakamaToa, Tu ras moicavs simboluri sistemebis avtonomia,
ramdenad damoukidebelia kultura, rogor unda damyardes maTi damokidebuleba kulturasTan. aseve uTanxmoeba sufevs kulturis Sinagani
Semadgeneli elementebis irgvliv. romelia kulturis ZiriTadi komponentebi da
rogor arian isini erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli.

reproduqciis arxebs, rac iwvevs garkveuli stilisturi tendenciebis

imitaciasa da win wamowevas. magram es ar aris amomwuravi sia. ramdenadac
profesiuli identoba yalibdeba ara mxolod zemoT CamoTvlili faqtorebis
safuZvelze, aramed arqiteqturis rogorc xelovnebis ganxilvis Sedegad.
Cveulebrivi arqiteqturuli praqtika orientirebulia servisze da komerciul interesebze, rac TavisTavad heteronomiulia da xSirad eqvemdebareba
gareSe faqtorebs. am daqvemdebarebis sakompensaciod, arqiteqtorebma yuradReba miaqcies TavianTi xelobis SemoqmedebiT mxares.
arqiteqturis diskursiul sferoSi ikveTeba ori saxis dapirispireba. pirvels specializirebuli saxe aqvs da aqtualuria mxolod am sferos
warmomadgenlebisTvis da ara klientebisTvis. Sida dapirispirebas da diskusiebs
eqspertTa Soris moaqvs konkretuli Sedegebi da gavlenas axdens am sferoSi
arsebul Sinagan ierarqiaze, gavlenis qselebze, statusebze yvela im
strategiul poziciaze, romelTa saSualebiTac frangi sociologi burdies
mixedviT simboluri kapitali yalibdeba da Zalauflebisa da simdidris
resursebi moiTxoveba.
debatebi, romlebic warmoiSoba dizainis elitis sxvadasxva fraqciebs Soris
arqiteqturul diskursSi, qmnian konfliqtur situaciebs, an piriqiT kavSirebs,
koaliciebs. arqiteqturisTvis damaxasiaTebeli is aris rom klientebs aq
garkveuli rolis TamaSi SeuZliaT.
meore saxis kulturul dapirispirebas gadavyevarT ufro farTo da
bundovan sazRvrebSi; mas Tavisi ena da miznebi gaaCnia da motivaciac garedan
modis. konkretul istoriul pirobebSi, kulturis Tanamedrove politika
TamaSdeba didi socialuri konfliqtebis fonze, saidanac gansazRvruli
sferoebi sesxuloben intensiurobasa da substancias. eseni wamoadgenen
dasavluri xelovnebis avangardis Tavisebur momentebs. erTi mxriv, formaluri
esTetikuri CarCoebi politikur da moralur dapirispirebas asaxavs. meore
mxriv ki, debatebs axasiaTebT ezoTeruli ena da ganixilaven specializirebul
sakiTxebs rac moyveba did moZraobebs: disidentebi, romlebic ar kmayofildebian
mxolod
arsebul
diskursTan
dapirispirebiT,
cdiloben
Zalauflebis urTierTobebSi cvlilebebi Seitanon, rogorc TeoriaSi, aseve
praqtikaSi da sazRvrebis gadafasebas iTxoven.
me-20 saukunis arqiteqturis modernistuli faza idologiiis dabadebiT
xasiaTdeba da naTlad aCvenebs politikur-esTetikur avangardSi warmoSobil
kamaTs. 1920-ian wlebSi arqiteqturis axalma xedvam gamoiwvia diskursSi arsebuli Sida dayofebis gadalaxva da praqtikis axali institutebis Seqmna.
arqiteqturis sazogadoebrivma xasiaTma ki arsebul dapirispirebebs metaforuli mniSvneloba mianiWa, gansxvavebiT xelovnebis sxva dargebisgan da zogadad
sxva profesiebisgan. arsebobs mosazreba, rom arqiteqturi novatorebis ideebma
Taviseburi kvali daamCnia Tanamedroveobis sazogadoebriv saxes.
gvian 1960-ian da adreul 1970-ian wlebSi arqiteqturuli diskursis gadafaseba daemTxva profesiis farglebSi arsebul kamaTs, romelic Seexeboda
arqiteqtoris Zalauflebisadmi daqvemdebarebas. arqiteqtori-aqtivistebis
sxvadasxva jfugebi dogmatur modernizms ganixilavdnen rogorc TavianT
saerTo mters.
amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi, modernizmi - rogorc modernizacia, pirvel
rigSi, Seexeboda farTo maStabis urbanistul ganaxlebas, romelic daiwyo 50-ian
wlebSi. 70 - ian wlebSi ki ekonomikur kriziss moyva uZravi qonebiT spekulaciis
talRa da arqiteqturul revizionizmi daaCqara. klientebi, romelTac ufro
meti statusi hqondaT, vidre kapitali, moiTxovdnen rom maT Senobebi
yofiliyvnen simdidris, TamaSis, da gansxvavebulobis simboloebi. menejerebma
aRmoaCines dizainis Zala da male safuZveli Caeyara "arqiteqtorebis xelweras",
rac gansazRvravda produqtis konkretuli dizainis molodins, garkveuli
imijis Seqmnas da vizualur mravalferovnebas.
arqiteqtorebisTvis SekveTebis micemasa da didebaze, romelic asocirdeboda profesiasTan, 1980-ian wlebSi gavlena iqonia finansurma deregulaciam
da Semosavlis redistribuciam Raribi da saSualo fenidan mdidrebze. rodesac
arqiteqtorebi da kritikosebi dascinian tradiciul postmodernizms rogorc

14

75

arqiteqturuli diskursebi

funqcionalizmi

magali sarfati larsoni ganixilavs arqiteqturas rogorc kulturuli

warmoebis profesiul konteqsts. aq aisaxeba modernistulidan postmodernistul arqiteqturaze gadasvla meoce saukunis bolo meoTxedSi. arqiteqturis
diskursi emyareba im winapirobas, rom mas yovelTvis mtkicebiTi xasiaTi aqvs.
arqiteqturis kritikosebi, istorikosebi da praqtikosebi im Sexedulebidan
gamodian, rom mxolod legitimuri arqiteqtorebis namuSevrebi iTvleba
xelovnebad, rac unda miekuTvnebodes arqiteqturul diskurss. Tumca, am
profesias axasiaTebs winaaRmdegoba. arqiteqturis diskursi avtonomiurad
igeba, im eqspertebis mier, romlebic sxva eqspertebs uweven angariSs. imisaTvis
rom moxdes "axali ideebis SemoTavazeba", disciplinebma unda aCvenon Tu rogor
xdeba SemuSavebuli wesebis kanonebad Camoyalibeba, arqiteqturis kanoni ki
Sedgeba lamazi da inovaciuri samSeneblo formebisgan.
Senobebi ver iqneba mxolod arqiteqtoris avtonomiuri codnisa da talantis
nayofi. aramed arqiteqtori damokidebulia klientebze da mSeneblobis sxva
specialistebze, iqnebian isini konkurenti eqspertebi Tu Semsruleblebi. am
damokidebulebas heteronomias uwodeben, ramdenadac is upirispirdeba
avtonomiis cnebas, rac ganixileba profesiis ganmsazRvrel atributad.
ramdenadac arqiteqturis diskursi saboloo jamSi efuZneba praqtikas, xolo
praqtikasTan dakavSirebuli momentebi heteronomiasTan aris dakavSirebuli,
diskursisa da praqtikis dialeqtika (avtonomiisa da heteronomiis)
mniSvnelovania arqiteqturaSi, gansakuTrebiT ki diskursiuli cvlilebis
analizisas.
meoce saukuneSi, dasavlur arqiteqturaSi orjer moxda mniSvnelovani
cvlilebebi rogorc diskursSi, aseve praqtikaSi. istoriografiul CanawerebSi,
stilisturi cvlilebebis nakadma orivejer elituri dizainerebis arqiteqturuli koncefciebis Camoyalibeba gamoiwvia. miuxedavad arqiteqturisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli investorebze da klientebze damokidebulebisa, arqiteqturis
istoriebi cvlilebis wyarod ganixilaven Tavad diskursSi cvlilebebs,
arqiteqturis ideebsa da TeoriebSi.
pirveli da yvelaze radikaluri cvlileba arqiteqturis diskursSi 1920-iani
wlebis Tanamedrove evropul moZraobaSi moxda. adaptirebuli evropuli
modernizmi meore msoflio omis Semdgom periodSi saerTaSoriso kapitalizmis
arqiteqturuli stili gaxda. meore cvlileba ganapiroba mdare xarisxis
arqiteqturis mimarT protestma, romelic modernizmidan gamomdinareobda. es
moicavda modernizmSi universalur rwmenas romlis mixedviTac postmodernistuli xedva uaryofda formalur da ideologiur erTianobas. erTi mxriv,
postmodernizmi dakavSirebulia arqiteqturul diskursTan: rac mouvida
evropul modernizms, romelic gadaiqca postmodernistuli Setevebis samizned
jer amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi da Semdeg danarCen msoflioSi; modernizmi
aseve warmoadgenda antiTezas, rac postmodernizms Tavisebur Sinaarss aniWebda.
meore mxriv ki, cvlilebebi ideebsa da stilSi Seesabameba im struqturul
cvlilebebs, romlebsac ganicdidnen strategiulad ganTavsebuli garkveuli
jgufebi. rTulia winaswar mtkiceba, empiriuli gadamowmebis gareSe, magram
kulturuli cvlileba SeiZleba aseve Seesabamebodes socialur struqturaSi
momxdar farTo cvlilebebs. am hipoTezidan gamomdinare, arqiteqtorebs Soris
esTetikasa da gemovnebaSi cvlilebebi aris ara modurobisa da TviTneburi
survilebis gamoxatuleba, da arc idealisturi orientaciis ganxorcieleba,
aramed arqiteqtorebis mier TavianTi profesiuli rolis xedvis gadafaseba da
maTi praqtikis pirobebis gansxvavebulad danaxva. postmodernistul diskursSi,
evropuli modernizmis modeli dakavSirebulia rogorc arqiteqtoris rolis
praqtikul mosazrebebTan, aseve Tu rogor SeiZleba Semosavlis Zieba da maTi
formaluri warmosaxva.
arqiteqturuli skolebi da konkretuli pedagogiuri mimarTuleba,
profesiuli organizaciebi da Jurnalebi, bazris mier Seqmnili specializaciebi
da asociaciebi, sazogadoebrivi interesi, romelic gamowveulia presis mier
yovelive es warmoadgens arqiteqturuli ideebis cirkulaciisa da

funqcionalisturi midgomis mcdelobaa daukavSiros kulturuli gavlena

socialuri qmedebis analizs.
funqcionaluri Rirebulebebis analizis sisuste SemdegSi mdgomareobs:
Rirebulebebi xSirad daiyvaneba socialur struqturebze, TiTqos maTi
analitikuri avtonomia maTi regulirebis SesaZlebobas iZleodes.
mertonma warmatebulad gansazRvra kulturuli elementebis mniSvnelovani
kompleqsi da socialurma mecnierebma, romlebsac mertonis gavlena hqondaT
detalurad daafiqsires am normatiuli struqturis zemoqmedeba mecnierul
organizaciasa da moqmedebaze. problema isaa, rom, mertonis mixedviT, es
Rirebulebebi SeiZleba warmoiSvan nebismier sferoSi da ara mxolod mecnieruli
praqtikis wiaRSi. Rirebulebebisa da normebis kompleqsze saubris dros,
mertoni mecnierul praqtikas ganixilavs ise TiTqos mecniereba SeiZleba
moviazroT kulturisgan izolirebuli fenomeni da ara rogorc kulturuli
aqtivoba. mertoni mecnierebas miakuTvnebs socialur da ara kulturul
sistemas. is mecnierul Rirebulebebs moiazrebs rogorc realuri qcevisgan
ganzogadebebs da ara rogorc mniSvneladi procesebis warmonaqmns, romlebic
ganapiroben am qcevas.
lifsetis kulturisa da politikis funqcionaluri analizis dros
gamoikveTeba analogiuri Zlieri mxareebi da sisusteebi. parsonma dawera, rom
socialuri Rirebulebis nimuSebi xuT ZiriTad dilemas emyareboda, an kidev
socialuri mocemulobis cvladebs. lifsetma ki gamoiyena parsonsis mosazreba
da aCvena, Tu rogor aris es sxvadasxva tipis instituciuri qceva erTmaneTTan
dakavSirebuli. lifseti am cvladebs ufro zustad da argumentirebulad
ayalibebs.
universalizmsa da partikularizms Soris kompromisi, gvexmareba gavigoT,
Tu ratom cdiloben garkveuli elitebi qveda safexurze mdgomi jgufebis
gawevrianebas, sxvani ki piriqiT, mokveTas. ramdenadac frangi damqiraveblebi
iyvnen partikularistebi, lifsetis mixedviT, isini profesiuli kavSirebis
warmomadgenlebis moTxovnebs miiCnevdnen moralurad Seuracxmyoflad.
rodesac lifseti safrangeTsa da germaniaSi ekonomikur da politikur
Rirebulebebs Soris arsebuli daZabulobis SedarebiT daxasiaTebas axdens, is
aCvenebs, rom Rirebulebis analizma SeiZleba gaaSuqos Sida kompleqsuroba da
winaaRmdegoba.
Tumca lifsetic frTxilad udgeba Rirebulebebis gamovlenas socialur
struqturaSi. Rirebulebebis kompleqts is gamoyofs jgufebis realuri
qmedebidan da ar ganixilavs maT rogorc kulturuli ganviTarebis Sida
dinamikis interpretaciis Sedegs. aqedan gamomdinare, universalizmi danaxuli
iyo iseve, rogorc mas 1789 wlis burJuaziuli revolucia warmogvidgenda da misi
SezRudva gamomdinareobda im faqtidan, rom revoluciis Zalebi ar iyvnen
sakmarisad Zlieri. germaniaSi, universalizmis ganviTarebas biZgi misca
ekonomikuri cvlilebebis mier motanilma zewolam da axali socialuri
dajgufebebis momZlavrebam, Tumca reaqciulma feodaluri dajfufebebma xeli
SeuSales aseTi Rirebulebebis gavrcelebas.

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15

semiotika roland barti

meore msoflio omis Semdeg periodSi struqturalizmi da semiotika
warmoadgenda funqcionalizmis alternativebs mniSvnelobis SeswavlasTan
mimarTebaSi. struqturalistebisa da semiotikosebis Seswavlis sagani gaxda
kulturuli sistema, rogorc aseTi.
sosuris gavleniT, romlisTvisac ena iyo amosavali wertili da ara laparaki,
semiotikosebi saubrobdnen simboluri organizaciis Sinagan integrirebulobaze da ambobdnen rom es organizacia unda iswavlebodes garegan procesebTan
mimarTebis gareSe. amgvari midgoma moiTxovda abstraqciebs nebismieri konkretuli SezRudvisgan, iqneboda es individualuri cvalebadoba, Tu jgufuri

interesi.
aseTi abstraqcia SesaZlebobas aZlevda mkvlevars moexdina kodis simboluri
struqturis ageba analitikurad damoukidebeli gziT. mxolod aseTi rekonstruqciis Semdeg aris SesaZlebeli drouli procesebis gamovlena, romelic
SeiniSneba mniSvnelobis winaswar dadgenili formebis CarCoebSi.
magaliTad, roland bartis esse WidaobasTan dakavSirebiT ar niSnavs imas,
rom semiotika aqtualuria mxolod egzotikis Sesaswavlad, romelic scildeba
Cveulebrivi socialuri cxovrebis farglebs. barts surs, rom am analizs
socialuri semiotikis paradigmuli saxe mieniWos. bartisTvis Widaoba ar aris
sporti, aramed sanaxaoba. is ambobs, rom qmedeba aq kulturis struqturiT aris
ganpirobebuli, Widaobis yureba ar gvainteresebs rogorc mimdinare cvalebadi
konstruqti. rogorc enas aniWeben upiratesobas da ara laparaks, Widaoba unda
ganixilebodes rogorc teqsti. am kuTxiT igi ar warmoadgens motivirebul
qmedebas, aramed aris raRac dawerili, dramatuli nawarmoebi, romelic sruldeba. is exeba ara SezRudvebs am situaciaSi, aramed mniSvnelobebs, romlebic
miRebul iqna didi xnis winaT, is mocemulobebi, romlebic moWidaveebma unda
aiTvison imisaTvis, rom Semdeg "warmoadginon.
moTamaSeebi warmoadgenen niSnebs da ara pirovnebebs. Cven unda SeviswavloT
ara maTi urTierToba, aramed maTi auditoria, sxva moTamaSeebi, romlebic
ganisazRvrebian rogorc socialuri teqstis erTad Tavmoyrili mniSvnelobebis
"mkiTxvelebi. matCis Sedegebi am SemTxvevaSi araaqtualuria, imdenad ramdenadac Widaoba unda ganixilebodes ara rogorc movlena droSi, aramed
rogorc mniSvnelobis maRal doneze struqturirebuli sistemis warmodgena.
Sedegi winaswar gansazRvrulia, ramdenadac moWidaveebi arian warmodgenis monawileebi, warmodgenisa, romelic ukve dawerilia. matCi gvevlineba kulturuli
sferos gamoxatulebad da ara socialuri sistemis motivirebul qmedebad.
sahlinis naSromi amerikul sazogadoebaSi saWmlis SerCevasTan dakavSirebiT
aCvenebs, Tu rogor gamoiyeneba semiotikuri midgoma Cveulebrivi cxovrebiseuli aspeqtebis Seswavlisas. analitikuri avtonomia miiRweva konkretuli
qcevisgan abstragirebis gziT kulturul sferoSi. abstragirebis Sedegad
socialuri elementebi, mag., saWmelebi gadaiqceva simbolur sistemaSi urTierTqmed elementebad da maTi ganxilva SesaZlebeli xdeba rogorc teqsturi
elementebis, ricxvebis socialur sistemaSi. sahlinis mixedviT, saWmlis
warmoeba aris kulturuli struqturis funqcionaluri momenti. aseve mis
esseSi vxvdebiT semiotikuri Teoriis ufro sistemur gamoyenebas, romelic
ayalibebs niSnebis aralingvisturi sistemebis maorganizebel bazisur wesebs.
niSnebis sanimuSo sistemebi, iseve rogorc sxva logikuri urTierTobebi
organizebulia analogiur da antionomiur urTierTobebad: mag. cxenis
mimarTeba ZaRlTan, adamianisa - ara adamianTan, Sinaganis - gareganTan, maRlis dabalTan, maRali statusis - dabal statusTan. semiotika aRiarebs kulturis
Sinagani struqturis kompleqsur Sida struqturas da gvTavazobs simboluri
kodebis Rirebulebebze Tu ideologiebze dayvanis Tavidan asacileblad
garkveul gzebs. es aris Teoriuli mcdeloba, romelsac rogorc wesi moyveba
kulturuli Rirebulebebis dayvana socialuri sistemebis meqanisturi
Semadgeneli elementebis ganzogadoebamde. Tumca, amave dros, semiotikis Sinagan
da formalur fokus warmoadgens misi ukiduresi kulturalizmi. kulturuli
struqturebi ara mxolod informacias aZleven socialur nimuSebs, aramed
gansazRvraven kidevac maT. sahlini wers, rom maqsimalizaciis cnobili logika
- kapitalisturi sazogadoebebis mogebis ZiriTadi principi mxolod
gancxadebuli saxea sxva mizezebisa, raSic igulisxmeba kulturuli faqtorebi.
sahlinis mixedviT, amerikul sazogadoebasa da kulturas Soris produqtiuli
damokidebuleba rogorc erovnul aseve saerTaSoriso doneze organizebulia
im SefasebebiT Tu ra iWmeva da ra ar iWmeva.
socialuri sistemebis ekonomikur logikas aseve unda mieniWos analitikuri
avtonomia. moxmareba ar aris mxolod kulturulad determinirebuli, iseve
rogorc Widaobis matCebi araa mxolod simboluri movlena. aSkaraa, rom aseTi
calmxrivi idealizmi rTuli SesanarCunebelia. rodesac, magaliTad, sahlini
saubrobs xorcis mniSvnelobaze amerikul sazogadoebaSi, is eyrdonoba

saxels da gvars.
1960 ian wlebSi, amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi, xelovanebi uaryofdnen
nivTebis privilegirebul statuss da xelovnebis elitarulobas, isini sazogadoebis samsaxurSi ewerebodnen, erTvebodnen aqtivizmSi da TanamSromlobdnen
sazogadoebasTan. amis Sedegad moxda sazogadoebrivi sivrcis gadafaseba,
fizikuri adgilis ufro farTod moazreba. sazogadoebisTvis gankuTvnili
skveri Tu parki asaxavs mocemuli sazogadoebis kulturas da TviTcnobierebas.
Sesabamisad, sazogadoebrivi sivrcis dizaini da sazogadoebrivi xelovnebis
SerCeva asaxavs sazogdoebis damokidebulebasa da faseulobebs, Tu ramdenad
iTvaliswinebs qalaqi mravalferovnebas da adamianebis keTildReobazea
mimarTuli. mravalferovnebis da gansxvavebulobis gacnobiereba da gaTaviseba
ki mSvidobiani sazogadoebis Senebis ganuyofeli nawilia.
dRevandel dRes, sazogadoebrivi xelovneba msoflios bevr kuTxeSi gascda
cxenze amxedrebuli gmiris aRmarTvas sazogadoebiv sivrceebSi. amis sanacvlod
xdeba sazogadoebis mier ganxilva imisa, Tu vis da ras warmoadgens gmiri
xalxisTvis 21-e saukuneSi. magaliTisTvis SeiZleba moviyvanoT barbara krugeri,
romelic komunikaciis bevr sxvadasxva saSualebas mimarTavs, rom moaxdinos
Tavisi ideebis gavrceleba sazogadoebriv sivrceSi. mag., mis xelovnebas aqvs
bilbordebis, maisurebis, asanTebze dabeWdili sloganebis, plakatebis saxe.
plakatebi ikvreba satelefono jixurebze da Senobebze. krugeris namuSevrebi
reklamas ar warmoadgens, ramdenadac is aranair komerciul interess ar
emsaxureba. arc propagandistulia, radganac ar aris nakarnaxevi, xelmZRvanelobis mier. krugeri ubralod vizualur strategiebs iyenebs rom miipyros
xalxis yuradReba da daafiqros Tavis namuSevarSi Cadebul mniSvnelobaze.
krugeris namuSevrebi moiTxoven qalsa da mamakacs Soris Tanasworobas, misi
gamosaxulebebi da teqsti xazs usvams qalebisa da mamakacebis stereotipul
rolebs, rom TvalsaCino gaxdes genderTan dakavSirebuli stereotipebis
safuZvlad mdebare dapirispireba. krugeri aseve exeba sityvis Tavisuflebis,
religiuri tolerantobis, omis, momxmarebluri sazogadoebis, ojaxuri
Zaladobis sakiTxebs.
riCard seras proeqti skulptura "gadaxrili arka" kargi magaliTia imisa,
Tu rogori konfliqti SeiZleba gamoiwvios sazogadoebrivma xelovnebam da
saerTod sazogadoebrivi sivrcis gamoyenebam. 1980 wels riCard seram, cnobilma
amerikelma modernistma xelovanma, qalaq niurkis xelmZRvanelobis dakveTiT
aago skulptura did sazogadoebriv skverSi, romelsac gars ertya
dawesebulebebis Senobebi. sanam skulpturas aagebdnen, aravis mosvlia azrad
Sexvdrebis mowyoba sazogadoebis wevrebTan, romlebic muSaobdnen am skveris
garSemo da ar ukiTxavT maTTvis Tanaxmani iyvnen isini Tu ara rom aegoT
mocemuli qandakeba. seras spilenZis qandakeba 90 futis simaRle iyo. qandakebis
agebis faqtma gamoiwvia uaryofiTi Sefaseba sazogadoebis mxridan, ramdenadac
am qandakebam Seamcira skveris farTobi da saseirno gza da bevri mas uSnod
miiCnevda. qandakebis irgvliv warmoSobilma konfqliqtma moaxdina sazogadoebis
polarizeba. Sedegad skulptura sxva adgilas gadaitanes.
sainteresoa monumentebis xasiaTi saqarTveloSi. rogorc daiana holi
aRniSnavs, misi dakvirvebiT TbilisSi ZiriTadad mamakacebis skulpturebia
aRmarTuli. qalebi ki mxolod miTiuri arsebebi arian. magaliTad, filarmoniasTan aRmarTuli muzis qandakeba da qarTlis deda. kiTxva ismis, Tu
ramdenad SemTxveviTia es faqti, Tu SeiZleba aq garkveuli mniSvneloba veZioT :
rom namdvili xalxi, romelic pativiscemas imsaxurebs mamakacebi arian. daiana
holi Tvlis, rom sakiTxis aseTi dasma, feministur midgomas ar gulisxmobs,
ramdenadac xelovnebis istoriaSi qalebic rom iyvnen Seyvanilni es ar
warmoqmnida feministuri xelovnebis istorias. qalebis aryofna xelovnebis
istoriaSi asaxavs patriarqalur sazogadoebas, romelmac warmoqmna es istoria,
iseve rogorc zogadma istoriam daamtkica sidiadis, sikargisa da heroikulobis
maskulinuri konstruqciebi, rac kargad aisaxeba sazogadoebriv xelovnebaSi
rogorc saqarTveloSi, aseve evropasa da amerikaSi.

16

73

am kiTxvidan gamomdinareobs urbanuli sivrcis sakiTxebi, urbanuli dizainisa da

sazogadoebrivi xelovnebis perspeqtividan sazogadoebrivi sivrcis konstruqcia.
sazogadoebrivi xelovneba SeiZleba iyos socialurad sasargeblo da
Seasrulos konfliqtis gamaneitraleblis roli, Tuki is exmaureba qalaqis
macxovreblebis moTxovnebs aTavisuflebs maT warmosaxvas, wvlili Seaqvs
qalaqis dizainSi da iwvevs socialur kritikas, romelic xels uwyobs
sazogadoebrivi sivrcis Camoyalibebas. amgvarad: xelovnebis roli urbanuli
sivrcis simyarisTvis ormagia: gamoyenebiTi xelovneba rogorc urbanuli
dizainis ganuyofeli aspeqti, romelsac SeiZleba hqondes rogorc saxaliso,
aseve funqcionaluri aspeqti; da xelovneba rogorc socialuri procesi,
Cagvris
sawinaaRmdego,
sazogadoebrivi
interesebis
gamtarebeli,
sazogadoebrivi da saSinao sivrceebis sazRvrebis transcedenturi.

semiologiis miRma arsebul urTierTobebs da wers, rom amerikelebisTvis

adamianis sicocxles sakraluri Rirebuleba aqvs da aseve amerikuli
sazogadoebis ekonomikur da rasobriv ierarqiebsac mimoixilavs.
dramaturgiuli midgoma

monumentebi iqmneba damkvidrebuli faseulobebis CarCoebis farglebSi da

erovnuli kulturuli identobis SeqmnaSi Seaqvs wvlili. monumentebi da
sazogadoebrivi xelovnebis nimuSebi skulpturebi nawilobriv arian faseulobebis konsensusis matareblebi. isini kulturuli obieqtebis kategorias
miekuTvnebian, ganasaxiereben stabilurobas, romelic sazogadoebis Sinagani
winaaRmdegobis dafarvas axdens. sazogadoebrivi xelovneba xandaxan ver uZlebs
istoriul cvililebebs (mag., postsabWoTa qveynebSi bevri komunisturi lideris
qandakeba Camoxsnes)
amis yvelaze naTeli magaliTia Tavisuflebis qandakeba (1886), amerikis
SeerTebuli Statebis, Tavisuflebisa da demokratiis simbolo. qandakeba Cans
elisis kunZulidan, sadac milionobiT emigranti eloda amerikaSi Sesvlas
romelic Tavisuflebis miwad iyo aRiarebuli.
monumentebi da skulpturebis ageba xSirad xdeba garkveuli jgufis mier
Zalauflebis demonstraciis mizniT. Zaladoba xSirad monumentis Ziridadi
koncefciaa, ramdenadac bevri memoriali, triumfaluri TaRi, qandakebebi,
warsuli dapyrobebis amRvniSvnel simboloebs warmoadgenen.
monumentis Zalas xSirad iseTi wona aqvs, rom mosaxleobis da samoqalaqo
institutebis umravlesoba iRebs im winaaRmdegobebs, romlebsac monumentebi
warmoaCenen maT sazogadoebaSi da am gziT monumenti xdeba socialuri
kontrolis meqanizmi, rasac ufro faruli xasiaTi aqvs, vidre Zalis aSkara
demonstrirebas.
kulturis gamoyeneba socialuri wesrigis SenarCunebisTvis, burJuaziuli
sazogadoebis zogadi maxasiaTebels warmoadgens, im kuTxiT rom faseulobis
gadatana xdeba esTetikur sivrceSi, xelovnebisa da cxovrebis dualobas xazi
esmeba da Zalauflebisa da fuli ZalaSi eWvis Setana aRar xdeba, an kidev maT
mimarT damokidebuleba naklebad kritikulia. me-19 saukunis monumentebi
imperiisa da patriarqatis mesijs atareben, aseTi tipis mesiJi Tanamedrove
sazogadoebriv xelovnebaSic xSirad Cans. magram aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac
monumentTan dakavSirebuli normebi irRveva da monumenti "ubralo xalxs"
eZRvneba, an kidev "antimonumentis" kategorias miekuTvneba. magaliTad,
vaSingtonSi agebuli vietnamis omis veteranTa memoriali eZRvneba omis
istorias. gaprialebul, Savi qvis zedapirze wawerilia 58.000 mkvdari an
brZolaSi dakarguli (1959-1975) amerikelis saxeli. xelovanma maia linma
memorials "miwis Wriloba" uwoda, misi azriT momeriali cdilobs im Wrilobis
Sexorcebas, romelic omis winaaRmdeg protestma gamoiwvia. memoriali kiTxvis
niSnis qveS ayenebs Zalauflebis struqturebs sazogadoebaSi, struqturebs
romlebmac gamoiwvies omi, miuxedavad imisa es winaaRmdegobebi gadaWrialia Tu
ara an miviwyebuli. sakamaTo sakiTxia, vietnamis veteranTa memoriali anti
monumentis xasiaTs atarebs Tu ara, ramdenadac aRmarTuli qvis Semyure xalxi
acnobierebs, Tu ramdeni adamiani daiRupa vietnamis omSi, rodesac sakuTar
anareklTan erTad xedavs memorialur dafaze aTasobiT amerikeli moqalaqis

Tu funqcionalizmi ganixilavs kulturis avtonomias, romelic privilegias

aniWebs socialur sistemas (Tumca ar dayavs kultura socialur sistemaze), da
Tu semiotika kulturul doneze axdens amis moazrebas, maSin dramaturgiuli
midgoma kulturul avtonomiaze saubrisas gansakuTrebul adgils individs
aniWebs. Tanamedrove sociologiaSi irving gofmani aRiarebulia wamyvan
Teoretikosad individTa Soris urTierTobebis mikro samyaros sferoSi.
dramaturgiuli Teoriis adreul versiebSi, gofmani normebs ganixilavda
rogorc strategiuli moTamaSeebis proeqcias. Tumca, ufro gviandel naSromebSi man aRiara kulturis damoukidebeli statusi. igi aRniSnavs, rom
socialuri interaqciis namdvil samyaroSi individebi gamudmebiT arian
datvirTulebi stimuliT, garda imisa rac aris mocemuli gansazRvrul kulturul CarCoebSi. calkeul moTamaSeebs kargad aqvT ganviTarebuli unari
ganaxorcielon uyuradReboba, da, amave dros, daafiqsiron, magram ignorireba
gauwion an kidev dablokon is stimuli, romelic maT mocemuli moqmedebis
CarCoebidan amogdebiT emuqreba.
rodesac, magaliTad, mayureblebi raime sanaxaobas uyureben, maTi
yuradrebis areSi eqceva aseve Teatraluri fenomenis miRma arsebuli
momentebic, rogoric aris mag., Teatris personalis arseboba da msaxiobebis
garkveuli Tvisebebi, romlebic maT rolSi ar ewereba.
gofmanis mixedviT, CarCos miRma qmedebis unari vrceldeba uyuradRebobis
farglebs gareTac. centraluri teqstis garSemo arsebobs mimarTulebis mimcemi
elementebi, romlebic moTamaSeebma unda daicvan, radgan maTTvis gasagebi iyos
vin gansazRvravs CarCoSi moqceul qmedebas da rodis. gofmani am elementebs
uwodebs damakavSireblebs" da rom es damakavSireblebi SeiZleba warmodgenili
iyos rogorc teqstSi mocemuli punqtuaciis niSnebiT, aseve saxis
JestikulaciiT saubris dros.
gofmani aRiarebs gansakuTrebulad individualistur qmedebas kulturuli
teqstis avtonomiis farglebSi, romelsac is winaswar mocemulad aRiarebs.
geercs dramaturgiuli perspeqtiva Seaqvs SedarebiT damoukidebeli
kulturuli formis Seqmnis procesSi. rodesac is bolineziuri mamlebis
orTabrZolaze wers, erTi SexedviT gvgonia rom iq semioturi analizia
gamoiyenebuli, ramdenadac geerci xazs usvams im faqts, rom mamlebis
orTabrZolis garSemo Seqmnili melodrama warmoadgens rTuli wesebisa da
teqstebis mTel kompleqss. Tumca geerci aseT kodebs miiCnevs kulturuli
davalebis Sesasruleblad arasakmarisad. is mniSnvelobas miiCnevs rogorc
garedan Tavs moxvelulad da rom qmedeba eyrdnoba ara mxolod garSemo arsebul
wesebs, aramed sxva fenomenebsac.
mamlebis orTabrZola SeiZleba iyos an carieli (trivialuri, mosawyeni) an
Rrma (mniSvnelobiT aRsavse, saintereso, dramatuli). mogebulze fulis dadeba
warmoadgens saSualebas imisaTvis, rom es orTabrZola gaxdes ufro Rrma, rom
gaizardos movlenis mniSvneloba. yovelive es gvaiZulebs mivmarToT siRmiseul
sociologiur analizs da ar davkmayofildeT mxolod semiotikuriT. maRali
Tanxis dadeba mxolod maRali klasis bolinezielebs SeuZliaT, erTi maRali
Tanxa ki meores izidavs. TamaSis mniSvneloba Zlierdeba, radganac didi
reputaciebi dgeba sasworze da Sedegi ki winaswar ar aris gansazRvruli. xolo
rodesac mamlebi ekveTebian erTmaneTs sisxlian brZolaSi, aqve SegviZlia
amovikiTxoT garkveuli informacia bolineziuri sazogadoebis Sesaxeb.
mamlebis orTabrZola ar warmoadgens arc statusis funqcionalur
ganmtkicebas xedva romelsac geerci miawers funqcionalizms da arc
teqstebidan avtomatur deduqcias. es aris aqtiuri, esTetikuri miRweva,
xelovnebis forma, romelic gazviadebulad dramatuli formiT Cveulebriv

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17

monumentebi

gamocdilebas xdis gasagebs. geerci Tvlis, rom moTamaSeebi da movlena qmnian am

struqturas, da ara struqtura qmnis movlenas.
funqcionalizmi, semiotika da dramaturgia ar warmoadgenen erTmaneTis
mowinaaRmdege versiebs kulturis avtonomiis Sesaxeb. es zogadi orientaciebi
Camoyalibda zemoT ganxiluli arqetipuli perspeqtivebis safuZvelze. ufro
metic, am konteqstSi es orientaciebi gamokveTen kulturis avtonomiis garSemo
arsebul sxvadasxva midgomas da xazs usvamen Rirebulebebs, formalur simbolur urTierTobebsa, da Sesabamisad esTetikur, SemoqmedebiT damokidebulebas. Tanamedrove kulturuli analizi veberianul, durkhemiseul da
marqsistul formebSi ganxvavdeba klasikuri orTodoqsuli persepqtivebisgan
imdenad, ramdenadac isini aseve moeqcnen postklasikuri kulturuli aqcentis
gavlenis qveS, romlebic Cven zemoT ganvixileT.
veberianizmi
veberis wvlili kulturisa da sazogadoebis gagebaSi tradiciulad
moiazreba rogorc misi protestantuli eTikis diskusia. kiTxva isaa, ramdenad
SeiZleba veberis argumentis gaziareba imis Sesaxeb, rom kalvinizmi da
puritanizmi Tanamedrove kapitalizmis ganviTarebis aucilebel wanamZRvars
warmoadgendnen. Tumca Tanamedrove kulturulogiuri azris gavleniT, veberis
wvlili sxvanairad moiazra, da mas ufro zogadi xasiaTi mieca.
insitucionalurad
modelirebuli
Rirebulebebisa
da
formaluri
simboluri urTierTobebis sawinaaRmdegod, veberianelebi axlac moiazreben
kulturas, rogorc Sinaganad generirebad simbolur sistemas, romelic
aucilebel metafizikur saWiroebebze reagirebs. religiuri ideebi, xsnis
Teologiuri koncefciebi da sxvadasxva gzebi, romlebic ganisazRvreba
asketuri da mistikuri doqtrinebiT rCeba veberianuli kulturuli Teoriis
yvelaze damaxasiaTebel niSnebad. Tumca, Tanamedrove naSromebSi, am ideebis
mniSvneloba da gavlena ganixileba rogorc ufro meti vidre TviTdisciplinisa
da racionaluri kontrolis sakiTxebi.
xsnis sakiTxebi gaigeba ufro zogadi cnebebidan gamomdinare rogoric aris
aqtivizmi, cnobiereba, Temi da individuacia. aseve maTi gavlena socialur
institutebze farTod aris gagebuli, da ar Semoifargleba ekonomikuri
aqtivobiT, an politikuri kontrolis sakiTxebiT, demokratiiT, statusobrivi
da Sida jgufuri urTierTobebiT.
rodesac maikl valceri cdilobs axsnas, Tu rogor Seuwyo xeli kalvinizmma
gamrje da momavalze orientirebuli muSaxelis Camoyalibebas, is am gardamqmnel
Zalas miakuTvnebs ara ekonomikur aqtivobas, aramed politikas. valceris
mixedviT, puritanizmma Seqmna kritikurli aqtivizmi, rac safuZvlad udevs
moqalaqeobis Tanamedrove gagebas. premodernistuli evropis socialuri
amboxebebis periodSi, kalvini moiazrebda adamianebs, rogorc radikalurad
gaucxoebulebs an rogorc rCeulebs, romlebsac unda SeesrulebinaT RmerTis
instrumentebis roli sazogodoebis radikalurad gardaqmna rom momxdariyo.
socialuri gardaqmnis transcedenturi moTxovnis rwmenam aRniSna ideologiis
dasawyisi Tanamedrove gagebiT. am transcedenturi CarCos farglebSi, RmerTi da
ara kacobrioba warmoadgens miwieri qcevis saboloo sanqcias. RvTaebrivi neba
moqmedebs cnobierebis saSualebiT da ara miwieri simdidris an Zalauflebis
ganawilebis gziT. is SeiZleba gamJRavndes adamianTa nebismier jgufSi,
ajanyebulebSic ki.
ingliseli puritanebisTvis, valceris mixedviT, "ofisi" gardaiqmna ekonomikuri da politikuri xelmZRvanelobis dagmobisTvis gamiznul saero
forumad. mmarTveli klasis piradi interesi miiCneoda rogorc codviT aRsavse
da garyvnili. puritanebi amoZravebdaT axali ufro abstraqtuli da kritikuli
disciplina; isini gaxdnen revolucionerebi, romlebsac SeeZloT masiuri
socialuri gardaqmnis moxdena. swored ase Caeyara safuZveli revoluciis Tanamedrove siyvaruls, rac efuZneboda subieqtur interpretaciasa da mniSvnelobis farTo gagebas da ara obieqturi aucileblobis mimarT meqanistur pasuxs.
18

dro, sivrce da arqiteqtura

edvard soia gvTavazobs "geografiuli da sivrcobrivi" warmosaxvis
ganviTarebas Teoriul naSromebSi. misi azriT, akademikosebi Tanamedrove xanaSi
dros da istorias ufro aniWebdnen privilegirebul pozicias, vidre sivrcesa da
geografias. Tanamedroveoba ganixileboda rogorc tradiciebis damangreveli an
Semcvleli sxva faseulobebiT maSin, rodesac soias mixedviT, Tanamedroveoba
unda ganixilebodes rogorc droiTi da sivrculi urTierTobebis kompleqsuri
reorganizacia. magaliTad, Tanamedroveobis damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebaa cvlilebebis sinqronuli xasiaTi globalur doneze, gansakuTrebiT ki teqnologiur
da ekonomikur sferoebSi.
postmodernistuli socialuri transformaciebi moicaven sivrculi
wesrigis gansxvavebul moazrebas: siswrafe da xelmisawvdomoba distanciis
problemas aqrobs da Sesabamisad xdeba samyaros dapataraveba, rac, Tavis mxriv,
iwvevs periferiebsa da centrebs Soris mkacri SezRudvebis aRmarTvas.
fukos mixedviT, sivrces sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis nebismieri formisTvis,
iseve rogorc Zalauflebis ganxorcielebisTvis centraluri mniSvneloba aqvs.
fukom Seqmna "heterotopiis" cneba im sivrceebis aRsaniSnavad, romlebic
moiazreba garkveuli socialuri sivrceebis nawilad da romelTa funqcia
gansxvavdeba an kidev upirispirdeba sxvebisas.
fuko Tvlis, rom arqiteqtura garda misi zedapiruli gansazRvrebisa, axdens
adamianebis gadanawilebas sivrceSi, maTi cirkulaciis garkveul arxebSi
moTavsebas, iseve rogorc urTierTobebis kodirebas. amitom arqtiteqtura ara
mxolod sivrcis elementia, aramed gavlenas axdens socialuri urTierTobebis
sferoze, rasac konkretuli Sedegebi moaqvs sociumisTvis.
xelovneba da urbanuli sivrceebi - dena l. hovsi
ra urTierTmimarTeba arsebobs xelovnebasa da urbanul sivrceebs Soris.
sainteresoa gavixiloT is sakiTxebi, romlebic ukavSirdeba xelovnebas. Tu
rogor SeiZleba sazogadoebriv sivrceSi moTavsebuli xelovnebis nimuSi
sazogadoebisTvis sasargeblos momtani iyos, xazi gausvas mniSvnelovani
sakiTxebis irgvliv socialuri TviTSegnebis amaRlebas. sazogadoebriv xelovnebas aseve SeuZlia sazogadoebisTvis zianis motana, mag., rodesac xlovnebiT
gadacemuli mesiJi miuRebelia sazogadoebis mniSvnelovani nawilisTvis, aman
SeiZleba gamoiwvios sazogadoebis gaTiSva. sazogadoebrivma xelovnebam aseve
SeiZleba Seqmnas socialuri konfliqti garkveuli politikuri da socialuri
Rirebulebebis waxalisebiT, romlebic ewinaaRmdegebian momxdar socialur
cvlilebebs.
jansaR urbanul sdazogadoebaSi kulturuli identobebi iqmneba rogorc
Zalis, uflebebis mopovebis sawyisi, qalaqis mcxovreblebs SeuZliaT
monawileoba miiRon da kvali daamCnion qalaqis formasa da qalaqis sivrcis
gamoyenebas. amave dros, is artistebi romlebic muSaoben sazogadoebrivi
xelovnebis sferoSi, kiTxvis niSnis qveS ayeneben qalaqis ideis gamefebul
koncefciebs da rTaven xalxs adgilobriv politikaSi rom amiT safuZveli
Caeyaros socialur kritikas. urbanuli sivrcis dagegmarebaSi CarTulma
adamianebma da xelovanebma unda Seqmnan iseTi urbanuli dinamika, romelic
asaxavs am sivrceSi macxovrebeli xalxis Rirebulebebs, miswrafebebs.
konfliqtebis gadaWris sakiTxze msjeloba urbanuli sirvrcidan
gamomdinare, imdenad aris aqtualuri ramdenadac 2005 wels msoflio
mosaxleobis naxevarze meti cxovrobs qalaqebSi. sacxovrebeli adgilebi mravalnairia dawyebuli SeZlebuli xalxisTvis gankuTvnili vilebiT, damTavrebuli
barakebiT da kardonis yuTebiT. am mega qalaqebs xSirad ar aqvT centri an
principi, ris garSemoc isini arian organizebulni; isini xSirad dayofilebi
arian simdidrisa da siRaribis zonebad, usafrTxoebisa da Zaladobis es Zalis
dinamika yovelTvis ar aris TvalsaCino da aSkara saSualo moqalaqisTvis. Cndeba
kiTxva, Tu ra warmoadgens qalaqs da visi keTildReobisTvis iqmneba qalaqi
71

xasiaTiT.
faseulobebis Tanxvedras empiriuli xasiaTi aqvs. is emyareba SiSs; amitom
negatiuria. magram gidensisa da bekisTvis, SiSis saerToobas sawinaaRmdego
Sedegic aqvs saerTo imedi da saerTo leqsika. bekisTvis am leqsikas ZiriTadad
ekologiuri xasiaTi aqvs, Tumca SeiZleba gadaizardos socialuri uzrunvelyofisa da janmrTelobis sferoebSi. gidensisTvis, gaziarebuli leqsika
sicocxlis sakralur faseulobas exeba, adamianis uflebebs, cocxali arsebebis
gadarCenasa da momavlisTvis zrunvas.
gidenss da beks ar sWirdebaT, zemoT aRniSnuli, universaluri faseulobebis
gamogoneba an Tavs moxveva, ramdenadac isini realurad arseboben da ara
TeoriaSi. riskis kulturis pirobebSi, romelmac gamoiwvia arastabiluroba da
SiSi, Cven iZulebulebi gavxdiT movaxdinoT politikis gadasinjva. gidensis
mixedviT, politikis gadafasebas mivyavarT generaciul politikamde.
gidensi socializms miiCnevs aramdgradad, radganac is efuZneba
sazogadoebis kibernetikul models. sazogadoebis es modeli gulisxmobs, rom
sazogadoebis marTva da kontroli SesaZlebelia maRali inteleqtis mier (anu
saxelmwifos mier). aseTi midgoma Zvel samyaros axasiaTebs, dRes ki Tanamedrove
dasavlur sazogadoebas funqcionirebisTvis sWirdeba adgilobrivi da ara
centraluri informaciis wyaroebi.
gidensi politikis gadasinjvisTvis Semdeg gzebs (mesame gza) gamoyofs:
- politikuri Zalis decentralizacia;
- individebisa da adgilobrivi sazogadoebrivi gaerTianebebis avtonomia im
mizniT, rom moxdes arsebuli informaciuli nakadis mimarTva moqmedi
subieqtidan
mmarTveli
struqturebisken,
refleqsuri
monitoringis
saSualebiT;
- aqtiuri ndobis damkvidreba politikuri sazogadoebis farglebSi ("aqtiurSi" igulisxmeba mudmivad warmoebadi, monitorings daqvemdebarebuli da
SeTanxmebuli).
kiTxva ismis, Tu ratom uwodebs gidensi zemoTxsenebul rekomendaciebs
mesame gzas, memarcxeneobisa da memarjveneobis miRma?
generaciuli politikis idea asaxavs bazarsa da saxelmwifos Soris arsebuli
klasikuri dixotomiisgan Tavis aridebis mcdelobas. amitom individebisa da
jgufebis SesaZleblobas Seqmnan da awarmoon TavianTi Tavi politikur sazogadoebebad gadamwyveti roli eniWeba. generaciuli politika uzrunvelyofs
materialur pirobebs da organizaciul struqturebs im socialur-politikuri
gadawyvetilebebisaTvis, romlebsac iReben individebi da jgufebi farTo
socialuri wesrigis farglebSi. (gidensi)
racios cneba mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli gidensis refleqsurobis
cnebasTan, aqedan gamomdinare ki, generaciuli politikis formasTan, ris
advokatirebac igi eweva. gidensisTvis racio meToduri eWvis ganxorcielebis
saSualeba xdeba. Cveni xanis mTavar princips unda warmoadgendes meToduri eWvi,
romelic saTaves dekartes filosofiaSi iRebs. gidensi da beki Tvlian, rom
universalizmi da ara pluralizmi warmoadgens momavlisken svlis erTaderT
gzas, radganac SiSebisa da sadardebeli problematikis Tanxvedras mivyevarT
faseulobebis Tanxvedramde.
Tanamedrove procesebis gasagebad beki, iseve rogorc baumani Tvlis, rom
saWiroa axali sociologiuri cnebebis danergva, romlebic ufro adekvaturi
iqneba axal samyaroze saubrisas. Tumca es arc ise martivi saqmea.
magaliTad, beki wers, rom tradiciis cnebis magivrad unda dainergos
detradicionalizaciisa da posttradiciis cnebebi. modernizaciis magivrad is
mimarTavs refleqsuri modernizaciis cnebas, romelsac beki, agreTve uwodebs
ganmanaTleblobis ganmanaTleblobas. xolo, industriuli sazogadoebis
cnebas industriuli Sedegebis sazogadoebiT anacvlebs. baumanisgan gansxvavebiT, beki postTanamedrove sazogadoebas warmogvidgens rogorc Tanamedrove
sazogadoebis sapirispiros da ara rogorc Tanamedrove sazogadoebisgan
Tvisebrivad gansxvavebuls.

70

piti aTvlis wertilad iRebs Tanamedrove dasavluri sazogadoebebis

politikuri da ekonomikuri struqturebis Sesaxeb sazogadod gavrcelebul
veberianul xedvas. misi azriT, am struqturebis gasagebad Cven unda ganvixiloT
tradiciul qristianoba. Tumca piti ufro Sors midis da aviTarebs
kaTolicizmis xsnis eTikas ufro Rrmad, vidre adreuli veberi. is saubrobs
sxnis mistikur modelze, romelsac SeuZlia efeqturi metafizikuri funqciis
Sesruleba Tanamedrove msoflioSi. piti religur simbolur sistemas ufro
formalurad ganixilavs, vidre veberi, rac mas saSualebas aZlevs sistema
moazrebul iqnes rogorc Tavisi Sinagani SezRudvebis mqone struqtura.
puritanebisgan
gansxvavebiT,
romlebic
cdilobdnen
gamxdariyvnen
abstraqtuli da momTxovni RvTaebrivi nebis racionaluri instrumentebi,
kaTolicizmma ganapiroba, is rom frangebi miiltvodnen Serwymodnen sakralurs,
rac vlindeboda ara mxolod eklesiis saxiT, aramed aseve bunebiTa da naciiT.
aq sasurveli xdeba ara asketuri, aramed esTeturi gamocdileba.
"keTilSobili" saqcielis CadeniT individebi cdiloben madlis mopovebas, rac
gamoixateboda imiT, rom isini irCevdnen ara tradiciul mZime da gamrje Sromas,
aramed spontanur da elegantur qcevas. es ki Tavis mxriv, asaxavda struqturebisa da principebis safuZvelSi mdebare ierarqiul mowesrigebulobas.
tradiciulad unarianoba, kompetenturoba asocirdeboda frangul aristokratiasTan, romlebic axdendnen TavianTi keTilSobilebis demontracias
siyvarulSi, omSi, CacmulobaSi, saxlis mowyobaSi, saubarSi, yvelaze ufro metad
ki gemovnebaSi. es aristokratuli Rirebulebebi ar Seesabameboda industriuli
kapitalizmis ZiriTad aspeqtebs da rogorc piti aRniSnavs aferxebda biznesis
gafarToebas, imdenad, romdanadac sagnebis moxmarebas eniWeboda ufro didi
upiratesoba, vidre maT warmoebas. keTilSobilebis kultura gvTavazobda
burJuaziuli qcevis models, ramac franguli kapitalizmi ufro ierarqiul,
politikurad orientirebuli mimarTulebiT waiyvana.
semiotika Tavs aridebs Rirebulebis Teoriis socialurze dayvanas,
simboluri sistemebis Sinagani elementebis formalizebis saSualebiT. Tumca
Sinagani elementebis am formalizebiT, is emuqreba kulturis rogorc
socialuri nimuSebisgan dacarielebas. funqcionalizmis mixedviT ki socialuri
nimuSebi warmoadgens swored im elementebs, rac kulturas xdis aseT
mniSvnelovan sferod instituciuri sferoebTan mimarTebaSi.
veberianuli analizi ufro semiotikuria, vidre dramaturgiuli an
funqcionaluri im niSniT, rom is aRiarebs simboluri sistemebis Sinagan logikas
da amave dros ufro istoriuli da socialuri xasiaTi aqvs kulturasTan
mimarTebaSi. Tu veberianuli kvlevebi exeba religiis Sinagan struqturebsa da
procesebs, xsnis Sesaxeb ganazrebebs, is ukavSirebs sxnis sxvadasxva
formulirebebs
konkretul
politikur,
ekonomikur
da
normatiul
ganviTarebebs. am gziT, veberianuli Teoria kulturis avtonomias aRiarebs da
gaurbis formalizms.
durkhemi
durkhemianistuli midgomebSic kulturis mimarT religias ZiriTadi adgili
eniWeba. religiaze fokusi SesaZleblobas iZleva xazi gavusvaT simboluri
sistemebis kompleqsurobasa da avtonomias. funqcionaluri da veberianuli
Teoriebisagan gansxvavebiT, durkhemiseuli midgoma ar aris mxolod dainteresebuli kulturuli procesebis istoriuli gagebiT an kidev SedarebiTi
midgomebiT maT socialuri da eTikuri kodebis mimarT. Seswavlis sagani xdeba
mniSvneladi sistemis struqtura da procesi, romlebic ganixileba rogorc
universaluri, miuxedavad maTi istoriuli droisa Tu adgilisa. am kuTxiT
durkhemiseuli midgoma ufro hgavs semiotikursa da struqturalisturs.
rogorc semiotika, durkhemiseuli Teoria kulturul sistemebs ganixilavs
rogorc organizebuls simbolur antinomiebad. is am formalizms scildeba
ramdenime mniSvnelovan aspeqtSi: upirveles yovlisa, durkhemiseuli midgoma
miuTiTebs, rom es antiTezisebi warmoadgenen ara mxolod kognitur an logikur
19

klasifikaciebs, aramed sakralursa da Cveulebrivs Soris axdenen gamijvnas.

aseTi tipis dapirispirebebs emociuri da moraluri xasiaTi aqvs. kognituri,
emociuri da moraluri dayofebi SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc organizebuli
socialuri Temebis safuZveli, romelTa wevrebsac erTmaneTTan akavSirebT
mWidro solidarobis gancda.
durkhemiseuli midgoma xazs usvams imas, rom mediaciis rols simbolur
dayofebsa da socialur solidarobebs Soris asrulebs rituali. ritualebi
aris intensiurad emociuri urTierTobebi, romlebic sakralur simboloebze
orientirdebian. isini SeiZleba warmoiSvan rogorc simboluri muqaris mimarT
reagireba an kidev socialuri solidarobis Sesustebis Sedegi sazogadoebebsa
Tu jgufebSi.
mari duglasis meTodologia semiotikasa da funqcionalizms efuZneba,
Tumca mis naSromSi simboluri dabinZurebis Zalis Sesaxeb romelic STaagonebs
moralur, fsiqologiur da egzistenciur SiSs aSkaraa struqturalizmisa da
funqcionalizmis elementebi. duglasi Tvlis, rom sakraluri da profanuli
wamoadgenen simboluri klasifikaciis ara mxolod Sida kulturul wyaroebs,
aramed Zlieri moraluri da emociuri CarTulobisa da socialuri kontrolis
safuZvelsac warmoadgenen. rodesac saubaria dabinZurebaze, Cven ar
vgulisxmobT higienur an materialur pirobebs. aramed dabinZurebulad iTvleba
is, rac ar modis mmarTvel simbolur klasifikaciebTan SesabamisobaSi. siwminde
ki sapirispirod aris is, rac Seexeba mocemulobis gamaZlierebel elementebs,
xolo, is rac dabinZurebulia uwesrigobis wyaroa, anu uadgiloa.
uwesrigoba ara qaoturobas gulisxmobs, aramed safrTxes. dabinZurebuli
nivTebi asocirdeba Sav ZalebTan, profanulTan. dabinZureba aris iaraRi
imisTvis, rom moaxdino dominanturi simboluri wesrigis gaZliereba. SeferxebisTvis adanaSauleb gareSe pirs, es aqti asaxavs imas, rom axali elementebi
qmnian gaugebrobas, gaugebroba ki eWvs badebs gamefebul klasifikaciebTan
mimarTebaSi. duglass martivi sazogadoebebidan moyavs magaliTi da aCvenebs,
rom lideri, romelic Zalauflebas laxavs da legitimuri simboluri qcevis
kodebze ieriSi miaqvs, ganixileba rogorc arakontrolirebadi Zalebisa da
sulebis matarebeli, dabinZurebuli. dabinZureba SeiZleba gawmendil iqnes
Sesabamisi ritualebiT, romelic SiZleba moicavdes aRiarebas, msxverplSewirvas
an kidev kompleqsur kvlav legitimurad gaxdomis ceremoniebs.
antistruqturalur fazaSi monawileebi ganixilebian rogorc sakuTari
Tavis aseve sxvebis mier rogorc gaurkveveli, bundovani atributebis mqone.
isini reagireben ufro struqturirebuli socialuri cxovrebis status niSnebze, xolo antistruqturul periodebSi moTamaSeebi ayalibeben erTmaneTTan
mWidrod dakavSirebul TanasworuflebianTa sazogadoebebs. imdenad ramdenadac isini iZulebulebi arian uaryon TavianTi Zveli klasifikatoruli sistemebi, isini ganixilebian rogorc neofitebi, romlebic SeiZleba daeqvemdebaron axal masocializirebel procesebs. Sedegad monawileebi am ritualebSi
iReben axal status poziciebs da isini amiT arsobrivad icvlebian.
terners naTesaobis fenomenis ganxilvis dros, am argumentis naTelsayofad
moaqvs zambiis mefis ndembus taxtze asvlasTan dakavSirebuli Zveli rituali.
sanam is taxtze ava, mefem unda gairos arastruqturizebuli periodi, romlis
drosac mas da mis cols ubralo xalxi ayenebs fizikur da sityvier
Seuracxyofas. am iZulebiTi identifikaciis saSualebiT mdabio xalxTan,
miiCneva rom adamiani romelic daikavebs maRal Tanamdebobas naklebad
isargeblebs borotad Tavisi ZalauflebiT.
magram terners, iseve rogorc duglass, sjera, rom am perspeqtivis gavlena
cdeba ritualis Teoriis farglebs. iseve rogorc religia iqceva rTuli da
stratificirebuli sazogadoebis mxolod erT segmentad, aseve antistruqturalizmi xdeba institucionalizebuli iseTive gziT, romelic sustTa
Zalauflebis ganxorcielebis saSualebas iZleva rutinuli gziT.
antistruqturalizmi aseve vlindeba saero warmodgenebSi usaxlkaro ucnobis misteriuli Zalebis Sesaxeb, romelic popularuli kulturis sxvadasxva
JanrebSi gvevlineba, vesternebis gmirebis msgavsad, mas aqvs ufleba Semoitanos
morali, wesrigi da gaaerTianos macxovreblebi im sazogadoebaSi, romelic

subpolitika arsebobs formaluri demokratiuli sivrcis gareT an qveS.

specialuri interesebis dakmayofileba ZiriTadad masmediisa da mosamarTleebis mier xdeba, rac iwvevs politikuri debatebis mimarT fragmentul
midgomas. es aseve saxelmwifos ekonomikuri daRmavlobis gamoxatulebaa, razec
mianiSnebs ara mxolod socialuri uzrunvelyofis nakleboba, aramed isic rom
mTavrobebi finansurad ver axerxeben sazogadoebis farTo maStabian monitorings. ufro zogadad, aRniSnuli viTareba miuTiTebs imaze, rom moxda gadasvla
masobrivi politikuri partiebidan konkretuli problematikis garCevaze.
globalizaciis procesebi riskis Temis analizTan mWidro kavSirSia. gidensi
globalizacias gansazRvravs rogorc msoflio socialuri urTierTobebis
gaintensiurebas, rac Soreul geografiul wertilebs akavSirebs erTmaneTTan
ise rom lokalur movlenebs xSirad mravali aTasi kilometris daSorebiT
momxdari ganapirobebs. rac niSnavs, rom globalizacias dialeqtikuri saxe aqvs :
erT adgilas momxdarma movlenebma SeiZleba gamoiwvion gansxvavebuli an
sapirispiro xdomilebebi meore adgilas. am fenomens gidensi lokalur/globalur kavSirs uwodebs.
gidensisTvis globalizaciis procesi dakavSirebulia TviTidentobis transformaciasTan, rac warmoadgens refleqsuri modernizaciis gafarToebas "me"-s
mimarTulebiT. adamianuri gamocdileba igive refleqsuri modernizaciis
process eqvemdebareba, rasac eqvemdebarebian Tanamedrove institutebi. Tumca
eqspertuli codnis praqtikaSi gamoyenebiT individebis cxovrebebi icvleba,
seqsualobis, janmrTelobisa da sulierebis, a.S. sferoebSi. magaliTad,
fsiqoTerapia im dislokaciebsa da gaurkvevlobebs gamoxatavs, romlebic moicaven refleqsuri modernizaciis subieqtur gamocdilebas. TerapiasTan dakavSirebuli ideebis gamoyeneba seqsualobaSi, seqsualuri urTierTobebis gamijvna
ganayofierebisgan gavlenas axdenen intimurobis mniSvnelobis sxvanairad
moazrebaze. refleqsuri modernizaciis mTavari gamovlinebas am etapze
warmoadgens intimuri urTierTobis damyarebisken swrafva, rac ufro did
prioritets aniWebs emociur da seqsualur dakmayofilebas, vidre xangrZlivobas.
qalebi gansakuTrebiT gaZlierdnen. xelmisawvdomi informaciis raodenoba
da mravalferovneba gvibiZgebs imisken, rom Cveni cxovrebebi miRebuli
informaciis WrilSi ganvixiloT. eqspertuli codna ar efuZneba raime
tradicias da ar arsebobs realuri rekomendacia imisa, Tu rogori arCevani unda
gavakeToT an kidev rogori Sefaseba SeiZleba mivceT eqspertTa mosazrebas.
Sedegad momavlis Riaoba dgas rogorc SesaZleblobebis, aseve safrTxis winaSec.

20

69

generaciuli politika
gidensisTvis da bekisTvis normatiuli proeqts, romelic refleqsuri
modernizaciis Teoriidan gamomdinareobs aqvs mZafri moTxovnilebis forma.
posttradiciul sazogadoebaSi iSleba yvela erT dros myari parametri,
romelic arsebobda sazogadoebasa da bunebas Soris urTierTobaSi, ojaxis
struqturaSi, rwmenasa da klasobriv cnobierebaSi. am process Tan sdevs
individualizacia, romelic riskis kulturaSi TiTqmis aucileblobis saxe aqvs.
arc erTi CvenTagani individualizaciis procesisgan dazRveuli ar aris;
individualizacia inkluziis garkveul formadac SeiZleba iqnes ganxiluli.
Tanamedrove sazogadoeba, arsebuli definiciebis safuZvelze energiuli
sazogadoebaa, sadac individebi da jgufebi met-naklebad iZulebulebi arian,
rom Zlieri pozicia daikavon sakuTari cxovrebis xarisxis mimarT. imdenad
ramdenadac cxovrebis xarisxs SeiZleba globaluri safrTxe daemuqros, TviTon
am poziciac globaluri xasiaTi eZleva. aucileblobidan gamomdinare Cven
gaviareT privatulobis etapi da rTulia Tavi avaciloT aqtiur politikur
CarTulobas.
sainteresoa,
ra
warmoadgens
am
aucileblobis
wyaros.
orive
TeoretikosisTvis, es aucilebloba ganpirobebulia faseulobebis globaluri
gaerTianebiT, rac TavisTavad gamowveulia SiSisa da safrTxis globaluri

maxasiaTeblebis ganviTarebis aCqarebasa da radikalizacias warmoadgens. es

maxasiaTeblebia: kapitalizmi, industrializmi, saxelmwifo administracia,
samxedro Zala.
gidensi da beki aCqareba/radikalizaciis gamomwvev faqtorebad droisa da
sivrcis erTmaneTisgan daSorebas asaxeleben, rac, Tavis mxriv, gamowveulia
Semdegi meqanizmebiT: simboluri niSnebiT fuliT da eqspertuli sitemebiT,
romlebic funqcionireben eqspertebis damoukideblad, vinc es sistemebi Seqmna,
mag., transportSi, organizaciebsa da telekomunikaciebSi.
refleqsuri monitoringis procesi Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi arsebuli
institutebis organizaciuli aspeqtebis ganmsazRvreli faqtori gaxda. Sedegad,
institutebi da Cveni TviTidentoba daeqvemdebara cvlilebis ganuwyvetel
process. subieqturi perspeqtividan gamomdinare es SemaSfoTebelia.
refleqsuri modernizacia yovelTvis gvemuqreba imiT rom erT mSvenier dRes is
kontrols aRar daeqvemdebareba. refleqsurobis principi da mudmivi monitoringi, romelsac is gulisxmobs qmnis gaurkveveli momavlis SegrZnebas.
bekisTvis, refleqsuri modernizacia modernizaciuli procesis meore
talRas warmoadgens, romlis drosac industrializmi demistifikaciis process
ganicdis, iseve rogorc Tavis droze industrializaciam pre-Tanamedrove
msoflios demistifikacia moaxdina. preTanamedrove msoflios demistifikacia
ki ganapirobes industriuli ganviTarebis Sedegebma an kidev gauTvlelma
ukuCvenebam, rogoric aris magaliTad dabinZureba: Cven aRar vcxovrobT
industriuli warmoebis sazogadoebaSi, aramed industriuli warmoebis Sedegebs
winaSe vdgevarT, rac warmoadgens am sazogadoebis negatiur sarkisebur imijs.
beki postmodernistuli sazogadoebis analizs eTanxmeba imdenad ramdenadac, es
analizi aRiarebs, rom industriuli sazogadoeba dakninebulia. magram
industrializmi
martivad
ar
Caunacvlebia
mikroeleqtronikisa
da
gafarToebuli servisis seqtoris teqnologiebs; industriuli sazogadoebis
etapi damTavrda yovelgvari dagegmarebisa da revoluciis gareSe.
rom SevajamoT, Tanamedrove sazogadoebam im etaps miaRwia, romlis drosac
moxda refleqsurobis intstitucionalizacia, rac niSnavs rom Tanamedrove
sazogadoebis yoveli ganzomileba kritikulad ganixileba am sazogadoebisave
wevrebis mier. Tumca es ar warmoadgens kritikuli TviTrefleqsiis kargad
mowesrigebul da teleologiur process, aramed Tanamedrove sazogadoebas
ufro eqsperimentuli xasiaTi aqvs; yoveli CvenTagani iZulebulia TviTon
gaakeTos arCevani da ar iyos damokidebuli politikosebze, eqspertebze an im
Zalebze, romlebsac isini efuZnebian.
riskis fenomeni rogorc gidensis aseve bekis naazrevSi centralur cnebas
warmoadgens, gansakuTrebiT ki bekis naSromebSi. beki Tvlis, rom Cven vcxovrobT
Seqmnili riskis xanaSi. anu is riski, romlis winaSec Cven yoveldRiurad
vgdgavarT, Cveni xaniTvis specifikuria da ar warmoadgens bunebriv risks. is
warmoqmnilia eqspertTa sistemebis mier da ar aris Cveni qmedebebiT ganpirobebuli. Seqmnili riski codnazea damokidebuli da iTxovs Cvengan
warmovidginoT ararsebuli, momavali viTarebebi rogorc Cveni gadawyvetilebebis an kanonmdeblobis miRebis safuZveli. amitomac dRevandel
sazogadoebas beki riskis sazogadoebas uwodebs.
zedmetad ganviTarebuli warmoebis Zalebis pirobebSi, 21 saukunis
dasawyisSi, mecniereba xSirad warmoadgens rogorc ganmaTleblobas, aseve
antiganmanaTleblobas, WeSmaritebasa da mis dafarvas, memkvidreobiT miRebuli
SezRudvebisagan ganTavisuflebas erTi mxriv da SezRudvas, meore mxriv, Cvens
mierve Seqmnili obieqturi sazRvrebis farglebSi. mecnierebis rogorc
apologetebi, aseve kritikosebi erTmaneTs ekamaTebian swored am ori
poziciidan gamomdinare. Tumca, cal-calke aRebuli orive pozicia mcdaria.
bekis Tvlis, rom sakiTxis dayeneba mecnierebis saSualebiT an mecnierebis
gareSe aramarTebulia; Seqmnili riski imanenturad aris politizirebuli, rac
ganpirobebulia imiT, rom riskis marTva, gamomdinare am fenomenis
kompleqsurobidan da riskis Sesafaseblad saWiro codna gadaiqca eqspertebis
prerogativad. eqspertebi efeqturad uvlian gverds politikur sistemas da
Sedegad xdeba rogorc beki uwodebs qve-politikuri sferos formireba.

alyaSi imyofeba.
terneri saubrobs rom martivi reklasifikacia aris saWiro. antistruqturuloba SeiZleba warmoadgendes moqmedebis, socialuri aqtivobisa da
cvlilebis stimuls, rogorc es moxda mag., komunisturi an religuri, an kidev
iseTi marginaluri gjufebis dros rogoric iyvnen bitnikebi, hipebi, pankebi.
maSin, rodesac orTodoqsuli durkhemiseuli Teoria ganixileboda rogorc
apolitikuri an kidev konservatuli, karol smit rozenbergis feministurma
gamokvlevebma uCvena, rom durkhemiseul Tanamedrove kulturalistur versiebs
aqvT politikuri da ufro metad kritikuli elferi. smit rozenbergi iwyebs
istoriuli problemiT: seqsualuri literaturis uprecendento afeTqebiT
adreul me-19 saukuneSi. higienuri literature, romelic axalgazrda kacebs
afrTxilebda masturbaciis da orgazmis yoveldRiur saSiSroebebze.
smit rozenbergi eyrdnoba rogorc duglasis, aseve terneris naSromebs da
gvafrTxilebs, rom amgvari literatura ar unda iqnes ganxiluli reduqciulad,
rogorc namdvili seqsualuri praqtikis an qceviTi problemebis asaxva. aramed
diskusia gagebul unda iqnes rogorc SedarebiTi avtonomiuri kulturuli
formebi, romlebic warmoadgenen Rirebulebebisa da socialuri sakiTxebis
simbolur reformulacias. rogorc ki fsiqologiisa da higienis sakiTxebi
gverdze gadaideba, aSkara xdeba, rom es naxevrad isteriuli diskusiebi
warmoadgenda gabatonebuli kulturuli sistemebisadmi arsebuli muqaris
saSiSroebis regulirebis mcdelobas.
mamakacis orgazmi ganixileboda rogorc binZuri, arakontrolirebadi Seteva
Camoyalibebuli urTierTobebis winaaRmdeg, rasac SeiZleba miveyvaneT avadmyofobebamde da sikvdilamde. isini vinc "arakontrolirebad" masturbaciasa da
"mgznebare" seqsualur urTierTobas misdevnden, maT miewerebodaT antistruqturuli adgili maskulinursa da feminurs Soris. aseTi damokidebuleba
mogvagonebs Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi, mamakaci homoseqsualebisTvis
miweril stereotipebs.
smit rozenbergis mixedviT, moxda is rom kulturuli da ara racionaluri
logikiT, mamakacis fizikuri organizmi warmoadgenda adreuli me -19 saukunis
amerikis socialuri organizmis simbolos. safrTxe rom Selaxuliyo ierarqia,
wesrigi da am sazogadoebis balansi izrdeboda mas Semdeg, rac daiwyo
tradiciulidan komerciul da demokratiul sazogadoebaze gadasvlis procesi
es procesi, Tavis mxriv emuqreboda janmrTelobisa da maskulinobis
gabatonebul cnebebs.
am simboluri perspeqtividan gamomdinare, kacebis seqsualuri cxovrebis
represirebas hqonda kulturuli datvirTva, imdenad ramdenadac bazris axal
samyaroSi, Segirdebis sistema, romelic awesrigebda da ritualizriebul
xasiaTs aZlevda axalgazrdebis ufrosebis samyaroSi gadasvlas, gaqra.
Tu kacis orgazmi WuWyis matarebelia, maSin ra iyo gankurnebis meTodi?
imdenad ramdenadac jadosnuri Zalebis moxmoba ufro da ufro rTuli xdeboda
saero kulturaSi, qalis saxem puritanul literaturaSi SeiZina erTdroulad
macduri roskipis da wminda danonas Tvisebebi. simboluri ekvivalenti wminda da
TviTSemzRudveli kacisa iyo frigiduli qali, romelic ojaxuri kerisa da
saxlis erTguli iyo.

68

21

marqsizmi da kultura
marqsizmis orTodoqsulma versia xeli Seuwyo kulturisadmi avtonomiuri
midgomis Camoyalibebas. me-20 saukunis manZilze, Teoriis farglebSi gaCenilma
Sida revizionistulma midgoma Seecada marqsizmi am meqanisturi elementisgan
gaeTavisuflebina.
kulturul Teorias rac Seexeba, aq gramSi gvevlineba mniSvnelovan
revizionistad, romelmac burJuaziuli kultura moiazra rogorc socializmis
zrdis damoukidebeli barieri da, aqedan gamomdinare, axali klasis kulturis
ganviTareba daisaxa rogorc upirvelesi da yvelaze mniSvnelovani revoluciuri
mizani. Tanamedrove marqsistulma midgomebma kulturis mimarT gramSis Teoriis

gadafaseba moaxdina da Sedegad miviReT kulturasa da ekonomikur cxovrebas

Soris urTerTdamokidebulebis naklebad reduqcionistuli xedva.
e. p. tompsonis inglisuri muSaTa klasis Seqmna warmoadgens axali
kulturuli marqsizmis yvelaze cnobil magaliTs meore msoflio omis Semdgom
periodSi. tompsonTan ara mxolod gramSis gavlena igrZnoba, aramed veberisa da
durkhemisac, igi ara mxolod klasebze saubrobs, aramed kodebze da Rirebulebebzec.
imisaTvis, rom aexsna inglisuri muSaTa klasis mzardi klasobrivi
cnobiereba da agresiuloba tompsonma naklebi mniSvneloba mianiWa ekonomikis
cvalebadobas da yuradReba "Temis" Seqmnaze gadaitana. igi Tvlis, rom maRal
organizebuli da cnobierebis mqone industriuli periodis muSaTa klasi
warmoiSva 18 saukunis adgilobrivi tradiciebis dros, romlebic organizebuli iyvnen sakuTari Tavis pativismcemeli xelosnis eTikis kodeqsis irgvliv.
aRniSnuli eTikis kodeqsi xazs usvamda wesierebas, regularobasa da
urTierTdaxmarebas.
mas Semdeg, rac industriulma revoluciam sayovelTa saxe miiRo arsebuli
eTikis kodeqsi gavrcelda muSaTa ufro farTo jgufebSi, romlebic SeuerTdnen
dakrZalvisa da dazRvevis kompaniebs da muSaTa kavSirebs ara mxolod
racionaluri ekonomikuri mizezebis gamo, aramed imisTvis, rom Tavi egrZnoT
axali kulturuli xanis nawilad.
inglisuri muSaTa klasi rom gamxdariyo revoluciuri, sakuTari saarsebo
pirobebis da TviT interesis racionaluri codna ar iyo sakmarisi. tompsoni
kidev ufro mniSvnelovnad miiCnevs damoukidebeli muSaTa klasis kulturis
zrdas. am kulturis ganviTarebam xelosnebis kodeqsi daukavSira religiuri
saZmoebisa da socialisturi ideliazmis enebs. Sedegad miviReT koleqtiuri
Rirebulebebis klasobrivi kultura, romelic xazs usvams urTierTdaxmarebas,
TviT disciplinas da samoqalaqo dialogs, Rirebulebebs, romlebic warmoiSvnen
politikuri Teoriisa da axali socialuri organizaciebis (mag., profesiuli
kavSirebi) wiaRSi. masobrivma monawileobam maStabur ceremoniebSi da ritualebSi aseve Tavisi wvlili Seitana. tompsoni ambobs, rom masobrivi demonstraciebis saSualebiT muSebma moipoves socialuri aRiareba, da es moxda
swored warmatebuli kulturuli transformaciis Sedegad, romelmac gza
gauxsna monawileebs SeenarCunebinaT cxovrebis mniSvneloba, solidaroba da
TviTdisciplina mZime politikuri pirobebis dros. tompsonis mixedviT,
kulturis SedarebiTi avtonomias ara mxolod analitikuri cvladis saxe aqvs,
aramed iqceva istoriul da politikur saWiroebad.
orTodoqsuli marqsizmis Tanaxmad, kapitalisturi warmoeba muSaTa klass
aqcevs cxovrebis gancdis aspeqtSi ara ZiriTad kategoriad, aramed arTmevs mas
mniSvnelobas da dayavs meqanikur formamde. pol vilisisTvis misaRebia es
tradiciuli xedva imdenad, ramdenadac is aTavsebs fizikur Sromas centrSi da
ganixilavs mas rogorc gaucxoebisa da eqspluataciur process. is uxvevs
orTodoqsuli Sexedulebidan, imdenad, ramdenadac am industriul samuSaos
ganixilavs rogorc mniSvnelads. vilisisTvis bazisi da superstruqtura ar
warmoadgens arc calke kategoriebs da, arc ierarqiuls. warmoebis pirdapiri
gamocdileba miiReba sxvadaxva kulturuli diskursebis praqtikiT.
miuxedavad imisa, rom vilisi aRiarebs muSaTa fizikuri datvirTvis
Semcirebas, is ambobs, rom Zalisa da simamacis metaforuli warmodgenebi Zalian
mniSvnelovania samuSao adgilisTvis. isini safuZvlad udevs kulturul aqcents
muSebis kompetenturobisa da araformaluri kontrolisTvis brZolaze samuSao
procesis dros, rac Tavis mxriv warmoSobs simbolur sivrces muSebisTvis. am
dros xdeba maskulinuri identobis simboluri ganmtkiceba.
TviTSefaseba, romelsac warmoSobs samuSao kultura efuZneba rwmenas rom
ufro sustebi, magaliTad, qalebi ver iqnebian warmatebulebi. rogorc
diferencirebuli miRwevis simbolo xelfasi, romelic muSas miaqvs saxlSi, mas
aniWebs centralur statuss ojaxSi, da aseve aZlevs garkveul damoukideblobas
colisa da Svilebis moTxovnebisgan. swored amitom maskulinuri samuSao,
sastiki qarxnuli cxovreba ganixileba rogorc genderis atributi da ara
kapitalisturi warmoebis dehumanirezebuli produqti.

adgilebi, romlebsac igi uwodebs ucodinarobas. ucodinaroba ara mxolod is

aris rac ar viciT, aramed warmoadgens SeuZleblobas rom vicodeT.
kiTxva ismis - ramdenad aris es ori ganxvavebuli midgoma erTmaneTis
Sesabamisi? imisaTvis rom ufro naTlad gavigoT, Tu ra Teoriul principebs
efuZneba gidensis mier refleqsurobis cnebis gamoyeneba, unda mokled
mimovixiloT misi adreuli mcdeloba gadaeWra struqtura /moqmedebis dilema
sociologiaSi.
dilemis mixedviT, unda moxdes moqmedebis, mniSvnelobisa da subieqturobis
cnebebis dakonkreteba da am cnebebis mimarTeba struqturisa da SezRudvebis
cnebebTan. Tu interpretaciuli sociologia emyareba subieqtis uzenaesobas,
funqcionalizmi da struqturalizmi afuZneben socialuri obieqtis
uzenaesobas.
gidensi Tvlis, rom am dilemis gadaWra Semdegnairad unda moxdes: yvela
sociologiurma axsna-ganmartebam unda socialuri qmedebis interpretacia
moaxdinos ise, rom gaTvaliswinebul iyos moqmedebis ganmaxorcieleblis
perspeqtiva; amitom "struqturis" cneba unda moicavdes ara mxolod
institutebs, aramed socialur praqtikasac.
amitom, sciologiuri miznebisTvis, struqtura unda warmoadgendes ara
Senobis karkass, aramed socialur "struqturebs"; unda gaaCndes sistemuri
niSan-Tvisebebi, rac niSnavs rom socialuri struqturebs/sistemebs dinamikuri
xasiaTi gaaCniaT da Sedgebian garkveuli drois periodSi socialuri praqtikis
reproduqciisgan.
aq ismis kiTxva: romelia "struqturul/sistemuri" elementebi da romelia
"qmedebis" Semcveli elementebi? gidens amazec aqvs pasuxi: es aris reproduqciis
procesi da ara faqti rom sazogadoeba garegania moqmedebis subieqtebTan
mimarTebaSi, romlebic socialur praqtikas struqturizebul xasiaTs aniWeben.
struqturul/sistemur elementebs gidensi wesebs uwodebs, romlebic normebis
msgavsia. Tumca wesebi ara mxolod moqmedebis SezRudvas (norma rasac
gulisxmobs) axdenen, aramed moTamaSeebs SeuZliaT wesebis, rogorc moqmedebis
resursis gamoyeneba.
wesebi, Tavis mxriv, codnis kompleqsisgan Sedgeba, risi codnac Cven
gvWirdeba, raTa SevideT socialur urTierTobaSi da vpasuxobdeT socialur
viTarebas; aqedan gamomdinare, wesebi da ara normebi Seadgenen sazogadoebis
sistemur niSan-Tvisebebs. yovelive zemoT Tqmuli gvaaxlovebs refleqsurobis
cnebasTan: refleqsurobis cneba mniSvnelovania, ramdenadac wesebis rogorc
resursebis gamoyeneba individebs saSualebas aZlevs monitoringi gauwion da
Sesabamisad garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi moaxdinon socialuri moqmedebis
nimuSebis reproduqcia. isini warmoadgenen im mediums, risi saSualebiTac
urTierTobebi SesaZlebeli xdeba. gidensis mixedviT, sazogadoeba zRudavs
individebs mxolod imdenad, ramdenadac arsebobs codnis naklovaneba. Tumca, am
naklovanebam SeiZleba gamoiwvios socialuri moqmedeba, romelsac gauTvleli
Sedegi moyveba.
aqve ibadeba kiTxva, rom Tu refleqsuri monitoringis mixedviT, nebismieri
sazogadoeba axdens Tavisi Tavis reproduqcias, maSin ratom axasiaTebs is
mxolod gviandel Tanamedrove sazogadoebas? gidensi pasuxobs, miuxedavad
imisa, rom refleqsuroba yvela adamianuri qmedebis ganmsazRvreli
maxasiaTebelia, misi institucionalizacia gviandeli Tanamedrove sazogadoebis
specifikur niSans warmoadgens. es niSani nawilia imisa, rac safuZvlad udevs
sistemur reproduaqcias, iseTi gziT, rom azri da qmedeba gamudmebul
urTierTqmedebaSi imyofebian erTmaneTTan.

22

67

gviandeli Tanamedrove sazogadoeba

an meore/Semdgomi Tanamedroveoba
gidensis da bekis mixedviT, gviandeli Tanamedrove sazogadoeba xasiaTdeba
iseTi procesiT, romelsac isini refleqsur modernizacias uwodeben. refleqsuri modernizacia Tanamedrove sazogadoebis ZiriTadi institucionaluri

rul da kulturul cvlilebebs. es Teoriebi ZiriTadad efuZnebian or amosaval

arguments: rom sabazro kapitalizmi aris "uzenaesi" forma da rom am etapze ar
arsebobs politikuri ekonomiis alternatiuli sistemebi; da rom im
sazogadoebebis ricxvi, romelTac SeiZleba ewodoT liberalur-demokratiuli
izrdeba. es Sexedulebebi mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli zogad postmodernistul
ideasTan, rom dasavleTis sazogadoebebSi adgili hqonda reprezentaciis
kriziss da rom Cven mivaRwieT istoriis dasasruls (fukuiama, bodriliari).
robertsonma SemogvTavaza im fenomenebis sia, romelic dasavluri sazogadoebis istoriaSi gaurkveveli fazis arsebobas amtkicebs:
dawyebuli 1960-ian wlebSi krizisuli tendenciebi aSkara gaxda adreul 1990ianebSi. mesame msoflios inkluzia da globaluri cnobierebis amaRleba 1960-ian
wlebSi. mTvareze adamianis gagzavna. "post-materialisturi Rirebulebebis
xazgasma. civi omis dasasruli da atomuri iaraRis gavrceleba. globaluri
institutebisa da moZraobebis ricxvis gazrda. sazogadoebebi sul ufro da
ufro xSirad dgebian multikulturuli da polieTnikuri problemebis winaSe.
individebis TviTmoazreba rTuldeba gamomdinare genderuli, eTnikuri da
rasobrivi aspeqtebidan. adamianis uflebebi. saerTaSoriso sistema ufro
labiluri xdeba bipolaroba dasrulda. kacobriobis bedis Sesaxeb fiqri
gaZlierda. interesi gaCnda msoflio samoqalaqo sazogadoebisa da msoflio
moqalaqeobis ideis mimarT. moxda globaluri media sistemis konsolidacia.
(globaluri viTarebis CarCoebSi moqceva federstoni)
postindustrializmis
koncefcia,
konzumerizmis
ideasTan
erTad
mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs pirovnebis identobisa da popularuli kulturis
formirebaSi, rac gvibiZgebs iqiTken, rom kapitalisturi sazogadoeba veRar
moiazreba gamomdinare marqsistuli Sexedulebidan ekonomikuri sistemis
Sesaxeb, rom socialuri cvlilebas mxolod warmoebis Zalebi ganapirobeben.
gacvla, niSan-faseulobebis simboluri samyaro ufro mniSvnelovania vidre
warmoeba, manqanebisa da sagnebis "namdvili" samyaro. warmoebis paradigmis
uaryofa mxars uWers postmodernistul mcdelobas gaauqmos gansxvaveba
namdvils, materialur samyarosa da simbolur- reprezentaciul samyaros Soris.
aqedan ki gamomdinareobs mniSvnelovani Teoriuli azri, rom istoriul
ganviTarebas ar gaaCnia raime garkveuli logika an xazi. am azrs ki, Tavis mxriv,
mivyavarT Semdeg daskvnamde - istoriam amowura Tavisi Tavi an kidev sxva
sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, dasrulda.

postruqturalizmi da kultura fuko, pier burdie

antoni gidensis da ulrix bekis SromebSi ZiriTad cnebas refleqsuroba

warmoadgens. gidensi refleqsurobas Semdegnairad ganmartavs:
refleqsuroba: socialuri cxovrebis nakadisTvis Tvalyuris devneba.
moqmedebis pirobebis Sesaxeb informaciis rogorc saSualebis gamoyeneba,
rom moxdes mocemuli moqmedebis gadafaseba da sxvanairad moazreba; refleqsuroba, aris imis wesi Tu rogor vaxdenT Cveni socialuri aqtivobis
monitorings, rogorc monawileebi da Sesabamisad vayalibebT da vcvliT am
qcevis xasiaTs dinamikaSi. (sazogadoebis konstitucia)
bekis mixedviT, ki refleqsuroba aris gaucnobierebloba: rac ufro
Tanamedrove xdeba sazogadoeba, miT ufro winaswar ganusazRvreli Sedegebi
moaqvs mas, xolo rodesac xdeba am Sedegebis gamJRavneba da gacnobiereba, isini
industriuli modernizaciis safuZvlebs eWvis qveS ayeneben" (demokratia
mtrebis gareSe)
refleqsuroba aucileblobis SegrZneba rom SenSi SemouSva "garegani
codna, miiRo "garegani gamocdileba".
rac Seexeba gidensisa da bekis midgomebs Soris gansxvavebas, gidensisTvis
refleqsuroba yovelRiuri socialuri praqtikis codnis gamoyenebisa da
reproduqciisgan Sedgeba. aqedan gamomdinare, codna socialuri moqmedebis
wyarod gadaiqceva da aseve warmoadgens moqmedebis Secvlis saSualebas.
bekisTvis ki, refleqsurobas Seadgens Cvens codnaSi arsebuli carieli

intleqtualuri moZraoba, romelsac ewodeba poststruqturalizmi

iziarebs marqsizmis kritikul ideologias garda rwmenisa, rom Tanamedrove
pirobebi gardaiqmneba cnobieri istoriuli agentis, muSaTa klasis CareviT.
aseTi uaryofa SeiZleba ukavSirdebodes radikaluri socialuri moZraobebis
warumatleblobas, Tumca aseve arsebobs Teoriuli mizezebic, imdenad, ramdenadac postruqturalistur kulturul kvlevebs ara mxolod marqsis gavlena
axasiaTebT, aramed semiotikisa da struqturalizmisac. poststruqturalisturi midgoma ganviTarda gviandel 1960-ian da 70-ian wlebSi marqsizmisa da
struqtruralizmis safuZvelze. fukom da burdiem xazi gausves simbolizmis
socialur kavSirebs ZalauflebasTan da socialur klasTan. marqsizmis
struqturuli Teoriis sawinaaRmdegod, maT Camoayalibes semioturi,
antifunqcionalisturi midgoma. fukosa da burdies Tanaxmad, socialuri
struqturebi, iseve rogorc klasebi an politikuri Zalaufleba ar SeiZleba
interpretirebuli iyos rogorc kulturis winaaRmdeg moqmedi, imdenad
ramdenadac aseTi gageba gulisxmobs imas, rom socialuri sistemaSi ar
figurirebs mniSvneloba.
parsonsis terminebi rom gamoviyenoT, Tu klasebs an Zalauflebas axasiaTebs
mxolod analitikuri avtonomia kulturisgan , konkretulad isini unda
ganixilebodnen rogorc kulturuli kodebis Semcvleli formebi. es Teoriuli
strategia gvpirdeba, rom gadailaxeba axali kulturuli marqsizmis
meqanisturi, "funqcionaluri xedva. Tumca, safrTxe isaa, rom SeiZleba
gameordes determinirebuli da antivoluntaristuli Tvisebebi im semioturi
poziciisa, ris kritikasac is Tavad axorcielebs.
fukosTvis seqsualobis irgvliv adreuli naSromebs ara sakmarisad
kulturuli xasiaTi aqvT. isini ikvleven represiulobas an liberalizms seqsis
sxvadasxva diskursebisa, magram iReben seqsualur qcevas rogorc aseTs, TiTqos
is arsebobda kulturuli diskursebis damoukideblad. fukos mixedviT, unda
SeviswavloT, Tu rogor xdeba seqsualur qcevaze saubari, imdenad ramdenadac
kulturuli diskursi Seadgens im obieqts romelsac is aTavisuflebas, an wnexis
qveS amyofebs. is ambobs, rom gza romliTac "seqsi" eqceva diskurSi, warmoadgens
Zalauflebis formas, imdenad ramdenadac siRmiseul gavlenas axdens adamianur
qcevaze da akontrolebs yoveldRiur siamovnebas.
fuko xelaxla ganixilavs represiuli sazogadoebebidan adreuli
Tanamedrove periodis sazogadoebaze gadasvlas sadac xdeboda deviaciuri
seqsualuri qcevis gamoxatva an qorwinebis farglebSi, an kidev qorwinebis miRma
da romelic mkacrad isjeboda ufro Tanamedrove garemoze, sadac Terapiam
da pedagogiam Caanacvles pirdapiri sasjeli. Tumca es ar niSnavs rom
Tanamedrove midgomam Searbila seqsualuri qcevis socialuri kontroli da
disciplina, aramed is gaxda Terapiisa da ganaTlebis prerogativa.
seqsualuri aqti gagebul iqna ufro da ufro racionalizebuli da
abstraqtuli diskursis CarCoebSi, rac, fukos mixedviT, warmoadgens kulturis
Zalauflebis gamovlenas seqsualobis kontrolis gansaxorcieleblad. maTi
funqcia naklebad warmoadgenda seqsis pirdapir akrZalvas, aramed qmnida seqsis
Sesaxeb saubris axal gzebs. Tu Tanamedrove seqsualobis kategoriebs ganvsazRvravT rogorc impotenturobas, perversiasa, Tu heteroseqsualobas am
diskursebma Tavad Seqmnes is obieqtebi, romelTa qsovilic maTve unda aexsnaT.
seqsualuri kodeqsis Zala ar warmoadgenda mxolod kulturul kodeqss. am
sakiTxis irgvliv arsebuli diskusiebi mudmiv yruadRebas iTxovda xelmZRvaneli
pirebis mxridan; maT Seqmnes mTeli rigi axali profesiuli kadrebi, romlebic
meTvalyureobis funqcias Seasrulebdnen. fukos mixedviT, es kadrebi ar
Seqmnilan imisaTvis, rom seqsualurad deviaciuri qcevis kontroli moexdinaT,
aramed aseTi qceva uneburad ganapirobes Tavad maT da aseve im ufro farTo
seqsualurma diskursebma, romlebsac isini emsaxurobdnen. maTi profesiuli
yuradReba asaxavs am saagentoebis swrafvas kontaqtSi Sevides am diskursebTan,
vidre akontrolos isini.
pier burdies naSromebSi Cven vxvdebiT funqcionaluri midgomis kritikul

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sazogadoeba da individi

moazrebas, romelic Seicavs semiotikuri analizs. yoveldRiur cxovrebaze

dayrdnobiT, burdie wers, rom materialuri obieqtebis gageba aris momentaluri
da uneburi, xolo aRqmis unari, an kidev gagebis unari individidan
gamomdinareobs. semiotikis gaTvaliswinebiT, burdie saubrobs, rom gageba aris
iluzoruli. aRqma ifiltreba ukve winaswar mocemuli kodebis saSualebiT,
romlebic mas Semdeg rac arian gadamuSavebulni damkvirveblis mier viTardeba
unaris saxiT. aRqma aris kulturuli gaSifrvis garkveuli forma da swored es
gaSifvris unari araTanabrad aris ganawilebuli sazogadoebaSi. yvelaze
mniSvnelovani saqmeebi da statusebi sazogadoebaSi iTxoven kompleqsur
Sesrulebas, romelTa ganxorcielebac SeuZliaT mxolod imaT, vinc saWiro
kodebs flobs. es kodebi warmoadgenen nebismieri sazogadoebis kulturul
simdidres, simdidre, romlis mflobelnic arian isini, vinc miiRo simboluri
saSualebebi. am moxmarebis instrumentebis aracnobieri flobiT individebi
iReben kulturul kapitals.
ojaxebi da skolebi, warmoadgenen institutebs, romlebic specializirdebian am kulturuli kodebis gadacemaSi da Semdeg ukve Tavs axveven
individebs maTi codnis gareSe, sazRvraven maTi aRqmis gansakuTrebul niSanTvisebebs, romlebsac SemdgomSi individebi gaacnobiereben. imdenad, ramdenadac
ojaxebi da skolebi araTanabar mdgomareobaSi imyofebian Tavidanve Rirebuli
kulturuli kodebis miRebasTan dakavSirebiT, maTi funqcia SeiZleba aRiweros
rogorc socialurad ganpirobebuli araTanabari kulturuli kompetenturobis
gadacema. radganac klasobrivi qceva emyareba kompetenturobas, romelic
gadaicema kulturuli da ara mxolod materialuri SesaZleblobebis saSualebiT, socialuri privilegia warmoadgens individualuri niWis asaxvas da ara
piriqiT. privilegirebuli jgufebis wevrebic ki fiqroben, rom maTi gemovneba da
SesaZleblobebi bunebrivi ufroa, vidre socialuri. ganaTleba socialurad
ganpirobebul uTanasworobas gardaqmnis warmatebis uTanasworobad, rac Semdeg
interpretirdeba rogorc bunebrivi niWidan gamomdinare uTanasworoba.
kultura asrulebs am ideologiur funqcias manamde, sanam kavSiri kulturasa da
ganaTlebas Soris ukana planze ganixileba.

informaciis rolis eqspansiasTan da aqedan gamomdinare sazogadoebaSi

struqturisa da kulturis SerwymasTan. postindustrializmi aseve dakavSirebulia Zireul cvlilebebTan socialur stratifikaciaSi rogoric aris mzardi
saSualo klasi, rac gulisxmobs momxmarebluri sazogadoebis mniSvnelobis
zrdas. momxmarebloba aq ganxilulia ara rogorc mxolod aqtivoba, aramed
rogorc socialuri identobis ganmsazRvreli mniSvnelovani wyaro.
margaret arCeri am arguments Semdegnairad ajamebs: momsaxureobiT
dakavebuli klasis warmoSobasis paralelurad, uprecedento koleqtiurma
mobilobam ganapiroba umravlesobis CarTva industriul sazogadoebaSi;
momxdarma cvlilebebma umravlesobas SesZina materialuri interesebi,
romlebic gansakuTrebiT mzard momxmareblobaSi (konzumerizmSi) gamoixata da
Sesabamisad Seamcira maTi ideologiuri dapirispirebani da utopiuri xedvebi.
postpolitikurma da postideologiurma xanam aseve gvauwya axali
teqnoracionalurobis fenomeni kulturaSi, ramac darCenil socio-politikur
problemebs teqnikuri sakiTxebis statusi mianiWa, romelTa teqnikuri
gadawyvetac momavalSi moxdeboda (Teoria, kultura da post-industriuli
sazogadoeba maik federstoni, red).
duglas kelneri ganavrcobs teqno kulturis Sesaxeb zemoT moyvanil am
Sexedulebas (Tumca kelneri ar warmoadgens postmodernists, aramed kritikuli
Teoretikosia); duglas kelneris mixedviT, teqnokultura masobrivi kulturisa
da momxmarebluri sazogadoebis erTianobas warmoadgens, sadac samomxmareblo
sagnebi, kino, televizia, masobrivi imijebi da kompiuterizirebuli informacia
kulturis dominantur formad gadaiqcevian ganviTarebul msoflioSi da aseve
sul ufro mzardi gavlena aqvT ganviTarebad qveynebzec.
teqnokulturaSi, imijebi, sanaxaoba da esTetizirebuli samomxmareblo
sagnebi, an kidev "samomxmareblo sagnebis esTetika" kulturis axal formebs
Seadgenen, romlebic axdenen yoveldRiuri cxovrebis kolonizirebas da
politikas, ekonomikasa da socialur urTierTobebs gardaqmnian. yvela am
sferoSi teqnologia sul ufro da ufro centralur rols TamaSobs (kritikuli
Teoria, marqsizmi da moderni, kelneri)

daskvnis saxiT

istoriuli konteqsti : momxmarebloba (konzumerizmi)

kulturul kvlevebSi ukanaskneli tendenciebi SeTanxmebulad aRiareben

kulturis avtonomias socialuri struqturisgan. ideologiis an rwmenaTa
sistemis arsi ar SeiZleba wavikiTxoT socialuri qcevidan gamomdinare. is unda
Seiswavlebodes rogorc TavisTavadi nimuSi. kulturisadmi midgomebi
gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisgan ukve imis Taobaze, Tu ras niSnavs es avtonomia.
zogierTi Tvlis, rom damoukideblad organizebuli kulturuli sistemebis
codna sakmarisia socialuri qcevebis motivebisa da mniSvnelobis gasagebad.
sxvebi ki saubroben, rom es sistema unda gagebul iqnes rogorc modelirebuli im
procesebze, romlebic ukve arsebobdnen socialur sistemaSi. konkretuli
procesebi, romlebic exeba kulturas, socialur struqturasa da qmedebas aseve
gansxvavdebian, dawyebuli religiuri ritualiT, socializaciiT da ganaTlebiT,
aseve dramaturgiuli inovaciiT da klasobrivi cnobierebis formaciiT. da
bolos, arsebobs uTanxmoeba kulturuli sistemis SigniT arsebuli elementebis
Sesaxeb. aris Tu ara kultura logikurad gadabmuli simboloebi Tu
Rirebulebebi, romlebic amtkiceben sasurvel socialur Tvisebebs?
yvela zemoT mocemuli midgoma Seicavs WeSmaritebis garkveul marcvals.
Cven gagviWirdeba kulturis Semecneba subieqturi mniSvnelobis gagebis gareSe,
Tu ar gaviTvaliswineT socialur struqturuli SezRudvebi.
aseve rTulia adamianuri qmedebis interpretacia, Tu ar ganvixileT is
kodebi, romlebic individebs ar SeuqmniaT, Tumca adamianis gamogonebebi badebs
iseT garemos romelic Tavis mxriv iwvevs kulturuli kodebis Secvlas.
miRebuli metafizikuri ideebi qmnian Tanamedrove socialuri struqturebis
Zalian myar qsels, magram Zlieri dajgufebebi xSirad mainc axerxeben socialuri
struqturebis gardaqmnas.

momxmareblobis (konzumerizmis) fenomeni xidis rols TamaSobs erTis mxriv

postindustrializmisa da informaciuli sazogadoebis Teoriebsa da meore
mxriv globalizaciisa an/da globaluri kapitalizmis Teoriebs Soris.
skot laSisa da jon uris mixedviT, Cven vcxovrobT sazogadoebaSi, romelic
organizebulia momxmarebluri tendenciebis irgvliv (gasaTvaliswinebelia
finansuri bazrebis uzenaesoba industriul korporaciebTan da gacvlasTan
mimarTebaSi), rac warmoadgens ekonomikuri aqtivobis gabatonebul formas da
gamoirCeva (anu postmodernuli xasiaTi aqvs) socialur identobasa da
organizaciaze Tavisi zemoqmedebiT.
laSisa da uris mosazreba Semdeg argumentebs moicavs: mwarmoebluri
industria dasavleTis qveynebSi Sesustda da gadainacvla mesame msoflioSi
(post industrializmi). es procesi ganxorcielda soflis industrializaciis
formebis paralelurad, ramac, Tavis mxriv, socialur mobilobaSi farTo
cvlilebebi gamoiwvia.
am cvlilebma ki Seamcira metropolisebis mniSvneloba socialuri identobis
gansazRvra/CamoyalibebaSi. socialuri identoba fragmentuli gaxda, rac
nawilobriv ganapiroba momxmarebluri aqtivobis zrdam da moxmarebis
sagnebisTvis specializirebuli bazrebis ganviTarebam.
es procesi, Tavis mxriv, ki niSnavs, rom moxmarebis sagnebis warmoeba imitaciis, pastiSisa da stilisturi sazRvrebis aRrevis principebze dayrdnobiT
mimdinareobs. ufro meti yuradReba eqceva stils, vidre Sinaarss rogorc
faseulobis indikators (rasac bodriliari uwodebs niSan - faseulobas).
rogorc postindustrializmis Teoriebi, konzumerizmis Teoriebi Seexeba
dasavleTis sazogadoebebSi ganxorcielebul urTierTdamokidebul struqtu-

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informaciuli teqnologiebis ganviTarebisgan, globaluri komunikaciuri

mediisgan da momsaxurebis seqtorisgan; momxmareblur sazogadoebaSi, aseve
ganxorcielda gacvliTi urTierTobebis da finansuri bazrebis eqspansia;
gaizarda kulturuli pluralizmi.
Tu postmodernistuli socialuri Teoria cdilobs gamoikvlios am cvlilebebis mizezebi da Sedegebi, sainteresoa, ras warmoadgens postmodernistuli
periodi rogorc normatiuli proeqti?
normatiuli cnebebis moSveliebiT, Tanamedroveobis (modernistuli) proeqti ZiriTadad exeba sinTezis miRwevas an kidev universalur konsensuss. Tu
arsebobs iseTi proeqti, romelic asocirdeba postmodernistul xanasTan, is
pirvel rigSi exeba pluralizms ufro metad vidre universalizms da
gansxvavebulobis SenarCunebas, vidre sinTezis miRwevas. mTavari gansxvaveba
Tanamedrove da postTanamedrove Teoriebs Soris, iseve rogorc Tanamedroveobasa da postTanamedroveobas rogorc normatiul proeqtebs Soris
aris is, rom xdeba racios interpretacia, gansakuTrebiT ki racios urTierToba
kulturasa da sazogadoebasTan.
Tanamedrove socialuri Teoriis farglebSi, goni, racio moazrebulia rogorc socialuri Teoriis epistemiologiuri safuZveli da rogorc Tanamedroveobis proeqtis CarCo, romelic scildeba kulturas. postmodernistul
socialur TeoriaSi, racio SeiZleba ganixilebodes rogorc kulturasTan
igiveobrivi, romelsac aZlierebs Zalaufleba; racio ar warmoadgens kulturis
safuZvels, aramed Teoretikosebis damaxinjebul mcdelobas axsnan samyaro.
Tu racio, kulturis farglebs scildeba, is SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes
rogorc kargi sazogadoebis ganxorcielebis safuZveli, sadac moxdeba
dapirispierbuli perspeqtivebisa da rwmenebis gasamarTleba. Tu goneba
kulturis nawilia an gaWuWyianebulia kulturis elementebis mier, maSin mas amis
ufleba ar gaaCnia: Cven ver vflobT gasamarTlebis saSualebebs da amitom ara
mxolod unda vicxovroT pluralistul samyaroSi, aramed gaviTavisoT is.

ena da reprezentacia

post industrializmis cneba, rogorc wesi, asocirdeba daniel belis

naazrevTan 1960-ian da 1970-ian wlebSi. beli gamoyofs industriul sazogadoebaSi momxdar xuT ZiriTad cvlilebas: 1) postfordistuli warmoebis
teqnika; 2) axali da gafarToebuli profesiuli da teqnikuri klasis warmoSoba;
3) ufro meti Teoriuli codnis gamoyeneba rogorc politikisa da inovaciis
safuZveli; 4) zrdadi orientacia momavalze teqnologiebis marTvis dros; 5)
organizaciuli da informaciuli Teoriis mzardi ndoba.
daniel beli postindustrializms ganixilavs politikurad memarjvene
poziciidan, xolo alen tureni memarcxene poziciidan. misi ZiriTadi argumenti
Semdegia:
warmoiSva axali post industriuli codnis klasi, romelic sazogadoebaSi
atarebs inovaciis ZiriTad pasuxismgeblobas da romelsac aqedan gamomdinare
xelSi uWiravs mniSvnelovani Zalaufleba; Tumca SedarebiT naklebad aris
SezRuduli warmoebis urTierTobebiT da amitom momavalSi iqneba ufro
radikaluri, vidre Zveli industriuli proletariati.
kidev erTi "postindustriuli moazrovnis andre gorcis mixedviT, romelic
ufro axlos dgas turenTan, vidre belTan, warmoiSva axali postindustriuli
araproletariati romelic Sedgeba umuSevrebisa da kavSirebSi naklebad
gaerTianebeli adamianebisgan. es adamianebi iqnebian gamanTavisuflebeli
politikis adresati, romelic naklebad aris SezRuduli industriuli
korporaciebis mier (umuSevrebi) an kidev ufro institucionalizebuli (da
aqedan gamomdinare, ufro "usafrTxo") koleqtivisturi formebis mier (naklebad
gaerTianebuli kavSirebSi).
magram ratom unda gaviTvaliswinoT zemoT moyvanili aspeqtebi
postmodernistul TeoriaSi?
imitom rom: postindustrializmi asocirdeba ekonomikur cxovrebaSi

rogorc SesavalSi iqna aRniSnuli kultura Seexeba gaziarebul mniSvnelobebs ena ki warmoadgens im mediums ris saSualebiTac Cven moviazrebT ama
Tu im sagans da ris saSualebiTac xdeba mniSvnelobis warmoqmna da gacvla.
ena aris mniSvnelobisa da kulturis Seqmnis ZiriTadi instrumenti. magram
rogor xdeba enis saSualebiT mniSvnelobebis Seqmna? rogor xdeba monawileebs
Soris dialogis warmoeba, romelic maT saSualebas aZlevT Seqmnan gaziarebuli
Sexedulebebis erToblioba da moaxdinon maT garSemo arsebuli samyaros
interpretacia daaxloebiT analogiuri gziT? swored ena gvaZlevs amis
saSualebas, radganac, is operirebs rogorc reprezentaciuli sistema. enaSi Cven
vxmarobT niSnebs da simboloebs, magaliTad, bgerebs, werilobiT gadmocemul
sityvebs, eleqtronulad Seqmnil gamosaxulebebs, musikalur notebs, aseve
nivTebsac da yovelive es SeiZleba warmoadgendes sxvebisTvis Cveni azrebis,
ideebis, grZnobebis gamoxatulebas. ena warmoadgens mediis erT-erT saxeobas,
romlis saSualebiTCveni am ideebis, azrebisa da grZnobebis gamoxatva xdeba
kulturaSi.
procesi, romelsac kulturisken Semotrialeba ewoda socialur da
humanitarul mecnierebebSi, gansakuTrebiT ki kulturulogiur kvlevebsa da
kulturis sociologiaSi, xazs usvamda mniSvnelobis centralurobas kulturis
gansazRvrasTan mimarTebaSi. es fokusi gaziarebul mniSvnelobebze SeiZleba
Zalian erTgvarovani da Teoriuli mogveCvenos, imdenad ramdenadac nebismier
kulturaSi raime erT Temas SeZleba hqondes uamravi mniSvneloba da arsebobdes
ramdenime gza erTsa da imave sakiTxis warmosaxvisa, Tu interpretaciisa.
kultura aseve moicavs grZnobebs, emociur mijaWvulobebs, azrebsa da
ideebs. Cemi saxis gamometyveleba raRacas ambobs Cems Sesaxeb (Cemi identoba) da
Tu ras vgrZnob (emociebi) an romel jgufs mivekuTvnebi (mijaWvuloba). yovelive
es SeiZleba wakiTxul da gagebul iqnes sxva adamianebis mier, miuxedavad imisa
rom me SeiZleba gamiznulad ar vapirebdi komunikaciis damyarebas, anu
formaluri gzavnilis gadacemas sxvebisTvis. miuxedavad imisa, rom meore pirma
SeiZleba logikurad verc ki axsnas, me mas sakuTari gamometyvelebiT ras
veubnebodi.
aseve, kulturuli mniSvnelobebi ar aris mxolod Cvens TavebSi mocemuli
isini aorganizeben da aregulireben socialur praqtikas, gavlenas axdenen Cvens
qcevaze da Sesabamisad aqvT realuri praqtikuli Sedegi.
kulturuli praqtika mniSvnelovania, kulturaSi monawileebi aniWeben
mniSvnelobas sxva adamianebs, obieqtebsa da movlenebs. sagnebi TavisTavad ar
atareben erT, konkretul, fiqsirebul da ucvlel mniSvnelobas. iseTi ubralo
ram rogoric aris qva, SeiZleba warmoadgendes rogorc sasazRvro niSans, aseve
skulpturas gamomdinare iqidan, Tu ras aRniSnavs, ra konteqstSia mocemuli,
rasac filosofosebi uwodeben gansxvavebul enobriv TamaSebs (mag., sazRvrebis
ena, skulpturis ena) iqidan gamomdinare, Tu ras vfiqrobT da gvgrZnobT ama Tu
im obieqtis Sesaxeb da rogor gamovsaxavT mas Semdeg am gziT Cven mas vaniWebT
mniSvnelobas. xolo mniSvnelobis miniWeba xdeba im sainterpretacio CarCoebis
gamoyenebiT, romelsac Cven vflobT.
nawilobriv, Cven sagnebs vaniWebT mniSvnelobas imiT, Tu rogor vxmarobT maT
an kidev, Tu rogor vaxdenT maT integracias yoveldRiur praqtikaSi. mag.,
agurisa da cementis gamoyenebis Sedegad vagebT saxls da rasac vfiqrobT,
vgrZnobT an kidev vambobT mis Sesaxeb, am mocemul sagans saxlad aqcevs. meore
mxriv, ki sagnebs mniSvneloba eniWebaT imiT, Tu rogor gamovsaxavT maT
sityvebs, romlebsac maT garSemo viyenebT, istoriebs, romlebsac vyvebiT maT
Sesaxeb, xatebs romlebsac vqmniT da emociebs da faseulobebs, romlebsac
vukavSirebT am sagnebs, klasifikaciisa da konceptualizaciis gzebs.
kultura warmoadgens yvela im praqtikas, romelSic Cven genetikurad ki ar
varT daprogramebulebi, aramed romelsac vaniWebT mniSvnelobasa da
faseulobas, rac Semdeg aseve mniSvneladad unda iyos interpretirebuli sxvebis
mier, imisaTvis rom "operacia" efeqturad ganxorcieldes. kultura, am gagebiT
ganmsWvalavs sazogadoebis yvela Sres.

64

25

istoriuli konteqsti: postindustrializmi

swored es gamoarCevs adamianur elements socialur cxovrebaSi biologiuri motivaciebisgan. kulturis gamokvlevisas umniSvnelovanesi roli
eniWeba simbolikis sferos, romelic safuZvlad udevs socialur cxovrebas.

romlebic eqvemdebarebian racionalur dialogs, maSin rodesac postmodernistul TeoriaSi (liotari) TamaSis farglebSi xdeba maTi ganxilva.
rogorc baumani aRniSnavs - "Cven vcxovrobT sazogadoebaSi, Cven varT
sazogadoeba, iqidan gamomdinare, rom varT moralurebi.

mniSvnelobebis warmoqmna
postmodernistuli sazogadoeba:
postmodernuli xana: postmodernizmi

sad warmoiqmneba mniSvneloba? mniSvnelobebi wamoiqmneba ramdenime

sxvadasxva adgilas da Semdeg maTi cirkulacia xdeba ramdenime sxvadasxva
procesis an praqtikis saSualebiT (kulturis wre). mniSvneloba gvaZlevs Cveni
identurobis SegrZnebas, vin varT Cven da adamianTa romel wres mivekuTvnebiT.
mniSvneloba mudmivad iqmneba da Semdeg icvleba yoveli piradi da socialuri
urTierTobis dros, romelSic viRebT monawileobas. mniSvnelobas aseve qmnis
masmedia, globaluri komunikaciebi da kompleqsuri teqnologiebi, romelTa
saSualebiTac xdeba sxvadasxva kulturebis cirkulacia saocari siswrafiT.
mniSvneloba aseve iqmneba maSinac, rodesac Cven gamovxatavT sakuTar Tavs, an
movixmarT garkveul kulturul sagnebs, anu vaxdenT maT CarTvas yovelRiur
ritualebsa da praqtikaSi da am gziT vaniWebT mas mniSvnelobas an faseulobas, an
rodesac vqmniT garkveul narativebs, istoriebs da fantaziebs maT garSemo.
yovelive zemoT Tqmuli xdeba enis saSualebiT. erTsa da imave kulturis
wevrebs aqvT saziaro azrebi, gamosaxulebebi da ideebi, romlebic maT
saSualebas aZlevs garkveuli perspeqtividan moiazron da Seicnon samyaro da,
aqedan gamomdinare, moaxdinon samyaros interpretacia daaxloebiT erTi da
imave wesiT. zogadad rom vTqvaT, isini operireben erTi da imave kulturuli
kodebiT da am kuTxiT azrovneba da grZnoba TavisTavad warmoadgens garkveuli
reprezentaciis sistemas, sadac Cveni koncefciebi, gamosaxulebebi da emociebi
niSnaven an warmoadgnen Cvens gonebriv cxovebaSi im sagnebs romlebic SeiZleba
arsebobdnen an ar arsebobdnen Cvens garSemo.
imisaTvis, rom movaxdinoT Cvens mier moazrebulis sxvebisTvis gaziareba,
isinic imave lingvistur kodebs unda flobdnen, rom gaigon Cveni saTqmeli. es ar
niSnavs, rom isini imave enaze, mag., frangul an Cinurze unda saubrobdnen,
rogorc Cven, aramed Cven enas aq vgulisxmobT ufro farTo gagebiT. Cveni
adresatebi, enis garda, aseve daaxloebiT analogiurad unda aRiqvamdnen
vizualur gamosaxulebebsac da bgerebis erTmaneTTan dakavSirebis im garkveul
formac icnobdnen, romelsac Cven musikas vuwodebT da a.S.
mniSvneloba warmoadgens dialogs is yovelTvis mxolod nawilobriv aris
gagebuli da yovelTvis araTanabari gacvlaa.
maSasadame, ratom varqmevT enas an enebs mniSvnelobis Seqmnis da gadacemis
sxvadasxva gzebs? rogor funqcionireben es enebi? enebi operireben rogorc
reprezentaciuli sistemebi, imdenad ramdenadac isini iyeneben garkveul
elementebs, romlebic warmoadgenen imas risi Tqmac Cven gvsurs imisaTvis, rom
gamovxatoT raRac azri, idea an grZnoba. verbaluri ena iyenebs bgerebs,
werilobiTi sityvebs, xolo musikaluri ena - notebs, "sxeulis ena mimarTavs
fizikur Jestebs, modis industria tansacmels iyenebs, televizia ki cifrulad
an eleqtronuli wesiT warmoqmnil piqselebs ekranze, SuqniSnebi mimarTaven
mwvane, wiTel da yviTel ferebs CvenTvis garkveuli informaciis mosawodeblad.
yvela es elementi bgerebi, sityvebi, notebi, Jestebi, tansacmeli warmoadgens
Cveni bunebrivi an materilauri samyaros nawils, magram maTi enisTvis
mniSvneloba ar aris is Tu ras warmoadgenen isini, aramed Tu ras akeTeben isini,
maTi funqcia. isini qmnian mniSvnelobas da Semdeg gadascemen. isini aRniSnaven
raRacas. TavisTavad maT ar gaaCniaT mniSvneloba, aramed warmoadgnen
saSualebebs, romlebic arian mniSvnelobis matareblebi, radganac operireben
rogorc simboloebi. es simboloebi ki warmoadgenen im mniSvnelobebs, romlis
sxvisTvis gadacemac Cven gvsurs. anu maT eniWebaT niSnebis funqcia. niSnebi
aRniSnaven an warmoadgenen Cvens ideebs, azrebs, gancdebs iseTi gziT rom maTi
wakiTxva dekodireba an interpretacia SeZlon sxvebma, daaxloebiT imave wesiT.
ena amitom warmoadgens aRmniSvnel praqtikas. nebismieri reprezentaciuli
sistema, romelic am gziT funqcionirebs, SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom efuZneba enis

terminebi postmodernistuli, postmodernuli xana da postmodernizmi

erTmaneTs cvlian literaturaSi, miuxedavad imisa, rom postmodernizmi
SeTanxmebisamebr ZiriTadad esTetikas exeba. es terminebi mravali sxvadasxva
fenomenis aRsaniSnavad yofila naxmari: sazogadoebebi (Tanamedrove dasavluri
evropa, gansakuTrebiT ki aSS), socialuri praqtika ("Sopingi, mobiluri
telefonebis, internetis moxmareba, turizmi); socialuri Teoriebi (bodriari,
baumani, liotari); filosofiuri argumentebi (riCard rorti, derida);
skulptura/instalaciebi (demien hersti, treisi emini..) muxika (Snitke, praimal
skrimi); mxatvroba (vorholi, devid hakni), Senobebi (loidi, rem kulhaasi, demien
da hercogi), fuli (plastikuri baraTebi, evro); mecniereba (klonireba), garToba
(virtualuri realoba), da a.S.
Tu postmodernuli fenomenebis es sia raimeTi mainc aris erTmaneTTan
dakavSirebuli, maSin Semdegi Temebi SeiZleba iyos aqtualuri:
konteqstualizacia sxvadasxva stilisa da midgomis Sereva, romlebic
adre erTmaneTisgan gamoirCeodnen (mag., arqiteqtura, moda, religia);
Sereva, melt dauni "gaerTianebisa" da fragmentaciis gancda (imitacia
dizainsa da reklamaSi)
pastiSi stilebisa da midgomebis ironiuli kopireba (mag., komediaSi);
zedapiri siRrmis nakleboba, "realobasa" da realobis "reprezentacias"
Soris gansxvavebis uaryofa.
sociologiuri terminebis gamoyenebiT, es Temebi SeiZleba gagebul iqnes
rogorc dediferenciaciis procesi, romelic atrialebs da cvlis socialuri
diferenciaciis process, romliTac xasiaTdeba Tanamedrove sazogadoebis
ganviTareba (parsonsi, habermasi). sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, xdeba sazRvrebis
rRveva: sazRvrebi an ganxvavebebi romlebic Seiqmna socialuri diferenciaciis
Sedegad areulia postmodernistul sazogadoebaSi: mag. sazRvari maRal da
dabal kulturas Soris, ralobasa da realobis reprezentacias Soris
televizorSi (an filmSi, mxatvrobaSi, literaturaSi), politikasa da reklmas
Soris, ekonomikur cxovrebasa da kulturas Soris; warmoebasa da gacvlas Soris,
xelovnursa da adamianur gonebas Soris, dasavluri da aRmosavluri rwmenis
sistemebs Soris. es idea safuZvlad udevs postmodernistul socialur
TeoriaSi fragmentaciis Temas. de-diferenciaciis cneba gulisxmobs rom ukve
SeuZlebeli xdeba sazogadoebis rogorc integrirebuli sistemis moazreba, an
kidev rogorc erTi mTlianobis (marqsi da durkhemi).
postmodernis sxva gansazRvrebebi xSirad xmaroben sityva "axals" da ar
ganmartaven, Tu ras warmoadgens axali sazogadoebas exeba es, socialur
Teorias Tu xelovnebis nimuSs. ritceri amis magaliTia: postmodernistuli xana
Seexeba istoriul epoqas, romelic rogorc wesi ganixileba rogorc Tanamedrove periodi; postmodernizmi Seexeba kulturul produqtebs (xelovnebaSi,
filmebSi, arqiteqturaSi da a.S), romlebic ganxvavdebian Tanamedrove
kulturuli produqtebisgan.. postmoderni moicavs axal istoriul epoqas, axal
kulturul produqtebs da a.S. yovelive amaT aerTianebT is axali, rac moxda
bolo wlebis manZilze da ukve veRar mieyeneba sityva Tanamedrove, ramdenadac
axali etapebi cvlian Tanamedrove realobas. (sociologiis Teoria, mexuTe
gamocema)
kiTxva ismis - konkretulad ra xdeba "axali"? da konkretulad rodis, "bolo
wlebSi"? postmodernistuli sazogadoebis ufro zusti definiciisTvis unda
aRvniSnoT, rom 1960 ian wlebSi gaCnda socialuri institutebisa da socialuri
cxovrebis reorganizaciis iseTi formebi, romlebic ZiriTadad Sedgeba

26

63

sazogadoeba rogorc moraluri Zala?

Tanamedrove sociologia ZiriTadad exeboda wesrigis problemas im sazogadoebebSi, sadac individualizmi, Temis dakargva, avtoritetis decentralizacia da sekularizacia safrTxes uqmnida garkveuli sazogadoebebis
arsebobis gagrZlebas. zigmund baumanis mixedviT:
wesrigis cneba, rogorc movlenebis regularuli Tanmimdevrobisa, rogorc
kargad SeTanxmebuli nawilebis harmoniuli erTobliobisa, rogorc situaciisa,
sadac sagnebi rCebian iseTebad, ra molodinic aris maTgan ar dabadebula
Tanamedrove periodis CasaxvasTan erTad.
Tumca, gamorCeulad Tanamedrove fiqrs warmodgens wesrigis Sesaxeb fiqri,
gancda rom raime swrafad unda moimoqmedon, SiSi imisa Sesabamis zomebs Tu ar
miiReben, maSin wesrigi qaosad gadaiqceva... iseTi STabeWdileba iqmneba, rom
Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi mxolod adamianuri urTierTobebis frTxili
menejmenti yofs wesrigs qaosisgan (sociologiurad fiqri).
sakiTxisadmi aseTi damokidebuleba vlindeba durkhemis naazrevSic.
naSromSi, Sromis ganawileba, durkhemi wers specializaciis (Sromis ganawilebis)
moralur Sedegebze. durkhemisTvis specializaciis fenomeni ar izRudeba
ekonomikuri cxovrebiT (igi amiT upirispirdeba marqsizms). misTvis
specializacia ekonomikur konteqsts scildeba da socialuri cxovrebis sxva
sferoebisTvisac aqtualuri xdeba. adgili aqvs samuSaos saxlisgan gamijvnas:
politika, ganaTleba iqceva specializirebul sferoebad. mecnierebac
specializirebul mimarTulebebad iyofa. am farTo fragmentaciam, Sromis
socialurma dayofam Secvala individis damokidebuleba moraluri wesrigis
mimarT. amitomac durkhemi sazogadoebas moralur Zalad miiCnevs:
sazogadoeba warmoadgens moraluri samyaros arsebobis pirobas.
sazogadoeba individebis ubralo Tavmoyra ki ar aris, romlebsac sazogadoebaSi
gawevrianebis dros Tavisi Sinagani moraluroba SeaqvT sazogadoebaSi; aramed
adamiani warmoadgens moralur arsebas mxolod imitom rom is cxovrobs
sazogadoebaSi, ramdenadac moraluroba dakavSirebulia jgufTan solidarobis
gancdasTan da icvleba arsebuli solidarobidan gamomdinare. socialuri
cxovrebis gaqrobasTan erTad moraluri cxovrebac gaqreboda, ramdenadac mas
aRar eqneboda mizani" (Sromis ganawileba; rCeuli nawerebidan).
baumani Tvlis, rom Tanamedrove xedva imisa, rom TiTqos sazogadoebam unda
gaxados individi "civilizebuli" mcdaria. aseTi xedva efuZneba durkheimis mier
individTan mimarTebaSi sazogadoebis rogorc moraluri da SemzRudveli Zalis
moazrebas. sociologia da socialuri mecnierebebi wamoadgenen am rwmenis
inteleqtualur gamoxatulebas da amitom saWiroa maTi gadafaseba postmodernistuli sazogadoebis farglebSi, sadac individs eniWeba prioriteti
sazogadoebasTan SedarebiT.
sociologiam unda Seicvalos damamkvidreblis roli sazogadoebasa da
sazogadoebriv eTikasTan mimarTebaSi da gaxdes interpretaciuli gansxvavebuli
individualuri perspeqtivebis gaTvaliswinebiT. ufro meti yuradReba unda
daeTmos piradi moralurobis Seswavlasac. aqedan gamomdinare, postmodernistuli sociologiis mTavari amocanaa politikasa da kulturaSi waaxalisos da
SeinarCunos pluralizmi. baumanis normatiuli argumenti efuZneba sazogadoebriv eTikasa da indivudualur moralurobas Soris gansxvavebas. is Tvlis,
rom Tanamedrove sociologiis gadmosaxedidan garkveuli undobloba arsebobs
individis mimarT (da individualuri moralurobis mimarT) rac aseve
ukavSirdeba sazogadoebrivi eTikis legitimurobas rogorc imis SesaZlebobas,
rom moagvaros (racios saSualebiT) Tu rogor unda wavmarToT kargad Cveni
cxovrebebi. baumani cdilobs socialuri Teoriis mimarT gansxvavebuli
midgomis damkvidrebas (da ufro farTod sazogadoebis "marTvisa" da socialuri
urTierTobebis mimarTac) romelic axdens moralurobis re-personalizacias,
rac damokidebulia intuiciasa da emociaze da ara mxolod racioze (baumani
amjobinebs "interpretaciuli racios" cnebas am konteqstSi cneba, romelic
man dilTaisgan aiRo). baumani ganaviTarebs Tanamedrove socialuri Teoriis
iseTi sakiTxebis mimarT ufro intuitur da garegnulad moralistur midgomas,
62

reprezentaciis principebs. aqedan gamomdinare, fotografiac reprezentaciuli

sistemaa, romelic iRebs gamosaxulebas sinaTleze mgrZnobiare qaRaldze
dasxivebis saSualebiT, rom warmoadginos fotografiuli mniSvneloba
konkretul adamianis, movlenisa Tu scenis Sesaxeb. gamofena muzeumSi an
galereaSi SeiZleba aRiqmebodes rogorc ena, ramdenadac is iyenebs gamofenil
sagnebs imisaTvis, rom Seqmnas garkveuli mniSvnelobebi gamofenis Tematikis
irgvliv. aseve rodesac fexburTis matCze saxe daxatulebi, sloganebiTa da
transfarantebiT midian, esec garkveuli enaa, anu simboluri praqtika, romelic
aZlevs mniSvnelobas an gamoxatulebas rom es pirebi miekuTvnebian nacionalur
kulturas, an kidev identificirdebian TavianT qalaqTan Tu regionTan.
reprezentacia aq mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli rogorc identobasTan, aseve
codnasTanac. rTulia icode Tu ras niSnavs iyo ingliseli an frangi, an
qarTveli Tu ar daveyrdnobiT am aRmniSvnel sistemebs, romelTa saSualebiTac
xdeba Cvens garSemo arsebuli samyaros moazreba, da romelsac Cven kulturas
vuwodebT.
kulturisa da enis saSualebiT
mniSvnelobis warmoeba da cirkulacia
ena gvTavazobs erT zogad models Tu rogor muSaobs kultura da
reprezentacia, gansakuTrebiT ki semiotikis sferoSi. semiotikas uwodeben
niSnebis mecnierebas. es niSnebi warmoadgenen mniSvnelobis matareblebs
kulturaSi. mniSvnelobiT dainteresebam gamoiwvia is, rom diskursis roli
kulturaSi gaxda msjelobebis sagani. diskursi warmoadgens raRac konkretuli
praqtikis sagnis garSemo codnis konstruirebas an am saganze msjelobis gzebs :
kompleqsi (erToblioba) ideebis, gamosaxulebebis, da praqtikis, romelic
dakavSirebulia garkveul TemasTan, socialur aqtivobasTan an instituticiasTan sazogadoebaSi. es diskursiuli Camoyalibebuli erTobliobebi,
gansazRvraven ra aris da ra ar aris misaRebi ama Tu im konkretuli sagnis Tu
socialuri aqtivobis Sesaxeb msjelobisas, ra codna aris aucilebeli da
aqtualuri im mocemul konteqstSi da ra tipis individebi atareben am
maxasiaTeblebs.
arsebobs bevri msgavseba, magram, amave dros, gansxvavebebi semiotursa da
diskursiul midgomebs Soris. erTi mniSvnelovani sxvaoba mdgomareobs imaSi,
rom semioturi midgoma exeba Tu rogor xdeba warmodgena, Tu rogor qmnis ena
mniSvnelobas, romelsac ewodeba poetika, maSin rodesac diskursiuli midgoma
ufro Seexeba reprezentaciis Sedegebsa da efeqtebs mis politikas. is ikvlevs
ara mxolod rogor qmnian ena da reprezentacia mniSvnelobas, aramed codnas,
romelsac warmoqmnis konkretuli diskursi da romelic ukavSirdeba
Zalauflebas, aregulirebs qcevas, Seadgens an akonstruirebs identobebs da
subieqtebs da gansazRvravs, Tu rogor unda moizrebodnen da gamoixatebodnen
mocemuli sagnebi. fokusi diskursiul midgomaSi yovelTvis konkretuli formis
istoriul specifiurobazea an kidev gamoxatvis meqanizmze: ara enaze rogorc
aseTze, aramed konkretul enebze an mniSvnelobebze da Tu rogor xdeba maTi
gamoyeneba mocemul dros da mocemul adgilas.
Cven ar gagvaCnia pirdapiri, martivi, racionaluri an pragmatuli
damokidebuleba mniSvnelobebis mimarT. isini axdenen Zlieri rogorc pozitiuri
aseve negatiuri grZnobebisa da emociebis mobilizirebas. maT xSirad
urTierTsawinaaRmdego xasiaTi aqvT da xSirad Cvens identobebsac kiTxvis niSnis
qveS ayeneben. Cven gviwevs maT dasacavad, an maT winaaRmdeg brZola, radgan isini
mniSvneladia da maT seriozuli Sedegebi mohyveba. isini gansazRvraven, Tu ra
aris normaluri, vin miukuTvneba mocemul socialur erTobliobas da vin ara.
isini mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli Zalauflebis urTierTobebTan, imdenad,
ramdenadac Cveni cxovrebebze did zegavlenas axdens is faqti, Tu rogor xdeba
Semdegi cnebebis gansazRvra da xmareba kaci/qali, Savkaniani/TeTrkaniani,
mdidari/Raribi, homoseqsuali/heteroseqsuali, axalgazrda/moxuci, moqalaqe/ucxo. mniSvnelobebis organizeba xSirad binarulia anerTmaneTs upiris27

pirdeba. Tumca es binaruli xedva xSirad eWvis qveS dgeba, imdenad ramdenadac
reprezentaciebi erTmaneTTan urTierTqmedeben, erTmaneTs cvlian. rac ufro
Rrmad Sedixar reprezentaciis kvlevis procesSi, miT ufro kompleqsuri xdeba
isda ufro rTulia aRsawerad.
reprezentacia da mniSvneloba
qvemoT ganvixilavT, Tu rogor akavSirebs reprezentaciis cneba
mniSvnelobasa da enas. yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT sam sxvadasxva midgomaze Tu
Teoriaze am sakiTxis Sesaxeb: refleqsurs, intencionalurs da konstruqtivistuls. ena ubralod asaxavs im mniSvnelobas, romelic ukve arsebobs
sganebis, adamianebisa da movlenebis samyaroSi (refleqsuri); ena gamoxatavs
mxolod molaparakis an mwerlis, an mxatvris saTqmels, maT mier Cadebul
mniSvnelobas (intencionaluri); mniSvneloba iqmneba enis saSualebiT
(konstruqtivistuli).
jer daviwyebT reprezentaciis cnebis ganxilviT: ras niSnavs sityva
reprezentacia. ras moicavs reprezentaciis procesebi da rogor muSaobs
reprezentacia.
reprezentacia aris mniSvnelobis warmoeba enis saSualebiT. oqsfordis
inglisuri enis leqsikonSi am sityvas CvenTvis ori aqtualuri mniSvneloba aqvs:
1. raRacas rom warmoadgen, niSnavs rom mas aRwer an gamosaxav, gonebaSi
moixmob aRweris, warmosaxvis ZaliT, amsgavseb gonebiT an grZnobiT raRacas, mag.,
winadadeba - es suraTi warmoadgens abelis mier kainis mkvlelobas;
2. reprezentacia aseve niSnavs, rom xdeba raRacis simbolizacia, raRaca
meore sagans warmoadgens an cvlis. mag., qristianobaSi jvari warmoadgens
qristes tanjvasa da jvarcmas.
figurebi naxatze kainis da abelis istoriias gamosaxaven, iseve rogorc
jvari Sedgeba ori xis joxisgan, romlebic erTmaneTzea miWedebuli;
qristianuli rwmenis konteqstSi ki jvari ufro bevri niSvnelobis matarebeli
simboloa da es aris is cneba, romelic Cven SegviZlia aRvweroT sityvebiTa da
gamosaxulebebiT.
sityva niSnavs an warmoadgens raRac cnebas da isSeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes
rogorc referenti an kidev aRmniSvneli "namdvili an warmosaxviTi obieqtis.
mag., Cven SegviZlia voperirebdeT mxolod Wiqis cnebiT. rogorc lingvistebi
amboben, ZaRlebi yefen, magram Tavad cneba "ZaRli" arc yefs da arc ikbineba. Cven
ar SegviZlia visaubroT WiqiT, aramed am sagans vaniWebT garkveul sityvas Wiqa
romelic warmoadgens lingvistur niSans, romelsac qarTulSi viyenebT im
sagnebis mimarT saidanac SegviZlia davlioT wyali. swored aq Semodis
reprezentaciis cneba, rac rogorc ukve zemoT aRiniSna warmoadgens cnebebis
mniSvnelobebis warmoebas Cvens gonebaSi enis saSualebiT. is aris kavSiri
cnebebsa da enas Soris, romelic saSualebas gvaZlevs visaubroT sagnebis,
adamianebis, movlenebis "namdvil" samyaroze.
aq gvaqvs ori procesi, reprezentaciis ori sistema. pirvel rigSi arsebobs
sistema, romlis saSualebiTac sagnebis, adamianebisa da movlenebis dakavSireba
xdeba cnebebis garkveuli kompleqtiT an kidev mentaluri reprezentaciebiT,
romlebic arsebobs Cvens TavebSi. maT gareSe Cven ver movaxdendiT samyaros
azrian interpretacias. pirvel rigSi, mniSvneloba efuZneba cnebebisa da
gamosaxulebebis sistemas romelic formirdeba Cvens azrebSi, romlebic
aRniSnaven an warmosaxvven samyaros.
es TavisTavad Zalian kompleqsuri procesis martivi axsnaa. martivia imis
danaxva, Tu rogor vayalibebT cnebebs im sagnebisTvis, romelsac vxedavT
xalxi, materialuri sagnebi, mag. skamebi, magidebi. magram Cven aseve vayalibebT
cnebebs ufro bundovani da abstraqtuli sagnebisTvis, romlebsac ver vxedavT,
ver SevigrZnobT da ver vexebiT. mag., sikvdilis, megobrobisa Tu rwmenis cnebebi.,
romlebic arasdros gvinaxavs da verc vnaxavT. Cven amas vuwodeT reprezentaciis
sistemas, radganac is Sedgeba ara individualuri cnebebisgan, aramed cnebebis
organizebis, Tavmoyris, klasifikaciis sxvadasxva gzebisgan da amyarebs maT
28

qalaqis ganviTareba gamoiwvevda "sazogadoebis dakargvas" da Sedegad

sazogadoeba gaxdeboda arastabiluri.
gidensis mixedviT, unda ganvasxvavoT tradiciuli da Tanamedrove qalaqebi a)
urbanul/soflur urTierTobasTan mimarTebaSi (am mimarTebis Tanamedrove
versia ufro farToa) da b) Zalauflebis koncentracia (tradiciuli qalaqisaxelmwifoebis Zalaufleba gadaeca Tanamedrove erovnul saxelmwifoebs)
sityva "qalaqi gamoiyeneba farTo mniSvnelobiT, romelic exeba rogorc
urbanul dasaxlebebs tradiciul saozogadoebebSi, aseve im adgilebs sadac
kapitalistur-industriuli wesrigia Camoyalibebuli. qalaqis aseTi farTo
mniSvnelobiT gamoyeneba xSirad damabnevelia, ramdenadac Tanamedrove
industria, romelsac mohyveba urbanizmis gavrceleba ar aris erT adgilze
mibmuli. tradiciuli qalaqi ki warmoadgens klasobriv sazogadoebebSi
dixciplinaruli Zalauflebis ganxorcielebis mTavar adgils, romelic sofels
emijneba rogorc simbolurad, aseve xSir SemTxvevaSi fizikuradac galavnis
saSualebiT" (sazogadoebis konstitucia, gidensi).
zimelis mixedviT, qalaqi saSualebas gvaZlevs fokusi movaxdinoT
gacvlaze/urTierTgacvlaze (marqsisgan gansxvavebiT, romelic ZiriTad
yuradRebas warmoebas uTmobda), rogorc Tanamedrove socialuri cxovrebis
ZiriTad maxasiaTebelze. zimeli Tvlis, rom qalaqebi moicaven socialuri
asociaciis mdidar formebs, Tumca mas ambivalenturi damokidebuleba aqvs im
rezultatis mimarT, rac moaqvs individisTvis qalaqur cxovrebas Tanamedrove
sazogadoebaSi:
metropolisi pirovnuli arsebobis yvelaze individualuri formebis Seqmnis
saSualebas iZleva imisda miuxedavad - rogoria Seqmnili forma - koreqtuli
Tu warmatebuli. Tanamedrove kulturis ganviTareba xasiaTdeba obieqturi
sulis dominaciiT subieqtur sulze; enaSi, kanonSi, warmoebis teqnikaSi, iseve
rogorc xelovnebasa da mecnierebaSi, yofiT sagnebSi, Cadebulia iseTi saxis
suli, romlis yoveldRiur ganviTarebas arasrulyofilad mihyveba da CamorCeba
individis inteleqtualuri ganviTareba" (individualobasa da socialuri
formebis Sesaxeb, zimeli).
erovnuli saxelmwifo
erovnuli saxelmwifos fenomeni Zalian mniSvnelovania Tanamedrove
sazogadoebisa da Tanamedrove sociologiisTvis. klasikosi Teoretikosebidan,
veberi Tanamedrove saxelmwifos ganviTarebas Tanamedrove industriuli
kapitalizmis ganviTarebis yvelaze mniSvnelovan winapirobad miiCnevs. es
Sexeduleba rTuli da mraval plastiania, Tumca saxelmwifos biurokratizacia
magaliTad saxelmwifos sabuRaltro da finansuri sistemebi ganmsazRvrel
rols TamaSoben. es argumentebi veberis mier racionalizaciis moazrebis farTo
konteqstSi unda davinaxoT.
racionalizaciis mTeli procesi rogorc qarxanaSi, aseve nebismier sxva
adgilas, gansakuTrebiT ki saxelmwifo biurokratiul aparatSi mesakuTris
xelSi materialuri elementebis Tavmoyris paralelurad mimdinareobs.
disciplina dominirebs iseT farTo sferoebSi, rogoric aris politikuri da
ekonomikuri moTxovnebis dakmayofileba rac ufro da ufro metad
racionalizebuli xdeba. es universaluri fenomeni qarizmis mniSvnelobas da
individualurad gansxvavebul qcevas zRudavs (ekonomika da sazogadoeba)
gidensi wers, rom Tanamedrove erovnuli saxelmwifos ganviTarebaSi
mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula omis industrializaciam:
omis industrializacia Tan sdevda erovnuli saxelmwifos Casaxvas da
erovnuli saxelmwifos sistemas garkveuli forma misca. Sedegad Seiqmna
msoflio samxedro wesrigi, romelic kveTs pirvel, meore da mesame qveynebs
Soris gansxvavebulobebs (erovnuli saxelmwifo da Zaladoba).

61

manqana

urbanizacias mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs Tanamedrove sazogadoebis

warmoSobisa da ganviTarebis procesSi. klasikos-Teoretikosebs Soris,
urbanizaciis obieqturi Sedegebi gamoikvlies durkhaimma da veberma. zimelis
naSromi ki qalaqis dinamikas subieqturi gamocdilebidan ganixilavs. aq
ganxilulia gaucxoebisa da socialuri cxovrebis impersonalizaciis sakiTxebi,
romlebic aqtualuri gaxda industrializaciasTan erTad, urbanizaciuli
procesebis dros.
miuxedavad imisa, rom qalaqi ar iyo axali socialuri organizmi, arsebobda
farTod aRiarebuli Sexeduleba, rom qalaqebi mxolod droebiT saWiroebas
warmoadgenden da maT ar eqnebodaT mudmivi xasiaTi. lis da niubais mixedviT,
amis dasabuTeblad, magaliTebis moyvana SeiZleba klasikuri da bibliuri
literaturidan, sadac moTxrobilia qalaqi saxelmwifoebis aRzevebisa da
dacemis, civilizaciebis Tanamdevi gadagvarebis Sesaxeb.
iTvleboda, rom qalaqma moitana pirovnuli urTierTobebisa da socialuri
kontrolis formebis rRveva, romlebic klasebs Soris urTierTobas axasiaTebda
provinciaSi. me -19 saukunis warmomadgenel mesakuTre klasebs eSinodaT, rom

Soris kompleqsur urTierTobebs. mag., Cven viyenebT msgavsebisa da

gansxvavebulobis principebs, imisaTvis rom davamyaroT kavSiri cnebebs Soris an
gavarCioT isini erTmaneTisgan. mag., me mgonia, rom garkveulwilad Citebi hgvanan
TviTmrfrinavebs caSi, im faqtze dayrdnobiT, rom oriveni dafrinaven. Tumca
amave dros isini gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisgan, imitom rom pirveli bunebas
ekuTvnis, meore ki, adamianis xeliT aris gakeTebuli. swored cnebebs Soris
amgvari kavSirebis safuZvelze Cven vayalibebT fiqrebs. mocemul magaliTSi
pirveli daskvna emyareba frena/ar frenas Soris ganxvavebas, xolo meore exeba
bunebrivsa da xelovnurs Soris gansxvavebas.
arsebobs gansxvavebuli saxis organizaciis principi, romelic mag.,
Tanmimdevrobazea agebuli saqme gvaqvs imasTan, Tu romeli cneba romels
mohyveba, an kidev kauzalobasTan, ra iwvevs ras. aq saubaria ara SemTxveviT
Tavmoyril cnebebze, aramed cnebebze, romlebic klasificirebulia erTmenTTan
mimarTebaSi.
mniSvneloba emyareba samyaroSi sagnebsa da cnebobriv sistemas Soris
urTierTobas, romlebic warmoadgenen maT mentalur repezentacias. magram,
amave dros, Cven erTmaneTTan vamyarebT komunikacias imitom rom viziarebT erTi
da imave konceptualur rukebs da met- naklebad msgavsad vaxdenT samyaros
interpretacias. Tumca gaziarebuli cnebobrivi ruka ar aris sakmarisi. Cven
aseve unda gvakavSirebdes saerTo ena. ena warmoadgens reprezentaciis meore
sistemas. Cveni cnebebi da ideebi SesabamisobaSi rom movidnen konkretul
daweril sityvebTan, warmoTqmul bgerebTan an vizualur gamosaxulebasTan
amisaTvis mivmarTavT niSnebs.
niSnebi organizebulia enebad da swored saerTo enebis arsebobis saSualebiT
vaxdenT Cveni azebis, cnebebis Targmans sityvebad, gamosaxulebebad daa.S. rom
SevajamoT, mniSvnelobis procesis SaugulSi, kulturaSi arsebobs ori
erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli reprezentaciuli sistema. pirveli saSualebas
gvaZlevs mniSvneloba mivaniWoT samyaros sagnebs Cveni cnebobriv rukebs Soris
Sesabamisobis, igiveobriobis damyarebis gziT. meore ki, efuZneba Cvens cnebobriv
rukebsa da niSnebs Soris Sesabamisobis damyarebas.
vizualuri niSnebi da gamosaxulebebi msgavsia im sagnebisa, romlebsac isini
warmosaxaven; Tumca es niSnebi mainc niSnebad rCebian isini garkveuli
mniSvnelobis matareblebi arian da eqvemdebarebian interpretacias. imisaTvis,
rom movaxdinoT maTi interpretacia, Cven unda gvqondes zemoT ganxiluli
reprezentaciis or sistemas Soris kavSiri.
magaliTad, rom warmovidginoT "cxvris" abstraqtuli naxati, mocemuli
abstraqtuli naxatis wasakiTxavad Cven unda vflobdeT rTul cnebobriv da
gaziarebul lingvistur sistemas. rodesac niSansa da mis referents anu
aRsaniSns Soris kavSiri bundovania, maSin mniSvneloba eWvis qveS dgeba da
gaurkvevloba isadgurebs, ar xdeba mniSvnelobis komunikacia calsaxad da
naTlad. vizualur niSnebs xatebi (imiji) ewodeba. xati formiT msgavsia im
obieqtisa, romlis asaxvasac is cdilobs. werilobiTi da verbaluri niSnebi ki
warmoadgenen "indeqsur" niSnebs.
indeqsuri niSnebi aranair urTierTobaSi ar imyofebian im sagnebTan
romlebzec isini msjeloben. magaliTad, asoebi s a x l i, ar hgavs Cvens garSemo
arsebul saxlebs da arc bgerebis saSualebiT warmoTqmuli "saxli " aris msgavsi
im obieqtisa, romelsac Cven vuyurebT.
urTierTdamokidebuleba reprezentaciis am sistemebSi niSans, cnebasa da im
obieqts Soris, romlis aRsaniSnavadac isini gamoiyenebian aris TviTneburi.
"TviTneburSi" Cven vgulisxmobT, rom sxva nebismieri asoebis an bgerebis
Tavmoyras SeiZleba imave warmatebiT gamoexata is sagani Tu obieqti, romelsac
Cven vuwodebT saxls. mag., ingliselebi da qarTvelebi imave cnebas iyeneben,
magram es cneba inglisurSi gamoixateba sityviT house" qarTulSi, ki "saxliT
maSasadame, mniSvnelobis konstruireba xdeba reprezentaciis sistemebis
saSualebiT. es konstruireba da Semdeg fiqsireba xdeba kodis saSualebiT,
romelic amyarebs kavSirs Cvens cnebobriv sistemasa da Cvens enobriv sistemas
Soris, ise rom yovel jerze, rodesac Cven vfiqrobT saxlze kodi gveubneba, rom
unda gamoviyenoT qarTuli sityva saxli, Tu ki inglisur enovan qveyanaSi

60

29

Tanamedrove socialuri Teoretikosebis umravlesobisTvis, Tanamedrove

sazogadoebis materialur an ekonomikur fesvebs Zalian didi mniSvneloba aqvT.
es ara mxolod marqsistuli midgomaa, aramed igive azrs iziarebs veberi
(romelic wers did da kompleqsur bazrebze) da durkheimi (romelic ganixilavda
Sromis ganawilebis kompleqsur struqturas). Tanamedrove sazogadoebis
dabadebaSi gadamwyveti roli iTamaSa industriulma revoluciam. sociologiurad moxda ori yvelaze fundamenturi cvlileba:
1) xeliT warmoeba Secvala manqanurma warmoebam; 2) ojaxi qarxanam, rogorc
warmoebis erTeulma.
ZiriTad cnebas aq warmoadgens Sromis rTuli ganawileba (diferenciaciis
forma), razec werdnen adam smiti da Semdeg durkheimi. Tumca,
gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom industriuli revolucia ar warmoadgenda movlenas,
aramed araTanabar process (iseT sazogadoebaSi, rogoric iyo britaneTi, aseve
safrangeTisa da germaniis gansxvavebul sazogadoebebSi).
gidensis mixedviT, mxolod me-19 saukunis Suidan SeiZleba ewodos britanul
sazogadoebas "industriuli sazogadoeba". situacia safrangeTsa da germaniaSi
gansxvavdeboda. garkveul sferoebSi, magaliTad kulturul miRwevebSi,
gansakuTrebiT literaturaSi, xelovnebasa da filosofiaSi orive qveyana win
uswrebda britaneTs. magram me-18 saukunis Suidan safrangeTi da germania
britaneTs CamorCebodnen ekonomikur ganviTarebaSi da mxolod saukunis
dagvianebiT daewivnen britaneTs.
sakamaToa industrializaciis SefardebiTi mniSvneloba kapitalizmis
ganviTarebasTan dakavSirebiT Tanamedrove sazogadoebis dabadebaSi (kamaTi
damokidebuli iqneba ramdenad viwrod an farTod movaxdenT TiToeuli cnebis
gansazRvrebas, magaliTad, veberis mier kapitalizmis gansazRvreba ufro
farToa vidre marqsis).
li da niubais mixedviT, industriuli revolucia Tavisi xasiaTiT kapitalisturi iyo, miuxedavad imisa rom industrializmi da kapitalizmi SeiZleba
moviazroT rogorc calke cnebebi. kapitalizmis gavrcelebas industriaSi
iseTive efeqti hqonda socialur urTierTobebze, rac industrializacias
manamde provinciaSi.
urTierToba industriis damqiraveblebsa da daqiravebulebs Soris
ZiriTadad efuZneboda fuls jamagirs jamagiris arapersonalur xasiaTs;
aseve xdeboda mokle vadiani interesebis konfliqti jamagirsa da mogebas Soris
am faqtorebs Tavisuflad SeeZloT gamoewviaT socialuri da politikuri
vnebaTaRelva, rac Tan axlda industriul revolucias.
qalaqi

vimyofebiT, maSin es iqneba sityva house . aseve, amis sapirispirod kodi

gveubneba, Tu romel cnebazea saubari rodesac Cven gvesmis an vkiTxulobT
garkveul niSnebs. kodebi saSualebas gvaZleven vTargmnoT Cveni cnebebi
garkveul enaze, rac Tavis mxriv, mniSvnelobis gadacemis meqanizmia molaparakis
mxridan adresatisTvis. es mTargmnelobiTi meqanizmi ar aris mocemuli arc
bunebrivad da arc RmerTis mier, aramed warmoadgens socialuri konvenciebis
rezultats da fiqsirebulia socialurad kulturaSi.
ingliseli, frangi, Tu qarTveli mosaubreni raRac drois ganmavlobaSi
mividnen SeTanxmebamde rom TavianT erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebul enebSi,
garkveuli niSnebi aRniSnaven garkveul cnebebs. swored amas swavloben bavSvebi
da isini gardaiqmnebian ara mxolod biologiur individebad, aramed kulturuli
subieqtebad. amitom, rodesac mivekuTvnebiT garkveul kulturas da Sesabamisad
vflobT konkretul enobriv da cnebobriv sistemas, samyaros vxedavT garkveuli
perspeqtividan.
enis pirveli anTropologebi, werdnen rom Caketilebi varT garkveul
kulturul "mentalitetSi" da ena aris saukeTeso gasaRebi Cveni cnebobrivi
samyaros amosacnobad. sainteresoa, Tu ramdenad aris Cveni gamocdileba
limitirebuli Cveni lingvisturi da cnebobrivi samyaros mier?
Tu mniSvneloba warmoadgens rezultats imisa, rac ar aris mudmivad myari
bunebaSi, aramed Cveni socialuri, kulturuli da lingvisturi konvenciebis
Sedegia, maSin mniSvnelobis sabolood fiqsireba SeuZlebelia. Cven yvelani
"vTanxmdebiT" rom garkveul sityvebs magaliTad axalgazrdebisTvis SeiZleba
hqondeT gansxvavebuli mniSvneloba. Tumca, aucilebelia, rom moxdes
mniSvnelobis fiqsireba, raTa erTmaneTis gvesmodes. sicialuri da lingvisturi
konvenciebi icvleba droTa ganmavlobaSi. sityvebi cvdeba da axali frazebi
ibadeba. zogierT kulturas ar moepoveba ama Tu im cnebis aRmniSvneli sityva,
rac, magaliTad, Cvens kulturaSi SeiZleba farTod ixmarebodes.
axla, ganvixiloT mniSvnelobis reprezentacisadmi sami midgoma.
refleqsuri midgomis mixedviT, mniSvneloba devs saganSi, adamianSi,
movlenaSi romlebic arsebobs "realur samyaroSi", xolo ena funqcionirebs
rogorc sarke, romlic asaxavs im namdvil mniSvnelobas, romelic ukve arsebobs
samyaroSi. Cv. w.-mde meoTxe saukuneSi berZnebma mimarTes mimezisis cnebas, raTa
aexsnaT, Tu rogor asaxavda an bunebis imitirebas axdenda ena da naxati. isini
magaliTad miiCnevdnen, rom homerosis iliada axdenda heroikuli movlenebis
imitacias. Teorias, romelic ambobs rom ena ubralod axdens WeSmaritebis
imitacias, romelic arsebobs fiqsirebuli saxiT gare samyaroSi, ewodeba
mimeturi.
WeSmaritebis garkveuli marcvali arsebobs reprezentaciisa da enis mimetur
TeoriebSi. mag., vizualuri niSnebi garkveulwilad asaxaven im obieqtebis
formasa da faqturas, romelebsac gamoxataven. Tumca, vardis organzomilebiani
vizualuri gamosaxuleba warmoadgens mxolod niSans, da is ar unda agverios
eklian mcenaresTan, romelsac specifikuri suni aqvs.
intencionaluri midgomis mixedviT, mosaubre, avtori axdens Tavisi
mnSvnelobis, azris komunikacias enis saSualebiT. sityvebi aRniSnaven imas, ra
mniSvnelobasac avtori debs maTSi. es midgoma naklovania, ramdenadac Cven ar
varT enaSi arsebuli mniSvnelobebis erTaderTi da unikaluri wyaro. ena,
rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, efuZneba gaziarebul lingvistur konvenciebsa da
kodebs.
mesame midgoma konstruqtivistuli - aRiarebs enis sazogadoebriv,
socialur xasiaTs. am midgomis mixedviT, TviTon sagnebi arafers aRniSnaven: Cven
vaxdenT mniSvnelobis konstruirebas reprezentaciuli sistemebis cnebebisa
da niSnebis saSualebiT. aq ar unda movaxdinoT materialuri samyaros aRreva
simbolur praqtikasa da procesebTan. konstruqtivistebi ar uaryofen
materialur samyaros. ubralod ara materialuri samyaros atarebs mniSvnelobas, aramed enobrivi sistema. socialuri subieqtebi iyeneven TavianTi
kulturis cnebobriv sistemebs imisaTvis, rom samyaro garkveuli mniSvnelobis
matarebeli gaxdes da sxvebisTvisac gasagebi iyos Cveni fiqrebi da azrebi.
socialuri konstruqtivizmis Teoriis damfuZneblad iTvleba ferdinand
30

Tanamedrove socialuri Teoria, 1971, gidensi)

zigmund baumani ki Tvlis, rom, ...im adreul xanaSi (romelsac xSirad preTanamedroves uwodeben) socialuri gansxvebulobebisa da dayofebis
SenarCunebas hqonda TavisTavadi saxe, arsebuli socialuri struqtura drois
gareT moiazreboda rogorc ucvleli da adamianis Carevisgan Tavisufali.
socialuri elementebi ganixilebodnen rogorc "RvTaebrivi kosmosis Semadgeneli nawilebi, sadac yvelafers da yvelas sul mudam Tavisi winaswar
gansazRvruli adgili eqneboda. daaxloebiT me-16 saukunis bolos, dasavleTi
evropis garkveul nawilebSi samyaros es harmoniuli da monoliTuri suraTi
iwyebs rRvevas... nel-nela naTeli xdeba rom socialuri wesrigi adamianur
produqts warmoadgens da imdenad, ramdenadac is adamianuri produqtia,
SeiZleba misi an gaumjobeseba an gauareseba. rogoric ar unda iyos, sociums
TviTneburi da xelovnuri xasiaTi eniWeba; adamianuri wesrigi xelovnebis,
codnisa da teqnologiis sagani xdeba.
1789 wels ganxorcielebuli safrangeTis revoluciis mniSvnelobaze
saubrisas, entoni gidensi Tvlis, rom revoluciam erTmaneTs daupirispira
privilegirebuli, aristokratuli wesrigi da axali sazogadoebis xedva,
romelSic ganxorcieldeboda samarTlianobisa da Tavisuflebis zogadi principebi. adamianebis uflebebis deklaracia (1789), acxadebda, rom "adamianis
uflebebis ucodinaroba, upativcemuloba da siZulvili warmoadgens sazogadoebrivi ubedurebis erTaderT mizezs". amrigad, safrangeTis revoluciam
gaafarTova 16-17 saukuneebis sekularuli racionalizmi da is adamianuri
sazogadoebis sferod aqcia. (kapitalizmi da Tanamedrove socialuri Teoria,
gidensi, 1971)
li da niubais mixedviT, safrangeTis da amerikis revoluciebma garkveul
sakiTxTa kristalizeba moaxdines, ramac ganapiroba "Tanamedrove sazogadoebis"
warmoSoba da ganviTareba. es sakiTxebi/dapirispirebebi Semdegia:
tradicia/racio;
religia/saxelmwifo;
sakuTrebis xasiaTi (e.i. sakuTrebis Tavisuflad gamoyenebis ufleba);
socialur klasebs Soris urTierTobebi (samarTlebrivi kontraqti);
Tanasworuflebianoba.
Tumca, marqsi safrangeTis revoluciaze werda, rom Tu revolucia, romelic
ansaxierebs yvela istoriul "qmedebas" warmoadgenda marcxs, es marcxi
ganpirobebuli iyo imiT, rom revolucia ar gascda gansazRvruli masis
saxovrebeli pirobebis gaumjobesebis farglebs, ar iyo yovlis momcveli.
revoluciam ver gamoiwvia masis "enTuziazmi" da "interesi", ramdenadac masebis
mravalricxovani nawili, romelic Zalian gansxvavdeba burJuaziisgan ver
xedavda Tavis namdvil interess revoluciis principebSi da ar gaaCnda Tavisi
revoluciuri principi, aramed mxolod "idea" da, aqedan gamomdinare, mxolod
droebiTi enTuziazmi da egzaltacia" (istoriis meterialisturi koncefcia,
maklelanis redaqtorobiT)
robert nisbeti marqsiseul safrangeTis revoluciis interpretacias
afarToebs da ganmartavs, Tu ratom iyo safrangeTis revolucia mniSvnelovani
ara mxolod Tanamedrove sazogadoebis dabadebisTvis, aramed Tanamedrove
socialuri azrisTvisac:
dasavleT evropis mravalricxovani inteleqtualebis azriT, miuxedavad
maTi radikaluri, liberaluri Tu konservatiuli ganwyobebisa, revolucias
safrangeTSi epoqaluri xasiaTi hqonda, ramac kvali daamCnia mTel dasavleT
evropas. arcerT Tanamedrove movlenas, garda SeiZleba bolSevikuri
revoluciisa ruseTSi, ar hqonda ufro didi da grZelvadiani gavlena
filosofiur, literaturul, politikur, socialur Tu ekonomikur ideebze,
vidre safrangeTis revolucias.

59

Tanamedrove sazogadoeba: istoriuli konteqsti

li da niubais mixedviT, "ganmanaTleblobis ideali" da misi mniSvneloba

mdgomareobs racionalurad moazrebul adamianur istoriaSi, rodesac
SesaZlebeli xdeba politikuri sazogadoebis gaumjobeseba. TviTon socialuri
mecnierebis idea am Sexedulebis gagrZelebas warmoadgenda; sociologiis
zogierTi damfuZneblis naSromebi swored imis mcdelobas warmoadgens, rom
ganmanaTleblobis ideali daecvaT araracionaluris Semotevisgan.
lord aqtoni kidev ufro pompezurad da saxasiaTod aRwers "axali saukunis"
dadgomas: im istoriul periodSi, kolumbma Secvala Sexedulebebi samyaros
Sesaxeb da moaxdina warmoebis pirobebis, simdidrisa da Zalauflebis radikaluri gardaqmna; makiavelma xelisufleba gaaTavisufla kanonis SezRudvebisgan;
erazm roterdamelma Zveli yaidis swavleba gadaiyvana profanulidan
qristianul msoflmxedvelobaze; martin luterma Searyia avtoritetis jaWvisa
da tradiciis uZlieresi kavSiri; kopernikma Seqmna Seuryeveli rwmena, romelmac
samaradisod daukavSira progresi im momavals romelic modioda. yovelive
warmoadgenda axali cxovrebis dasabams; samyarom daiwyo manamde ucnob
orbitaze brunva, rac ganpirobebuli iyo manamde ucnobi zegavlenebiT.
entoni gidensi, zemoT moyvanil paragrafze dayrdnobiT ganmartavs, Tu ras
niSnavda yovelive es istoriis gagebisTvis: istoriis mecnierebis arseboba..
winapirobad aRiqvams cvalebadi samyaros arsebobas, sadac warsuli
garkvulwilad gadaiqca tvirTad, romlisganac adamianebi ganTavisuflebas
cdiloben. Tanamedrove xanaSi, adamianebi aRar aRiqvamen cxovrebis im pirobebs
bunebrivad da fiqsirebulad, ra pirobebSic isini daibadnen, aramed cdiloben
TavianTi nebiT gavlena moaxdinon realobaze. am mcdelobiT adamianebi momavals
iseT formas aZleven, romelic daakmayofilebs maT survilebs (kapitalizmi da

sosuri (1857 1913). sosurs Tanamdedrove lingvistikis mamad miiCneven. enis

miseulma modelma safuZveli Cauyara semiotur midgomas reprezentaciis
problemis mimarT. sosurisTvis ena warmoadgens niSnebis sistemas. man niSani or
mniSvnelovan elementad dayo: formad (TviTon sityva, gamosaxuleba, foto, a.S)
da idead an cnebad Cvens TavebSi, romelTanac es forma asocirdeba.
pirvel elements sosurma aRmniSvneli uwyoda, xolo meores aRsaniSni.
orive aucilebelia mniSvnelobis warmoqmnisTvis, magram maT Soris
damokidebuleba fiqsirebulia Cveni kulturuli da ligvisturi kodebis mier,
romlebic reprezentaciis arsebobas SesaZlebels xdis. aseve, niSnebi
warmoadgenen sistemis wevrebs da ganisazRvrebian erTmaneTTan mimarTebaSi.
magaliTad, mamis cneba ganisazRvreba dedasTan da SvilebTan mimarTebaSi. ase
rom, cnebebis gansazRvra xdeba gansxvavebulobis safuZvelze.
sosuris mixedviT cnebebi (aRsaniSnebi) istoriis manZilze cvalebadobas
eqvemdebareba, yoveli cvlileba ki, Tavis mxriv, iwvevs kulturis cnebobriv
rukaSi cvilelebas, Sesabisad kulturebi istoriis gansxvavebul monakveTSi
gansxvavebulad aRiqvamen samyaros. magaliTad, mravali saukunis manZilze
dasavlur civilizaciaSi sityva Savi asocirdeboda yvelafer muqTan, borotTan,
akrZalulTan, satanisturTan, saxifaTosTan, rac dRemde asea. Tumca,
SesaZlebelia rom gansxvavebul kulturaSi an kulturul konteqstSi Savs
radikalurad gansxvavebuli datvirTva hqondes.
daskvnis saxiT, mniSvnelobebi iqmneba kulturisa da istoriis wiaRSi. ar
arsebobs erTi, ucvleli, universaluri "WeSmariti mniSvneloba" radganac niSani
mTlianad eqvemdebareba istorias da yoveli aRmniSvnelisa da aRsaniSnis
kombinacia aris istoriuli procesis cvalebadi rezultati; anu mniSvneloba
eqvemdebareba interpretaciis aqtiur process. imisaTvis, rom vTqvaT raime
azriani, mniSvnelobis mqone, amisaTvis unda davixmaroT ena; ena ki matarebelia
Cvenamde arsebuli bevri Zveli mniSvnelobis. Cven ar SegviZlia bolomde enis
gawmenda da im dafaruli mniSvnelobebisgan gaTavisufleba, romlebmac SeiZleba
Secvalon an daamaxinjos is risi Tqmac gvsurs. magaliTad, isev Savs rom
davubrundeT, rodesac vkiTxulobT an gvesmis rom ama da am adamians Savi dRe
gauTenda, aq ukve viciT Tu Savs ra mniSvneloba aqvs miniWebuli Cveni kulturis
farglebSi.
Tumca
interpretaciis
dros
yovelTvis
aris
adgili
cdomilebisTvis, sadac Cvens mier Cadebuli mniSvneloba ar esmiT an esmiT odnav
sxvanairad, a.S.
sosurma ena or nawilad gayo. pirveli Sedgeba lingvisturi sitemis zogadi
wesebisa da kodebisgan, romlebic gaziarebulia enis yvela momxmareblis mier
rogorc komunikaciis saSualeba. wesebi warmoadgens principebs, romlebsac Cven
vswavlobT enis Seswavlis dros. sosuri enis struqturas, romelic saSualebas
gvaZlevs sworad CamovayaliboT winadadebebi uwodebda langs (anu enobriv
sistemas). meore nawili ki Sedgeba saubris, weris an xatvis konkretuli,
personaluri aqtebisgan, romlebic langis struqturisa da wesebis gamoyenebiTiwarmoeba mosaubris an damweris mier. is mas paroles uwodebda. langi aris enis
sistema, ena rogorc formebis sistema, maSin rodesac parole warmoadgens
konkretul saubars an weras, sadac saubris aqtebi SesaZlebeli xdeba enis mier.
sosurisTvis wesebis da kodebis es struqtura warmoadgenda enis socialur
nawils, romlis Seswavlac SesaZlebeli iyo mecnieruli sizustiT, ramdenadac es
sitema daxuruli, SezRuduli bunebis gaxldaT.
imdenad ramdenadac, sosuri gvTavazobda enis Rrma struqturebis Seswavlas,
mas struqturalisti, xolod mis mier warmodgenili enis Seswavlis models
struqturalisturi uwodes. enis meore naswili ki -parole iTvleboda enis
"zedapirad". arsebobda paroles SeuzRudavi raodenoba da Sesabamisad paroles
ar hqonda is struqturuli Taviseburebebi daxuruli da SezRuduli
variaciebi - romelic mis mecnieruli midgomiT Seswavlas SesaZlebels gaxdida.
sosuris mixedviT, avtori wyvets Tu risi Tqma surs mas, magram amave dros igi
unda daeqvemdebaros enis konkretul wesebs, Tu unda rom sxvebma gaigon misi
saTqmeli. amitom ena socialuri fenomenia. misi wyaro devs sazogadoebaSi,
kulturaSi, Cvens mier gaziarebul kulturul kodebSi da ara bunebasa Tu
individualur subieqtSi.

58

31

Tanamedrove da postmodernistuli sazogadoebis sociologiuri Teoriebi

ara mxolod aRweren an asaxaven samyaros garkveuli wesiT, aramed garkveulwilad Tvlian, rom samyaros aumjobeseben. am kuTxiT isini warmoadgenen
ara mxolod Teoriebs, aramed normatiul proeqtebs, romlebsac axasiaTebT
faseulobebi, idealebi, istoriis grandiozuli Teoriebi da momavlis
winaswarmetyveleba. amitom, rodesac vkiTxulobT da vaxdenT sociologiuri
Teoriis interpetacias unda gavarCioT ra tipis Teoriul siZneleebTan gvaqvs
saqme, rodesac normatiul proeqtebs vexebiT. aseve Tu Teoriis praqtikaSi
gamoyeneba gvsurs, unda amovirCios Teoriis is nawili Tu mxare, romelzec
movaxdenT koncentracias.
modernistulsa da postmodernistuls Soris gansxvavebas xSirad bundovani
saxe aqvs. modernistuli Teoriebi, rogorc wesi, gamomdinareoben obieqtivisturi (xandaxan pozitivisturi) epistemiologiidan, maSin rodesac postmodernistuli Teoriebi ZiriTadad subieqtivisturia; modernistuli Teoriebi
sazogadoebis zrdas ganmartaven rogorc diferenciaciis process, maSin
rodesac postmodernistebi dediferenciaze saubroben; modernistuli Teoriebi ZiriTadad cdiloben sazogadoebis saerTo, ganzogadebuli modelebi
SemogvTavazon, postmodernistebi ki mraval sxvadasxva perspeqtivas ganixilaven.
rac Seexeba normatiul proeqtebs, romlebic am TeoriebTan asocirdeba:
modernistebi racionaluri dialogis saSualebiT eZeben eTikur principebze
dafuZnebul universalizms anu miiswrafian garkveuli eTikuri principebis
erTobliobis irgvliv SeTanxmebisken; maTi azriT, mocemuli principebis erTobliobas argumentirebuli/gamarTlebuli saxe unda hqondes da miznad
isaxavdes sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis regulirebas; postmodernistebi ki
cdiloben kulturuli pluralizmis SenarCunebas, ris farglebSic isini TanaugrZnoben da tolerantulad arian ganwyobilni sxvebis moralurobis/eTikis
mimarT da kamaTis SemTxvevaSi upirispirdebian maT "TamaSis formiT".
ra iyo ganmanaTlebloba?

miuxedavad sosuris mier SemoTavazebuli modelis popularobisa,

mogvianebiT mividnen im daskvnamde, rom enis Seswavla mecnieruli sizustiT
SeuZlebelia. ena wesebs eqvemdebareba, magram is ar aris daxuruli sistema,
romelic daiyvaneba formalur elementebze. ena gamudmebul cvalebadobas
eqvemdebareba, is Riaa cvalebadobis mimarT gamoCndnen mecnierebi, romlebmac
sosuris modeli gaafarToves da SeimuSaves poststruqturalisturi midgoma
enobrivi sistemebis mimarT.
sosuris naazrevs misma studentebma Tavi mouyares naSromSi kursi zogad
lingvistikaSi (1960), sadac is ambobs, rom sasurvelia gaCndes mecniereba,
romelic Seiswavlida niSnebs sazogadoebaSi "me davarqmevdi mas semiologias,
berZnuli sityva semion niSnebi, ganacxada sosurma. am zogad midgomas niSnebis
kvlevisadmi kulturaSi ewodeba semiotika. semiotikis amosavali wertilia is,
rom yvela kulturuli obieqti mniSvnelobis matarebelia da yvela kulturuli
praqtika damokidebulia mniSvnelobaze. isini iyeneben niSnebs, amitom niSnebi
iseve funqcionirebs rogorc ena da eqvemdebareba imave analizs, rogorsac
sosoris mier SemoTavazebuli lingvisturi cnebebi (aRmniSvneli/aRsaniSni,
ena/parole, kodebi da struqturebi da niSnis TviTneburi xasiaTi).
frangi socialuri kritikosi roland barti Tavis wignSi "miTologiebi"
(1972) ganixilavs Widaobis fenomens, greta garbos saxes, sarecxis fxvnilebs da
sapons. man miuyena semiotikuri analizi sazogadoebis yoveldRiur movlenebs da
garkveulli aqtivobebi da sagnebi aRiqva rogorc niSnebi, romlebic enis
saSualebiT garkveuli mniSvnelobis komunikacias cdiloben. semiotur
midgomaSi, ara mxolod sityvebsa da gamosaxulebebs eniWebaT niSnis mniSvneloba,
aramed Tavad sagnebic funqcionireben rogorc aRmniSvnelebi da warmoqmnian
raRac garkveul mniSvnelobas. magaliTad, tansacmeli ara mxolod sxeulis
dasafaravad gamoiyeneba, aramed garkveuli informaciis matarebelia anu
niSania. saRamos kaba SeiZleba niSnavdes "eleganturobas", jinsi araformalur
Cacmulobas, a.S.
sosuris viwro lingvisturi midgomidan gadavdivarT ufro farTo
kulturul midgomaze. eseSi miTi dRes barti gvaCvenebs, Tu rogor muSaobs
reprezentacia ufro farTo kulturul doneze. franguli Jurnali pari matCis
garekanze warmodgenilia axalgazrda Savkanianis foto, romelic frangul
samxedro formaSi miesalmeba safrangeTis droSas. misi Tvalebi zeviT aris
mimarTuli da, albaT, droSas uyurebs (1972). analizis pirvel doneze, Cven unda
gavSifroT aRmniSnvelebi: mag., jariskaci, uniforma, mklavi da Tvalebi aweuli,
safrangeTis droSa. niSnebis es erToblioba gvauwyebs, rom Savkaniani miesalmeba
safrangeTis droSas. aq barti ambobs, rom am fotos ufro farTo kulturuli
mniSneloba aqvs da is ris komunikaciasac aRniSnuli foto cdilobs SeiZleba
iyos Semdegi: rom safrangeTi didi da Zlieri imperiaa, rom yvela misi Svili,
miuxedavad kanis ferisa, erTgulad msaxurobs misi droSis qveS, rac warmoadgens
saukeTeso pasuxs imaTTvis, vinc bralad debs safrangeTs kolonializmSi;
Savkaniani biWi erTgulad emsaxureba mis e. w. mCagvrelebs
barti aq ambobs, rom reprezentacias adgili aqvs ori sxvadasva, magram
erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli procesiT. pirvel procesSi, aRmniSnvelebi
(gamosaxulebis elementebi) da aRniSnulebi (cnebebi jariskaci, droSa)
erTiandebian imisaTvis, rom Seqmnas raRac niSani martivi mesijiT: Savkaniani
jariskaci miesalmeba safrangeTis droSas. meore doneze ki aRsaniSnavebis
erToblioba dakavSirebulia franguli kolonializmis idologiur TemasTan.
analizis swored es meore done warmoadgens miTis Seqmnis done, rasac barti
uwodebs idologiurad Seqmnil mesijebsa Tu mniSnvelobas. amgvari wakiTxvis
dros, safrangeTis imperializmi aris miTis mamoZravebeli. am cnebis saSualebiT
mTeli axali istoria gadmocemuli miTis saxiT safrangeTis kolonializmis
istoria, awmyoSi arsebuli problemebi.
rogorc davinaxeT, bartis naazrevSi sosuris lingvisturma modelma ufro
farTo gamoyeneba pova da Seexo niSnebisa da reprezentaciebis ufro farTo
sferos (reklama, fotografia, popularuli kultura, mogzauroba, moda)
semiotur midgomaSi, repezentacia gaigeboda imis safuZvelze, Tu rogor
funqcionirebdnen sityvebi rogorc niSnebi enaSi. maSin rodesac kulturaSi

qudi ar gergeboda, is aucileblad unda getarebina. musikac gansxvavdeboda

farTod aRiarebuli rokisa da popisgan. is erTgvarovnad bazisuri da pirdapiri
iyo an gamiznulad an kidev araprofesionalizmis gamo. pankis midgoma
harmoniuli musikis mimarT Semdegi iyo: Cven qaosis momxre varT da ara musikis.
pankebma ara mxolod Cacmulobis, aramed yvela aqtualuri diskursis
destabilizacia moaxdines. mag., cekva, romelic britanuli rokisa da popis
kulturaSi gamomsaxvelobiT mediums warmoadgenda, pankma is robotebis
moZraobad aqcia. cekvis ritualis tradiciuli maxasiaTeblebi, rogoric iyo
flirti miuReblad CaiTvala. scenasa da mayureblebs Soris zRvari gaqra.
pankebi arRvevdnen arsebul etikets da auditoria da xelovani erTmaneTSi
ireoda.
arc erT subkulturas ar ucdia dakanonebuli da bunebrivad winaswar
mocemuli normalizebuli formebisgan sakuTari Tavis gamijvna, ise rogorc
pankebs. maT amisTvis sazogadoebis didi nawilisgan gakicxva daimsaxures.
pankebi, magaliTad, ara mxolod pirdapir reagirebdnen britaneTSi sul ufro
mzard umuSevrobaze, cvalebad moralur standartebze, siRaribesa da
depresiaze, a.S. aramed isini axdendnen imis dramatizirebas, rasac Semdeg daerqva
britaneTis dacema.
pankebma Seqmnes ena, romelic rokis istebliSmentis ritorikis sapirispirod
bevrad ufro aqtualuri da miwieri iyo. maT gamoiyenes krizisis ritorika,
romelic im periodSi intensiurad Suqdeboda radioebisa da Jurnal-gazeTebis
mier. pankebma moaxdines am ritorikis Targmna ufro xelSesaxebi da SesamCnevi
gziT.
1970-iani wlebis apokalipsuri atmosferos dros, rodesac umuSevrobas
masiuri saxe hqonda da londonis sxvadasxva ubnebSi Setakebebi daiwyo pankebis
mier sakuTari Tavis rogorc absoluturi degeneratebis warmosaxva kargad
ewereboda saerTo suraTSi. es ufro imis maniSnebeli iyo, rom Seqmnili situacia,
socialuri struqturebis rRveva kargad ganasaxierebda didi britaneTis
atrofirebul mdgomareobas.
pankebis mxridan gakeTebuli "gancxadebebi" Zalian aqtualuri iyo, anu ena
romelsac isini iyenebdnen gamoirCeoda TanamedroveobiT, droulobiT rogorc
subkulturis wevrebisTvis, aseve misi openentebisTvisac. pankebis mier
gaTavisebuli sxvadasxva stili gamoxatavda agresias, frustraciasa da SfoTvas.
pankebis subkulturas garkveuli sanaxaobiTi buneba hqonda, magram amave dros
pankebi kargad axdenden imdroindeli problemebis warmoCenas. am gziT maT bevri
mimdevari gaiCines. uwesrigobis komunikaciisTvis saWiroa Sesabamisi enis
SerCeva, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom mosalodnelia am enis ignorireba an
represireba.
pankebis subkultura gvexmareba avxsnaT mag., musikosi devid bouvis kultis
arseboba, romelic exeboda ara klasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebs, aramed
sqesTan/genderTan. bouvitebi, rogorc maT uwodebdnen, ar axdendnen nacnobi
problematikis deklarirebas, mag., protesti avtoritetebis winaaRmdeg maTi
pativiscema, a.S); isini cdilobdnen moexdinaT azriani saSualo sivrcis moZieba
mSoblebis kulturasa da dominantur ideologias Soris.: sivrce, sadac
aRmoCenili da gamovlenili iqnebodnen alternatiuli identobebi. am mxriv,
isini eZebdnen avtonomiis garkveul xarisxs, romelic axasiaTebs yvela
axalgazrdul da kontrkulturas.
skinhedebisgan gansxvavebiT, bouvitebi upirispirdebodnen ufro aSkara
sakiTxebs (seqsualuri, klasobrivi, teritorialuri) da eZebdnen am sakiTxebis
irgvliv arsebuli diskursebis Secvlas, gadagdebas. isini cdilobdnen eWvs qveS
daeyenebinaT tradiciuli muSaTa klasis puritanizmi da mas mediis mier muSaTa
klasis warmosaxva puritanebad; bouvitebi aseve axdenden masmediis saSualebiT
xelmisawvdomi imijebis, stilebisa da ideologiebis adaptacias alternatiuli
pirovnebis Camoyalibebis mizniT, romelic gamorCeuli iqneboda Tavisi
gansxvavebulobiT. bouvitebi, pirvel rigSi, kiTxvis niSnis qveS ayenebdnen
klasobrivi da genderuli stereotipebis gardauvalobasa da bunebriobas.

32

57

romelic frTxilad da zustad awesrigebs da struqturebad awyobs fizikuri

samyaros detalebs CvenTvis ucxo logikis saSualebiT.
amgvarad, improvizirebuli struqturebi warmoadgenen garemoSi arsebuli
movlenebis mimarT droebiT pasuxs; Semdeg xdeba garkveuli sagnebis
erTmaneTTan gaerTianeba, bunebisa da sazogadoebis Tvisebebs Soris analogiebis
povna rac maT exmarebaT icxovron iseT samyaroSi, romelic axsnas eqvemdebareba
(houki, 1977).
jon klarkma brikolaJis struqturuli improvizaciebis Sedegi gamoiyena
subkulturis Teoriis ganxilvisas, romelic aseve warmoadgens komunikacias
garkveul sistemas. klarkma gamoikvlia, Tu rogor xdeba diskursis
(gansakuTrebiT modis) radikalurad adaptireba, destabilizacia da ganvrcoba
subkulturuli brikoles saSualebiT:
sagani da mniSvneloba erTad Seadgenen niSans, xolo Semdeg garkveuli
niSnebis erToblioba gadaiqceva diskursis maxasiaTebel formebad; es procesi
nebismier kulturas axasiaTebs; magram, rodesac brikole axdens mniSvnelovani
sagnis gadaadgilebas da mas adgilmdebareobas ucvlis mocemuli diskursis
farglebSi, niSnebis igive repertuaris gamoyenebiT, an kidev rodesac is obieqti
geZleva sxva kombinaciis farglebSi - Sedegad iqmneba axali diskursi da
gadaicema gansxvavebuli mesiji. (klarki, 1976)
aqve SegviZlia moviyvanoT umberto ekos fraza "semioturi saomari
moqmedebebi", imisaTvis rom aRvweroT subkulturebTan kavSirSi arsebuli
destabilizaciuri qmedebebi. saomari moqmedebebi SeiZleba ganxorcieldes
mocemuli subkulturis calkeuli wevrebis cnobierebis miRma (miuxedavad imisa
rom subkultura aseve warmoadgens gamiznul komunikacias).
magaliTad, dadasa da surealizmis radikaluri esTetika sizmrebTan
dakavSirebuli namuSevrebi, kolaJebi, yofiTi moxmarebis nivTebi warmoadgenen
"anarqistuli" diskursis klasikur meTodebs. bretonis manifestoebma (1924 da
1929) Camoayalibes surealizmis mTavari amosavali wertili: rom axali
"sueraloba" warmoiqmneboda Cveulebrivi gonis destabilizaciiT, dominanti
logikuri kategoriebis SeryeviT (mag., sizmari, realoba, samuSao/TamaSi) da
aranormalurisa da akrZalulis zeimiT. es yovelive miiRweoda "ori
erTmaneTisgan Sors mdgari realobis erTad warmoCinebiT" (reverdi 1918).
naSromSi
"sagnis
krizisi",
bretonma
moaxdina
"kolajis
esTetikis"
Teoretizireba; is werda rom yoveldRiuri cxovrebis sintaqsze ieriSis mitana,
romelic gveubneba Tu rogor unda iqnes gamoyenebuli Cveulebrivi sagnebi,
ubiZgebda ...sagnis mTliani revoluciisken: obieqts Camoacilebda Tavdapirvel
mniSvnelobas da miscemda axal saxelsa da niSans. transformacia da deformacia
unda momxdariyo umiznod, transformaciisa da deformaciisave mizniT.
obieqtebis aseTi gadawyobiT, maTi rolebis Secvlis saSualebiT isini miiRebdnen
gansxvavebul saxes (bretoni, 1936).
yovelive es saTaves iRebs brikolaJis cnebaSi. subkulturuli brikoleri,
iseve rogorc surealisturi kolaJis avtori, rogorc wesi axdens ori erTis
mxriv SeuTavsebeli realobis erT sibrtyeze moTavasebas (mag., droSa, qurTuki,
savarcxeli: iaraRi) da swored aq xdeba "am sagnebis feTqebadi gadakveTa" (maqs
ernsti 1948). pankuri moZraoba anarqistuli suliskveTebis subkulturuli
gamoyenebis yvelaze karg magaliTs warmoadgens. pankuri moZraobis wiaRSi
mniSvnelobis reorganizaciisa da Seferxebis mizniT xorcieldeboda "transformacia da deformacia".

frangi xelovani marsel duSanis msgavsad, romelic "ukve arsebul nivTebs"

xelovnebis nimuSebad naTlavda, radgan mas ase surda, pankebisTvisac modas an
antimodas warmoadgenda yvelaze umniSvnelo da Seusabamo sagnebi qinZisTavi,
saparsi britva, tualetis Casarecxi jaWvebi, parkebi, televizoris nawilebi.
pankebi am nivTebs aTavisuflebdnden TavianTi Cveuli konteqstisgan da
xmarobdnen yelis, yurebisa da tuCebis samkaulebad. maTi wesi martivi iyo: Tu

mniSnveloba xSirad damokidebulia im narativebze, gancxadebebze, gamosaxulebis jgufebze, mTlian diskursebze, romlebic operireben mravali teqstis
farglebSi, codnis sferoebze, sadac subieqtma moipova farTo Zalaufleba.
semiotika reprezenataciis process ganixilavda enis CarCoebSi da udgeboda
rogorc daxurul, statikur sistemas. Semdegi naSromebi reprezentacias
ganixilaven, rogorc socialuri codnis wyaros rogorc ufro Ria sistemas,
romelic mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli socialur praqtikasTan da Zalauflebis
sakiTxebTan. semiotur midgomaSi subieqti enis centridan CamoSorebuli iyo.
mogvianebiT, Teoretikosebi daubrundnen subieqtis sakiTxs. Tumca subieqti ar
daubrunebiaT centrSi, rogorc mniSvnelobis avtori an wyaro. miuxedavad imisa,
rom ena Cven gvalaparakebda, unda aRiniSnos rom konkretul istoriul
momentebSi, zogierT adamians ufro meti Zalaufleba hqonda raTa esaubra
garkveuli sakiTxebis irgvliv, vidre sxvebs (kaci eqimebi qali giJi pacientebis
Sesaxeb 19 saukunis miwuruls). repezentaciis modelebs gansakuTrebuli
yuradReba unda mieqciaT codnisa da Zalauflebis sakiTxebis SeswvlisTvis.
fuko reprezentacias ufro viwro gagebiT iyenebda, vidre aq aris ganxiluli,
Tumca man mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitana reprezentaciis problemis ganxilvaSi.
mas ainteresebda codnis warmoeba (da ara mxolod mniSvnelobis) diskursis
saSualebiT (da ara mxolod enis saSualebiT). misi amocana is iyo, rom
gaeanalizebina, Tu rogoria adamianebis TviTSegneba Cens kulturaSi da rogor
iqmneba Cveni codna socialuri sakiTxebis Sesaxeb, individebis Sesaxeb,
gaziarebuli mniSvnelobebis sxvadasxva istoriul periodebSi. fukos naazrevi
ufro istoriuli xasiaTis iyo, vidre sosuris an bartis; is yuradRebas aqcevda
istoriul konkretul pirobebs.
Cven ganvixilavT fukos mier SemoTavazebul sam ZiriTad cnebas: diskursis
cneba, codnisa da Zalauflebis da subieqtis cneba. fukom diskursis cneba
Semdegnairad gansazRvra "Sexedulebebis erToblioba, romelic qmnis
salaparako enas - codnis gamosaxatavad konkretuli Temis garSemo konkretul
istoriul momentSi. diskursi aris codnis warmoeba enis saSualebiT da
ramdenadac yvela socialuri praqtika atarebs raRac mniSvnelobas, mniSvnelobebi gavlenas axdenen da aformebebn Cvens qcevas yvela qmedebas aqvs
diskursiuli aspeqti igive diskursi vlindeba teqstebSi, qcevis formebSi,
sazogadoebis instituciur sferoebSi. rodesac diskursiuli movlenebi exebian
erTi da imave sagans, aqvT erTi da igive stili da iziareben erTsa da imave
instituciur, administraciul an politikur strategias Tu qmedebis xazs.
fukos mixedviT, isini miekuTvnebian erTi da imave diskursiul formirebas.
mniSvneloba da mniSvnelobiT datvirTuli qmedebis konstruireba xdeba
diskursis farglebSi. fuko, iseve rogorc semiotikosebi iyvnen konstruqtivistebi. imis mtkiceba, rom diskursis gareT arafers aqvs mniSvneloba, erTi
SexedviT, absurduli gancxadebaa, Tumca mniSvnelovani. fuko ar uaryofs rom
sagnebs gaaCniaT namdvili, materialuri arseboba samyaroSi. is ubralod ambobs,
rom sagnebi mniSvnelobas kargaven diskursis farglebs miRma. diskursis cneba ar
exeba sagnebis arsebobas, aramed mniSvnelobis qmnadobis wyaros. idea fizikuri
sagnebisa da qmedebebis Sesaxeb arsebobs, magram maT mniSvneloba eniWebaT da
codnis obieqtebi xdebian mxolod diskursis farglebSi. mag., cnebebs sigiJe,
dasja, seqsualoba mniSvneloba aqvT diskursis farglebSi. 1. mosazrebebi
"sigiJis", dasjisa da seqsualobis Sesaxeb garkveul codnas gvaZlevs am
sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT. 2. wesebi, romlebic adgnen am sakiTxebze saubris
gamarTlebul, swor wsebs da gamoricxaven gansxvavebul wesebs anu gansazRvraven Tu risi Tqma da risi fiqri SeiZleba sigiJeze, dasjasa Tu
seqsualobaze konkretul istoriul momentSi. 3. subieqtebi, vinc garkveulwilad axdenen diskursis personifikacias giJi, isteriuli qali, kriminali,
perverti. am subieqtebs garkveuli atributebi eqnebaT mocemul istoriul
periodSi, gamomdinare arsebuli codnidan; 4. rogor iZens codna avtoritets,
"WeSmaritebis" elfers mocemuli sakiTxis garSemo mocemul momentSi;
fukos mixedviT, sagnebi iTvlebodnen "namdvilad" da "WeSmaritad" mxolod
konkretul istoriul konteqstSi. misi azriT, erTi da igive fenomeni ar
SeiniSneba sxvadasxva istoriul periodSi, anu diskursi romelic qmnis codnis

56

33

stili, rogorc ajanyebis gamomsaxveli: pankebi

garkveul formebs, obieqtebs, subieqtebs, da codnis praqtikas gansxvavdeba

sxvadasxva istoriul periodSi erTmaneTisgan. fukosTvis gonebrivi daavadeba
ar warmoadgenda obieqtur faqts, romelic igive rCeboda yvela istoriul
periodSi da erTsa da imaves niSnavda sxvadasxva kulturebSi. mxolod
konkretul diskursiul formirebaSi sagani "sigiJe" CaiTvleba mniSvelad da
gasageb konstruqtad.
fukos naSromebidan rom moviyvanoT magaliTi, seqsualuri urTierTobebi
yovelTvis arsebobda. magram "seqsualoba", seqsualur vnebaze saubris konkretuli wesi, Seswavlis Tu regulirebis konkretuli meTodi, seqsualobasTan
dakavSirebuli saidumloebebi da fantaziebi dasavlur civilizaciaSi gamoCnda
mxolod konkretul istoriul momentSi (1978) aseve, yovelTvis arsebobda qcevis
homoseqsualuri formebi, magram "homoseqsuali" rogorc konkretuli
socialuri subieqti Seiqmna moraluri, samarTlebrivi, samedicino da
fsiqiatriuli diskursebis farglebSi, me -19 saukunis miwuruls konkretuli
institucionaluri aparatisa da praqtikis CarCoebSi. aseve, magaliTad, wignSi
klinikis dabadeba fuko gviCvenebs, Tu rogor Seicvala avadmyofobis xedva da
gageba naxevar saukuneze nakleb droSi. arsebobda klasikuri xedva, romlis
mixedviTac, avadmyofoba sxeulis gareT arsebobda. Tanamedrove gagebam ki
radikalurad Secvala aseTi xedva da ganacxada rom adamianis sxeulis
farglebSive SeiZleba aixsnas esa Tu is daavadeba. am diskursiulma cvlilebam,
Tavis mxriv, gamoiwvia cvlilebebi samedicino praqtikaSi. ufro didi
mniSvneloba mieniWa eqimis "mzeras", romelsac ukve SeeZlo waekiTxa avadmyofoba
adamianis sxeulze, anatomiuri atlasis saSualebiT. SeZenilma codnam gazarda
eqimis sameTvalyureo Zalaufleba pacientze.
gviandel naSromebSi fuko dainteresda, Tu rogor xdeba codnis gamoyeneba
diskursiuli praqtikis saSualebiT mocemul institucionalur sferoSi, raTa
moxdes sxvaTa qcevis regulireba. man yuradReba gaamaxvila codnisa da
Zalauflebis urTerTdamokidebulebaze da, Tu rogor operirebda Zalaufleba
institucionaluri aparatis farglebSi da misi teqnologiebi (teqnika).
magaliTad, dasjis aparatis cneba fukosTvis moicavda sxvadasxva lingvistur da
ara lingvistur elements "diskursebs, institutebs, arqiteqturul nagebobebs, wesebs, kanonebs, administraciul zomebs, mecnierul mosazrebebs,
filosofiur wanamZRvrebs, moralurobas da a.S.
aparati yovelTvis CarTulia Zalauflebis TamaSSi da aseve dakavSirebulia
codnis garkveul koordinatebTan aparati Sedgeba Zalebis urTierTobis
strategiebisgan, romlebic codnis sayrdenis rols TamaSoben, codnis tipebic,
Tavis mxriv, sayrdenis rols asruleben ZalauflebisTvis. (fuko, 1980)
aq fukos interesebi uaxlovdeba klasikuri sociologiis Teoriebs
ideologiis Sesaxeb, gansakuTrebiT ki marqsizms. marqsizmi cdilobda
gamoevlina klasobrivi poziciebi da interesebi, romlebic dafaruli iyo
codnis garkveul saxeebSi. fukoc ganixilavs msgavss Temebs, Tumca is uaryofs
klasikuri marqsistuli ideologiis problematikas. marqsis mixedviT yovel
epoqaSi ideebi asaxaven sazogadoebis ekonomikur safuZvels da rom mmarTveli
klasis ideebi warmarTaven kapitalistur ekonomikasa da gamoxataven dominantur interesebs. fukos mTavari argumenti klasikuri marqsisituli Teoriis
sawinaaRmdegod iyo, is rom mas codnasa da Zalauflebas Soris urTierToba
dayavda klasobriv Zalauflebaze da klasobriv interesebze. fuko ar uaryofda
klasebis arsebobas, magram is ekonomikuri an klasobrivi reduqcionizmis
winaaRmdegi iyo, rasac marqsistuli ideologiis Teoria efuZneboda.
aseve, fukos mixedviT marqizmi buruJuaziuli codnis "damaxinjebul
saxeebs upirispirebda marqsistuli mecnierebis mier SemoTavazebul "WeSmaritebas". fuko Tvlida, rom azris arc erT formas ar hqonda "WeSmaritebaze"
pretenziis gamocxadebis ufleba, radganac arcerTi Teoria ar iyo diskursis
gavlenisgan Tavisufali. azris yvela politikuri da socialuri forma codnisa
da Zalauflebis urTierTqmedebis gavlenis qveS eqceva. aqedan gamomdinare, misi
naazrevi uaryofs tradiciul marqsistul kiTxvas romeli klasis intersebSi
operirebs ena, reprezentacia da Zalaufleba?"
mogvianebiT, italielma antonio gramSim, romelic marqsis gavlenas

amjobineb, a.S. Zalian mniSvnelovania TavisTavad. maTi arCevani bevr rameze

metyvelebs. TiToeul sinTezsa Tu kombinacias, gansxvavebulobis Sida sistemaSi
Tavisi adgili ukavia konvenciuri normebisgan Semdgari diskursi - Seesabameba
socialurad aRiarebul rolebsa da SesaZleblobebs. es arCevani Seicavs
mesijebs, romelTa gadacemac xdeba mTeli rigi maxasiaTeblebis saSualebiT
statusi, TviT imiji, mimzidveloba, profesia. sxva Tu araferi, isini gamoxataven
"normalurobas" "deviaciurobis" sapirispirod (anu isini gamoirCevian TavianTi
SedarebiT aragamomwvevi, uCinari CacmulobiT, "bunebriobiT") Tumca, mizanmimarTul komunikacias gansxvavebuli xasiaTi aqvs. is gamoirCeva Tavisi
konstruqciiT da warmoadgens mniSvnelobiT datvirTuli arCevanis Sedegs,
yuradRebas ipyrobs da iTxovs rom is waikiTxon.
subkulturuli stilebi warmoaCenen TavianT specifikur kodebs (mag.,
pankebis daxeuli maisurebi) an kidev miuTiTeben rom kodebi Seqmnilia imisTvis,
rom isini SemoqmedebiTad gamoiyenon. amitom subkulturuli stilebi
gansxvavdebian sazogadoebaSi aRiarebuli da miRebuli stilebisgan, romelTa
mTavar maxasiaTebels, bartis mixedviT, warmoadgens maTi bunebrioba da
"normalizebuli" xasiaTi, ris Sedegadac realoba ise gveZleva, TiTqos es
yvelaferi eqvemdebarebodes bunebrivi wesrigis kanonebs.
subkultura, iseve rogorc moda scildeba am kanonebs, radgan axdens
mocemuli nivTebis gadanacvlebasa da gansxvavebul konteqstSi moTavsebas. maTi
sayovelTaod aRiarebuli moxmareba nivelirdeba da Cndeba maTi moxmarebis
axali gzebi. subkulturuli stilisti kiTxvis niSnis qveS ayenebs "yoveldRiuri
cxovrebis cru bunebriobas" (alTuzeri 1968) da nivTebs aniWebs gansxvavebul,
winaaRmdegobriv mniSvnelobas Tu wakiTxvadobas.
mniSvnelovani gansxvavebulobis komunikacia devs yvela mniSvnelovani
subkulturis stilis ukan. es stili warmoadgens mesijs, romelic TavisTavad
bevri sxva mesijis matarebelia. sainteresoa, Tu rogori struqtura aqvT
individualur subkulturebs da Tu konkretulad risi Setyobineba da reklama
xdeba individualuri subkulturis mocemuli, mizanmimarTuli komunikaciis
saSualebiT.

34

55

stili, rogorc brikolaJi

subkulturebs bevri saerTo maxasiaTebeli aqvT. isini momxmareblur
kulturasac warmoadgenen maSinac ki rodesac pankebi da skinhedebi
uaryofdnen garkveuli sagnebis yidva-moxmarebas swored moxmarebis
specifiuri ritualebis gziT, stilis saSualebiT subkultura erTis mxriv
axdenda Tavisi "saidumlo" identobis warmoCenas da gvatyobinebda akrZalul
mniSvnelobebs. am gziT subkulturis wevrebi warmoaCendnen Tu rogor xdeboda
nivTebis gamoyeneba mocemul subkulturaSi, da amiT ganasxvavebdnen
subkulturas ufro farTod aRiarebuli kulturuli warmonaqmnebisgan.
brikolaJis cneba dagvexmareba subkulturuli stilebis Seqmnaze saubris
dros. levi strosi, Tavis cnobil naSromSi "veluri cnobiereba", wers rom
magiuri gzebi, romlebic gamoiyeneba primitiuli xalxebis mier (crurwmena,
jadoqroba, miTebi) SeiZleba davinaxoT rogorc erTi SexedviT gamaognebeli,
magram erTiani, logikuri, urTierT-damakavSirebeli sistemebis arseboba,
romlebic konkretul sagnebs erTmaneTTan akavSireben da Sesabamisad
amartiveben garSemo samyaros moazrebas. gaerTianebis am jadosnur sistemebs
axasiaTebT erTi saerTo niSani: maT SeuZliaT usasrulod gafarTovdnen,
radganac bazisuri elementebis gamoyeneba SeiZleba bevr sxvadasxva
improvizirebul kombinaciaSi; Sedegad xdeba axali mniSvnelobebis generireba
mocemuli sistemebisve farglebSi.
brikolaJi aRiwereba rogorc "konkretulis mecniereba", rac mis
Tavdapirvel anTropoligiur mniSvnelobas ufro azustebs:
brikolaJi exeba im saSualebebs, romelTa gamoyenebisas veluri cnobiereba
urTierTobas amyarebs garSemo samyarosTan. es procesi moicavs "konkretulis
mecnierebas" (gansxvavebiT Cveni "civiluri" abstraqtuli mecnierebisgan),

da gadaeWra, albaT, ufro jadosnuri gziT is winaaRmdegobebi, romlebsac an

dafaruli saxe aqvT, an kidev gadauWreli rCeba mSoblebis kulturaSi
subkulturis ganxilvam mogvianebiT mxedvelobaSi miiRo ideologiuri,
ekonomikuri da kulturuli faqtorebi, romlebic gansazRvraven ama Tu im
subkulturis arsebobas. kohenma klasis cnebac CarTo Tavis analizSi da
ganacxada - imis magivrad, rom klasi warmodgenil iqnes rogorc garegani
gansazRvrulobebis abstraqtuli erToblioba, mas aqvs materialuri Zala da
gamoxatvas povebs stilis, gamocdilebisa da xatebis Seqmnis formiT. klasisa da
seqsualobis garSemo arsebuli interesi da problematika, konformizmsa da
devicias Soris winaaRmdegoba, ojaxi da skola, muSaoba da Tavisufali dro
Tavmoyril iqna iseTi formiT, romelic, erTi mxriv, SesamCnevi iyo, meore mxriv
ki dafaruli, magram amave dros iZleoda istoriis rekonstruirebisa da
dafaruli mniSvnelobebis gamovlinebis saSualebas.
stili: stili subkulturaSi mniSvnelobiT aris damuxtuli. misi
transformacia bunebrivis winaaRmdeg midis da "normalizaciis" procesSi
iWreba. stils Seadgens iseTi Jestebi, sityvebi, romlebic Seuracxyofs mdumare
umravlesobas, eWvis qveS ayenebs erTianobis princips da konsensusis miTs
ewinaaRmdegeba.
sainteresoa im faruli mesijebis garkveva, romlebic kodirebuli saxiT
gvevlineba stilis zedapirze; mocemul farul mesijebs analizis dros
mniSvnelobis rukebis saxe eniWebaT, romlebic Tavis TavSi moicaven im
winaaRmdegobebs, romelTa gadaWra an dafarvac warmoadgens kodebis funqcias.
stilis moazrebam, rogorc kodirebulma pasuxma sazogadoebaSi mimdinare
cvlilebebze, axalgazrduli kulturis kvlevisadmi midgomebi radikalurad
Secvala. gramSis hegemoniis cnebis gamoyenebiT, avtorebi axalgazrduli
kulturuli stilebis interpretacias axdenen rogorc protestis simbolur
formebs, rogorc ufro farTo da zogadad dafaruli disidenturi
suliskveTebis TvalsaCino simptomebs, rac axasiaTebda meore msoflio omis
Semdgom periods dasavleT evropaSi.
stili, rogorc mizanmimarTuli komunikacia

"me vlaparakob tansacmlis saSualebiT" (umberTo eko, 1973)

nebismieri subkultura xasiaTdeba cikliT, romelsac mivyavarT opoziciuri
ganwyobidan neitralur poziciamde, protestidan gawevrianebamde/CarTulobamde. kerZod, ris komunikacias axdens subkulturuli stili? igive kiTxva exeba
modis kulturasac. am kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad Semdegi ori kiTxva warmoiSoba:
rogor xdeba subkultura gasagebi Tavad misive wevrebisTvis? da rogor
gamoxatavs uwesrigobas? gamosaxulebis ritorikaSi roland barti adarebs
"mizanmimarTuli" sareklamo gamosaxulebas ufro "umanko" reportaJul fotos.
orive gamosaxuleba warmoadgens specifiuri kodebisa da praqtikis rTul
gamoxatulebas, magram reportaJuli foto ufro "bunebriv" da gamWvirvale
xasiaTs atarebs, vidre reklama. is wers, rom "imijis mniSvneloba namdvilad
mizanmimarTulia.. sareklamo gamosaxuleba naTelia, emfaturia bartis es
gansxvaveba SeiZleba gamoviyenoT subkulturisa da "normalur" stilebs Soris
gansxvavebis aRsaniSnavad. subkulturul stilistur kombinaciebs Cacmis,
musikis, cekvis, da a.S. iseTive damokidebuleba aqvT ufro konvenciur formebTan
(normaluri pijakebi da halstuxebi, araformaluri samoseli), rogorsac
sareklamo imiji atarebs naklebad cnobierad agebul sareportaJo fotosTan
SedarebiT.
rogorc semiotikosebi aRniSnaven, signifikacia ar aris saWiro, rom iyos
mizanmimarTuli. umberto ekos Tvlis rom ara mxolod gamiznulad komunikaciis
matarebeli obieqti SeiZleba ganixilebodes rogorc raimes niSani, aramed
nebismeiri obieqti warmoadgens niSans (eko, 1973). magaliTad, Cveulebrivi
Cacmuloba, romelsac atarebs saSualo mamakaci da qali quCaSi, SerCeulia maTi
finansuri SesaZlebobebidan gamomdinare, "gemovneba" Tu ris Cacmas rodis
54

ganicdida, Tumca marqsisgan gansxvavebiT uaryofda klasobriv reduqcionizms,

ganaviTara "ideologiis" cneba. gramSis "ideologiis" cneba exmaureba fukos
pozicias, magram mainc did yuradRebas uTmobs klasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebs.
gramSis mixedviT, socialuri jgufebi brZolis sxvadasxva xerxs mimarTaven,
maT Soris ideologiurs, raTa moipovon sxva jgufebTan konsensusi da miaRwion
maTze garkveul Zalauflebas, rogorc Sexedulebebis sferoSi, aseve praqtikaSi.
Zalauflebis am formas ewodeba hegemonia da qvemoT ufro dawvrilebiT
ganvixilavT mas.
hegemonia ar aris mudmivad stabiluri da ar daiyvaneba ekonomikur
interesebze an kidev sazogadoebis martiv klasobriv modelze. fukos pozicia
diskursis, codnisa da Zalauflebis Sesaxeb gansxvavdeba Semdegi kuTxiT: fuko
ambobda, rom codna ara mxolod Zalauflebis garkveul formas warmoadgens,
aramed Zalaufleba gansazRvravs Tu ra dros da rogor moxdeba codnis
gamoyeneba praqtikaSi. codnis gamoyeneba da misi efeqturoba, fukos mixedviT,
ufro mniSvnelovani iyo vidre am codnis WeSmaritebis mtkiceba.
codna dakavSirebulia ZaluflebasTan da ara mxolod "WeSmaritebis
avtoritets iZens, aramed Seswevs Zala gaamarTlos sakuTari Tavi. nebismieri
codna, rodesac is mieyeneba realur samyaros da moaqvs realuri Sedegebi, iZens
"namdvilis, WeSmaritis" statuss. codna rodesac gamoiyeneba sxvebis samarTavad,
moicavs SezRudvas, marTvasa da disciplinarul praqtikas.
fukos mixedviT, codna ar operirebs vakuumSi. codna operirebs garkveuli
strategiebis saSualebiT, gansakuTrebul situaciebSi, istoriul konteqstSi da
institucionalur reJimebSi. imisaTvis rom SeviswavloT dasjis fenomeni unda
davakvirdeT Tu diskursi-Zalis kombinaciam Zala/codnis kombinaciam rogori
gageba Seqmna danaSaulisa da kriminalis, rac TavisTavad gavlenas axdens im
realur Sedegebze, rac moaqvs am faqtorebis aqtualobas damnaSavisTvis da
sasjelis gamomtanisTvis.
aqedan gamomdinare, fuko mivida daskvnamde, rom yoveli diskursiuli
formacia aris garkveuli WeSmaritebis reJimis matarebeli. WeSmariteba ar
arsebobs Zalauflebis gareT. WeSmariteba am samyaros miekuTvneba. is iqmneba
SezRudvis mravalnairi formis saSualebiT da iwvevs Zalauflebis garkveul
periodul Sedegebs. yovel sazogadoebas aqvs Tavisi WeSmaritebis reJimi,
WeSmaritebis Tavisi "zogadi politika"; anu diskursis tipebi, romlebsac is
iRebs da funqcionirebads xdis, rogorc marTals, SeimuSavebs meqanizmebsa da
magaliTebs, romelTa saSualebiTac xdeba marTali da mcdari Sexedulebebis
gamijvna erTmaneTisgan, sanqcirebis meqanizmebis dadgena, imaTi statusis
gansazRvra, vinc ambobs Tu ra iTvleba WeSmaritad.
Zalauflebis axali koncefciebi
fukom SeimuSava Zaluflebis axali cneba. Cven Zalauflebas ganvixilavT
rogorc yovelTvis zemodan momavals erTi mimarTulebiT, da erTi wyarodan
mmarTveli, saxelmwifo, mmarTveli klasi. fukosTvis Zalauflebas ufro
moZravi, wriuli xasiaTi aqvs. is arasdros aris erTi centris mier
monopolizirebuli da qseluri tipis organizaciis matarebelia. es ki niSnavs,
rom garkveulwilad Cven yvelani varT monawileebi erTdroulad warmovadgenT
rogorc
mCagvrelebs,
aseve
Cagrulebs.
Zalauflebis
urTierTobebi
ganmsWvalaven socialuri arsebobis yvela dones da funqcionireben socialuri
cxovrebis yvela sferoSi ojaxisa da seqsualobis privatul sivrceebSi, iseve
rogorc politikis sazogadoebriv sivrceebSi, ekonomikasa da samarTalSi. ufro
metic, Zalauflebas ara mxolod negatiuri, mCagvrelobiTi xasiaTi aqvs,
romelic eZebs kontrolis ganxorcielebis SesaZleblobas, aramed is aseve
produqtiulia. Zalaufleba awarmoebs sagnebs, moaqvs siamovneba, akonstruirebs
codnis formebs, qmnis diskurss. is SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc produqtiuli
qseli, romelic mTel socialur sxeulSi operirebs.
magaliTad, damsjeli sistema qmnis wignebs, xelSekrulebebs, wesebs,
kontrolis axal strategiebs, debatebs parliamentSi, treningis sistemas cixis
35

TanamSromlebisTvis.
seqsualobis kontrolis mcdelobebi ki qmnis garkveul diskurss
Sexedulebebs, dialogs seqsis Sesaxeb, satelevizio da radio programebs,
kanonmdeblobas, saJurnalo statiebs, samedicino konsultaciebs, seqsualur
praqtikas (mag., usafrTxo seqsi) da porno industrias. fuko ar uaryofs rom
saxelwifos, kanons, mmarTvels an dominant klass uWiravs Zalauflebis
dominanturi poziciebi, aramed is migviTiTebs imisken, rom arsebobs aseve
Zalauflebis ufro lokalizebuli qselebi, taqtika da meqanizmebi anu
Zalauflebis "mikro fizika.
ibadeba kiTxva. Tu sad aris am ganazrebebSi subieqtis adgili. sosurma uaryo
subieqtis roli reprezentaciis sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi. ena gvalaparakebs, Tqva
man. subieqti mxolod indviduluri saubris aqtis (paroles) avtoria. fukoc
garkveulwilad eTanxmeba am pozicias. misi azriT, diskursi da ara subieqti qmnis
codnas. codna/Zalauflebis funqcionirebisTvis ar aris saWiro "subieqtis"
moZieba. fuko ar eTanxmeboda subiqtis cnebis tradiciul moazrebas, romlis
mixedviTac subieqti, rogorc individi, warmoadgens cnobierebis matarebel,
avtonomiur da stabilur substancias, "me-s", mniSvnelobisa da moqmedebis
damoukidebl, namdvil wyaros.
rogorc davinaxeT, enisa da repezentaciis konstruqtivistuli moazreba
subieqts CamoaSorebs privilegirebul pozicias. fukos mixedviT, ara subieqtebi
laparakoben, aramed garkveuli diskursi alaparakebT maT. subieqtebs SeuZliaT
garkveuli teqstebis warmoeba, magram isini epistemes CarCoebSi moqmedeben,
gamomdinare garkveuli WeSmaritebis reJimis perspeqtividan, mocemuli
periodisa da kulturis sazRvrebs Soris moqceulni. subieqti SeuZlebelia
idges raRac garkveuli diskursis farglebs gareT rogorc codnis
damoukidebeli wyaro da avtori.
amave dros, diskursi qmnis subieqtisTvis adgils (mag., mkiTxveli an
mayurebeli, romelic aseve eqvemdebareba diskurss), saidanac mocemuli codna
da mniSvneloba xdeba gasagebi. yvela individi konkretul periodSi SeiZleba
gaxdes diskursis subieqti da, aqedan gamomdinare, Zalaufleba/codnis
matarebeli. amisaTvis saWiroa sakuTari Tavi movaTavsoT iseT poziciaSi,
saidanac CvenTvis diskursi gasagebi gaxdeba da am gziT gavxdeT garkveuli
mniSvnelobebis, Zalauflebisa da regulaciis subieqtebi. yvela diskursi aseTi
saxiT qmnis subieqt poziciebs, saidanac isini gasagebi xdebian.
am Teoriis mixedviT, kacebisTvis Seqmnili pornografia, qalebisTvis
mxolod maSin iqneba gasagebi, Tu qali Tavs kacis "subieqt poziciis" adgilas
daayenebs.
yovelive zemoT xsenebuli rom SevajamoT, konstruqciuli midgomis
mixedviT, reprezentacia moicavs mniSvnelobis warmoebas sagnebis sam sxvadasxva
wesrigs Soris damyarebuli kavSirebis saSualebiT: sagnebis, xalxis, movlenebisa
da gamocdilebis samyaro, konceftualuri samyaro mentaluri cnebebi,
romlebic Cven TavSi gvaqvs da niSnebi, mowesrigebuli enebad, romlebic am
cnebebis komunikacias axdenen.
Tu gvinda rom davamyaroT kavSiri gansxvavebul sistemebs Soris, fiqsireba
movaxdinoT am kavSirebs Soris garkveuli periodiT mainc, ise rom xalxma icodes
- erT sistemaSi mocemuli elementi Seesabameba meore sistemis mocemul
elements, maSin unda vflobdeT raRacas, rac Targmnis saSualebas mogvcems anu
imas rac migviTiTebs, Tu romeli sityva unda gamoviyenoT konkretuli cnebis
aRsaniSnavad. am aucileblobidan momdinareobs kodebis arseboba.
mniSvnelobis
warmoqmna
damokidebulia
interpretaciaze
da
rom
interpretacia funqcionirebs kodebis saSualebiT Cven viyenebT kods anu
vaxdenT gaSifvras enkodings, xolo meore adamiani axdens Cvens mier kodSi
Cadebuli mniSvnelobis dekodirebas. aqedan gamomdinare, mniSvnelobebi
yovelTvis icvleba da xelidan gvisxlteba. kodebi operireben rogorc
socialuri konvenciebi da ara rogorc mudmivi kanonebi.

Seiqmna ramdenime marginaluri diskursi klasobrivi urTierTobebis farTo

CarCoebSi.
axalgazrduli kulturis ganviTarebamac Seuwyo xeli polarizaciis am
process. muSaTa klasis warmomadgeneli axalgazrdobis msyidvelunarianoba
gaizarda; axalgazrdebs ukve SeeZloT ekonomikuri ganviTarebis Sedegad
warmoebuli produqciis yidva. ganaTlebis sistemaSic moxda cvlilebebi, ramac
xeli Seuwyo TaobaTa cnobierebis Camoyalibebas axalgazrdebs Soris. es
cnobiereba klasis gamocdilebas emyareboda, Tumca ukve gansxvavebuli
formebiT gamoixateboda, romlebic xSirad upirispirdeboda Zvel tradiciul
formebs.
klasis fenomeni imdenad meore xarisxovnad iTvleboda imdroindeli da
Semdgomi kvlevebis dros, rom bevrma socialurma Teoretikosma axalgazrdebi
CaTvala
rogorc
axali
klasi.
isini
axalgazrdebSi
xedavdnen
aradiferencirebul Tineijer momxmareblebs. subkulturis kvleva britaneTSi
daefuZna urbanul eTnografias, romelic jer kidev me-19 saukuneSi ganviTarda
(henri meihius da tomas arCeris naSromebi, Carlz dikensisa da artur morisonis
novelebi). Tumca subkulturis kvlevisadmi ufro mecnieruli midgoma, Tavisi
meTodologiiT (CarTuli dakvirveba) 1920-ian wlebamde ar aRmocenebula,
rodesac sociologebisa da danaSaulis SemswavlelTa jgufma CikagoSi daiwyo
informaciis Segroveba quCis axalgazrda dajgufebebze da kriminogenur
jgufebze. CarTuli dakvirveba isev aqtualuria, Tumca analitikuri da axsniTi
amosavali wertilis ararsebobis gamo mas sociologiis ZiriTad nakadSi
marginaluri statusi eniWeba.
1950-ian wlebSi albert koeni da volter mileri Seecadnen Teoriuli
perspeqtivis Semotanas; isini Seiswavlidnen dominant da daqvemdebarebul
RirebulebiT sistemebs. koeni dainteresda muSaTa klasis axalgazrda
warmomadgenlebiT, romlebic kargad ver swavlobdnen skolaSi. isini Tavisufal
dros erTiandebodnen dajgufebebSi da am wesiT axdenden TviTRirebulebis,
TviTrwmenis alternatiuli wyaros Camoyalibebas. dajgufebaSi ar cnobdnen
sazogadoebaSi miRebul iseT Rirebulebebs rogoric iyo simkacre, ambicia,
konformizmi, a.S. am Rirebulebebis sawinaaRmdegod dajgufebis wevrebi
mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen hedonizms, avtoritetis arafrad Cagdebas, sacemi
subieqtebis Ziebas, a.S.
axalgazrdebis dajgufebebis RirebulebaTa sistemis kvlevisas, mileri xazs
usvams dajgufebasa da mSoblebis kulturas Soris msgavsebebs; mileris
mixedviT, devianti jgufis bevr Rirebulebas ubralod damaxinjebuli an
maqsimalisturi xasiaTi aqvs, Torem sxva mxriv is warmoadgens muSaTa klasis
ufrosi warmomadgenlebis faseulobebs.
1961 wels matsa da saiksma subkulturis Seswavlisas gamoiyenes termini
subteraniuli Rirebulebebi, raTa aexsnaT legitimuri da devianturi
axalgazrduli kulturebi. maTac aRiares rom axalgazrdebis kulturaSi
damkvidrebuli subteraniuli Rirebulebebi (riskis, garTobis Zieba) mWidrod
ukavSirdeba Sromis eTikas (dakmayofilebis gadavadeba, rutina). mogvianebiT, am
Teoriebis Semowmeba moxda britanuli savele samuSaoebis dros.
1960 wels piter vilmotma gamoaqveyna kvleva im kulturuli
SesaZleblobebis Sesaxeb, romlebic xelmisawvdomi iyo muSaTa klasis
biWebisTvis londonis ist-endSi (aRmosavleT londonSi). vilmotmac daaskvna,
rom uklaso axalgazrduli kulturis idea jer kidev udroo da uazro iyo. misi
dakvirvebiT, Tavisufali drois gamoyenebis sxvadasxva SeesaZlebloba
axalgazrdebisTvis gansazRvruli iyo im winaaRmdegobebiTa da danawevrebiT,
romelic axasiaTebs uklaso sazogadoebas. man subkultura gansazRvra rogorc
"kompromisuli gadawyvetileba" or urTierTdapirispirebul moTxovnilebas
Soris:
Seqmnisa
da
avtonomiurobis
moTxovnileba
da
mSoblisagan
gansxvavebulobis damtkiceba da mSoblis identifikaciebis SenarCunebis
moTxovnileba.
am analizis mixedviT, skinhedebisa da tedebis stili intepretirebuli iyo
rogorc mediaciis mcdeloba gamocdilebasa da tradicias, nacnobsa da axals
Soris. kohenisTvis, subkulturis latentur funqcias warmoadgenda gamoexata

36

53

uTanxmoebis xasiaTs: es aris brZola niSnis kvlav mopovebisTvis, romelic

vrceldeba yoveldRiurobis yvelaze yoveldRiur sferoebzec ki.

televizualuri mesijebis warmoeba da gavrceleba

subkulturis da stilis mniSvneloba xSirad urTierTsawinaaRmdego

cnebebiT ganisazRvreba. aqedan gamomdinare, es Tavi daeTmoba im process,
romlis saSualebiTac garkveul sagnebs raRac mniSvneloba eniWebaT, kerZod, ki
stili erqmevaT subkulturis farglebSi.
dik hebdijis wigni (1979) subkultura stilis mniSvneloba warmoadgens
subkulturaze daweril wignebs Soris klasikas. hebdiji subkulturis fenomenis
ganxilvisas iyenebs altuzeris, gramSis, bartisa da praRis skolis mier
SemuSavebuli semiotikis midgomebs. 70-iani wlebi iyo is periodi, rodesac
britaneTSi bevri subkultura arsebobda an kidev maTi SemCneva ufro martivi
iyo, vidre sxvagan. ai, magaliTad, arsebobdnen Semdegi subkulturebi : tedebi,
skinhedebi, pankebi, bouvitebi (devid bouvis mimdevrebi), hipebi, dredebi da a.S.
hebdiji gramSis or termins iyenebs subkulturis analizisTvis; pirveli aris
gaerTianeba, xolo meore konkretuloba, rac niSnavs, rom TiToeuli
subkultura warmoadgens gamorCeul moments, konkretul pasuxs konkretuli
viTarebis mimarT.
subkulturebi warmoiSva gviani xanis industriuli kulturis ufro farTo
sistemasTan komunaluri da simboluri urTierTqmedebis Sedegad. isini
ganpirobebuli arian, Tumca ara calsaxad - asakiTa da klasiT da gamoirCevian
gansxvavebuli stiliT. es stilebi ki warmoiqmneba konkretuli istoriuli da
kulturuli Tanxvedrebis dros; isini ar SeiZleba ganixilebodes, rogorc
mxolod hegemoniis an kidev socialuri daZabulobis gadamwyveti saSualeba,
rogorc amas miiCnevdnen adreuli Teoretikosebi.
subkulturebi axdenen im periodSi gavrcelebuli "imijebisa" da arsebuli
meterialuri kulturis safuZvelze stilebis erTad Tavmoyras, im mizniT, rom
Semdeg maT Seqmnan gansxvavebuli identobebi. axali identobebi iqmneba im mizniT
rom subkulturis wevrebma am gziT moipovon SedarebiTi avtonomia socialuri
wesrigis farglebSi, romelic, Tavis mxriv, klasificirebulia klasis, samuSaos,
Taobebs Soris gansxvavebebis safuZvelze.
hebdijma gviandel naSromSi (1998) sxvagvarad moiazra Tavisi meTodi da
ganacxada, rom man saTanado mniSvneloba ar mianiWa komerciuli kulturis Zalas,
romelsac SeuZlia kontrhegemonuri stilebis gamoyeneba da Seqmna.
panki warmoadgenda avangarduli kulturuli strategiis, marketinguli
unarebis da muSaTa klasis daumorCileblobis gansakuTrebul sinTezs, romelic
Seiqmna im dros, rodesac britaneli axalgazrdobisTvis samomxmareblo bazari
ar iyo martivad xelmisawvdomi. zRvari subkulturas, rogorc protests da
subkulturas, rogorc komerciul kulturas Soris rTuli gasavlebia,
ramdenadac orive siamovnebis momtania da hegemoniis iaraRia, gansakuTrebiT
maSin rodesac axalgazrdebze orientirebul bazars exeba saqme.
magaliTad, sainteresoa britaneTSi arsebuli Savkaniani mosaxleobisa da
muSaTa klasis warmomadgeneli axalgazrdobis ganxilva subkulturebis
warmoqmnasTan dakavSirebiT. SavkanianTa kulturuli formebi (mag., musika)
yovelTvis
TamaSobda
ganmsazRvrel
rols
subkulturuli
stilebis
warmoqmnisas. aq xazi unda gaesvas urTierTobas subkulturebsa da im sxva
jgufebs Soris (mSoblebi,
maswavleblebi,
policia, respeqtabeluri
moqalaqeebi, a.S. da ufrosi muSaTa klasi da saSualo klasis kulturebi),
romlebsac am subkulturebis warmomadgenlebi gaemijnen. meore msoflio omis
Semdeg britaneTSi Zveli tradiciuli cxovrebis stili gadafara axalma,
zedapirulad naklebad klasobrivma sistemam. miuxedavad imisa, rom klasobrivi
struqtura ar gamqrala, is formebi, romlis saSualebiTac klasi gamoixateboda
kulturaSi Seicvala. masmediis ganviTarebam, ojaxis konstituciis Secvlam,
skolisa da samsaxuris organizaciam da samuSaosa da dasvenebis statusis
Secvlam muSaTa klasi gaanaxevra da misi polarizeba gamoiwvia, ris Sedegadac

stuart holis esse enkodireba, dekodireba Seexeba mesijebis warmoebasa da

gavrcelebas. holis analizi efuZneba semiotikur paradigmas, mis naSroms
teqstualuri, aseve eTnografiuli saxe aqvs. holis mosazrebebi ZiriTadad
televizias exeba. igi gvTavazobs komunikaciis oTx etapian Teorias: warmoeba,
cirkulacia, gamoyeneba (romelsac igi uwodebs distribucias an moxmarebas) da
reproduqcia. holis azriT, TiToeuli safexuri SedarebiT avtonomiuria
sxvebisgan. es niSnavs rom mesijis kodireba ar akontrolebs mis miRebas da ara
gamWvirvale saxiT, TiToeul safexurs aqvs Tavisi sazRvrebi da SesaZleblobebi.
SedarebiTi avtonomiis koncefcia saSualebas aZlevs mas isaubros polisemiaze,
romelic ar unda moiazrebodes rogorc pluralizmi. mesijebi ar eqvemdebarebian nebismieri saxis interpretacias an gamoyenebas radganac TiToeuli
safexuri mocemul wreSi zRudavs meoris SesaZleblobebs.
sazogadoebaSi, mesijebs aqvT "dominaciis kompleqsuri struqtura"
ramdenadac TiToeul safexurze isini eqcevian institucionaluri Zalauflebis
urTierTobebis gavlenis qveS. ufro metic, mesijis miReba SesaZlebelia mxolod
im SemTxvevaSi Tu mas cnobadi xasiaTi aqvs an SesabamisobaSi modis garkveul
warmodgenebTan -- Tumca yovelTvis rCeba patara sivrce im mesijis gasagebad,
romelic ar Seesabameba saerTo warmodgenebs. komunikaciuri wre yovelTvis
axdens Zalauflebis reJimis reproduqcias.
telesamauwyeblo struqturebma enkodirebuli mesijebi unda warmoadginon
mniSvneladi diskursis farglebSi. institucia produqciis socialuri
urTierTobebi unda daeqvemdebaron enis diskursiul wesebs, raTa moxdes maTi
produqtis realizacia. es TavisTavad mocemuli formaluri diskursisa da enis
wesebs ZalauflebaSi amyofebs. enkodirebuli mesijebis dekodirebis Sedegad
isini asruleben garkveul funqcias gavlenis moxdenis, garTobis, dajerebis
rasac Tavis mxriv moyveba kompleqsuri aRqmiTi, kognituri, emociuri,
ideologiuri da qceviTi Sedegebi. gansazRvrul momentSi struqtura iRebs
kods da qmnis mesijs. Semdeg momentSi, mocemuli "mesiji dekodirebis
saSualebiT socialuri praqtikis struqturebis Semadgenel nawilad iqceva.
tipuri procesebi, romlebsac ikvlevs pozitivisturi meTodi Sedegebi,
gamoyeneba, "kmayofileba" Tavad aris moqceuli gagebis struqturis CarCoebSi
da warmoiqmneba socialuri da ekonomikuri urTierTobebis Sedegad, romlebic
gansazRvrul formas aZleven mesijis miRebis formas, da SesaZleblobas iZlevian
rom mniSvnelobebi, romlebic figurirebs diskursis farglebSi gadavides
socialur cnobierebasa Tu praqtikaSi (imisaTvis rom maT mieniWoT socialuri
Rirebuleba an politikuri gavlena moipovon).
enkodirebisa da kodirebis kodebi ar aris simetriuli. anu "gagebisa" da
"arasworad gagebis" xarisxi komunikaciur gacvlaSi damokidebulia simetria/asimetiriaze, romelic damyarebulia enkoderis- mwarmoebelsa da dekoders/mimRebs Soris. magram es TavisTavad damokidebulia identobis an ara
identobis xarisxze kodebs Soris, romlebic avad Tu kargad axdenen informaciis
gadacemas, Sewyvetas Tu damaxinjebas.
kodebs Soris Seusabamoba asaxavs prodiuserebsa da mayureblebs Soris
struqturul gansxvavebulobas. aseve, es SeiZleba gamowveul iyos kodebis
wyarosa da mimRebs Soris arsebuli asimetriiT. "damaxinjeba" an "gaugebroba"
gamowveulia am or mxares Soris komunikaciuri gacvlis dros arsebuli
ekvivalentobis ararsebobiT.
televizualuri niSans kompleqsuri xasiaTi aqvs. igi Sedgeba ori tipis
diskursis - vizualurisa da xmovanis kombinaciisgan. amave dros, is
gamosaxulebis (xatis) niSania, ramdenadac mas aqvs im sagnis niSan-Tvisebebi,
romlis warmosaxvasac axdens. am sakiTxma gaugebroba gamoiwvia vizualuri enis
Seswavlis sferoSi. imdenad ramdenadac, vizualuri diskursi samganzomilebian
samyaros organzomilebianad gardaqmnis, mas ar SeuZlia iyos imis referenti an
idea, rasac warmoadgens. realoba arsebobs enis gareT, magram misi gaSualeba
xdeba yovelTis eniT; rogorc ukve iTqva, rac viciT da rasac vambobT xdeba
konkretuli diskursis farglebSi. diskursiuli codna warmoadgens ara enaSi

52

37

subkultura/stili

"nadmvilis", gamWvirvale reprezentacias, aramed enis gamoyenebas realur

urTierTobebTan da pirobebTan mimarTebaSi.
Sesabamisad, kodis moqmedebis gareSe ar arsebobs gasagebi diskursi.
vizualuri niSnebi amrigad warmoadgenen kodirebul niSnebs miuxedavad imisa,
rom aq kodebi gansxvavebulad moqmedeben. enaSi ar arsebobs nulovani aTvlis
wertili. naturalizmi da "realizmi" warmoadgens reprezentaciis erTgulebas
im sagnis Tu ideis mimarT romlis warmosaxvac xdeba da aris enis "realobasTan"
mimarTebaSi konkretuli gamoyenebis wesi, anu diskursiuli praqtikis
rezultati. Tumca, garkveuli kodebi imdenad farTod arian gavrcelebuli
konkretul sazogadoebasa Tu enaSi, rom isini bunebriobis iluzias badeben.
analogiurad, xSirad martiv vizualur niSnebs universaluri xasiaTi eZlevaT.
umberto ekos mixedviT, "xati" niSnebi gamoiyurebian rogorc sagnebi realur
samyaroSi, imitom rom isini axdenen mayurebelSi aRqmis pirobebis (kodebis)
reproducirebas. "aRqmis es pirobebi" warmoadgens dekodirebis rezultats da
kodirebuli, nawilobriv aracnobieri operaciebis erTobliobis. es exeba
rogorc fotografiul an televizualur gamosaxulebas, ise nebismier sxva
niSans.
reprezentaciebi da media - fiqcia
sityva fiqcia gulisxmobs realuri cxvorebidan mowyvetas. novelis kiTxva,
kinoSi siaruli, teleserialis yureba gvaZlevs warmosaxviT samyaroSi
mogzaurobis saSualebas, romelic gvTavazobs yoveldRiuri cxovrebis aqtivobebisgan Tvisebrivad gansxvavebul gamocdilebas.
1930iani wlebidan daaxloebiT 100000 saaTi daeTmo teleserialebs aSS-s
tleviziebisa da radios eTerSi. es statistika adasturebs imias, Tu ramdenad
warmoadgens teleserialebis fenomeni cxovrebiseul faqts.
kviraSi orjer, samjer da xSirad yoveldRiuradac teleserialebi
mayurebels sTavazoben fiqciur gamocdilebas, sadac yovelRiuroba da fiqcia
erTmaneTSia gadajaWvuli, imdenad rom teleserialis fiqciuri gmirebis
cxovrebebSi momxdari mTavari movlenebi qveyanaSi momxdar axal ambadac
SeiZleba aRiqvan. sainteresoa, ganvixiliT is procesebi, romlebic moicavs
fiqciasa da socialur samyaros Soris urTierTgacvlas: rogor Sedis
socialuri cxovreba fiqciur diskursSi da ra mosdis iq mas; rogor mimarTaven
sxvadasxva Janrebi sxvadasxva auditorias da rogor iTxoven maT
CarTuloba/monawileobas. ganvixiloT teleserialebis mier Seqmnili genderuli
principiT dayofili reprezentacia da mniSvnelobebi da mniSvnelovani da
xSirad ignorirebuli siamovnebis miRebis fenomeni.
rodesac ganvixilavT programebis formas yuradReba unda mieqces Semdegs: 1.
teleserialis buneba, rogorc garkveuli samauwyeblo Janri;
2. naratiuli struqtura, rogorc konkretuli epizodi da teleseriali rogorc gangrZobiTi seriali; 3. kadrebis organizacia vizualuri kompozicia
da montajis struqturebi; 4. personaJebi; 5. gamoxatvis saxeebi mag., melodrama,
komedia da realizmi da 6. mayureblebis mier gansakuTrebuli esTetikis
matarebeli audio-vizualuri dramatizebuli fiqciis miReba, sadac scenari da
vizualuri organizacia, xmebi da dramatuli Sexvedrebi exebian mayureblis
grZnobebsa da emociebs.
zemoT xsenebuli aspeqtebi qmnian an gamoxataven mniSvnelobebs, romlebic
Semdeg "mesijebad" gvevlinebian. swored am aspeqtebs unda mivaqcioT
yuradRebas, radgan gavarkvioT, Tu ratom xdeba teleseriali mravalricxovani
mayureblebis cxovrebis ganuyofeli nawili.

vxedavT, rom ganviTarebuli dasavleTis demokratiul qveynebSi, ideologiuri

sfero ar aris netraluri. konotaciur kodebs rom davubrundeT, isini
mniSvnelobiT arian datvirTuli da warmoadgenen dominanturi diskursebis
Semadgenel nawils, anu dominantur ideologiebs, dominanturi jgufebis
interesebs sazogadoebaSi.
marqsi: mmarTveli klasis ideebi yvela epoqaSi mmarTvel ideebs warmoadgenen; anu klasi, romelic warmoadgens sazogadoebis materialur mmarTvel
Zalas amave dros aris mmarTveli inteleqtualuri Zala. klasi, romelic flobs
materialuri warmoebis saSualebebs, aseve flobs mentaluri warmoebis
saSualebebsac. mmarTveli ideebi warmoadgenen dominanturi materialuri
urTierTobebis idealur gamoxatulebas da aRiqmebian rogorc ideebi saidanac
gamomdinareobs urTierTobebi, romlebic klass mmarTvel klasad aqceven.
mmarTveli klasi ki, Tavis mxriv, dominanturi ideebis matarebeli xdeba (marqsi
da engelsi 1970).
antonio gramSis hegemoniis Teoria asaxavs Tu rogor xdeba dominantobis
SenarCuneba ganviTarebul kapitalistur sazogadoebebSi.
hegemonia: hegemoniis cneba Seexeba iseT situacias, romelSic socialuri
jgufebis garkveuli kavSiris Sedegad xdeba totaluri socialuri Zalauflebis
ganxorcieleba sxva daqvemdebarebul jgufebze, ara mxolod iZulebis an
mmarTveli ideebis pirdapiri Tavsmoxvevis gziT, aramed Tanxmobis mopovebisa da
saerTo Sexedulebebis formirebis saSualebiT, ise rom dominanturi jgufebis
Zalauflebas legitimuri da bunebrivi saxe eZleva.
hegemoniis SenarCuneba SeiZleba manamde, sanam dominanti klasebi warmatebiT
axerxeben ZiriTadi mniSvnelobebis gansazRvras erTi mocemuli CarCos
farglebSi, ise rom daqvemdebarebuli jfugebi Tu ar kontrolirdebian, maSin
erT ideologiur sivrceSi mainc arian moqceuli. es ideologiuri sivrce ar
unda Candes rogorc mkveTrad ideologiuri, aramed hqondes mudmivobisa da
bunebriobis saxe, iyos istoriis gareT da konkretuli interesebis miRma.
bartis mixedviT, miTologia asrulebs naturalizaciisa da normalizaciis
vitalur funqcias. gramSi mniSvnelovan detals amatebs: misi azriT, hegemoniis
Zala, swored imitom rom mas sWirdeba daqvemdebarebuli umvravlesobis
Tanxmoba arasdros ganxorcieldeba erTsa da imave adamianTa jgufis mier.

masobrivi kulturis anomaliur niSans, feministebis azriT, warmoadgens

garkveuli kulturuli sivrcis gamoyofa, romelsac ewodeba qalis sivrce, mag.,

hegemonia ar aris universaluri da winaswar mocemuli konkretuli

klasisTvis, rom maT marTon; aramed hegemonia, pirvel rigSi, mopovebul unda
iqnes, eqvemdebarebodes kvlavwarmoebas da hegemoniis SenarCunebisTvis
mmarTveli jgufi unda iRvwodes. hegemonia warmoadgens moZrav wonasworobas,
romelic moicavs Zalebis urTierTqmedebas, romlebic an keTilad arian
ganwyobili ama Tu im tendenciis mimarT, an ara.
aqedan gamomdinare, formebi ar SeiZleba permanentulad normalizebuli
iyos. maTi dekonstruireba da demistifikacia yovelTvis aris SesaZlebeli;
magaliTad, iseTi miTologis mier, rogoric aris roland barti. ufro metic,
sagnebis Tavidan mopoveba yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi yovelTvis aris SesaZlebeli;
maT xSirad winaaRmdegobrivi mniSvnelobebi eniWebaT imave jgufebis mier,
romlebmac sagnebi Seqmnes. simbiozi, romelSic ideologia da socialuri
wesrigi, warmoeba da kvlav warmoeba erTmaneTs ukavSirdeba, ar aris stabiluri
da arc garantirebuli. is Riaa cvlilebebisTvis. konsensusi SeiZleba
danawevrdes, Seicvalos da misi validuroba kiTxvis niSnis qveS moeqces. xolo
ZalauflebaSi myofi jgufebis mimarT winaaRmdegobas yovelTvis ver gavuwevT
ignorirebas an kidev avtomaturad ver CavrTavT mas Cven sistemaSi. Tumca,
lefebres mixedviT, Cven vcxovrobT im sazogadoebaSi sadac meoradi buneba
pirveladis adgils ikavebs aRqmadi realobis Tavdapirvel fenas (lefebvre
1971). yovelTvis aris winaaRmdegobebi da dapirispirebebi, romlebic niSansa da
sagans Soris, warmoebasa da kvlavwarmoebas Soris napralis amovsebas uSlian
xels.
brZola sxvadasxva diskurss , sxvadasxva definiciasa da mniSvnelobas Soris
ideologiis farglebSi, yovelTvis atarebs signifikaciis sferoSi arsebuli

38

51

qalebis kultura da kacebis kultura

arqiteqturis saxes iReben. yvelaferi winaswar gawerilia, sagnis Sinaars rom

arc ki SevexoT. es gansazRvrulobani ara mxolod imas svams CarCoebSi Tu ra
iswavleba, aramed Tu rogor iswavleba. saswavlo Senobebi pirdapiri
mniSvnelobiT dominanti ideologiuri cnebebis warmoebas axdenen, pirvel rigSi,
Tu ra aris ganaTleba; swored am procesis saSualebiT saganmanaTleblo
struqtura, romelic Tavisi bunebiT cvalebadia kiTxvis niSansa Tu daeWvebas
aRar eqvemdebareba da gvevlineba rogorc winaswar mocemuli garemoeba (anu
ucvlelis saxiT).
socialuri urTierTobebi da procesebi Semdeg miewodeba individebs
garkveuli, winaswar gansazRvruli formebis saxiT; es formebi rogorc
aRvniSneT ar aris gamWvirvale. isini Semosilia sayovelTaod miRebuli azris
niRbiT, rac maT validurobas aZlevs da amave dros mistificirebas ukeTebs.
swored am formebis gaSifrva surs semiologiur analizs. kulturis yvela
aspeqts semiologiuri faseuloba gaaCnia da yvela mocemuli Tu miRebuli
fenomeni funqcionirebs rogorc niSani: rogorc sakomunikacio sistemaSi
arsebuli elementi, romelic imarTeba semantikuri wesebisa da kodebis mier, rac
TavisTavad gamocdilebaSi ar fiqsirdeba. es niSnebi arian iseTive gaumWvirvale,
rogorc is socialuri urTierTobebi, romlebic maT warmoSobs da Semdeg maT
gamoxatulebas warmoadgens. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, yvela aRmniSvnels
ideologiuri ganzomileba gaaCnia:
niSani ar arsebobs ubralod rogorc realobis nawili is asaxavs da Semdeg
ganasaxierebs sxva realobas. amitom man SeiZleba daamaxinjos an swored
warmoaCinos mocemuli realoba, an kidev gansakuTrebuli kuTxiT dagvanaxos is.
yvela niSani eqvemdebareba ideologiuri Sefasebis kriteriumebs; ideologiis
sfero emTxveva niSnebis sferos. sadac niSani arsebobs, iqve arsebobs ideologiac. yvelafer ideologiurs aqvs semioturi mniSvneloba (volosinovi, 1973)
niSnebis ideologiuri ganzomilebis gamosavlenad, Cven unda gavSifroT
kodebi, romelTa saSualebiTac xdeba mniSvnelobis organizeba. konotaciur
kodebs gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWebaT. stuart holis mixedviT, isini
socialuri cxovrebis saxes faraven da warmoadgenen mas rogorc klasificirebad, gasageb da mniSvnelad rames.
holi am kodebs mniSvnelobis rukebs uwodebs, romlebic produqciis
arCevans gansazRvraven. kodebi dominireben potenciuri mniSvnelobebis fonze
da Sedegad zogierTi mniSvneloba ufro xelmisawvdomi xdeba, vidre sxva. Cven
vcxovrobT am rukebis farglebSi iseve darwmunebulebi, rogorc realur
samyaroSi: isini Cven mogviazreben iseTive wesiT rogorc Cven maT moviazrebT. es
TavisTavad bunebrivi procesia. yvela adamianuri sazogadoeba Tavisi Tavis
kvlav warmoebas axdens naturalizaciis procesis saSualebiT. am procesiTve
socialuri urTierTobebis konkretuli formebi, samyaros organizebis
konkretuli gzebi gveCveneba rogorc universaluri da maradiuli.
magaliTad, alTuzeri ambobs, rom ideologias ar aqvs istoria, da rom
ideologiis es farTo gageba yovelTvis iqneba nebismieri socialuri formaciis
Semadgeneli aucilebeli elementi. Tumca, iseT kompleqsur sazogadoebaSi,
rogoric dasavleTis sazogadoebaa, romelic funqcionirebs kargad klasificirebuli dayofili muSa xelis saSualebiT, kiTxva ismis, Tu ra konkretul
ideologiebzea aq saubari, romeli jgufebis interesebs warmoadgenen es
ideologiebi, da ra momentSi an ra situaciaSi warmoCindeba isini. am sakiTxis
gasarkvevad Cven, pirvel rigSi, unda ganvixiloT rogor aris dasavlur
sazogadoebaSi Zalaufleba ganawilebuli; anu sazogadoebis romeli jgufebi an
klasebi axdenen socialuri samyaros definicias, mowesrigebasa da
klasifikacias. magaliTad, im saSualebebis xelmisawvdomoba, romelTa gziTac
ideebi vrceldeba sazogadoebaSi (mas mediis saSualebebi) ar warmoadgens erTsa
da imaves yvela klasisTvis. zogierT jgufs ufro metis Tqmis ufleba aqvs, sxvani
wesebs adgenen, mniSvnelobebs gansazRvraven, maSin rodesac garkveul nawils
naklebi Zalaufleba gaaCnia imisTvis rom Tavisi wesebi samyaros mowyobis Sesaxeb
Tavs moaxvion danarCenebs.
sainteresoa, rogor funqcionirebs specifikuri ideologiebi, rogor
moipovebs zogierTi Zalauflebas, xolo sxvebi ki rCebian marginalebad. Cven

qalebis gverdi Jurnal-gazeTebSi, qalebisTvis gankuTvnili filmebi, qalebis

Jurnalebi.
feministuri azri amtkicebs, rom dasavlur sazogadoebaSi mamakacebi adgenen
imas Tu ra iTvleba adamianurad da ra ara; amitom qalebis kultura calke
kulturad aris gamocxadebuli. analogiuri ideologiis farglebSi, sityva
"kaci" SeiZleba aRniSnavdes rogorc kacs aseve qals. magaliTad, inglisur enaSi
xSirad him (mamrobiTi sqesis aRmniSvneli nacvalsaxeli) aRniSnavs her-sac
(mdedrobiTi sqesis aRmniSvneli nacvalsaxeli).
kulturis genderuli saxe ar aris pirdapir gamokveTili. centralur,
damkvidrebul Rirebulebebs universaluri xasiaTi aqvT da genderuli
gamijvnisgan Tavisuflad ganixilebian. genderi mxolod maSin miiCneva
problematuri sakiTxad, rodesac qalebi, rogorc specifikuri kategoria,
dadgenili normis farglebs scildeba.
magaliTad, teleserialebis kultura iTvleba Zalian mdare xarisxis mqone
kulturad, romelsac ZiriTadad qali mayureblebi hyavs, rac niSnavs, rom xdeba
damkvidrebuli kulturuli Rirebulebidan (anu maskulinuri Rirebulebebidan)
gadaxra. 1970-ian wlebSi, erTma Jurnalistma teleserialebs uwoda "emociuri
porno" frustrirebuli diasaxlisebisTvis. gancda da emocia, iseve rogorc
ojaxuri kera, qalebis kulturul formebTan identificirdeba, amitomac kacebs
ar uyvarT, rodesac maT teleserialebis mayureblebs miaTvlian.
ibadeba
Semdegi
kiTxvebi:
rogor
xdeba
genderis
konstruireba
reprezentaciis dros? ra gavlena aqvs genders kulturul formebze romelTa
saSualebiTac xdeba konstruireba? riTi gansxvavdeba qalebisTvis gamoyofili
sivrce maskulinuri normebisgan?

50

39

qalebisa da "namdvili qalebis" gamosaxulebebi

qalebis zogadi kategoria ar arsebobs, imdenad ramdenadac qalebi ar
warmoadgenen erTgvarovan socialur jgufs, romelsac yvela qali miakuTvnebda
Tavs. genderi kveTavs socialuri identobebis iseT Semadgenel nawilebs,
rogoric aris garkveuli erovneba, eTnikuroba, asaki, socialuri jgufi,
seqsualuri orientacia, socialuri statusi.
aqedan gamomdinare, is Sexeduleba, rom reprezentacia unda warmoaCendes
namdvil qalebs mcdaria. kiTxva ismis, Tu vis realobaze aq saubari, rogor
realobaze (daTrgunuli qalebis, dadebiTi personaJebis, msxverpli qalebis), da
vis mixedviT aris realoba aseTi da ara sxvagvari?
stuart holis mixedviT, "qalis" da "kacis" aRmniSvneli sityva, Tu
gamosaxuleba warmoadgens kulturul aRmniSvnelebs, romlebic genderul
gansazRvrebebs, mniSvnelobebsa da identobebs ki ar asaxaven, aramed axdenen maT
konstruirebas. rac ar unda "bunebrivad" gveCvenebodes aRniSnuli cnebebi, isini
warmoadgnen qalisa da mamakacis winaswar mocemuli arsis simbolur reprezentacias.
kulturuli formebisTvis genderis mniSvnelobis miniWeba da konkretuli
kulturuli formebisTvis privilegirebuli statusis micema SeiZleba
ganvixiloT rogorc patriarqalur kulturasTan dapirispirebis erT-erTi
gamovlineba "realobis" gansazRvris procesSi. am dapirispirebas ki Semdegi
sqematuri saxe SeiZleba mivceT:
masobrivi kultura/garToba- feminuroba
popularuli Janris konvenciebi;
romantizirebuli stereotipebi;
brWyviala brwyinvaleba;
emociebi;
eqspresiuli performansi;
grZnobebis Sesaxeb saubari;
fantazia;

realobidan gaqceva;
kerZo Sinauruli sivrce;
siamovneba;
teleseriali.
maRali kultura/xelovneba maskulinoba
realizmi;
samganzomilebiani fsiqologiuri daxasiaTeba;
simkacre;
azri;
gaumJRavnebeli, naklebad eqspresiuli qmedeba;
gadamwyveti qmedeba;
namdvili problemebi;
problemebis daZleva;
sazogadoebrivi sivrce;
siZneleebi;
vesterni.

bartis mier am lingvistikuri meTodis gamoyenebam enis gareT arsebuli sxva

diskursiuli sistemebis mimarT (moda, kino, saWmeli) axali SesaZleblobebi
ganaviTara Tanamedrove kulturul kvlevebis sferoSi. gaCnda imedi, rom
semiotikuri analizis saSualebiT SesaZlebeli gaxdeboda enas, gamocdilebasa
da realobas Soris SeumCnveveli zRvari dafiqsirebuliyo da gaanalizebuliyo;
rom zRvari gaucxoebul inteleqtualsa da namdvil samyaros Soris
mniSvneladi gaxdariyo da amave dros gamqraliyo. semiologiuri analizi
saSualebas iZleoda momxdariyo kulturis ori dapirispirebuli gansazRvrebis
Serigeba moraluri Sexedulebebisa (am SemTxvevaSi bartis marqsistuli
Sexedulebebi) da popularuli Temebis : sazogadoebis cxovrebis wesis Seswavla.
amisaTvis saWiro iyo axali analitikuri midgomebis SemuSaveba. am
Teoretizaciis procesSi cnebam ideologia farTo mniSvneloba miiRo. bartma
dainaxa, rom anonimuri ideologia ganmsWvalavda socialuri cxovrebis yovel
SesaZlo dones, da vlindeboda yvelaze yofiT ritualSic ki da sazRvravda
yvelaze araformalur socialur Sexvedrebs. magram rogor SeiZleba ideologia
iyos anonimuri? da rogor SeiZleba mas mieniWos farTo mniSvneloba?
ideologia

zemoT mocemuli kulturuli dapirispirebebi farTod aris gavrcelebuli.

maRali kulturis perspeqtividan masobrivi garToba naklovania da asocirdeba
Sinaganad feminur TvisebebTan, maSin rodesac kulturuli realizmis maRali
standarti maskulinur RirebulebebTan asocirdeba. es ar miuTiTebs imaze, rom
qalebi ar monawileoben maRali kulturis sferoSi, ubralod rodesac isini amas
akeTeben, iTvleba rom qalebi maskulinur teritoriaze iWrebian da Sedegi
feminuri Tvisebebis daTrgunvaa. am hegemoniuri urTierTdaZabulobis fonze
zemoT moyvanili CamonaTvali ar warmoadgens myarad fiqsirebul opoziciebs,
aramed faseulobebs, romlebic erTmaneTTan uTanxmoebaSi modian da icvlebian
urTierTqmedebis dros.
Sesabamisad, kodebi, romlebic warmoadgenen realobas ar arian mudmivi da
stabiluri, aramed socialuri realobis konstruirebisaTvis brZolis procesSi
xdeba maTi modifikacia; icvleba warmodgenebi imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra iTvleba
feminurad da ra maskulinurad.
ra kuTxiT SeiZleba teleseriali CaiTvalos qalebisTvis damaxasiaTebel
kulturul formad? rogorc feministebi amboben, teleseriali bolos da
bolos iqmneba im samyaros mier, sadac mamakacebs aqvT Zalaufleba, im
diskursiuli praqtikis CarCoebSi, sadac xdeba maskulinobis, rogorc
dominanturi normis konstruireba.
sainteresoa, rogor axdens masmedia qaluri sivrcis Seqmnas? ra normebi
arsebobs, romlebic xels uwyoben teleserialis rogorc feminuri samyaros
produqtis warmoqmnas? rogor mimarTaven teleserialebi maT ufro da ufro
Sereul mayureblebs?
teleseriali 1930 - ian wlebSi Seiqmna amerikuli komerciuli radio da
sareklamo industriebis mier. am industriebis mizans dRis ganmavlobaSi saxlSi
myofi diasaxlisebisTvis produqtebis gasaReba warmoadgenda. teleserials
hqonda sareklamo datvirTva da ufro efeqturad anacvlebda radiosa da
Jurnal gazeTebSi qalebisTvis gamoyofili svetebis formats. programis
Semqmnelebi cdilobdnen iseTi fiqciuri samyaros Seqmnas, romelic qalebisTvis
iqneboda advilad amosacnobi, sasiamovno da martivad aRsaqmeli, rac saSualebas
miscemda maT paralelurad daelagebinaT saxli da miexedaT bavSvebisTvis.
teleserialis fiqciuri samyaro xasiaTdeba garkveuli opoziciebisa da
gansxvavebulobebis struqturiT. mag., qalebis samyaro moiazreba rogorc
piradi, ojaxur kerasTan da samezoblosTan dakavSirebuli, laparakis
moyvaruli; maSin, rodesac kacebis samyaros damaxasiaTebeli niSan Tvisebia:
sazogadoebrivi saqmiT dakavebuli, samuSaoSi CarTuli, qmediTunariani,
individualisti.
teleserialebSi monawile qali personaJebi TavianT cxovrebas ageben
garkveuli principebis mixedviT; zemoT moyvanili opoziciebis struqtura

germanul ideologiaSi marqsi aCvenebs, rom kapitalisturi ekonomikuri

struqturis safuZveli dafarulia warmoebis subieqtebis cnobierebisgan.
ideologiis axali gagebis mixedviT, moCvenebiTis miRma namdvili urTierTobebis
danaxvis warumatebloba ar aris gamowveuli imiT, rom TiTqos SeniRbvis mizniT
xdeba garkveuli operaciebi, romlebic tardeba individebis, socialuri
jgufebis an institutebis mier. amis sawinaaRmdegod, ideologia warmoadgens
cnobierebis miRma arsebul fenomens. normaluri xedvis doneze, ideologiuri
CarCoebi yvelaze mtkiced kristaldeba da yvelaze efeqturic aris, radganac
maTi ideologiuri xasiaTi yvelaze ufro kargad ifareba swored am doneze.
rogorc stuart holi ambobs, ideologiis gamWvirvaloba, bunebrioba,
uaryofa imisa, rom moxdes im winapirobebis gadasinjva, romelsac ideologia
efuZneba, misi winaaRmdegoba cvlilebis an koreqciis mimarT, misi pirdapir
cnobadobis efeqti da Caketili wre, romelSic is moZraobs, "Cveulebriv aRqmas"
aniWebs rogorc spontanur, aseve ideologiur da aracnobier xasiaTs. Tqven ar
SegiZliaT, Cveulebrivi gziT, gaigoT sinamdvileSi ras warmoadgenen sagnebi:
Tqven mxolod gaarkvevT, sad unda iyvnen isini sagnebis raRac erTobliobis
farglebSi. am gziT xdeba status quo -s dakanoneba da ideologiis mediumad
gadaqceva, sadac winapirobebi moCvenebiTi gamWvirvalobis miRma SeumCneveli
xdeba. (holi, 1977)
imdenad ramdenadac ideologia ganmsWvalavs yoveldRiurobis diskurss
Cveulebrivi, saRi azris formiT, misi gamijvna yoveldRiurobisgan rTuli
xdeba; is warmoadgens TviTkmari politikuri mosazrebebis an mikerZoebuli
Sexedulebebis erTobliobas. misi arc msoflmxedvelobebis abstraqtul
ganzomilebebamde dayvana SeiZleba da arc marqsistuli perspeqtividan
gamomdinare yalb cnobierebad monaTvla. aramed rogorc lui alTuzerma
miuTiTa:
ideologias bevri araferi akavSirebs cnobierebasTan. is siRrmiseulad
aracnobieri fenomenia. ideologia warmoadgens reprezentaciis sistemas, magram
umeteswilad es reprezentaciebi cnobierebasTan kavSirSi ar imyofeba, aramed
isini warmoadgenen gagebul-miRebul-gancdil kulturul obieqtebs, romlebic
funqciurad moqmedeben adamianebze raRac procesis saSualebiT, romelsac
adamianebi ver acnobiereben da Sesabamisad eqcevian garkveul struqturebSi
TavianTi cnobierebisgan damoukideblad. (alTuzeri, 1969).
miuxedavad imisa, rom aq alTuzeri saubrobs im struqturebze, rogoric aris
mag., ojaxi, kulturuli da politikuri institutebi, a.S. Cven aseve SeiZleba
moviyvanoT fizikuri struqturis magaliTi. ganaTlebis yvelaze Tanamedrove
institutebi, maTi moCvenebiTi neitralurobis miuxedavad, implicituri
idologiuri Sexedulebebis matarebelni arian, romlebic Semdeg myari

40

49

dayofilia aqtiur/maskulinur da pasiur/feminur komponentebad.

melvim ganasxvava sami tipis mzera: kinokameridan movlenisken an scenaze
mimarTuli mzera; mzera mayureblidan ekranze ganxorcielebuli movlenis
mimarTulebiT da filmSi personaJebs Soris urTierTgacvliTi mzera. melvis
mixedviT, es sami tipis mzera organizebulia swored zemoT xsenebuli
dixotomiis irgvliv. erTi mxriv, mamakacebi warmoadgenen am mzeris matareblebs
(aqtiuri Tvali) filmSi, feminuri ki kodirebulia rogorc vizualuri sanaxaoba
(pasiuri obieqti romelsac uyureben) meores mxriv, mayureblis Tvali
identificirdeba mamakac personaJTan. aqedan gamomdinare, malvi Tvlis, rom
Seimcneva genderuli disbalansi, gamomdinare iqidan, Tu rogor arian
warmosaxuli mamakaci personaJebi filmis siuJetSi. mamakacebis warmosaxva
ekranze erotiuli, sanaxaobiTi mniSvnelobisgan daclilia. mamakaci akontrolebs mzeris dinamikas.
aq xorcieldeba individis adgil-mdebareobis gansazRvra, konkretuli subieqtis poziciad Camoyalibeba, romelic mocemulia garkveuli reprezentaciis
farglebSi; es reprezentacia ki organizebulia skokofiliuri survilebisa da
aracnobieri identifikaciebis safuZvelze. rac TavisTavad warmoadgens im
process, romelic axdens seqsualuri Tu genderuli gansxvavebulobis
imitacias.

roland barti, Sveicarel lingvist ferdinand sosuris naazrevze

dayrdnobiT Seecada gamoevlina kulturuli fenomenis TviTneburi xasiaTi da
yoveldRiuri cxovrebis dafaruli mniSvnelobebi. barts ar ainteresebda kargis
cudisgan gamorCeva Tanamedrove maskulturaSi, aramed mas surda eCvenebina
Tanamedrove burJuaziuli sazogadoebebis erTi mxriv, spontanuri formebi da
ritualebi rogor ganicdian sistemur damaxinjebas, da meore mxriv, rom
nebismier momentSi e.w. bunebrivad aRiarebuli formebis deistorizacia aris
mosalodneli, maTi miTad qcevis saSualebiT.
mTeli safrangeTi am anonimuri ideologiis monawilea: Cveni presa, filmebi,
Teatri, literatura, ritualebi, sasamarTlo sistema, diplomatia, saubrebi,
Cveni Sexedulebebi amindis, mkvlelobis, sasamarTlos, qorwilis, samzareulos,
samoseli, romelic Cven gvacvia, yvelaferi yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi
damokidebulia im gamosaxulebaze, anu reprezentaciaze, romelsac burJuazias
aqvs da aseve Cvenc Tavs gvaxvevs samyarosa da adamianebs Soris damokidebulebasTan mimarTebaSi (barti, 1972).
bartis mier Camoyalibebuli kulturis cneba biblioTekas, operasa da
Teatrs scildeba da moicavs yoveldRiurobas. Tumca es yoveldRiuroba
bartisTvis muqariT aris aRsavse da ufro sistemurad organizebuli xasiaTi
aqvs. bartisTvis miTi warmoadgens laparakis tips. is Tavis naSromSi,
miTologiebi gansazRvravs wesebis, kodebisa da konvenciebis dafarul
erTobliobas, romlis saSualebiTac garkveuli socialuri jgufebisTvis (e.i.
visac Zalaufleba gaaCnia) mniSvnelobebi xdeba universaluri da "winaswar
mocemuli" mTeli sazogadoebisTvis.
barti miuTiTebda iseT fenomenebze, mag., rogoric aris saWidao matCi,
mwerloba, turizmi. bartis mixedviT, am fenomenebs xelovnuri buneba
axasiaTebT, gaaCniaT garkveuli ideologiuri sayrdeni. TiToeuli maTgani erTsa
da imave ritorikis farglebSi Camoyalibda (is rac normalurad miRebulia am
ritorikis farglebSi) da gadaiqca miTad, anu semiologiuri sistemis meoradi
wesrigis ubralo elementad (barti 1972). qvemoT, ufro detalurad ganvixilavT
bartis mier Jurnal "pari matCis" garekanze dabeWdil fotos, sadac zangi
jariskaci salutiT dgas frangul droSasTan; fotos gaaCnia pirveladi da
meoradi wesrigis konotacia : pirvel SemTxvevaSi, saluti erTgulebis Jestad
SeiZleba CaiTvalos, magram, amave dros, imasac viTvaliswinebT, rom safrangeTi
aris udidesi imperia, da yvela misi Svili, kanis feris miuxedavad erTgulad
unda emsaxuros safrangeTs.

maTTvis garkveuli gzamkvlevis rols asrulebs genderis gansazRvris procesSi.

amave dros, teleserialis naratiuli Taviseburebebi mniSvnelovania, iseve
rogorc teleserialis serialuri forma. Tematika, Txrobis mravali xazi da
gadauWreli narativebi gavlenas axdens qali personaJebis tipebze.
produqtis Seqmnis procesSi, prodiuserebi iTvaliswineben im faqtors, Tu
ra tipis momxmarebelzea maTi produqti orientirebuli da Sesabamisad,
produqts (am SemTxvevaSi teleserials) garkveuli forma eZleva.
teleserialis ganmsazRvreli Taviseburebaa - laparaki/dialogi. laparaki
kulturis CarCoebSi moiazreba rogorc feminuri da moicavs im unarebisa da
gagebis wesebis gamoyenebas, romelic rogorc wesi qalebs axasiaTebT konkretul
socialur da istoriul viTarebaSi. aqedan gamomdinare, dialogs teleserialSi
centraluri roli eniWeba. teleserialis ganuwyveteli seriebi mayurebels
aiZulebs mudmivad adevnos Tvali am seriebs, anu damokidebuli gaxados am
seriebze. es ki reklamis mimcemebis, investorebisa da dominanti ideologiis
interesebSi Sedis. teleseriali gadaiqceva samezoblo samyarod, misi gmirebi
cocxldebian da mezoblebis statuss iZenen.
tradiciulad, swored qalebi qmnidnen da amyarebdnen samezoblos da Temis
socialur qselebs: maRaziebsa da supermarketebSi, klinikebsa da skolebSi.
diasaxlisi Cveulebisamebr, socialurobis moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebas
mezoblebisgan iRebda. teleserialis qali mayurebeli amgvarad erTveba sxva
TemSi, fiqciurSi marTalia, magram iseT paralelur samyaroSi, romelic
xasiaTdeba realobis msgavsi problemebiTa da dilemebiT, isini drois
zemoqmedebas ganicdian iseve rogorc mayurebeli, cxovrebis msgavs etapebs
gadian: Relaven, warmatebas aRweven, imedi ucruvdebaT da a.S.
am wesiT, teleseriali ukavSirdeba qalebis auditorias, ramdenadac rogorc
ukve aRiniSna, Txrobis gamoyenebuli formebi qalebis kulturasTan asocirdeba.
sainteresoa, Tu ra xdeba mas Semdeg rac auditoria miiRebs mowvevas, rom
Seabijos teleserialis samyaroSi.
feministuri analizis mixedviT, mayurebeli uyurebs kameras, romelic
uyurebs gmirs, romelic uyurebs qals; fsiqoanalitikur Teoriaze dayrdnobiT,
holivudis filmebis TxrobiTi forma da vizualuri forma Camoyalibda
oidiposis fantaziebisa da mamakacebis aracnobieri tendenciebis zegavleniT.
mzerasa da mzeris mimarTulebas kinoSi, rogorc malvei da sxvani weren,
maskulinuri buneba axasiaTebs, anu subieqti, romelic iqmneba warmoadgens
maskulinuri mzeris Sedegs.
qalis gamosaxulebiT tkboba xdeba mamakacis poziciidan, vizualur
kontrols mamakacis personaJi axorcielebs. xSirad, qali kadris centrSia
moTavsebuli da statikuria, maSin rodesac mamakaci personaJi Tavisuflad
moZraobs rogorc kadrSi, aseve kadrs miRmac. aseTi tipis xedvas didi gavlena
hqonda genderisa da seqsualuri identobebis Camoyalibebaze.
teqstisa da auditoriis urTierTobas gansazRvravs wakiTxvadobis
kompetencia, rac warmoadgens semiotur cnebas. es cneba exeba ganaTlebis gziT
mopovebul interpretaciul CarCoebs da kiTxvis unars, romelic sxvadasxva
socialuri jgufebis mier gamoiyeneba, rata moaxdinon niSnebisa da
reprezentaciebis dekodireba.
kompetenturoba aq ar niSnavs koreqtulobasa da efeqturobas, aramed yofiT
codnasa da perspeqtivebs, romelic gaziarebulia konkretuli wamkiTxvelebis
mier. mocemul socialur jgufebs gansakuTrebuli kulturuli kompetenciebis
floba axasiaTebT; verbaluri an vizualuri enis niSnebi xSirad iReben iseT
mniSvnelobas, rac gasagebia erTi jgufisTvis, xolo gaugebari meoreTaTvis.
gamomdinare iqidan, Tu romel klass, eTnikur an sqesobriv jgufs
miekuTvneba, Tu ra ganaTleba an samuSao gamocdileba aqvs mas miRebuli, adamians
Sesabamisad uyalibdeba garkveuli kulturuli kompetenciebi.
frangma kulturis sociologma pier burdiem ganaviTara kulturis
kapitalis cneba, romelic finansuri kapitalis analogiurad socialuri
diferenciaciis wyaroa. finansuri kapitali adamians aZlevs ekonomikuri
usafrTxoebisa da statusis SegrZnebas. finansuri kapitalis msgavsad,
kulturul kapitals Cven imisTvis viyenebT, rom garkveuli codna miviRoT

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41

roland barti: miTebi da niSnebi

samyaros Sesaxeb; SeviZinoT is praqtikuli kompetenciebi, romlebic safuZvlad

udevs Cvens statussa da pozicias da gvexmareba Cveni Tavis sxvebisgan
gasamijnavad, romlebic naklebad kulturulad kompetenturni migvaCnia.
magaliTad, iseve rogorc tarkovskis filmis gageba Cvengan moiTxovs
kulturuli kapitalis garkveuli formebis flobas specifikuri artistuli,
lingvisturi, politikuri da kino-diskursebis Sesaxeb elementaruli
informaciis qonas, aseve teleserialebis gagebac moiTxovs Sesabamis kulturul
kompetencias.
Sarlota burnsdonma qalis kulturuli kompetencia uwoda qalebisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli problemebis gagebas, mag., rogoric aris ojaxi, ojaxuri sivrce,
personaluri urTierTobebi problematika ris Sesaxebac teleserialebi
gviyvebian. teleserialebi, rogorc wesi, mimarTaven im kulturul kodebs,
romlebic ZiriTadad qalebis mier gamoiyeneba.
mamakacebze orientirebuli klasikuri filmi ki struqturizebulia mTavari
makontrolirebeli figuris garSemo, romelTanac mayurebeli axdens identifikacias. teleserialebi ki xazs usvamen individualuri cxovrebis umniSvnelobas. klasikur filmSi mayureblis mier mTavar gmirTan identifikacia
iwvevs imas, rom mayurebelic gmirTan erTad garkveuli Zalis matarebeli xdeba.
teleserialSi ki mraval sxvadasxva personaJTan identifikacia mayurebels
piriqiT auZlurebs.
mayurebeli ver identificirdeba im personaJTan, romelic dausrulebuli
qmedebis avtoria. imis magivrad, rom mas mieweros erTi Zlieri ego, romelic
saqmis warmmarTvelia, teleseriali gvTavazobs mraval limitirebul egos,
romelic konfliqtSi imyofeba sxvebTan da sul warumatebelia Tavisi qmedebis
dros, ramdenadac arasdros icis bolomde sxvebis gegmebis, motivaciebisa da
strategiebis Sesaxeb.
amitom qalebis uZlureba/uunarobas am donezec vlindeba. teleserialis
subieqti/mayurebeli warmoadgens idealuri dedis xats: adamiani, romelic ufro
met cxovrebiseul sibrZnes flobs, vidre yvela misi Svili, da romlis
TanagrZnobac moicavs misi ojaxis yvela dapirispirebul mxares (is yvelasTan
axdens identifikacias). am gmirs sakuTari moTxovnilebebi da survilebi ar
gaaCnia. teleserialebi axdenen ojaxis prioritetulobisTvis xazgasmas, ara
idealuri ojaxis warmoCinebiT, aramed ojaxisa, romelic ganuwyvetel krizisSi
imyofeba. teleserialebSi mxolod is sakiTxebi ganixileba, romelTa moTmenac an
patiebac SeiZleba. xolo iseTi sakiTxebi rogoric aris qalebis mier
gamovlenili karieristuli ambiciebi, aborti, qorwinebamde da qorwinebis gareT
seqsi, alkoholizmi, mentaluri da fizikuri Zaladoba, homoseqsualoba an
uaryofidaT fasdeba, an kidev, rogorc wesi, saerTod ignorirebulia.
Tumca, teleserialebis zrdadi ricxvi da popularoba, iseve rogorc
teleserialebis formatSi mamakacebze orientirebuli tele/kino formebis
gamoyeneba miuTiTebs imaze, rom teleseriali sxva JanrebisTvisac kulturuli
resursad gadaiqceva.

da survili iyo meore adamiani (identifikacia).

aq yuradReba unda mivaqcioT ori tipis process katexiziss, obieqtis
mesakuTrisa da gamoyenebiT aspeqts da destruqciul, asimilaciur tendencias
identifikaciis dros. es mesakuTreuli da agresiuli dinebebi obieqt-katexizisa
da identifikaciaSi aSkarad iCens Tavs oidiposis kompleqsSi. oidiposis
kompleqsi bavSvis ganviTarebis procesSi gadamwyvet fazas warmoadgens. swored
am momentSi genderul identobasa da seqsualobas (an seqsualuri obieqtis
arCevas) fiqsirebuli saxe aqvs. aseve am periodSive xdeba sxva ori cnebis
gamovlena, esenia skopofiliisa da narcisizmis cnebebi.
naSromSi, sami esse seqsualobis Teoriis Sesaxeb froidi ambobs, rom
siamovnebis miReba yurebisas aris adamianuri seqsualobis Semadgeneli nawili.
siamovneba yurebisas anu skopofilia SeiZleba warimarTos sxvadasxva arxebiT,
erT-erTi maTgania - adamianis formiT tkboba. froidma am tkbobas narcisizmi
uwoda, rac mas identifikaciis meqanizmis axsnaSi daexmara. froidis mixedviT,
identifikaciis tendenciis narcisistul gamovlinebas ufro aracnobieri saxe
hqonda da scildeboda individis TviTcnobierebis farglebs.
identifikacia froidisTvis ara mxolod skokofiliuri tendenciis
narcisistuli komponentebis organizebas axdenda, aramed aseve moicavda
gaorebis process rac vlindeba froidis mier aRweril oidiposis dramaSi.
oidiposis krizisis procesSi da Semdeg mis warmatebiT gadalaxvis dros "biWi"
irCevs maskulinur identifikacias mamasTan da am procesSi xdeba mamis mimarT
arsebuli adreuli agresiuli fantaziebis Canacvleba. Tumca es maskulinuri
identifikacia, xels uSlis Semdeg "biWs" moaxdinos feminuri identifikacia
dedasTan. oidiposis scenarSi, froidi xazs usvams seqsualuri gansxvavebulobis
da seqsualuri identobis formacias arCevanis gakeTebis dros ganxorcielebul
identifikaciasa (biWis SemTxvevaSi maskulinuri) da im identifikacias Soris,
romelic uariyofa (feminuri). froidis mixedviT, xdeba uaryofili identifikaciis aqtiuri represireba, rac Semdeg sul Tan sdevs adamians. fsiqoanalitikuri
xedvidan gamomdinare, fiqsirebul seqsualuri identobasa da seqsualur
gansxvavebulobas yovelTvis arastabiluri xasiaTi aqvT da bolomde maTi
miRweva ar xdeba. subiqti rCeba gaorebuli, erTianobis msxvrevadi SegrZnebiT.
froidis mier arCevanis gakeTebis periodis dros identifikaciis
ganxorcieleba warmoadgens frangi Teoretikosisa da fsiqoanalitikosis Jak
lakanis Teoriis centralur komponents. lakani ToTo bavSvis mier sakuTari
Tavis aRqmas (sarkis safexuri, rogorc me-s funqciis maformirebeli), mis pirvel
TviTidentifikacias gansazRvravs ToTo bavSvis sarkeSi gamosaxulebis aRqmis
saSualebiT rodesac bavSvi uyurebs Tavis anarekls sarkeSi, an kidev dedis
TvalebSi areklil sakuTar Tavs. lakani ambobs, rom am dros bavSvi sakuTar Tavs
aRiqvams rogorc sarkis gamosaxulebas. swored am dros xdeba pirveladi
narcisuli identifikacia, romelic warmoadgens yvela momavali identifikaciis
safuZvelsa da prototips.
mayureblad yofnis fenomeni

maskulinobis xatis warmoqmna

1980-iani wlebis SuaSi nel-nela iwyeba "axali mamakacis" xatis Seqmna,
romelic warmoadgenda maskulinobis axal versias. kacis tansacmlis axali
dizainis saSualebiT masobriv reprezentanciebSi kodirebuli iyo "axali
mamakacis" xati. "axali mamakacis" warmoCineba ZiriTadad xdeboda kacis
tansacmlis maRaziebsa da am maRaziebis vitrinebSi, Jurnal-gazeTebsa da
televiziis saSualebiT ganTavsebul reklamaSi.
sainteresoa ganvixiloT, Tu ra kulturuli mniSnveloba hqonda "axali
mamakacis xats, romelic, Tavis mxriv, mWidrod iyo dakavSirebuli dasavlur
kulturaSi damkvidrebul maskulinobis ideasTan.
pirvel rigSi, kidev erTxel unda aRiniSnos, rom genderuli identobebi ar
aris erTgvarovani da fiqsirebuli, aramed eqvemdebareba socialur da
istoriul cvlilebebs. maskulinuri maxasiaTeblebis CamoyalibebaSi repre-

ra aris mniSvnelovani froidisa da lakanis mier identifikaciis moazrebaSi

narcisizmisa da skopofiliis fenomenebis aRwerisas es aris identifikaciis
struqturebis vizualuri xasiaTi. 1970-ian wlebis kinos TeoriaSi, Teoretikosebma ganaviTares froidisa da lakanis Sexedulebebi da maTi Teoria miuyenes
kino-reprezentaciebis analizs. isini xazs usvamdnen vizualuri enis Zalas
vizualuri kulturis momxmareblebze da SemogvTavazes yurebisa da
identifikaciis genderuli dayofa.
lora melvi, Tavis eseSi vizualuri siamovneba da naratiuli kino
aanalizebs yurebis fenomens. melvis mixedviT, naratiuli kino axdenda
skopofiliuri instiqtis (ego libido) narcisistuli aspeqtebis mobilizebas da
voieristuli da fetiSisturi komponentebis (obiqti-katexizisi) xazgasmas. misi
azriT, adgili aqvs mayureblis fenomenis specifikur organizebas skopofiliur
survilebTan mimarTebaSi, ris mixedviTac yurebis dros siamovnebis miReba

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subieqtivizaciaze an daqvemdebarebaze, sadac Zalauflebas isev centraluri

roli eniWeba. Zalauflebis urTierTobebs SeuZliaT materialurad imoqmedon
subieqtze subieqtis sakuTari reprezentaciebis mediaciaze damokidebulebis
gareSe. individebs garkveuli poziciebi ukaviaT garkveul diskursSi, isini
warmoadgenen Zalauflebis produqtebs. magaliTad, Zalauflebis urTierTobebis zemoqmedebam individebis sxeulze SeiZleba gamovlineba povos sxeulisTvis
miniWebuli siamovnebis gaZlierebis gziT, sxeulis Weris manera, moZraoba da
garkveuli praqtikis danergva dakavSirebulia swored dominanti diskuris
zegavlenasTan.
diskursisa da individis urTierTmimarTeba warmoadgens produqtiul
urTierTobas, Zalaufleba Seadgens individis bunebasa da individis qcevas.
fukos aseTi mosazrebebi sagulisxmoa rodesac reprezentaciaze vsaubrobT,
Tumca fuko nakleb yuradRebas uTmobs im faqts, rom individebma SeiZleba
pasiurad ar miiRon maTTvis Tavs moxveuli qcevis wesebi da SeewinaRmdegon
Zalauflebis urTierTobebs, romlebic maT garkveuli poziciisken ubiZgebs.
gviandel naSromebSi fuko exeba "me"- s teqnologiebs, an praqtikas. is ambobs, rom
subieqts Seadgens simboluri sistema. ara mxolod simboloebiT TamaSis
saSualebiT xdeba subieqtis warmoqmna, aramed is warmoiqmneba realur
praqtikaSi.
eseSi "me"-s teqnologiebi (1988) fuko gamoyofs oTxi tipis teqnologias
(warmoeba-produqciis, niSanTa sistemis, Zalauflebisa da "me"-s). "me"-s
teqnologiebi saSualebas aZleven individebs rom sakuTarive saSualebebiT an
sxvebis daxmarebiT Caataron garkveuli operaciebi TavianT sxeulebze da
sulebze, azrebze, qcevaze da yofaze, rom moaxdinon sakuTari Tavebis gardaqmna
bednierebis, siwmindis, sibrZnis, srulyofilebisa da ukvdavebis mopovebis
mizniT. teqnologiebi, an sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, me-s teqnikebi warmoadgenen
garkveul teqnikas an praqtikas, romlis saSualebiTac subieqtis poziciebi
ukaviaT individebs.
aq fuko istoriul individebs ufro farTod moiazrebs da Tvlis, rom maTi
urTierToba diskursebTan dinamikur process atarebs. Tumca, isini mainc
Zalaufleba- codnis sferoebSi yalibdebian, konkretuli diskursebis
farglebSi.
amrigad, miSel fukos midgoma sainteresoa Semdegi kuTxiT, rom "axali
mamakacis" xatebi aRviqvaT rogorc reprezentaciis garkveuli reJimi; rom
yurebisa Tu mayureblis reJimi iqmneba garkveuli adgilebis saSualebiT, sadac
es xatebi mniSvnelobs, rogoric aris maRaziebi, masmediis saSualebebi, a.S.
swored am adgilebSi ganxorcielebuli qmedebebiT xdeba "axali mamakacis"
rogorc istoriuli identobis Seqmna.

kulturis mkvlevrebisTvis fsiqoanalizma aseve saintereso msjeloba

Semoitana, romelic exeba imas, Tu ra gavlena aqvT reprezentaciul sistemebs
namdvil istoriul individebze. mniSvnelovania - fsiqoanalizidan aRebuli sami
cneba: identifikaciis, skopofiliisa da narcisizmis. samive cneba gvexmareba
ukeTesad gavigoT genderuli identobebis Camoyalibeba reprezentaciebis
CarCoebSi, da Tu ra mniSvneloba aqvs yurebasa da mayureblobas, romlebic am
process garkveul formas aZleven.
identifikacia warmoadgens ZiriTad cnebas am sam cnebas Soris. esseSi
jgufis fsiqologia da egos analizi, froidi (1977) erTmaneTisgan ganasxvavebs
ori tipis urTierTobas, romlebSic individebi Sedian. erTis mxriv, arsebobs
urTierToba obieqtTan, romelic moicavs libidinaluri energiebis fokusirebas
(seqsualuri impulsebi) meore adamianze. meore tipis identifikaciis dros xdeba
proeqcia gamomdinare msgavsebidan individsa da meore pirs Soris, rasac moyveba
sakuTari egos morgeba Tu mimsgavseba meore adamianis egoze. froidi Tvlis, rom
es gansxvavebuloba aris ori tipis survilis sxvaoba: survili rom
gyavdes/gekuTvnodes meore adamiani (romelsac is uwodebs katexiziss - obieqts)

zentaciuli sistemebis rolis ganxilvisas, iseve rogorc vizualuri

reprezentaciebis analizis dros, gasaTvaliswinebelia frangi filosofosis
miSel fukos mosazrebebi diskursis cnebasTan mimarTebaSi.
adreuli naSromebi mamakacebis Sesaxeb, ZiriTadad, iZleoda im Tvisebebisa da
atributebis suraTs, romelic maskulinobas ganixilavda rogorc problemur
kategorias. wignebSi mag., mamakacebis seqsualoba (metkalfi da hamfri, 1985)
avtorebi aRwerdnen maskulinobas, romelsac axasiaTebda agresia, konkurencia,
emociuri uunaroba, sicive da mxolod orgazmze, sakuTar dakmayofilebaze
orientirebul seqsze aqcenti. Tumca, amave dros, aRiniSneboda, rom mamakacebi
kritikulad udgebodnen TavianT maskulinobas isini garkveuli SiSiT, dardiTa
da tkiviliT ekidebodnen maTTvis winaswar mocemul maskulinobis scenarebs,
romlebsac isini unda damorCilebodnen; mamakacebs aRelvebdaT TavianTi
seqsualuri unarebis gamovlineba, emociebisgan gaucxoeba, mamebTan cudi
urTierToba. Sesabamisad, ixateboda maskulinobis winaaRmdegobrivi suraTi.
erTi mxriv, warmoCenili iyo maskulinobis farTod gaziarebuli idea,
romelic asocirdeboda mamakacebis ZalauflebasTan qalebTan mimarTebaSi,
meore mxriv ki, maT Sesaxeb arsebuli kulturuli warmodgenebi mamakacebs
tvirTad awveboda. mogvianebiT mividnen im azramde, rom maskulinobis cnebis
calsaxad da erTgvarovnad moazreba aramarTebulia, rom arsebobs maskulinobis
gamovlinebis sxvadasxva forma.
rogorc viksi aRniSnavs (viksi, 1981, 1985), daiwyo iseTi sakiTxebis xelaxla
ganxilva rogoric iyo seqsi, politika, sazogadoeba da seqsualoba.
seqsologebis da medicinis warmomadgenlebis mier gabatonebuli diskursis
gadasinjvam ubiZga viqtorianuli periodis maskulinobis Sesaxeb arsebuli
warmodgenebis Sesusteba.
homoseqsualobis nebismieri niSnis gamovlineba mamakacebSi iTvleboda, rom
isini "namdvili maskulinobis SeZenas verasdros moaxerxebdnen. homoseqsualobas mesame sqesad ganixilavdnen. viksis mixedviT, maskulinobis moazrebisTvis
aucilebelia istoriuli viTarebis gaTvaliswineba. Tanamedrove Teoretikosebi
ki iseT faqtorebs aqceven yuradRebas, rogoric aris klasi, "rasa" eTnikuroba
da Taoba. swored am faqtorebis gadakveTisas warmoiSoba maskulinobis
garkveuli tipebi.
aseve, maskulinobis gansazRvra xdeba feminurobasTan mimarTebaSi.
davidovis da holis wignSi, "ojaxuri realiebi" (1987) naCvenebia Tu rogor
wamoiSva inglisuri saSualo klasi 1780 - 1850 wlebis periodSi. analizi emyareba
saSualo klasis warmomadgeneli mamkacebisa da qalebis pirad Canawerebs.
avtorebi xazs usvamen imas, rom am periodSi warmoqmnili saSualo klasis
maskulinobis moazreba xdeboda ara marto muSaTa klasisa da aristokratuli
fenebis mier gagebuli maskulinobis sapirispirod, aramed zogadad genderuli
gansxvavebulobis fonze. mamakacebis da qalebis Tvisebebi radikalurad
emijneboda erTmaneTs, rac aseve arsebiTi iyo saSualo klasis mamakacebSi maTi
maskulinuri TviTSefasebisTvis.
saSualo fenis profesionalizacia aseve mniSvnelovani faqtoria. saSualo
klasis mamakacebis CarTuloba warmoebaSi, mSeneblobaSi, buRalteriasa da
dazRvevaSi moiTxovda garkveul unarebsa da codnas, romelTa flobac xSirad
gansazRvravda maT maskulinobas. es unarebi aseve upirispirdeboda ara mxolod
aristokrati mamakacebis unarebs (sporti, seqsualuri miRwevebi, azartuli
TamaSebis codna), aramed muSaTa klasis da saSualo klasis qalebisTvis
damaxasiaTebel unarebs.
mamakacobis gancdis gamyareba xdeboda mTeli rigi formaluri da
araformaluri institutebis saSualebiT (mag., mecnieruli da profesiuli
sazogadoebebi, mamakacebis klubebSi gamarTuli Tavyrilobebi). es adgilebi
warmoadgendnen sazogadoebriv sivrceebs, sadac xdeboda maskulinobis
ganmtkiceba. bevrisTvis mag., eklesiaSi siaruli da qristianuli ritualebis
dacva pirdapir iyo dakavSirebuli saSualo fenis Sromisadmi TavdadebasTan,
ramdenadac religiis protestantuli xedva gulisxmobda RmerTis mowodebis
danergvas am samyaroSi. biznesis da sawarmoebis warmatebuli gaZRola
iTvleboda RmerTis nebis ganxorcielebad.

46

43

fsiqoanalizi da subieqti

am rwmenam, mamakacebis tansacmelzec ki pova asaxva. Cacmis stili ufro

uemocio da mkacri gaxda da sagrZnoblad gaemijna qalebis Cacmis stils. 18
saukunis mamakacis Cacmuloba radikalurad gansxvavdeba muqi, mZime, mkacri,
uformo da viwro tansacmlisgan, romlis tarebasac iwyeben mamakacebi gviandel
periodSi.
me-18 saukuneSi da me-19 saukunis dasawyisSi saSualo klasis ojaxuri keris
Seqmnam aseve gansazRvra saSualo klasis mamakacis Taviseburebebis Camoyalibeba.
mkacrad gaimijna erTmaneTisgan sazogadoebrivi da piradi sivrceebi. am dros
Camoyalibda saSualo klasisTvis damaxasiaTebeli saxlisa da ojaxuri keris
konkretuli tipi. qalaqis centrisgan moSorebuli saxlebi aseve Sors iyo
samuSaosa da klasobrivi struqturebisgan. qalebs ekisrebodaT ojaxis Seqmna da
momsaxureba, maSin rodesac saSualo fenis mamakacebi TavianTi maskulinobis
gamovlenas ZiriTadad sazogadoebriv sferoSi axdendnen. saSualo klasis
qalebis moqmedebis arealad piradi, ojaxuri samyaro gadaiqca. ojaxuri kera,
mamakacebis maskulinobis erT-erT gamovlinebadac iTvleboda. isini Tavs ar
zogavdnen, radgan gaweuli Sromis safasurad ojaxuri harmonia moepovebinaT.
maT visac ojaxis rCena SeeZloT, isini damoukideblad iTvlebodnen da
sazogadoebrivi Rirseba ematebodaT, Sesabamisad ojaxis finansurad uzrunvelyofis SesaZleblobas Zalian mniSvnelovani roli eniWeboda saSualo fenis
mamakacebisTvis.
maskulinobaze rodesac vmsjelobT, yovelTvis unda gaviTvaliswinoT
maskulinursa da feminurs Soris arsebuli dinamika. genderuli urTierTobebis
sfero Zalauflebis urTierTobebs moicavs, rac zogierTi avtorisTvis
miuTiTebs patriarqatis garkveul sistemaze. Tumca aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom
rodesac Zalauflebis urTierTobaze vsaubrobT, unda gaviTvaliswinoT
maskulinobis sxvadasxva formebs Soris arsebuli dominaciis, daqvemdebarebisa
da dapirispirebis gamoxatulebebi.
aseve, rogorc ukve zemoT iTqva, maskulinoba ar warmoadgens cnebas,
romelic apriori aris mocemuli - qali da feminuroba, mamakaci da maskulinoba
gamogonili kategoriebia; es cnebebi kulturuli mniSvnelobebis produqts
warmoadgenen, romelic moicavs garkveul atributebs da qcevis formebs
konkretul istoriul periodebSi. Tumca, miuxedavad maTi gamogonilobisa, am
cnebebs Cvenze didi gavlena aqvs. Cven gvWirdeba isini, rogorc simyaris gancdisa
da identobis garantia, rac gvexmareba sakuTari Tavis moazrebaSi sxvebTan
mimarTebaSi.
aq unda gavixsenoT enis rogorc struqturis roli, romlis wiaRSic xdeba
mniSvnelobebis warmoeba da aseve diskursis fukoseuli gageba. fukos mixedviT,
diskursi warmoadgens im wesebsa da praqtikas, romlebic gansazRvraven mocemul
istoriul momentSi aqtualur da Semecnebad sakiTxebs.
fukos argumenti diskursiul formirebebTan dakavSirebiT saSualebas
gvaZlevs SeviswavloT ara mxolod erTi an ori privilegirebuli axali
mamakacis imiji, aramed davinaxoT regularuli xasiaTis msgavsebebi, romlebic
am axali mamakacis gamoxatulebis sxvadasxva gmovlinebasTan aris dakavSirebuli, reprezentaciis mraval sxvadasxva adgilas. mag., axali mamakacis
gamosaxuleba, rogorc zemoT iTqva, ara mxolod satelevizio reklamebSi
gamoCnda, aramed plakatebze, Jurnalebis ydebsa da JurnalebSi da a.S.
aseve yuradReba unda mieqces specifikur diskursiul kodebs da normebs,
romelTa saSualebiTac maskulinoba aRiniSneba gamocemebis dros, tansacmlis
dizainis Seqmnisa da reklamirebisas. es kodebi exebian sxeuls, gamosaxulebas da
individualur momxmareblur tendenciebs, romlebic Semdeg maskulinobis
garkveul xats qnian.
fukos interesi Zalauflebis urTierTobebis mimarT aseve dagvexmareba am
xatebis SeqmnaSi monawile Zalauflebis dinamikis rolis gaanalizebaSi: romel
kulturul kodebs irCeven maskulinobis xatis agebisas da razea aqcenti
vizualuri siamovnebis miRebis dros.
levi strausis 501 jinsis reklamebSi xazi gasmuli aqvs ara imdenad
mamakacebis kunTian aRnagobas, aramed maTi aRnagobis pasiur seqsualobas.
mamakacis sxeuli aSkarad iTxovs vnebiT aRsavse mzeras. ukanaskneli 10-15 wlis

Jurnalebis modis fotografiam Seqmna maskulinobis axali kodebi. SeiZleba

gamovyoT axali mamakacis sami yvelaze mniSvnelovani "imiji", romelic 80-ian
wlebSi Seiqmna. es aris "quCis stili", "italiur-amerikuli tipi" da
"konservatiuli ingliselis tipi".
stilis SerCeva xdeboda modelis Sesabamisi fizikuri Tvisebebis SerCevis
saSualebiT. modeli aq axalgazrda iyo, Zlieri, kargad gamokveTili nakvTebiT.
es elementebi biWur sinazes warmoqmnida; maskulinoba vlindeboda mkacri
nakvTebis da mag., saxeze tatuirebuli simbolos xarjze. quCis stili Seexeboda
"biWurobisa" da "simagre siZlieris" kombinacias, rac TavisTavad maskulinurobis moazrebis erT-erT winaaRmdegobas warmoadgenda; anu sensualoba da
hiper - maskulinoba es orive Tviseba asocirdeboda am stilTan.
meore, italiur-amerikuli stilis gansazRvrisas, wina planze idga
eTnikuroba, rogorc am axali mamakacis gansazRvreli mTavari elementi.
italiuri warmoSobis amerikeloba niSnavda muqi TeTri feris kans, gamokveTil
nakvTebs da xazgasmul sensualobas (savse tuCebi gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia
SerCeul modelebs Soris). quCis stilis msgavsad, italiur amerikuli stili
gulisxmobda sensualobisa da simagris sinTezs, sensualoba asocirdeboda kanis
muq ferTan, TvalebTan da savse tuCebTan, romlebic gamokveTili nikapisa da
cxvirebis fonze italiel-amerikeli "maCos" imijs qmnida.
konservatiuli ingliselobis warmoCenisas modelebs mkrTali TeTri kani,
saxis nazi nakvTebi da Ria Tmis feri unda hqonodaT. Tmis stili gansakuTrebiT
mniSvnelovani iyo konservatiuli ingliselobis xazgasasmelad. Tma aWrili iyo
gverdebze, kefaze ki sakmarisad grZeli, rata misi ukan gadavarcxna SesaZlebeli
yofiliyo. Tma modelebs ise hqondaT SeWrili, rom odnav win gadmovardniliyo,
rac grZeli Tmis iluzias qmnida, maSin rodesac maskulinuri disciplinis iers
ar kargavda da civilurad mowesrigebul iers inarCunebda.
samive SemTxvevaSi, tansacmeli romelic modelebs ecvaT maskulinuri iyo da
xSirad xazs usvamda mkvriv aRnagobas. modelebis gamometyveleba da dgomis
manera miuTiTebda maT damoukideblobasa da TviTrwmenaze, iseve rogorc
narcisistul TviTSefasebaze.
am gamosaxulebebis adresati mamakaci identificirdeboda modelTan da
cdilobda msgavsi imiji Seeqmna.
maRaziebi mamakacebs maskulinobis am kodebis realizaciis saSualebas aZlevda. maT SeeZloT moesinjaT da moezomaT tansacmeli, komunikacia daemyarebinaT
maRaziaSi momuSavebTan rac tansacmlis yidvis procesis ganuyofeli nawilia.
maRaziis interieri da vitrina amgvarad warmoadgens mamakacebisTvis Tavisi
Tavis movlis/Seqmnis privilegirebul sivrces, sadac axali mamakacis xati
iqmneba. vizualuri siamovnebis miReba xdeboda tansacmlis esTeturad gamofenis
Sedegad, magram amave dros zRvari bundovani iyo, Tu vis uyurebdnen surviliTa
da vnebiT- im produqts, romelsac modeli reklamirebas uwevda, Tu Tavad
modelsac, romlis maskulinur sensualobasac xazi hqonda gasmuli. aseTi mzera
Tu
istoriulad
mxolod
homoseqsualuri
orientaciis
mamakacebis
prerogativad iTvleboda, mogvianebiT yvelas Seexo.
miSel fukos mixedviT, diskursi individebisTvis, subieqtisa (agentis) da
identobis mravali istoriulad specifikuri poziciis matarebelia. rogorc
ukve iTqva, swored es subieqt-poziciebi individebs saSualebas aZleven
imoqmedon an codna SeiZinon mocemul socialur praqtikasTan dakavSirebiT.
amgvarad, popularul warmosaxvaSi xdeba mamakacebis axali subieqti-poziciis
damkvidreba modasTan, stilTan da indivudualur moxmarebasTan mimarTebaSi.
magram sainteresoa, Tu rogor moxda am subieqt poziciebis dakaveba mamakacTa
mTeli jgufebis mier. fukos ainteresebs individualobis Tanamedrove formebis
warmoSoba axali codnisa da Zalauflebis qselebis saSualebiT.
centraluri mqanizmi, romlis saSualebiTac fuko cdilobs gaigos is
procesi, romelic xels uwyobs istoriul individebs daeqvemdebaron garkveul
diskursiul poziciebs aris Zalauflebis funqcionireba diskursis CarCoebSi.
fuko Tvlis, rom qcevis kodebis normad damkvidreba, rac individebze sazRvrebs
awesebs, aseve qmnis subieqtisa da individualobis konkretul formebs.
interviuSi Zalauflebisa da codnis Sesaxeb (1980) fuko saubrobs

44

45

am rwmenam, mamakacebis tansacmelzec ki pova asaxva. Cacmis stili ufro

uemocio da mkacri gaxda da sagrZnoblad gaemijna qalebis Cacmis stils. 18
saukunis mamakacis Cacmuloba radikalurad gansxvavdeba muqi, mZime, mkacri,
uformo da viwro tansacmlisgan, romlis tarebasac iwyeben mamakacebi gviandel
periodSi.
me-18 saukuneSi da me-19 saukunis dasawyisSi saSualo klasis ojaxuri keris
Seqmnam aseve gansazRvra saSualo klasis mamakacis Taviseburebebis Camoyalibeba.
mkacrad gaimijna erTmaneTisgan sazogadoebrivi da piradi sivrceebi. am dros
Camoyalibda saSualo klasisTvis damaxasiaTebeli saxlisa da ojaxuri keris
konkretuli tipi. qalaqis centrisgan moSorebuli saxlebi aseve Sors iyo
samuSaosa da klasobrivi struqturebisgan. qalebs ekisrebodaT ojaxis Seqmna da
momsaxureba, maSin rodesac saSualo fenis mamakacebi TavianTi maskulinobis
gamovlenas ZiriTadad sazogadoebriv sferoSi axdendnen. saSualo klasis
qalebis moqmedebis arealad piradi, ojaxuri samyaro gadaiqca. ojaxuri kera,
mamakacebis maskulinobis erT-erT gamovlinebadac iTvleboda. isini Tavs ar
zogavdnen, radgan gaweuli Sromis safasurad ojaxuri harmonia moepovebinaT.
maT visac ojaxis rCena SeeZloT, isini damoukideblad iTvlebodnen da
sazogadoebrivi Rirseba ematebodaT, Sesabamisad ojaxis finansurad uzrunvelyofis SesaZleblobas Zalian mniSvnelovani roli eniWeboda saSualo fenis
mamakacebisTvis.
maskulinobaze rodesac vmsjelobT, yovelTvis unda gaviTvaliswinoT
maskulinursa da feminurs Soris arsebuli dinamika. genderuli urTierTobebis
sfero Zalauflebis urTierTobebs moicavs, rac zogierTi avtorisTvis
miuTiTebs patriarqatis garkveul sistemaze. Tumca aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom
rodesac Zalauflebis urTierTobaze vsaubrobT, unda gaviTvaliswinoT
maskulinobis sxvadasxva formebs Soris arsebuli dominaciis, daqvemdebarebisa
da dapirispirebis gamoxatulebebi.
aseve, rogorc ukve zemoT iTqva, maskulinoba ar warmoadgens cnebas,
romelic apriori aris mocemuli - qali da feminuroba, mamakaci da maskulinoba
gamogonili kategoriebia; es cnebebi kulturuli mniSvnelobebis produqts
warmoadgenen, romelic moicavs garkveul atributebs da qcevis formebs
konkretul istoriul periodebSi. Tumca, miuxedavad maTi gamogonilobisa, am
cnebebs Cvenze didi gavlena aqvs. Cven gvWirdeba isini, rogorc simyaris gancdisa
da identobis garantia, rac gvexmareba sakuTari Tavis moazrebaSi sxvebTan
mimarTebaSi.
aq unda gavixsenoT enis rogorc struqturis roli, romlis wiaRSic xdeba
mniSvnelobebis warmoeba da aseve diskursis fukoseuli gageba. fukos mixedviT,
diskursi warmoadgens im wesebsa da praqtikas, romlebic gansazRvraven mocemul
istoriul momentSi aqtualur da Semecnebad sakiTxebs.
fukos argumenti diskursiul formirebebTan dakavSirebiT saSualebas
gvaZlevs SeviswavloT ara mxolod erTi an ori privilegirebuli axali
mamakacis imiji, aramed davinaxoT regularuli xasiaTis msgavsebebi, romlebic
am axali mamakacis gamoxatulebis sxvadasxva gmovlinebasTan aris dakavSirebuli, reprezentaciis mraval sxvadasxva adgilas. mag., axali mamakacis
gamosaxuleba, rogorc zemoT iTqva, ara mxolod satelevizio reklamebSi
gamoCnda, aramed plakatebze, Jurnalebis ydebsa da JurnalebSi da a.S.
aseve yuradReba unda mieqces specifikur diskursiul kodebs da normebs,
romelTa saSualebiTac maskulinoba aRiniSneba gamocemebis dros, tansacmlis
dizainis Seqmnisa da reklamirebisas. es kodebi exebian sxeuls, gamosaxulebas da
individualur momxmareblur tendenciebs, romlebic Semdeg maskulinobis
garkveul xats qnian.
fukos interesi Zalauflebis urTierTobebis mimarT aseve dagvexmareba am
xatebis SeqmnaSi monawile Zalauflebis dinamikis rolis gaanalizebaSi: romel
kulturul kodebs irCeven maskulinobis xatis agebisas da razea aqcenti
vizualuri siamovnebis miRebis dros.
levi strausis 501 jinsis reklamebSi xazi gasmuli aqvs ara imdenad
mamakacebis kunTian aRnagobas, aramed maTi aRnagobis pasiur seqsualobas.
mamakacis sxeuli aSkarad iTxovs vnebiT aRsavse mzeras. ukanaskneli 10-15 wlis

Jurnalebis modis fotografiam Seqmna maskulinobis axali kodebi. SeiZleba

gamovyoT axali mamakacis sami yvelaze mniSvnelovani "imiji", romelic 80-ian
wlebSi Seiqmna. es aris "quCis stili", "italiur-amerikuli tipi" da
"konservatiuli ingliselis tipi".
stilis SerCeva xdeboda modelis Sesabamisi fizikuri Tvisebebis SerCevis
saSualebiT. modeli aq axalgazrda iyo, Zlieri, kargad gamokveTili nakvTebiT.
es elementebi biWur sinazes warmoqmnida; maskulinoba vlindeboda mkacri
nakvTebis da mag., saxeze tatuirebuli simbolos xarjze. quCis stili Seexeboda
"biWurobisa" da "simagre siZlieris" kombinacias, rac TavisTavad maskulinurobis moazrebis erT-erT winaaRmdegobas warmoadgenda; anu sensualoba da
hiper - maskulinoba es orive Tviseba asocirdeboda am stilTan.
meore, italiur-amerikuli stilis gansazRvrisas, wina planze idga
eTnikuroba, rogorc am axali mamakacis gansazRvreli mTavari elementi.
italiuri warmoSobis amerikeloba niSnavda muqi TeTri feris kans, gamokveTil
nakvTebs da xazgasmul sensualobas (savse tuCebi gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia
SerCeul modelebs Soris). quCis stilis msgavsad, italiur amerikuli stili
gulisxmobda sensualobisa da simagris sinTezs, sensualoba asocirdeboda kanis
muq ferTan, TvalebTan da savse tuCebTan, romlebic gamokveTili nikapisa da
cxvirebis fonze italiel-amerikeli "maCos" imijs qmnida.
konservatiuli ingliselobis warmoCenisas modelebs mkrTali TeTri kani,
saxis nazi nakvTebi da Ria Tmis feri unda hqonodaT. Tmis stili gansakuTrebiT
mniSvnelovani iyo konservatiuli ingliselobis xazgasasmelad. Tma aWrili iyo
gverdebze, kefaze ki sakmarisad grZeli, rata misi ukan gadavarcxna SesaZlebeli
yofiliyo. Tma modelebs ise hqondaT SeWrili, rom odnav win gadmovardniliyo,
rac grZeli Tmis iluzias qmnida, maSin rodesac maskulinuri disciplinis iers
ar kargavda da civilurad mowesrigebul iers inarCunebda.
samive SemTxvevaSi, tansacmeli romelic modelebs ecvaT maskulinuri iyo da
xSirad xazs usvamda mkvriv aRnagobas. modelebis gamometyveleba da dgomis
manera miuTiTebda maT damoukideblobasa da TviTrwmenaze, iseve rogorc
narcisistul TviTSefasebaze.
am gamosaxulebebis adresati mamakaci identificirdeboda modelTan da
cdilobda msgavsi imiji Seeqmna.
maRaziebi mamakacebs maskulinobis am kodebis realizaciis saSualebas aZlevda. maT SeeZloT moesinjaT da moezomaT tansacmeli, komunikacia daemyarebinaT
maRaziaSi momuSavebTan rac tansacmlis yidvis procesis ganuyofeli nawilia.
maRaziis interieri da vitrina amgvarad warmoadgens mamakacebisTvis Tavisi
Tavis movlis/Seqmnis privilegirebul sivrces, sadac axali mamakacis xati
iqmneba. vizualuri siamovnebis miReba xdeboda tansacmlis esTeturad gamofenis
Sedegad, magram amave dros zRvari bundovani iyo, Tu vis uyurebdnen surviliTa
da vnebiT- im produqts, romelsac modeli reklamirebas uwevda, Tu Tavad
modelsac, romlis maskulinur sensualobasac xazi hqonda gasmuli. aseTi mzera
Tu
istoriulad
mxolod
homoseqsualuri
orientaciis
mamakacebis
prerogativad iTvleboda, mogvianebiT yvelas Seexo.
miSel fukos mixedviT, diskursi individebisTvis, subieqtisa (agentis) da
identobis mravali istoriulad specifikuri poziciis matarebelia. rogorc
ukve iTqva, swored es subieqt-poziciebi individebs saSualebas aZleven
imoqmedon an codna SeiZinon mocemul socialur praqtikasTan dakavSirebiT.
amgvarad, popularul warmosaxvaSi xdeba mamakacebis axali subieqti-poziciis
damkvidreba modasTan, stilTan da indivudualur moxmarebasTan mimarTebaSi.
magram sainteresoa, Tu rogor moxda am subieqt poziciebis dakaveba mamakacTa
mTeli jgufebis mier. fukos ainteresebs individualobis Tanamedrove formebis
warmoSoba axali codnisa da Zalauflebis qselebis saSualebiT.
centraluri mqanizmi, romlis saSualebiTac fuko cdilobs gaigos is
procesi, romelic xels uwyobs istoriul individebs daeqvemdebaron garkveul
diskursiul poziciebs aris Zalauflebis funqcionireba diskursis CarCoebSi.
fuko Tvlis, rom qcevis kodebis normad damkvidreba, rac individebze sazRvrebs
awesebs, aseve qmnis subieqtisa da individualobis konkretul formebs.
interviuSi Zalauflebisa da codnis Sesaxeb (1980) fuko saubrobs

44

45

subieqtivizaciaze an daqvemdebarebaze, sadac Zalauflebas isev centraluri

roli eniWeba. Zalauflebis urTierTobebs SeuZliaT materialurad imoqmedon
subieqtze subieqtis sakuTari reprezentaciebis mediaciaze damokidebulebis
gareSe. individebs garkveuli poziciebi ukaviaT garkveul diskursSi, isini
warmoadgenen Zalauflebis produqtebs. magaliTad, Zalauflebis urTierTobebis zemoqmedebam individebis sxeulze SeiZleba gamovlineba povos sxeulisTvis
miniWebuli siamovnebis gaZlierebis gziT, sxeulis Weris manera, moZraoba da
garkveuli praqtikis danergva dakavSirebulia swored dominanti diskuris
zegavlenasTan.
diskursisa da individis urTierTmimarTeba warmoadgens produqtiul
urTierTobas, Zalaufleba Seadgens individis bunebasa da individis qcevas.
fukos aseTi mosazrebebi sagulisxmoa rodesac reprezentaciaze vsaubrobT,
Tumca fuko nakleb yuradRebas uTmobs im faqts, rom individebma SeiZleba
pasiurad ar miiRon maTTvis Tavs moxveuli qcevis wesebi da SeewinaRmdegon
Zalauflebis urTierTobebs, romlebic maT garkveuli poziciisken ubiZgebs.
gviandel naSromebSi fuko exeba "me"- s teqnologiebs, an praqtikas. is ambobs, rom
subieqts Seadgens simboluri sistema. ara mxolod simboloebiT TamaSis
saSualebiT xdeba subieqtis warmoqmna, aramed is warmoiqmneba realur
praqtikaSi.
eseSi "me"-s teqnologiebi (1988) fuko gamoyofs oTxi tipis teqnologias
(warmoeba-produqciis, niSanTa sistemis, Zalauflebisa da "me"-s). "me"-s
teqnologiebi saSualebas aZleven individebs rom sakuTarive saSualebebiT an
sxvebis daxmarebiT Caataron garkveuli operaciebi TavianT sxeulebze da
sulebze, azrebze, qcevaze da yofaze, rom moaxdinon sakuTari Tavebis gardaqmna
bednierebis, siwmindis, sibrZnis, srulyofilebisa da ukvdavebis mopovebis
mizniT. teqnologiebi, an sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, me-s teqnikebi warmoadgenen
garkveul teqnikas an praqtikas, romlis saSualebiTac subieqtis poziciebi
ukaviaT individebs.
aq fuko istoriul individebs ufro farTod moiazrebs da Tvlis, rom maTi
urTierToba diskursebTan dinamikur process atarebs. Tumca, isini mainc
Zalaufleba- codnis sferoebSi yalibdebian, konkretuli diskursebis
farglebSi.
amrigad, miSel fukos midgoma sainteresoa Semdegi kuTxiT, rom "axali
mamakacis" xatebi aRviqvaT rogorc reprezentaciis garkveuli reJimi; rom
yurebisa Tu mayureblis reJimi iqmneba garkveuli adgilebis saSualebiT, sadac
es xatebi mniSvnelobs, rogoric aris maRaziebi, masmediis saSualebebi, a.S.
swored am adgilebSi ganxorcielebuli qmedebebiT xdeba "axali mamakacis"
rogorc istoriuli identobis Seqmna.

kulturis mkvlevrebisTvis fsiqoanalizma aseve saintereso msjeloba

Semoitana, romelic exeba imas, Tu ra gavlena aqvT reprezentaciul sistemebs
namdvil istoriul individebze. mniSvnelovania - fsiqoanalizidan aRebuli sami
cneba: identifikaciis, skopofiliisa da narcisizmis. samive cneba gvexmareba
ukeTesad gavigoT genderuli identobebis Camoyalibeba reprezentaciebis
CarCoebSi, da Tu ra mniSvneloba aqvs yurebasa da mayureblobas, romlebic am
process garkveul formas aZleven.
identifikacia warmoadgens ZiriTad cnebas am sam cnebas Soris. esseSi
jgufis fsiqologia da egos analizi, froidi (1977) erTmaneTisgan ganasxvavebs
ori tipis urTierTobas, romlebSic individebi Sedian. erTis mxriv, arsebobs
urTierToba obieqtTan, romelic moicavs libidinaluri energiebis fokusirebas
(seqsualuri impulsebi) meore adamianze. meore tipis identifikaciis dros xdeba
proeqcia gamomdinare msgavsebidan individsa da meore pirs Soris, rasac moyveba
sakuTari egos morgeba Tu mimsgavseba meore adamianis egoze. froidi Tvlis, rom
es gansxvavebuloba aris ori tipis survilis sxvaoba: survili rom
gyavdes/gekuTvnodes meore adamiani (romelsac is uwodebs katexiziss - obieqts)

zentaciuli sistemebis rolis ganxilvisas, iseve rogorc vizualuri

reprezentaciebis analizis dros, gasaTvaliswinebelia frangi filosofosis
miSel fukos mosazrebebi diskursis cnebasTan mimarTebaSi.
adreuli naSromebi mamakacebis Sesaxeb, ZiriTadad, iZleoda im Tvisebebisa da
atributebis suraTs, romelic maskulinobas ganixilavda rogorc problemur
kategorias. wignebSi mag., mamakacebis seqsualoba (metkalfi da hamfri, 1985)
avtorebi aRwerdnen maskulinobas, romelsac axasiaTebda agresia, konkurencia,
emociuri uunaroba, sicive da mxolod orgazmze, sakuTar dakmayofilebaze
orientirebul seqsze aqcenti. Tumca, amave dros, aRiniSneboda, rom mamakacebi
kritikulad udgebodnen TavianT maskulinobas isini garkveuli SiSiT, dardiTa
da tkiviliT ekidebodnen maTTvis winaswar mocemul maskulinobis scenarebs,
romlebsac isini unda damorCilebodnen; mamakacebs aRelvebdaT TavianTi
seqsualuri unarebis gamovlineba, emociebisgan gaucxoeba, mamebTan cudi
urTierToba. Sesabamisad, ixateboda maskulinobis winaaRmdegobrivi suraTi.
erTi mxriv, warmoCenili iyo maskulinobis farTod gaziarebuli idea,
romelic asocirdeboda mamakacebis ZalauflebasTan qalebTan mimarTebaSi,
meore mxriv ki, maT Sesaxeb arsebuli kulturuli warmodgenebi mamakacebs
tvirTad awveboda. mogvianebiT mividnen im azramde, rom maskulinobis cnebis
calsaxad da erTgvarovnad moazreba aramarTebulia, rom arsebobs maskulinobis
gamovlinebis sxvadasxva forma.
rogorc viksi aRniSnavs (viksi, 1981, 1985), daiwyo iseTi sakiTxebis xelaxla
ganxilva rogoric iyo seqsi, politika, sazogadoeba da seqsualoba.
seqsologebis da medicinis warmomadgenlebis mier gabatonebuli diskursis
gadasinjvam ubiZga viqtorianuli periodis maskulinobis Sesaxeb arsebuli
warmodgenebis Sesusteba.
homoseqsualobis nebismieri niSnis gamovlineba mamakacebSi iTvleboda, rom
isini "namdvili maskulinobis SeZenas verasdros moaxerxebdnen. homoseqsualobas mesame sqesad ganixilavdnen. viksis mixedviT, maskulinobis moazrebisTvis
aucilebelia istoriuli viTarebis gaTvaliswineba. Tanamedrove Teoretikosebi
ki iseT faqtorebs aqceven yuradRebas, rogoric aris klasi, "rasa" eTnikuroba
da Taoba. swored am faqtorebis gadakveTisas warmoiSoba maskulinobis
garkveuli tipebi.
aseve, maskulinobis gansazRvra xdeba feminurobasTan mimarTebaSi.
davidovis da holis wignSi, "ojaxuri realiebi" (1987) naCvenebia Tu rogor
wamoiSva inglisuri saSualo klasi 1780 - 1850 wlebis periodSi. analizi emyareba
saSualo klasis warmomadgeneli mamkacebisa da qalebis pirad Canawerebs.
avtorebi xazs usvamen imas, rom am periodSi warmoqmnili saSualo klasis
maskulinobis moazreba xdeboda ara marto muSaTa klasisa da aristokratuli
fenebis mier gagebuli maskulinobis sapirispirod, aramed zogadad genderuli
gansxvavebulobis fonze. mamakacebis da qalebis Tvisebebi radikalurad
emijneboda erTmaneTs, rac aseve arsebiTi iyo saSualo klasis mamakacebSi maTi
maskulinuri TviTSefasebisTvis.
saSualo fenis profesionalizacia aseve mniSvnelovani faqtoria. saSualo
klasis mamakacebis CarTuloba warmoebaSi, mSeneblobaSi, buRalteriasa da
dazRvevaSi moiTxovda garkveul unarebsa da codnas, romelTa flobac xSirad
gansazRvravda maT maskulinobas. es unarebi aseve upirispirdeboda ara mxolod
aristokrati mamakacebis unarebs (sporti, seqsualuri miRwevebi, azartuli
TamaSebis codna), aramed muSaTa klasis da saSualo klasis qalebisTvis
damaxasiaTebel unarebs.
mamakacobis gancdis gamyareba xdeboda mTeli rigi formaluri da
araformaluri institutebis saSualebiT (mag., mecnieruli da profesiuli
sazogadoebebi, mamakacebis klubebSi gamarTuli Tavyrilobebi). es adgilebi
warmoadgendnen sazogadoebriv sivrceebs, sadac xdeboda maskulinobis
ganmtkiceba. bevrisTvis mag., eklesiaSi siaruli da qristianuli ritualebis
dacva pirdapir iyo dakavSirebuli saSualo fenis Sromisadmi TavdadebasTan,
ramdenadac religiis protestantuli xedva gulisxmobda RmerTis mowodebis
danergvas am samyaroSi. biznesis da sawarmoebis warmatebuli gaZRola
iTvleboda RmerTis nebis ganxorcielebad.

46

43

fsiqoanalizi da subieqti

samyaros Sesaxeb; SeviZinoT is praqtikuli kompetenciebi, romlebic safuZvlad

udevs Cvens statussa da pozicias da gvexmareba Cveni Tavis sxvebisgan
gasamijnavad, romlebic naklebad kulturulad kompetenturni migvaCnia.
magaliTad, iseve rogorc tarkovskis filmis gageba Cvengan moiTxovs
kulturuli kapitalis garkveuli formebis flobas specifikuri artistuli,
lingvisturi, politikuri da kino-diskursebis Sesaxeb elementaruli
informaciis qonas, aseve teleserialebis gagebac moiTxovs Sesabamis kulturul
kompetencias.
Sarlota burnsdonma qalis kulturuli kompetencia uwoda qalebisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli problemebis gagebas, mag., rogoric aris ojaxi, ojaxuri sivrce,
personaluri urTierTobebi problematika ris Sesaxebac teleserialebi
gviyvebian. teleserialebi, rogorc wesi, mimarTaven im kulturul kodebs,
romlebic ZiriTadad qalebis mier gamoiyeneba.
mamakacebze orientirebuli klasikuri filmi ki struqturizebulia mTavari
makontrolirebeli figuris garSemo, romelTanac mayurebeli axdens identifikacias. teleserialebi ki xazs usvamen individualuri cxovrebis umniSvnelobas. klasikur filmSi mayureblis mier mTavar gmirTan identifikacia
iwvevs imas, rom mayurebelic gmirTan erTad garkveuli Zalis matarebeli xdeba.
teleserialSi ki mraval sxvadasxva personaJTan identifikacia mayurebels
piriqiT auZlurebs.
mayurebeli ver identificirdeba im personaJTan, romelic dausrulebuli
qmedebis avtoria. imis magivrad, rom mas mieweros erTi Zlieri ego, romelic
saqmis warmmarTvelia, teleseriali gvTavazobs mraval limitirebul egos,
romelic konfliqtSi imyofeba sxvebTan da sul warumatebelia Tavisi qmedebis
dros, ramdenadac arasdros icis bolomde sxvebis gegmebis, motivaciebisa da
strategiebis Sesaxeb.
amitom qalebis uZlureba/uunarobas am donezec vlindeba. teleserialis
subieqti/mayurebeli warmoadgens idealuri dedis xats: adamiani, romelic ufro
met cxovrebiseul sibrZnes flobs, vidre yvela misi Svili, da romlis
TanagrZnobac moicavs misi ojaxis yvela dapirispirebul mxares (is yvelasTan
axdens identifikacias). am gmirs sakuTari moTxovnilebebi da survilebi ar
gaaCnia. teleserialebi axdenen ojaxis prioritetulobisTvis xazgasmas, ara
idealuri ojaxis warmoCinebiT, aramed ojaxisa, romelic ganuwyvetel krizisSi
imyofeba. teleserialebSi mxolod is sakiTxebi ganixileba, romelTa moTmenac an
patiebac SeiZleba. xolo iseTi sakiTxebi rogoric aris qalebis mier
gamovlenili karieristuli ambiciebi, aborti, qorwinebamde da qorwinebis gareT
seqsi, alkoholizmi, mentaluri da fizikuri Zaladoba, homoseqsualoba an
uaryofidaT fasdeba, an kidev, rogorc wesi, saerTod ignorirebulia.
Tumca, teleserialebis zrdadi ricxvi da popularoba, iseve rogorc
teleserialebis formatSi mamakacebze orientirebuli tele/kino formebis
gamoyeneba miuTiTebs imaze, rom teleseriali sxva JanrebisTvisac kulturuli
resursad gadaiqceva.

da survili iyo meore adamiani (identifikacia).

aq yuradReba unda mivaqcioT ori tipis process katexiziss, obieqtis
mesakuTrisa da gamoyenebiT aspeqts da destruqciul, asimilaciur tendencias
identifikaciis dros. es mesakuTreuli da agresiuli dinebebi obieqt-katexizisa
da identifikaciaSi aSkarad iCens Tavs oidiposis kompleqsSi. oidiposis
kompleqsi bavSvis ganviTarebis procesSi gadamwyvet fazas warmoadgens. swored
am momentSi genderul identobasa da seqsualobas (an seqsualuri obieqtis
arCevas) fiqsirebuli saxe aqvs. aseve am periodSive xdeba sxva ori cnebis
gamovlena, esenia skopofiliisa da narcisizmis cnebebi.
naSromSi, sami esse seqsualobis Teoriis Sesaxeb froidi ambobs, rom
siamovnebis miReba yurebisas aris adamianuri seqsualobis Semadgeneli nawili.
siamovneba yurebisas anu skopofilia SeiZleba warimarTos sxvadasxva arxebiT,
erT-erTi maTgania - adamianis formiT tkboba. froidma am tkbobas narcisizmi
uwoda, rac mas identifikaciis meqanizmis axsnaSi daexmara. froidis mixedviT,
identifikaciis tendenciis narcisistul gamovlinebas ufro aracnobieri saxe
hqonda da scildeboda individis TviTcnobierebis farglebs.
identifikacia froidisTvis ara mxolod skokofiliuri tendenciis
narcisistuli komponentebis organizebas axdenda, aramed aseve moicavda
gaorebis process rac vlindeba froidis mier aRweril oidiposis dramaSi.
oidiposis krizisis procesSi da Semdeg mis warmatebiT gadalaxvis dros "biWi"
irCevs maskulinur identifikacias mamasTan da am procesSi xdeba mamis mimarT
arsebuli adreuli agresiuli fantaziebis Canacvleba. Tumca es maskulinuri
identifikacia, xels uSlis Semdeg "biWs" moaxdinos feminuri identifikacia
dedasTan. oidiposis scenarSi, froidi xazs usvams seqsualuri gansxvavebulobis
da seqsualuri identobis formacias arCevanis gakeTebis dros ganxorcielebul
identifikaciasa (biWis SemTxvevaSi maskulinuri) da im identifikacias Soris,
romelic uariyofa (feminuri). froidis mixedviT, xdeba uaryofili identifikaciis aqtiuri represireba, rac Semdeg sul Tan sdevs adamians. fsiqoanalitikuri
xedvidan gamomdinare, fiqsirebul seqsualuri identobasa da seqsualur
gansxvavebulobas yovelTvis arastabiluri xasiaTi aqvT da bolomde maTi
miRweva ar xdeba. subiqti rCeba gaorebuli, erTianobis msxvrevadi SegrZnebiT.
froidis mier arCevanis gakeTebis periodis dros identifikaciis
ganxorcieleba warmoadgens frangi Teoretikosisa da fsiqoanalitikosis Jak
lakanis Teoriis centralur komponents. lakani ToTo bavSvis mier sakuTari
Tavis aRqmas (sarkis safexuri, rogorc me-s funqciis maformirebeli), mis pirvel
TviTidentifikacias gansazRvravs ToTo bavSvis sarkeSi gamosaxulebis aRqmis
saSualebiT rodesac bavSvi uyurebs Tavis anarekls sarkeSi, an kidev dedis
TvalebSi areklil sakuTar Tavs. lakani ambobs, rom am dros bavSvi sakuTar Tavs
aRiqvams rogorc sarkis gamosaxulebas. swored am dros xdeba pirveladi
narcisuli identifikacia, romelic warmoadgens yvela momavali identifikaciis
safuZvelsa da prototips.
mayureblad yofnis fenomeni

maskulinobis xatis warmoqmna

1980-iani wlebis SuaSi nel-nela iwyeba "axali mamakacis" xatis Seqmna,
romelic warmoadgenda maskulinobis axal versias. kacis tansacmlis axali
dizainis saSualebiT masobriv reprezentanciebSi kodirebuli iyo "axali
mamakacis" xati. "axali mamakacis" warmoCineba ZiriTadad xdeboda kacis
tansacmlis maRaziebsa da am maRaziebis vitrinebSi, Jurnal-gazeTebsa da
televiziis saSualebiT ganTavsebul reklamaSi.
sainteresoa ganvixiloT, Tu ra kulturuli mniSnveloba hqonda "axali
mamakacis xats, romelic, Tavis mxriv, mWidrod iyo dakavSirebuli dasavlur
kulturaSi damkvidrebul maskulinobis ideasTan.
pirvel rigSi, kidev erTxel unda aRiniSnos, rom genderuli identobebi ar
aris erTgvarovani da fiqsirebuli, aramed eqvemdebareba socialur da
istoriul cvlilebebs. maskulinuri maxasiaTeblebis CamoyalibebaSi repre-

ra aris mniSvnelovani froidisa da lakanis mier identifikaciis moazrebaSi

narcisizmisa da skopofiliis fenomenebis aRwerisas es aris identifikaciis
struqturebis vizualuri xasiaTi. 1970-ian wlebis kinos TeoriaSi, Teoretikosebma ganaviTares froidisa da lakanis Sexedulebebi da maTi Teoria miuyenes
kino-reprezentaciebis analizs. isini xazs usvamdnen vizualuri enis Zalas
vizualuri kulturis momxmareblebze da SemogvTavazes yurebisa da
identifikaciis genderuli dayofa.
lora melvi, Tavis eseSi vizualuri siamovneba da naratiuli kino
aanalizebs yurebis fenomens. melvis mixedviT, naratiuli kino axdenda
skopofiliuri instiqtis (ego libido) narcisistuli aspeqtebis mobilizebas da
voieristuli da fetiSisturi komponentebis (obiqti-katexizisi) xazgasmas. misi
azriT, adgili aqvs mayureblis fenomenis specifikur organizebas skopofiliur
survilebTan mimarTebaSi, ris mixedviTac yurebis dros siamovnebis miReba

42

47

dayofilia aqtiur/maskulinur da pasiur/feminur komponentebad.

melvim ganasxvava sami tipis mzera: kinokameridan movlenisken an scenaze
mimarTuli mzera; mzera mayureblidan ekranze ganxorcielebuli movlenis
mimarTulebiT da filmSi personaJebs Soris urTierTgacvliTi mzera. melvis
mixedviT, es sami tipis mzera organizebulia swored zemoT xsenebuli
dixotomiis irgvliv. erTi mxriv, mamakacebi warmoadgenen am mzeris matareblebs
(aqtiuri Tvali) filmSi, feminuri ki kodirebulia rogorc vizualuri sanaxaoba
(pasiuri obieqti romelsac uyureben) meores mxriv, mayureblis Tvali
identificirdeba mamakac personaJTan. aqedan gamomdinare, malvi Tvlis, rom
Seimcneva genderuli disbalansi, gamomdinare iqidan, Tu rogor arian
warmosaxuli mamakaci personaJebi filmis siuJetSi. mamakacebis warmosaxva
ekranze erotiuli, sanaxaobiTi mniSvnelobisgan daclilia. mamakaci akontrolebs mzeris dinamikas.
aq xorcieldeba individis adgil-mdebareobis gansazRvra, konkretuli subieqtis poziciad Camoyalibeba, romelic mocemulia garkveuli reprezentaciis
farglebSi; es reprezentacia ki organizebulia skokofiliuri survilebisa da
aracnobieri identifikaciebis safuZvelze. rac TavisTavad warmoadgens im
process, romelic axdens seqsualuri Tu genderuli gansxvavebulobis
imitacias.

roland barti, Sveicarel lingvist ferdinand sosuris naazrevze

dayrdnobiT Seecada gamoevlina kulturuli fenomenis TviTneburi xasiaTi da
yoveldRiuri cxovrebis dafaruli mniSvnelobebi. barts ar ainteresebda kargis
cudisgan gamorCeva Tanamedrove maskulturaSi, aramed mas surda eCvenebina
Tanamedrove burJuaziuli sazogadoebebis erTi mxriv, spontanuri formebi da
ritualebi rogor ganicdian sistemur damaxinjebas, da meore mxriv, rom
nebismier momentSi e.w. bunebrivad aRiarebuli formebis deistorizacia aris
mosalodneli, maTi miTad qcevis saSualebiT.
mTeli safrangeTi am anonimuri ideologiis monawilea: Cveni presa, filmebi,
Teatri, literatura, ritualebi, sasamarTlo sistema, diplomatia, saubrebi,
Cveni Sexedulebebi amindis, mkvlelobis, sasamarTlos, qorwilis, samzareulos,
samoseli, romelic Cven gvacvia, yvelaferi yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi
damokidebulia im gamosaxulebaze, anu reprezentaciaze, romelsac burJuazias
aqvs da aseve Cvenc Tavs gvaxvevs samyarosa da adamianebs Soris damokidebulebasTan mimarTebaSi (barti, 1972).
bartis mier Camoyalibebuli kulturis cneba biblioTekas, operasa da
Teatrs scildeba da moicavs yoveldRiurobas. Tumca es yoveldRiuroba
bartisTvis muqariT aris aRsavse da ufro sistemurad organizebuli xasiaTi
aqvs. bartisTvis miTi warmoadgens laparakis tips. is Tavis naSromSi,
miTologiebi gansazRvravs wesebis, kodebisa da konvenciebis dafarul
erTobliobas, romlis saSualebiTac garkveuli socialuri jgufebisTvis (e.i.
visac Zalaufleba gaaCnia) mniSvnelobebi xdeba universaluri da "winaswar
mocemuli" mTeli sazogadoebisTvis.
barti miuTiTebda iseT fenomenebze, mag., rogoric aris saWidao matCi,
mwerloba, turizmi. bartis mixedviT, am fenomenebs xelovnuri buneba
axasiaTebT, gaaCniaT garkveuli ideologiuri sayrdeni. TiToeuli maTgani erTsa
da imave ritorikis farglebSi Camoyalibda (is rac normalurad miRebulia am
ritorikis farglebSi) da gadaiqca miTad, anu semiologiuri sistemis meoradi
wesrigis ubralo elementad (barti 1972). qvemoT, ufro detalurad ganvixilavT
bartis mier Jurnal "pari matCis" garekanze dabeWdil fotos, sadac zangi
jariskaci salutiT dgas frangul droSasTan; fotos gaaCnia pirveladi da
meoradi wesrigis konotacia : pirvel SemTxvevaSi, saluti erTgulebis Jestad
SeiZleba CaiTvalos, magram, amave dros, imasac viTvaliswinebT, rom safrangeTi
aris udidesi imperia, da yvela misi Svili, kanis feris miuxedavad erTgulad
unda emsaxuros safrangeTs.

maTTvis garkveuli gzamkvlevis rols asrulebs genderis gansazRvris procesSi.

amave dros, teleserialis naratiuli Taviseburebebi mniSvnelovania, iseve
rogorc teleserialis serialuri forma. Tematika, Txrobis mravali xazi da
gadauWreli narativebi gavlenas axdens qali personaJebis tipebze.
produqtis Seqmnis procesSi, prodiuserebi iTvaliswineben im faqtors, Tu
ra tipis momxmarebelzea maTi produqti orientirebuli da Sesabamisad,
produqts (am SemTxvevaSi teleserials) garkveuli forma eZleva.
teleserialis ganmsazRvreli Taviseburebaa - laparaki/dialogi. laparaki
kulturis CarCoebSi moiazreba rogorc feminuri da moicavs im unarebisa da
gagebis wesebis gamoyenebas, romelic rogorc wesi qalebs axasiaTebT konkretul
socialur da istoriul viTarebaSi. aqedan gamomdinare, dialogs teleserialSi
centraluri roli eniWeba. teleserialis ganuwyveteli seriebi mayurebels
aiZulebs mudmivad adevnos Tvali am seriebs, anu damokidebuli gaxados am
seriebze. es ki reklamis mimcemebis, investorebisa da dominanti ideologiis
interesebSi Sedis. teleseriali gadaiqceva samezoblo samyarod, misi gmirebi
cocxldebian da mezoblebis statuss iZenen.
tradiciulad, swored qalebi qmnidnen da amyarebdnen samezoblos da Temis
socialur qselebs: maRaziebsa da supermarketebSi, klinikebsa da skolebSi.
diasaxlisi Cveulebisamebr, socialurobis moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebas
mezoblebisgan iRebda. teleserialis qali mayurebeli amgvarad erTveba sxva
TemSi, fiqciurSi marTalia, magram iseT paralelur samyaroSi, romelic
xasiaTdeba realobis msgavsi problemebiTa da dilemebiT, isini drois
zemoqmedebas ganicdian iseve rogorc mayurebeli, cxovrebis msgavs etapebs
gadian: Relaven, warmatebas aRweven, imedi ucruvdebaT da a.S.
am wesiT, teleseriali ukavSirdeba qalebis auditorias, ramdenadac rogorc
ukve aRiniSna, Txrobis gamoyenebuli formebi qalebis kulturasTan asocirdeba.
sainteresoa, Tu ra xdeba mas Semdeg rac auditoria miiRebs mowvevas, rom
Seabijos teleserialis samyaroSi.
feministuri analizis mixedviT, mayurebeli uyurebs kameras, romelic
uyurebs gmirs, romelic uyurebs qals; fsiqoanalitikur Teoriaze dayrdnobiT,
holivudis filmebis TxrobiTi forma da vizualuri forma Camoyalibda
oidiposis fantaziebisa da mamakacebis aracnobieri tendenciebis zegavleniT.
mzerasa da mzeris mimarTulebas kinoSi, rogorc malvei da sxvani weren,
maskulinuri buneba axasiaTebs, anu subieqti, romelic iqmneba warmoadgens
maskulinuri mzeris Sedegs.
qalis gamosaxulebiT tkboba xdeba mamakacis poziciidan, vizualur
kontrols mamakacis personaJi axorcielebs. xSirad, qali kadris centrSia
moTavsebuli da statikuria, maSin rodesac mamakaci personaJi Tavisuflad
moZraobs rogorc kadrSi, aseve kadrs miRmac. aseTi tipis xedvas didi gavlena
hqonda genderisa da seqsualuri identobebis Camoyalibebaze.
teqstisa da auditoriis urTierTobas gansazRvravs wakiTxvadobis
kompetencia, rac warmoadgens semiotur cnebas. es cneba exeba ganaTlebis gziT
mopovebul interpretaciul CarCoebs da kiTxvis unars, romelic sxvadasxva
socialuri jgufebis mier gamoiyeneba, rata moaxdinon niSnebisa da
reprezentaciebis dekodireba.
kompetenturoba aq ar niSnavs koreqtulobasa da efeqturobas, aramed yofiT
codnasa da perspeqtivebs, romelic gaziarebulia konkretuli wamkiTxvelebis
mier. mocemul socialur jgufebs gansakuTrebuli kulturuli kompetenciebis
floba axasiaTebT; verbaluri an vizualuri enis niSnebi xSirad iReben iseT
mniSvnelobas, rac gasagebia erTi jgufisTvis, xolo gaugebari meoreTaTvis.
gamomdinare iqidan, Tu romel klass, eTnikur an sqesobriv jgufs
miekuTvneba, Tu ra ganaTleba an samuSao gamocdileba aqvs mas miRebuli, adamians
Sesabamisad uyalibdeba garkveuli kulturuli kompetenciebi.
frangma kulturis sociologma pier burdiem ganaviTara kulturis
kapitalis cneba, romelic finansuri kapitalis analogiurad socialuri
diferenciaciis wyaroa. finansuri kapitali adamians aZlevs ekonomikuri
usafrTxoebisa da statusis SegrZnebas. finansuri kapitalis msgavsad,
kulturul kapitals Cven imisTvis viyenebT, rom garkveuli codna miviRoT

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41

roland barti: miTebi da niSnebi

realobidan gaqceva;
kerZo Sinauruli sivrce;
siamovneba;
teleseriali.
maRali kultura/xelovneba maskulinoba
realizmi;
samganzomilebiani fsiqologiuri daxasiaTeba;
simkacre;
azri;
gaumJRavnebeli, naklebad eqspresiuli qmedeba;
gadamwyveti qmedeba;
namdvili problemebi;
problemebis daZleva;
sazogadoebrivi sivrce;
siZneleebi;
vesterni.

bartis mier am lingvistikuri meTodis gamoyenebam enis gareT arsebuli sxva

diskursiuli sistemebis mimarT (moda, kino, saWmeli) axali SesaZleblobebi
ganaviTara Tanamedrove kulturul kvlevebis sferoSi. gaCnda imedi, rom
semiotikuri analizis saSualebiT SesaZlebeli gaxdeboda enas, gamocdilebasa
da realobas Soris SeumCnveveli zRvari dafiqsirebuliyo da gaanalizebuliyo;
rom zRvari gaucxoebul inteleqtualsa da namdvil samyaros Soris
mniSvneladi gaxdariyo da amave dros gamqraliyo. semiologiuri analizi
saSualebas iZleoda momxdariyo kulturis ori dapirispirebuli gansazRvrebis
Serigeba moraluri Sexedulebebisa (am SemTxvevaSi bartis marqsistuli
Sexedulebebi) da popularuli Temebis : sazogadoebis cxovrebis wesis Seswavla.
amisaTvis saWiro iyo axali analitikuri midgomebis SemuSaveba. am
Teoretizaciis procesSi cnebam ideologia farTo mniSvneloba miiRo. bartma
dainaxa, rom anonimuri ideologia ganmsWvalavda socialuri cxovrebis yovel
SesaZlo dones, da vlindeboda yvelaze yofiT ritualSic ki da sazRvravda
yvelaze araformalur socialur Sexvedrebs. magram rogor SeiZleba ideologia
iyos anonimuri? da rogor SeiZleba mas mieniWos farTo mniSvneloba?
ideologia

zemoT mocemuli kulturuli dapirispirebebi farTod aris gavrcelebuli.

maRali kulturis perspeqtividan masobrivi garToba naklovania da asocirdeba
Sinaganad feminur TvisebebTan, maSin rodesac kulturuli realizmis maRali
standarti maskulinur RirebulebebTan asocirdeba. es ar miuTiTebs imaze, rom
qalebi ar monawileoben maRali kulturis sferoSi, ubralod rodesac isini amas
akeTeben, iTvleba rom qalebi maskulinur teritoriaze iWrebian da Sedegi
feminuri Tvisebebis daTrgunvaa. am hegemoniuri urTierTdaZabulobis fonze
zemoT moyvanili CamonaTvali ar warmoadgens myarad fiqsirebul opoziciebs,
aramed faseulobebs, romlebic erTmaneTTan uTanxmoebaSi modian da icvlebian
urTierTqmedebis dros.
Sesabamisad, kodebi, romlebic warmoadgenen realobas ar arian mudmivi da
stabiluri, aramed socialuri realobis konstruirebisaTvis brZolis procesSi
xdeba maTi modifikacia; icvleba warmodgenebi imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra iTvleba
feminurad da ra maskulinurad.
ra kuTxiT SeiZleba teleseriali CaiTvalos qalebisTvis damaxasiaTebel
kulturul formad? rogorc feministebi amboben, teleseriali bolos da
bolos iqmneba im samyaros mier, sadac mamakacebs aqvT Zalaufleba, im
diskursiuli praqtikis CarCoebSi, sadac xdeba maskulinobis, rogorc
dominanturi normis konstruireba.
sainteresoa, rogor axdens masmedia qaluri sivrcis Seqmnas? ra normebi
arsebobs, romlebic xels uwyoben teleserialis rogorc feminuri samyaros
produqtis warmoqmnas? rogor mimarTaven teleserialebi maT ufro da ufro
Sereul mayureblebs?
teleseriali 1930 - ian wlebSi Seiqmna amerikuli komerciuli radio da
sareklamo industriebis mier. am industriebis mizans dRis ganmavlobaSi saxlSi
myofi diasaxlisebisTvis produqtebis gasaReba warmoadgenda. teleserials
hqonda sareklamo datvirTva da ufro efeqturad anacvlebda radiosa da
Jurnal gazeTebSi qalebisTvis gamoyofili svetebis formats. programis
Semqmnelebi cdilobdnen iseTi fiqciuri samyaros Seqmnas, romelic qalebisTvis
iqneboda advilad amosacnobi, sasiamovno da martivad aRsaqmeli, rac saSualebas
miscemda maT paralelurad daelagebinaT saxli da miexedaT bavSvebisTvis.
teleserialis fiqciuri samyaro xasiaTdeba garkveuli opoziciebisa da
gansxvavebulobebis struqturiT. mag., qalebis samyaro moiazreba rogorc
piradi, ojaxur kerasTan da samezoblosTan dakavSirebuli, laparakis
moyvaruli; maSin, rodesac kacebis samyaros damaxasiaTebeli niSan Tvisebia:
sazogadoebrivi saqmiT dakavebuli, samuSaoSi CarTuli, qmediTunariani,
individualisti.
teleserialebSi monawile qali personaJebi TavianT cxovrebas ageben
garkveuli principebis mixedviT; zemoT moyvanili opoziciebis struqtura

germanul ideologiaSi marqsi aCvenebs, rom kapitalisturi ekonomikuri

struqturis safuZveli dafarulia warmoebis subieqtebis cnobierebisgan.
ideologiis axali gagebis mixedviT, moCvenebiTis miRma namdvili urTierTobebis
danaxvis warumatebloba ar aris gamowveuli imiT, rom TiTqos SeniRbvis mizniT
xdeba garkveuli operaciebi, romlebic tardeba individebis, socialuri
jgufebis an institutebis mier. amis sawinaaRmdegod, ideologia warmoadgens
cnobierebis miRma arsebul fenomens. normaluri xedvis doneze, ideologiuri
CarCoebi yvelaze mtkiced kristaldeba da yvelaze efeqturic aris, radganac
maTi ideologiuri xasiaTi yvelaze ufro kargad ifareba swored am doneze.
rogorc stuart holi ambobs, ideologiis gamWvirvaloba, bunebrioba,
uaryofa imisa, rom moxdes im winapirobebis gadasinjva, romelsac ideologia
efuZneba, misi winaaRmdegoba cvlilebis an koreqciis mimarT, misi pirdapir
cnobadobis efeqti da Caketili wre, romelSic is moZraobs, "Cveulebriv aRqmas"
aniWebs rogorc spontanur, aseve ideologiur da aracnobier xasiaTs. Tqven ar
SegiZliaT, Cveulebrivi gziT, gaigoT sinamdvileSi ras warmoadgenen sagnebi:
Tqven mxolod gaarkvevT, sad unda iyvnen isini sagnebis raRac erTobliobis
farglebSi. am gziT xdeba status quo -s dakanoneba da ideologiis mediumad
gadaqceva, sadac winapirobebi moCvenebiTi gamWvirvalobis miRma SeumCneveli
xdeba. (holi, 1977)
imdenad ramdenadac ideologia ganmsWvalavs yoveldRiurobis diskurss
Cveulebrivi, saRi azris formiT, misi gamijvna yoveldRiurobisgan rTuli
xdeba; is warmoadgens TviTkmari politikuri mosazrebebis an mikerZoebuli
Sexedulebebis erTobliobas. misi arc msoflmxedvelobebis abstraqtul
ganzomilebebamde dayvana SeiZleba da arc marqsistuli perspeqtividan
gamomdinare yalb cnobierebad monaTvla. aramed rogorc lui alTuzerma
miuTiTa:
ideologias bevri araferi akavSirebs cnobierebasTan. is siRrmiseulad
aracnobieri fenomenia. ideologia warmoadgens reprezentaciis sistemas, magram
umeteswilad es reprezentaciebi cnobierebasTan kavSirSi ar imyofeba, aramed
isini warmoadgenen gagebul-miRebul-gancdil kulturul obieqtebs, romlebic
funqciurad moqmedeben adamianebze raRac procesis saSualebiT, romelsac
adamianebi ver acnobiereben da Sesabamisad eqcevian garkveul struqturebSi
TavianTi cnobierebisgan damoukideblad. (alTuzeri, 1969).
miuxedavad imisa, rom aq alTuzeri saubrobs im struqturebze, rogoric aris
mag., ojaxi, kulturuli da politikuri institutebi, a.S. Cven aseve SeiZleba
moviyvanoT fizikuri struqturis magaliTi. ganaTlebis yvelaze Tanamedrove
institutebi, maTi moCvenebiTi neitralurobis miuxedavad, implicituri
idologiuri Sexedulebebis matarebelni arian, romlebic Semdeg myari

40

49

arqiteqturis saxes iReben. yvelaferi winaswar gawerilia, sagnis Sinaars rom

arc ki SevexoT. es gansazRvrulobani ara mxolod imas svams CarCoebSi Tu ra
iswavleba, aramed Tu rogor iswavleba. saswavlo Senobebi pirdapiri
mniSvnelobiT dominanti ideologiuri cnebebis warmoebas axdenen, pirvel rigSi,
Tu ra aris ganaTleba; swored am procesis saSualebiT saganmanaTleblo
struqtura, romelic Tavisi bunebiT cvalebadia kiTxvis niSansa Tu daeWvebas
aRar eqvemdebareba da gvevlineba rogorc winaswar mocemuli garemoeba (anu
ucvlelis saxiT).
socialuri urTierTobebi da procesebi Semdeg miewodeba individebs
garkveuli, winaswar gansazRvruli formebis saxiT; es formebi rogorc
aRvniSneT ar aris gamWvirvale. isini Semosilia sayovelTaod miRebuli azris
niRbiT, rac maT validurobas aZlevs da amave dros mistificirebas ukeTebs.
swored am formebis gaSifrva surs semiologiur analizs. kulturis yvela
aspeqts semiologiuri faseuloba gaaCnia da yvela mocemuli Tu miRebuli
fenomeni funqcionirebs rogorc niSani: rogorc sakomunikacio sistemaSi
arsebuli elementi, romelic imarTeba semantikuri wesebisa da kodebis mier, rac
TavisTavad gamocdilebaSi ar fiqsirdeba. es niSnebi arian iseTive gaumWvirvale,
rogorc is socialuri urTierTobebi, romlebic maT warmoSobs da Semdeg maT
gamoxatulebas warmoadgens. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, yvela aRmniSvnels
ideologiuri ganzomileba gaaCnia:
niSani ar arsebobs ubralod rogorc realobis nawili is asaxavs da Semdeg
ganasaxierebs sxva realobas. amitom man SeiZleba daamaxinjos an swored
warmoaCinos mocemuli realoba, an kidev gansakuTrebuli kuTxiT dagvanaxos is.
yvela niSani eqvemdebareba ideologiuri Sefasebis kriteriumebs; ideologiis
sfero emTxveva niSnebis sferos. sadac niSani arsebobs, iqve arsebobs ideologiac. yvelafer ideologiurs aqvs semioturi mniSvneloba (volosinovi, 1973)
niSnebis ideologiuri ganzomilebis gamosavlenad, Cven unda gavSifroT
kodebi, romelTa saSualebiTac xdeba mniSvnelobis organizeba. konotaciur
kodebs gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWebaT. stuart holis mixedviT, isini
socialuri cxovrebis saxes faraven da warmoadgenen mas rogorc klasificirebad, gasageb da mniSvnelad rames.
holi am kodebs mniSvnelobis rukebs uwodebs, romlebic produqciis
arCevans gansazRvraven. kodebi dominireben potenciuri mniSvnelobebis fonze
da Sedegad zogierTi mniSvneloba ufro xelmisawvdomi xdeba, vidre sxva. Cven
vcxovrobT am rukebis farglebSi iseve darwmunebulebi, rogorc realur
samyaroSi: isini Cven mogviazreben iseTive wesiT rogorc Cven maT moviazrebT. es
TavisTavad bunebrivi procesia. yvela adamianuri sazogadoeba Tavisi Tavis
kvlav warmoebas axdens naturalizaciis procesis saSualebiT. am procesiTve
socialuri urTierTobebis konkretuli formebi, samyaros organizebis
konkretuli gzebi gveCveneba rogorc universaluri da maradiuli.
magaliTad, alTuzeri ambobs, rom ideologias ar aqvs istoria, da rom
ideologiis es farTo gageba yovelTvis iqneba nebismieri socialuri formaciis
Semadgeneli aucilebeli elementi. Tumca, iseT kompleqsur sazogadoebaSi,
rogoric dasavleTis sazogadoebaa, romelic funqcionirebs kargad klasificirebuli dayofili muSa xelis saSualebiT, kiTxva ismis, Tu ra konkretul
ideologiebzea aq saubari, romeli jgufebis interesebs warmoadgenen es
ideologiebi, da ra momentSi an ra situaciaSi warmoCindeba isini. am sakiTxis
gasarkvevad Cven, pirvel rigSi, unda ganvixiloT rogor aris dasavlur
sazogadoebaSi Zalaufleba ganawilebuli; anu sazogadoebis romeli jgufebi an
klasebi axdenen socialuri samyaros definicias, mowesrigebasa da
klasifikacias. magaliTad, im saSualebebis xelmisawvdomoba, romelTa gziTac
ideebi vrceldeba sazogadoebaSi (mas mediis saSualebebi) ar warmoadgens erTsa
da imaves yvela klasisTvis. zogierT jgufs ufro metis Tqmis ufleba aqvs, sxvani
wesebs adgenen, mniSvnelobebs gansazRvraven, maSin rodesac garkveul nawils
naklebi Zalaufleba gaaCnia imisTvis rom Tavisi wesebi samyaros mowyobis Sesaxeb
Tavs moaxvion danarCenebs.
sainteresoa, rogor funqcionirebs specifikuri ideologiebi, rogor
moipovebs zogierTi Zalauflebas, xolo sxvebi ki rCebian marginalebad. Cven

qalebis gverdi Jurnal-gazeTebSi, qalebisTvis gankuTvnili filmebi, qalebis

Jurnalebi.
feministuri azri amtkicebs, rom dasavlur sazogadoebaSi mamakacebi adgenen
imas Tu ra iTvleba adamianurad da ra ara; amitom qalebis kultura calke
kulturad aris gamocxadebuli. analogiuri ideologiis farglebSi, sityva
"kaci" SeiZleba aRniSnavdes rogorc kacs aseve qals. magaliTad, inglisur enaSi
xSirad him (mamrobiTi sqesis aRmniSvneli nacvalsaxeli) aRniSnavs her-sac
(mdedrobiTi sqesis aRmniSvneli nacvalsaxeli).
kulturis genderuli saxe ar aris pirdapir gamokveTili. centralur,
damkvidrebul Rirebulebebs universaluri xasiaTi aqvT da genderuli
gamijvnisgan Tavisuflad ganixilebian. genderi mxolod maSin miiCneva
problematuri sakiTxad, rodesac qalebi, rogorc specifikuri kategoria,
dadgenili normis farglebs scildeba.
magaliTad, teleserialebis kultura iTvleba Zalian mdare xarisxis mqone
kulturad, romelsac ZiriTadad qali mayureblebi hyavs, rac niSnavs, rom xdeba
damkvidrebuli kulturuli Rirebulebidan (anu maskulinuri Rirebulebebidan)
gadaxra. 1970-ian wlebSi, erTma Jurnalistma teleserialebs uwoda "emociuri
porno" frustrirebuli diasaxlisebisTvis. gancda da emocia, iseve rogorc
ojaxuri kera, qalebis kulturul formebTan identificirdeba, amitomac kacebs
ar uyvarT, rodesac maT teleserialebis mayureblebs miaTvlian.
ibadeba
Semdegi
kiTxvebi:
rogor
xdeba
genderis
konstruireba
reprezentaciis dros? ra gavlena aqvs genders kulturul formebze romelTa
saSualebiTac xdeba konstruireba? riTi gansxvavdeba qalebisTvis gamoyofili
sivrce maskulinuri normebisgan?

50

39

qalebisa da "namdvili qalebis" gamosaxulebebi

qalebis zogadi kategoria ar arsebobs, imdenad ramdenadac qalebi ar
warmoadgenen erTgvarovan socialur jgufs, romelsac yvela qali miakuTvnebda
Tavs. genderi kveTavs socialuri identobebis iseT Semadgenel nawilebs,
rogoric aris garkveuli erovneba, eTnikuroba, asaki, socialuri jgufi,
seqsualuri orientacia, socialuri statusi.
aqedan gamomdinare, is Sexeduleba, rom reprezentacia unda warmoaCendes
namdvil qalebs mcdaria. kiTxva ismis, Tu vis realobaze aq saubari, rogor
realobaze (daTrgunuli qalebis, dadebiTi personaJebis, msxverpli qalebis), da
vis mixedviT aris realoba aseTi da ara sxvagvari?
stuart holis mixedviT, "qalis" da "kacis" aRmniSvneli sityva, Tu
gamosaxuleba warmoadgens kulturul aRmniSvnelebs, romlebic genderul
gansazRvrebebs, mniSvnelobebsa da identobebs ki ar asaxaven, aramed axdenen maT
konstruirebas. rac ar unda "bunebrivad" gveCvenebodes aRniSnuli cnebebi, isini
warmoadgnen qalisa da mamakacis winaswar mocemuli arsis simbolur reprezentacias.
kulturuli formebisTvis genderis mniSvnelobis miniWeba da konkretuli
kulturuli formebisTvis privilegirebuli statusis micema SeiZleba
ganvixiloT rogorc patriarqalur kulturasTan dapirispirebis erT-erTi
gamovlineba "realobis" gansazRvris procesSi. am dapirispirebas ki Semdegi
sqematuri saxe SeiZleba mivceT:
masobrivi kultura/garToba- feminuroba
popularuli Janris konvenciebi;
romantizirebuli stereotipebi;
brWyviala brwyinvaleba;
emociebi;
eqspresiuli performansi;
grZnobebis Sesaxeb saubari;
fantazia;

"nadmvilis", gamWvirvale reprezentacias, aramed enis gamoyenebas realur

urTierTobebTan da pirobebTan mimarTebaSi.
Sesabamisad, kodis moqmedebis gareSe ar arsebobs gasagebi diskursi.
vizualuri niSnebi amrigad warmoadgenen kodirebul niSnebs miuxedavad imisa,
rom aq kodebi gansxvavebulad moqmedeben. enaSi ar arsebobs nulovani aTvlis
wertili. naturalizmi da "realizmi" warmoadgens reprezentaciis erTgulebas
im sagnis Tu ideis mimarT romlis warmosaxvac xdeba da aris enis "realobasTan"
mimarTebaSi konkretuli gamoyenebis wesi, anu diskursiuli praqtikis
rezultati. Tumca, garkveuli kodebi imdenad farTod arian gavrcelebuli
konkretul sazogadoebasa Tu enaSi, rom isini bunebriobis iluzias badeben.
analogiurad, xSirad martiv vizualur niSnebs universaluri xasiaTi eZlevaT.
umberto ekos mixedviT, "xati" niSnebi gamoiyurebian rogorc sagnebi realur
samyaroSi, imitom rom isini axdenen mayurebelSi aRqmis pirobebis (kodebis)
reproducirebas. "aRqmis es pirobebi" warmoadgens dekodirebis rezultats da
kodirebuli, nawilobriv aracnobieri operaciebis erTobliobis. es exeba
rogorc fotografiul an televizualur gamosaxulebas, ise nebismier sxva
niSans.
reprezentaciebi da media - fiqcia
sityva fiqcia gulisxmobs realuri cxvorebidan mowyvetas. novelis kiTxva,
kinoSi siaruli, teleserialis yureba gvaZlevs warmosaxviT samyaroSi
mogzaurobis saSualebas, romelic gvTavazobs yoveldRiuri cxovrebis aqtivobebisgan Tvisebrivad gansxvavebul gamocdilebas.
1930iani wlebidan daaxloebiT 100000 saaTi daeTmo teleserialebs aSS-s
tleviziebisa da radios eTerSi. es statistika adasturebs imias, Tu ramdenad
warmoadgens teleserialebis fenomeni cxovrebiseul faqts.
kviraSi orjer, samjer da xSirad yoveldRiuradac teleserialebi
mayurebels sTavazoben fiqciur gamocdilebas, sadac yovelRiuroba da fiqcia
erTmaneTSia gadajaWvuli, imdenad rom teleserialis fiqciuri gmirebis
cxovrebebSi momxdari mTavari movlenebi qveyanaSi momxdar axal ambadac
SeiZleba aRiqvan. sainteresoa, ganvixiliT is procesebi, romlebic moicavs
fiqciasa da socialur samyaros Soris urTierTgacvlas: rogor Sedis
socialuri cxovreba fiqciur diskursSi da ra mosdis iq mas; rogor mimarTaven
sxvadasxva Janrebi sxvadasxva auditorias da rogor iTxoven maT
CarTuloba/monawileobas. ganvixiloT teleserialebis mier Seqmnili genderuli
principiT dayofili reprezentacia da mniSvnelobebi da mniSvnelovani da
xSirad ignorirebuli siamovnebis miRebis fenomeni.
rodesac ganvixilavT programebis formas yuradReba unda mieqces Semdegs: 1.
teleserialis buneba, rogorc garkveuli samauwyeblo Janri;
2. naratiuli struqtura, rogorc konkretuli epizodi da teleseriali rogorc gangrZobiTi seriali; 3. kadrebis organizacia vizualuri kompozicia
da montajis struqturebi; 4. personaJebi; 5. gamoxatvis saxeebi mag., melodrama,
komedia da realizmi da 6. mayureblebis mier gansakuTrebuli esTetikis
matarebeli audio-vizualuri dramatizebuli fiqciis miReba, sadac scenari da
vizualuri organizacia, xmebi da dramatuli Sexvedrebi exebian mayureblis
grZnobebsa da emociebs.
zemoT xsenebuli aspeqtebi qmnian an gamoxataven mniSvnelobebs, romlebic
Semdeg "mesijebad" gvevlinebian. swored am aspeqtebs unda mivaqcioT
yuradRebas, radgan gavarkvioT, Tu ratom xdeba teleseriali mravalricxovani
mayureblebis cxovrebis ganuyofeli nawili.

vxedavT, rom ganviTarebuli dasavleTis demokratiul qveynebSi, ideologiuri

sfero ar aris netraluri. konotaciur kodebs rom davubrundeT, isini
mniSvnelobiT arian datvirTuli da warmoadgenen dominanturi diskursebis
Semadgenel nawils, anu dominantur ideologiebs, dominanturi jgufebis
interesebs sazogadoebaSi.
marqsi: mmarTveli klasis ideebi yvela epoqaSi mmarTvel ideebs warmoadgenen; anu klasi, romelic warmoadgens sazogadoebis materialur mmarTvel
Zalas amave dros aris mmarTveli inteleqtualuri Zala. klasi, romelic flobs
materialuri warmoebis saSualebebs, aseve flobs mentaluri warmoebis
saSualebebsac. mmarTveli ideebi warmoadgenen dominanturi materialuri
urTierTobebis idealur gamoxatulebas da aRiqmebian rogorc ideebi saidanac
gamomdinareobs urTierTobebi, romlebic klass mmarTvel klasad aqceven.
mmarTveli klasi ki, Tavis mxriv, dominanturi ideebis matarebeli xdeba (marqsi
da engelsi 1970).
antonio gramSis hegemoniis Teoria asaxavs Tu rogor xdeba dominantobis
SenarCuneba ganviTarebul kapitalistur sazogadoebebSi.
hegemonia: hegemoniis cneba Seexeba iseT situacias, romelSic socialuri
jgufebis garkveuli kavSiris Sedegad xdeba totaluri socialuri Zalauflebis
ganxorcieleba sxva daqvemdebarebul jgufebze, ara mxolod iZulebis an
mmarTveli ideebis pirdapiri Tavsmoxvevis gziT, aramed Tanxmobis mopovebisa da
saerTo Sexedulebebis formirebis saSualebiT, ise rom dominanturi jgufebis
Zalauflebas legitimuri da bunebrivi saxe eZleva.
hegemoniis SenarCuneba SeiZleba manamde, sanam dominanti klasebi warmatebiT
axerxeben ZiriTadi mniSvnelobebis gansazRvras erTi mocemuli CarCos
farglebSi, ise rom daqvemdebarebuli jfugebi Tu ar kontrolirdebian, maSin
erT ideologiur sivrceSi mainc arian moqceuli. es ideologiuri sivrce ar
unda Candes rogorc mkveTrad ideologiuri, aramed hqondes mudmivobisa da
bunebriobis saxe, iyos istoriis gareT da konkretuli interesebis miRma.
bartis mixedviT, miTologia asrulebs naturalizaciisa da normalizaciis
vitalur funqcias. gramSi mniSvnelovan detals amatebs: misi azriT, hegemoniis
Zala, swored imitom rom mas sWirdeba daqvemdebarebuli umvravlesobis
Tanxmoba arasdros ganxorcieldeba erTsa da imave adamianTa jgufis mier.

masobrivi kulturis anomaliur niSans, feministebis azriT, warmoadgens

garkveuli kulturuli sivrcis gamoyofa, romelsac ewodeba qalis sivrce, mag.,

hegemonia ar aris universaluri da winaswar mocemuli konkretuli

klasisTvis, rom maT marTon; aramed hegemonia, pirvel rigSi, mopovebul unda
iqnes, eqvemdebarebodes kvlavwarmoebas da hegemoniis SenarCunebisTvis
mmarTveli jgufi unda iRvwodes. hegemonia warmoadgens moZrav wonasworobas,
romelic moicavs Zalebis urTierTqmedebas, romlebic an keTilad arian
ganwyobili ama Tu im tendenciis mimarT, an ara.
aqedan gamomdinare, formebi ar SeiZleba permanentulad normalizebuli
iyos. maTi dekonstruireba da demistifikacia yovelTvis aris SesaZlebeli;
magaliTad, iseTi miTologis mier, rogoric aris roland barti. ufro metic,
sagnebis Tavidan mopoveba yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi yovelTvis aris SesaZlebeli;
maT xSirad winaaRmdegobrivi mniSvnelobebi eniWebaT imave jgufebis mier,
romlebmac sagnebi Seqmnes. simbiozi, romelSic ideologia da socialuri
wesrigi, warmoeba da kvlav warmoeba erTmaneTs ukavSirdeba, ar aris stabiluri
da arc garantirebuli. is Riaa cvlilebebisTvis. konsensusi SeiZleba
danawevrdes, Seicvalos da misi validuroba kiTxvis niSnis qveS moeqces. xolo
ZalauflebaSi myofi jgufebis mimarT winaaRmdegobas yovelTvis ver gavuwevT
ignorirebas an kidev avtomaturad ver CavrTavT mas Cven sistemaSi. Tumca,
lefebres mixedviT, Cven vcxovrobT im sazogadoebaSi sadac meoradi buneba
pirveladis adgils ikavebs aRqmadi realobis Tavdapirvel fenas (lefebvre
1971). yovelTvis aris winaaRmdegobebi da dapirispirebebi, romlebic niSansa da
sagans Soris, warmoebasa da kvlavwarmoebas Soris napralis amovsebas uSlian
xels.
brZola sxvadasxva diskurss , sxvadasxva definiciasa da mniSvnelobas Soris
ideologiis farglebSi, yovelTvis atarebs signifikaciis sferoSi arsebuli

38

51

qalebis kultura da kacebis kultura

uTanxmoebis xasiaTs: es aris brZola niSnis kvlav mopovebisTvis, romelic

vrceldeba yoveldRiurobis yvelaze yoveldRiur sferoebzec ki.

televizualuri mesijebis warmoeba da gavrceleba

subkulturis da stilis mniSvneloba xSirad urTierTsawinaaRmdego

cnebebiT ganisazRvreba. aqedan gamomdinare, es Tavi daeTmoba im process,
romlis saSualebiTac garkveul sagnebs raRac mniSvneloba eniWebaT, kerZod, ki
stili erqmevaT subkulturis farglebSi.
dik hebdijis wigni (1979) subkultura stilis mniSvneloba warmoadgens
subkulturaze daweril wignebs Soris klasikas. hebdiji subkulturis fenomenis
ganxilvisas iyenebs altuzeris, gramSis, bartisa da praRis skolis mier
SemuSavebuli semiotikis midgomebs. 70-iani wlebi iyo is periodi, rodesac
britaneTSi bevri subkultura arsebobda an kidev maTi SemCneva ufro martivi
iyo, vidre sxvagan. ai, magaliTad, arsebobdnen Semdegi subkulturebi : tedebi,
skinhedebi, pankebi, bouvitebi (devid bouvis mimdevrebi), hipebi, dredebi da a.S.
hebdiji gramSis or termins iyenebs subkulturis analizisTvis; pirveli aris
gaerTianeba, xolo meore konkretuloba, rac niSnavs, rom TiToeuli
subkultura warmoadgens gamorCeul moments, konkretul pasuxs konkretuli
viTarebis mimarT.
subkulturebi warmoiSva gviani xanis industriuli kulturis ufro farTo
sistemasTan komunaluri da simboluri urTierTqmedebis Sedegad. isini
ganpirobebuli arian, Tumca ara calsaxad - asakiTa da klasiT da gamoirCevian
gansxvavebuli stiliT. es stilebi ki warmoiqmneba konkretuli istoriuli da
kulturuli Tanxvedrebis dros; isini ar SeiZleba ganixilebodes, rogorc
mxolod hegemoniis an kidev socialuri daZabulobis gadamwyveti saSualeba,
rogorc amas miiCnevdnen adreuli Teoretikosebi.
subkulturebi axdenen im periodSi gavrcelebuli "imijebisa" da arsebuli
meterialuri kulturis safuZvelze stilebis erTad Tavmoyras, im mizniT, rom
Semdeg maT Seqmnan gansxvavebuli identobebi. axali identobebi iqmneba im mizniT
rom subkulturis wevrebma am gziT moipovon SedarebiTi avtonomia socialuri
wesrigis farglebSi, romelic, Tavis mxriv, klasificirebulia klasis, samuSaos,
Taobebs Soris gansxvavebebis safuZvelze.
hebdijma gviandel naSromSi (1998) sxvagvarad moiazra Tavisi meTodi da
ganacxada, rom man saTanado mniSvneloba ar mianiWa komerciuli kulturis Zalas,
romelsac SeuZlia kontrhegemonuri stilebis gamoyeneba da Seqmna.
panki warmoadgenda avangarduli kulturuli strategiis, marketinguli
unarebis da muSaTa klasis daumorCileblobis gansakuTrebul sinTezs, romelic
Seiqmna im dros, rodesac britaneli axalgazrdobisTvis samomxmareblo bazari
ar iyo martivad xelmisawvdomi. zRvari subkulturas, rogorc protests da
subkulturas, rogorc komerciul kulturas Soris rTuli gasavlebia,
ramdenadac orive siamovnebis momtania da hegemoniis iaraRia, gansakuTrebiT
maSin rodesac axalgazrdebze orientirebul bazars exeba saqme.
magaliTad, sainteresoa britaneTSi arsebuli Savkaniani mosaxleobisa da
muSaTa klasis warmomadgeneli axalgazrdobis ganxilva subkulturebis
warmoqmnasTan dakavSirebiT. SavkanianTa kulturuli formebi (mag., musika)
yovelTvis
TamaSobda
ganmsazRvrel
rols
subkulturuli
stilebis
warmoqmnisas. aq xazi unda gaesvas urTierTobas subkulturebsa da im sxva
jgufebs Soris (mSoblebi,
maswavleblebi,
policia, respeqtabeluri
moqalaqeebi, a.S. da ufrosi muSaTa klasi da saSualo klasis kulturebi),
romlebsac am subkulturebis warmomadgenlebi gaemijnen. meore msoflio omis
Semdeg britaneTSi Zveli tradiciuli cxovrebis stili gadafara axalma,
zedapirulad naklebad klasobrivma sistemam. miuxedavad imisa, rom klasobrivi
struqtura ar gamqrala, is formebi, romlis saSualebiTac klasi gamoixateboda
kulturaSi Seicvala. masmediis ganviTarebam, ojaxis konstituciis Secvlam,
skolisa da samsaxuris organizaciam da samuSaosa da dasvenebis statusis
Secvlam muSaTa klasi gaanaxevra da misi polarizeba gamoiwvia, ris Sedegadac

stuart holis esse enkodireba, dekodireba Seexeba mesijebis warmoebasa da

gavrcelebas. holis analizi efuZneba semiotikur paradigmas, mis naSroms
teqstualuri, aseve eTnografiuli saxe aqvs. holis mosazrebebi ZiriTadad
televizias exeba. igi gvTavazobs komunikaciis oTx etapian Teorias: warmoeba,
cirkulacia, gamoyeneba (romelsac igi uwodebs distribucias an moxmarebas) da
reproduqcia. holis azriT, TiToeuli safexuri SedarebiT avtonomiuria
sxvebisgan. es niSnavs rom mesijis kodireba ar akontrolebs mis miRebas da ara
gamWvirvale saxiT, TiToeul safexurs aqvs Tavisi sazRvrebi da SesaZleblobebi.
SedarebiTi avtonomiis koncefcia saSualebas aZlevs mas isaubros polisemiaze,
romelic ar unda moiazrebodes rogorc pluralizmi. mesijebi ar eqvemdebarebian nebismieri saxis interpretacias an gamoyenebas radganac TiToeuli
safexuri mocemul wreSi zRudavs meoris SesaZleblobebs.
sazogadoebaSi, mesijebs aqvT "dominaciis kompleqsuri struqtura"
ramdenadac TiToeul safexurze isini eqcevian institucionaluri Zalauflebis
urTierTobebis gavlenis qveS. ufro metic, mesijis miReba SesaZlebelia mxolod
im SemTxvevaSi Tu mas cnobadi xasiaTi aqvs an SesabamisobaSi modis garkveul
warmodgenebTan -- Tumca yovelTvis rCeba patara sivrce im mesijis gasagebad,
romelic ar Seesabameba saerTo warmodgenebs. komunikaciuri wre yovelTvis
axdens Zalauflebis reJimis reproduqcias.
telesamauwyeblo struqturebma enkodirebuli mesijebi unda warmoadginon
mniSvneladi diskursis farglebSi. institucia produqciis socialuri
urTierTobebi unda daeqvemdebaron enis diskursiul wesebs, raTa moxdes maTi
produqtis realizacia. es TavisTavad mocemuli formaluri diskursisa da enis
wesebs ZalauflebaSi amyofebs. enkodirebuli mesijebis dekodirebis Sedegad
isini asruleben garkveul funqcias gavlenis moxdenis, garTobis, dajerebis
rasac Tavis mxriv moyveba kompleqsuri aRqmiTi, kognituri, emociuri,
ideologiuri da qceviTi Sedegebi. gansazRvrul momentSi struqtura iRebs
kods da qmnis mesijs. Semdeg momentSi, mocemuli "mesiji dekodirebis
saSualebiT socialuri praqtikis struqturebis Semadgenel nawilad iqceva.
tipuri procesebi, romlebsac ikvlevs pozitivisturi meTodi Sedegebi,
gamoyeneba, "kmayofileba" Tavad aris moqceuli gagebis struqturis CarCoebSi
da warmoiqmneba socialuri da ekonomikuri urTierTobebis Sedegad, romlebic
gansazRvrul formas aZleven mesijis miRebis formas, da SesaZleblobas iZlevian
rom mniSvnelobebi, romlebic figurirebs diskursis farglebSi gadavides
socialur cnobierebasa Tu praqtikaSi (imisaTvis rom maT mieniWoT socialuri
Rirebuleba an politikuri gavlena moipovon).
enkodirebisa da kodirebis kodebi ar aris simetriuli. anu "gagebisa" da
"arasworad gagebis" xarisxi komunikaciur gacvlaSi damokidebulia simetria/asimetiriaze, romelic damyarebulia enkoderis- mwarmoebelsa da dekoders/mimRebs Soris. magram es TavisTavad damokidebulia identobis an ara
identobis xarisxze kodebs Soris, romlebic avad Tu kargad axdenen informaciis
gadacemas, Sewyvetas Tu damaxinjebas.
kodebs Soris Seusabamoba asaxavs prodiuserebsa da mayureblebs Soris
struqturul gansxvavebulobas. aseve, es SeiZleba gamowveul iyos kodebis
wyarosa da mimRebs Soris arsebuli asimetriiT. "damaxinjeba" an "gaugebroba"
gamowveulia am or mxares Soris komunikaciuri gacvlis dros arsebuli
ekvivalentobis ararsebobiT.
televizualuri niSans kompleqsuri xasiaTi aqvs. igi Sedgeba ori tipis
diskursis - vizualurisa da xmovanis kombinaciisgan. amave dros, is
gamosaxulebis (xatis) niSania, ramdenadac mas aqvs im sagnis niSan-Tvisebebi,
romlis warmosaxvasac axdens. am sakiTxma gaugebroba gamoiwvia vizualuri enis
Seswavlis sferoSi. imdenad ramdenadac, vizualuri diskursi samganzomilebian
samyaros organzomilebianad gardaqmnis, mas ar SeuZlia iyos imis referenti an
idea, rasac warmoadgens. realoba arsebobs enis gareT, magram misi gaSualeba
xdeba yovelTis eniT; rogorc ukve iTqva, rac viciT da rasac vambobT xdeba
konkretuli diskursis farglebSi. diskursiuli codna warmoadgens ara enaSi

52

37

subkultura/stili

TanamSromlebisTvis.
seqsualobis kontrolis mcdelobebi ki qmnis garkveul diskurss
Sexedulebebs, dialogs seqsis Sesaxeb, satelevizio da radio programebs,
kanonmdeblobas, saJurnalo statiebs, samedicino konsultaciebs, seqsualur
praqtikas (mag., usafrTxo seqsi) da porno industrias. fuko ar uaryofs rom
saxelwifos, kanons, mmarTvels an dominant klass uWiravs Zalauflebis
dominanturi poziciebi, aramed is migviTiTebs imisken, rom arsebobs aseve
Zalauflebis ufro lokalizebuli qselebi, taqtika da meqanizmebi anu
Zalauflebis "mikro fizika.
ibadeba kiTxva. Tu sad aris am ganazrebebSi subieqtis adgili. sosurma uaryo
subieqtis roli reprezentaciis sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi. ena gvalaparakebs, Tqva
man. subieqti mxolod indviduluri saubris aqtis (paroles) avtoria. fukoc
garkveulwilad eTanxmeba am pozicias. misi azriT, diskursi da ara subieqti qmnis
codnas. codna/Zalauflebis funqcionirebisTvis ar aris saWiro "subieqtis"
moZieba. fuko ar eTanxmeboda subiqtis cnebis tradiciul moazrebas, romlis
mixedviTac subieqti, rogorc individi, warmoadgens cnobierebis matarebel,
avtonomiur da stabilur substancias, "me-s", mniSvnelobisa da moqmedebis
damoukidebl, namdvil wyaros.
rogorc davinaxeT, enisa da repezentaciis konstruqtivistuli moazreba
subieqts CamoaSorebs privilegirebul pozicias. fukos mixedviT, ara subieqtebi
laparakoben, aramed garkveuli diskursi alaparakebT maT. subieqtebs SeuZliaT
garkveuli teqstebis warmoeba, magram isini epistemes CarCoebSi moqmedeben,
gamomdinare garkveuli WeSmaritebis reJimis perspeqtividan, mocemuli
periodisa da kulturis sazRvrebs Soris moqceulni. subieqti SeuZlebelia
idges raRac garkveuli diskursis farglebs gareT rogorc codnis
damoukidebeli wyaro da avtori.
amave dros, diskursi qmnis subieqtisTvis adgils (mag., mkiTxveli an
mayurebeli, romelic aseve eqvemdebareba diskurss), saidanac mocemuli codna
da mniSvneloba xdeba gasagebi. yvela individi konkretul periodSi SeiZleba
gaxdes diskursis subieqti da, aqedan gamomdinare, Zalaufleba/codnis
matarebeli. amisaTvis saWiroa sakuTari Tavi movaTavsoT iseT poziciaSi,
saidanac CvenTvis diskursi gasagebi gaxdeba da am gziT gavxdeT garkveuli
mniSvnelobebis, Zalauflebisa da regulaciis subieqtebi. yvela diskursi aseTi
saxiT qmnis subieqt poziciebs, saidanac isini gasagebi xdebian.
am Teoriis mixedviT, kacebisTvis Seqmnili pornografia, qalebisTvis
mxolod maSin iqneba gasagebi, Tu qali Tavs kacis "subieqt poziciis" adgilas
daayenebs.
yovelive zemoT xsenebuli rom SevajamoT, konstruqciuli midgomis
mixedviT, reprezentacia moicavs mniSvnelobis warmoebas sagnebis sam sxvadasxva
wesrigs Soris damyarebuli kavSirebis saSualebiT: sagnebis, xalxis, movlenebisa
da gamocdilebis samyaro, konceftualuri samyaro mentaluri cnebebi,
romlebic Cven TavSi gvaqvs da niSnebi, mowesrigebuli enebad, romlebic am
cnebebis komunikacias axdenen.
Tu gvinda rom davamyaroT kavSiri gansxvavebul sistemebs Soris, fiqsireba
movaxdinoT am kavSirebs Soris garkveuli periodiT mainc, ise rom xalxma icodes
- erT sistemaSi mocemuli elementi Seesabameba meore sistemis mocemul
elements, maSin unda vflobdeT raRacas, rac Targmnis saSualebas mogvcems anu
imas rac migviTiTebs, Tu romeli sityva unda gamoviyenoT konkretuli cnebis
aRsaniSnavad. am aucileblobidan momdinareobs kodebis arseboba.
mniSvnelobis
warmoqmna
damokidebulia
interpretaciaze
da
rom
interpretacia funqcionirebs kodebis saSualebiT Cven viyenebT kods anu
vaxdenT gaSifvras enkodings, xolo meore adamiani axdens Cvens mier kodSi
Cadebuli mniSvnelobis dekodirebas. aqedan gamomdinare, mniSvnelobebi
yovelTvis icvleba da xelidan gvisxlteba. kodebi operireben rogorc
socialuri konvenciebi da ara rogorc mudmivi kanonebi.

Seiqmna ramdenime marginaluri diskursi klasobrivi urTierTobebis farTo

CarCoebSi.
axalgazrduli kulturis ganviTarebamac Seuwyo xeli polarizaciis am
process. muSaTa klasis warmomadgeneli axalgazrdobis msyidvelunarianoba
gaizarda; axalgazrdebs ukve SeeZloT ekonomikuri ganviTarebis Sedegad
warmoebuli produqciis yidva. ganaTlebis sistemaSic moxda cvlilebebi, ramac
xeli Seuwyo TaobaTa cnobierebis Camoyalibebas axalgazrdebs Soris. es
cnobiereba klasis gamocdilebas emyareboda, Tumca ukve gansxvavebuli
formebiT gamoixateboda, romlebic xSirad upirispirdeboda Zvel tradiciul
formebs.
klasis fenomeni imdenad meore xarisxovnad iTvleboda imdroindeli da
Semdgomi kvlevebis dros, rom bevrma socialurma Teoretikosma axalgazrdebi
CaTvala
rogorc
axali
klasi.
isini
axalgazrdebSi
xedavdnen
aradiferencirebul Tineijer momxmareblebs. subkulturis kvleva britaneTSi
daefuZna urbanul eTnografias, romelic jer kidev me-19 saukuneSi ganviTarda
(henri meihius da tomas arCeris naSromebi, Carlz dikensisa da artur morisonis
novelebi). Tumca subkulturis kvlevisadmi ufro mecnieruli midgoma, Tavisi
meTodologiiT (CarTuli dakvirveba) 1920-ian wlebamde ar aRmocenebula,
rodesac sociologebisa da danaSaulis SemswavlelTa jgufma CikagoSi daiwyo
informaciis Segroveba quCis axalgazrda dajgufebebze da kriminogenur
jgufebze. CarTuli dakvirveba isev aqtualuria, Tumca analitikuri da axsniTi
amosavali wertilis ararsebobis gamo mas sociologiis ZiriTad nakadSi
marginaluri statusi eniWeba.
1950-ian wlebSi albert koeni da volter mileri Seecadnen Teoriuli
perspeqtivis Semotanas; isini Seiswavlidnen dominant da daqvemdebarebul
RirebulebiT sistemebs. koeni dainteresda muSaTa klasis axalgazrda
warmomadgenlebiT, romlebic kargad ver swavlobdnen skolaSi. isini Tavisufal
dros erTiandebodnen dajgufebebSi da am wesiT axdenden TviTRirebulebis,
TviTrwmenis alternatiuli wyaros Camoyalibebas. dajgufebaSi ar cnobdnen
sazogadoebaSi miRebul iseT Rirebulebebs rogoric iyo simkacre, ambicia,
konformizmi, a.S. am Rirebulebebis sawinaaRmdegod dajgufebis wevrebi
mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen hedonizms, avtoritetis arafrad Cagdebas, sacemi
subieqtebis Ziebas, a.S.
axalgazrdebis dajgufebebis RirebulebaTa sistemis kvlevisas, mileri xazs
usvams dajgufebasa da mSoblebis kulturas Soris msgavsebebs; mileris
mixedviT, devianti jgufis bevr Rirebulebas ubralod damaxinjebuli an
maqsimalisturi xasiaTi aqvs, Torem sxva mxriv is warmoadgens muSaTa klasis
ufrosi warmomadgenlebis faseulobebs.
1961 wels matsa da saiksma subkulturis Seswavlisas gamoiyenes termini
subteraniuli Rirebulebebi, raTa aexsnaT legitimuri da devianturi
axalgazrduli kulturebi. maTac aRiares rom axalgazrdebis kulturaSi
damkvidrebuli subteraniuli Rirebulebebi (riskis, garTobis Zieba) mWidrod
ukavSirdeba Sromis eTikas (dakmayofilebis gadavadeba, rutina). mogvianebiT, am
Teoriebis Semowmeba moxda britanuli savele samuSaoebis dros.
1960 wels piter vilmotma gamoaqveyna kvleva im kulturuli
SesaZleblobebis Sesaxeb, romlebic xelmisawvdomi iyo muSaTa klasis
biWebisTvis londonis ist-endSi (aRmosavleT londonSi). vilmotmac daaskvna,
rom uklaso axalgazrduli kulturis idea jer kidev udroo da uazro iyo. misi
dakvirvebiT, Tavisufali drois gamoyenebis sxvadasxva SeesaZlebloba
axalgazrdebisTvis gansazRvruli iyo im winaaRmdegobebiTa da danawevrebiT,
romelic axasiaTebs uklaso sazogadoebas. man subkultura gansazRvra rogorc
"kompromisuli gadawyvetileba" or urTierTdapirispirebul moTxovnilebas
Soris:
Seqmnisa
da
avtonomiurobis
moTxovnileba
da
mSoblisagan
gansxvavebulobis damtkiceba da mSoblis identifikaciebis SenarCunebis
moTxovnileba.
am analizis mixedviT, skinhedebisa da tedebis stili intepretirebuli iyo
rogorc mediaciis mcdeloba gamocdilebasa da tradicias, nacnobsa da axals
Soris. kohenisTvis, subkulturis latentur funqcias warmoadgenda gamoexata

36

53

da gadaeWra, albaT, ufro jadosnuri gziT is winaaRmdegobebi, romlebsac an

dafaruli saxe aqvT, an kidev gadauWreli rCeba mSoblebis kulturaSi
subkulturis ganxilvam mogvianebiT mxedvelobaSi miiRo ideologiuri,
ekonomikuri da kulturuli faqtorebi, romlebic gansazRvraven ama Tu im
subkulturis arsebobas. kohenma klasis cnebac CarTo Tavis analizSi da
ganacxada - imis magivrad, rom klasi warmodgenil iqnes rogorc garegani
gansazRvrulobebis abstraqtuli erToblioba, mas aqvs materialuri Zala da
gamoxatvas povebs stilis, gamocdilebisa da xatebis Seqmnis formiT. klasisa da
seqsualobis garSemo arsebuli interesi da problematika, konformizmsa da
devicias Soris winaaRmdegoba, ojaxi da skola, muSaoba da Tavisufali dro
Tavmoyril iqna iseTi formiT, romelic, erTi mxriv, SesamCnevi iyo, meore mxriv
ki dafaruli, magram amave dros iZleoda istoriis rekonstruirebisa da
dafaruli mniSvnelobebis gamovlinebis saSualebas.
stili: stili subkulturaSi mniSvnelobiT aris damuxtuli. misi
transformacia bunebrivis winaaRmdeg midis da "normalizaciis" procesSi
iWreba. stils Seadgens iseTi Jestebi, sityvebi, romlebic Seuracxyofs mdumare
umravlesobas, eWvis qveS ayenebs erTianobis princips da konsensusis miTs
ewinaaRmdegeba.
sainteresoa im faruli mesijebis garkveva, romlebic kodirebuli saxiT
gvevlineba stilis zedapirze; mocemul farul mesijebs analizis dros
mniSvnelobis rukebis saxe eniWebaT, romlebic Tavis TavSi moicaven im
winaaRmdegobebs, romelTa gadaWra an dafarvac warmoadgens kodebis funqcias.
stilis moazrebam, rogorc kodirebulma pasuxma sazogadoebaSi mimdinare
cvlilebebze, axalgazrduli kulturis kvlevisadmi midgomebi radikalurad
Secvala. gramSis hegemoniis cnebis gamoyenebiT, avtorebi axalgazrduli
kulturuli stilebis interpretacias axdenen rogorc protestis simbolur
formebs, rogorc ufro farTo da zogadad dafaruli disidenturi
suliskveTebis TvalsaCino simptomebs, rac axasiaTebda meore msoflio omis
Semdgom periods dasavleT evropaSi.
stili, rogorc mizanmimarTuli komunikacia

"me vlaparakob tansacmlis saSualebiT" (umberTo eko, 1973)

nebismieri subkultura xasiaTdeba cikliT, romelsac mivyavarT opoziciuri
ganwyobidan neitralur poziciamde, protestidan gawevrianebamde/CarTulobamde. kerZod, ris komunikacias axdens subkulturuli stili? igive kiTxva exeba
modis kulturasac. am kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad Semdegi ori kiTxva warmoiSoba:
rogor xdeba subkultura gasagebi Tavad misive wevrebisTvis? da rogor
gamoxatavs uwesrigobas? gamosaxulebis ritorikaSi roland barti adarebs
"mizanmimarTuli" sareklamo gamosaxulebas ufro "umanko" reportaJul fotos.
orive gamosaxuleba warmoadgens specifiuri kodebisa da praqtikis rTul
gamoxatulebas, magram reportaJuli foto ufro "bunebriv" da gamWvirvale
xasiaTs atarebs, vidre reklama. is wers, rom "imijis mniSvneloba namdvilad
mizanmimarTulia.. sareklamo gamosaxuleba naTelia, emfaturia bartis es
gansxvaveba SeiZleba gamoviyenoT subkulturisa da "normalur" stilebs Soris
gansxvavebis aRsaniSnavad. subkulturul stilistur kombinaciebs Cacmis,
musikis, cekvis, da a.S. iseTive damokidebuleba aqvT ufro konvenciur formebTan
(normaluri pijakebi da halstuxebi, araformaluri samoseli), rogorsac
sareklamo imiji atarebs naklebad cnobierad agebul sareportaJo fotosTan
SedarebiT.
rogorc semiotikosebi aRniSnaven, signifikacia ar aris saWiro, rom iyos
mizanmimarTuli. umberto ekos Tvlis rom ara mxolod gamiznulad komunikaciis
matarebeli obieqti SeiZleba ganixilebodes rogorc raimes niSani, aramed
nebismeiri obieqti warmoadgens niSans (eko, 1973). magaliTad, Cveulebrivi
Cacmuloba, romelsac atarebs saSualo mamakaci da qali quCaSi, SerCeulia maTi
finansuri SesaZlebobebidan gamomdinare, "gemovneba" Tu ris Cacmas rodis
54

ganicdida, Tumca marqsisgan gansxvavebiT uaryofda klasobriv reduqcionizms,

ganaviTara "ideologiis" cneba. gramSis "ideologiis" cneba exmaureba fukos
pozicias, magram mainc did yuradRebas uTmobs klasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebs.
gramSis mixedviT, socialuri jgufebi brZolis sxvadasxva xerxs mimarTaven,
maT Soris ideologiurs, raTa moipovon sxva jgufebTan konsensusi da miaRwion
maTze garkveul Zalauflebas, rogorc Sexedulebebis sferoSi, aseve praqtikaSi.
Zalauflebis am formas ewodeba hegemonia da qvemoT ufro dawvrilebiT
ganvixilavT mas.
hegemonia ar aris mudmivad stabiluri da ar daiyvaneba ekonomikur
interesebze an kidev sazogadoebis martiv klasobriv modelze. fukos pozicia
diskursis, codnisa da Zalauflebis Sesaxeb gansxvavdeba Semdegi kuTxiT: fuko
ambobda, rom codna ara mxolod Zalauflebis garkveul formas warmoadgens,
aramed Zalaufleba gansazRvravs Tu ra dros da rogor moxdeba codnis
gamoyeneba praqtikaSi. codnis gamoyeneba da misi efeqturoba, fukos mixedviT,
ufro mniSvnelovani iyo vidre am codnis WeSmaritebis mtkiceba.
codna dakavSirebulia ZaluflebasTan da ara mxolod "WeSmaritebis
avtoritets iZens, aramed Seswevs Zala gaamarTlos sakuTari Tavi. nebismieri
codna, rodesac is mieyeneba realur samyaros da moaqvs realuri Sedegebi, iZens
"namdvilis, WeSmaritis" statuss. codna rodesac gamoiyeneba sxvebis samarTavad,
moicavs SezRudvas, marTvasa da disciplinarul praqtikas.
fukos mixedviT, codna ar operirebs vakuumSi. codna operirebs garkveuli
strategiebis saSualebiT, gansakuTrebul situaciebSi, istoriul konteqstSi da
institucionalur reJimebSi. imisaTvis rom SeviswavloT dasjis fenomeni unda
davakvirdeT Tu diskursi-Zalis kombinaciam Zala/codnis kombinaciam rogori
gageba Seqmna danaSaulisa da kriminalis, rac TavisTavad gavlenas axdens im
realur Sedegebze, rac moaqvs am faqtorebis aqtualobas damnaSavisTvis da
sasjelis gamomtanisTvis.
aqedan gamomdinare, fuko mivida daskvnamde, rom yoveli diskursiuli
formacia aris garkveuli WeSmaritebis reJimis matarebeli. WeSmariteba ar
arsebobs Zalauflebis gareT. WeSmariteba am samyaros miekuTvneba. is iqmneba
SezRudvis mravalnairi formis saSualebiT da iwvevs Zalauflebis garkveul
periodul Sedegebs. yovel sazogadoebas aqvs Tavisi WeSmaritebis reJimi,
WeSmaritebis Tavisi "zogadi politika"; anu diskursis tipebi, romlebsac is
iRebs da funqcionirebads xdis, rogorc marTals, SeimuSavebs meqanizmebsa da
magaliTebs, romelTa saSualebiTac xdeba marTali da mcdari Sexedulebebis
gamijvna erTmaneTisgan, sanqcirebis meqanizmebis dadgena, imaTi statusis
gansazRvra, vinc ambobs Tu ra iTvleba WeSmaritad.
Zalauflebis axali koncefciebi
fukom SeimuSava Zaluflebis axali cneba. Cven Zalauflebas ganvixilavT
rogorc yovelTvis zemodan momavals erTi mimarTulebiT, da erTi wyarodan
mmarTveli, saxelmwifo, mmarTveli klasi. fukosTvis Zalauflebas ufro
moZravi, wriuli xasiaTi aqvs. is arasdros aris erTi centris mier
monopolizirebuli da qseluri tipis organizaciis matarebelia. es ki niSnavs,
rom garkveulwilad Cven yvelani varT monawileebi erTdroulad warmovadgenT
rogorc
mCagvrelebs,
aseve
Cagrulebs.
Zalauflebis
urTierTobebi
ganmsWvalaven socialuri arsebobis yvela dones da funqcionireben socialuri
cxovrebis yvela sferoSi ojaxisa da seqsualobis privatul sivrceebSi, iseve
rogorc politikis sazogadoebriv sivrceebSi, ekonomikasa da samarTalSi. ufro
metic, Zalauflebas ara mxolod negatiuri, mCagvrelobiTi xasiaTi aqvs,
romelic eZebs kontrolis ganxorcielebis SesaZleblobas, aramed is aseve
produqtiulia. Zalaufleba awarmoebs sagnebs, moaqvs siamovneba, akonstruirebs
codnis formebs, qmnis diskurss. is SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc produqtiuli
qseli, romelic mTel socialur sxeulSi operirebs.
magaliTad, damsjeli sistema qmnis wignebs, xelSekrulebebs, wesebs,
kontrolis axal strategiebs, debatebs parliamentSi, treningis sistemas cixis
35

garkveul formebs, obieqtebs, subieqtebs, da codnis praqtikas gansxvavdeba

sxvadasxva istoriul periodSi erTmaneTisgan. fukosTvis gonebrivi daavadeba
ar warmoadgenda obieqtur faqts, romelic igive rCeboda yvela istoriul
periodSi da erTsa da imaves niSnavda sxvadasxva kulturebSi. mxolod
konkretul diskursiul formirebaSi sagani "sigiJe" CaiTvleba mniSvelad da
gasageb konstruqtad.
fukos naSromebidan rom moviyvanoT magaliTi, seqsualuri urTierTobebi
yovelTvis arsebobda. magram "seqsualoba", seqsualur vnebaze saubris konkretuli wesi, Seswavlis Tu regulirebis konkretuli meTodi, seqsualobasTan
dakavSirebuli saidumloebebi da fantaziebi dasavlur civilizaciaSi gamoCnda
mxolod konkretul istoriul momentSi (1978) aseve, yovelTvis arsebobda qcevis
homoseqsualuri formebi, magram "homoseqsuali" rogorc konkretuli
socialuri subieqti Seiqmna moraluri, samarTlebrivi, samedicino da
fsiqiatriuli diskursebis farglebSi, me -19 saukunis miwuruls konkretuli
institucionaluri aparatisa da praqtikis CarCoebSi. aseve, magaliTad, wignSi
klinikis dabadeba fuko gviCvenebs, Tu rogor Seicvala avadmyofobis xedva da
gageba naxevar saukuneze nakleb droSi. arsebobda klasikuri xedva, romlis
mixedviTac, avadmyofoba sxeulis gareT arsebobda. Tanamedrove gagebam ki
radikalurad Secvala aseTi xedva da ganacxada rom adamianis sxeulis
farglebSive SeiZleba aixsnas esa Tu is daavadeba. am diskursiulma cvlilebam,
Tavis mxriv, gamoiwvia cvlilebebi samedicino praqtikaSi. ufro didi
mniSvneloba mieniWa eqimis "mzeras", romelsac ukve SeeZlo waekiTxa avadmyofoba
adamianis sxeulze, anatomiuri atlasis saSualebiT. SeZenilma codnam gazarda
eqimis sameTvalyureo Zalaufleba pacientze.
gviandel naSromebSi fuko dainteresda, Tu rogor xdeba codnis gamoyeneba
diskursiuli praqtikis saSualebiT mocemul institucionalur sferoSi, raTa
moxdes sxvaTa qcevis regulireba. man yuradReba gaamaxvila codnisa da
Zalauflebis urTerTdamokidebulebaze da, Tu rogor operirebda Zalaufleba
institucionaluri aparatis farglebSi da misi teqnologiebi (teqnika).
magaliTad, dasjis aparatis cneba fukosTvis moicavda sxvadasxva lingvistur da
ara lingvistur elements "diskursebs, institutebs, arqiteqturul nagebobebs, wesebs, kanonebs, administraciul zomebs, mecnierul mosazrebebs,
filosofiur wanamZRvrebs, moralurobas da a.S.
aparati yovelTvis CarTulia Zalauflebis TamaSSi da aseve dakavSirebulia
codnis garkveul koordinatebTan aparati Sedgeba Zalebis urTierTobis
strategiebisgan, romlebic codnis sayrdenis rols TamaSoben, codnis tipebic,
Tavis mxriv, sayrdenis rols asruleben ZalauflebisTvis. (fuko, 1980)
aq fukos interesebi uaxlovdeba klasikuri sociologiis Teoriebs
ideologiis Sesaxeb, gansakuTrebiT ki marqsizms. marqsizmi cdilobda
gamoevlina klasobrivi poziciebi da interesebi, romlebic dafaruli iyo
codnis garkveul saxeebSi. fukoc ganixilavs msgavss Temebs, Tumca is uaryofs
klasikuri marqsistuli ideologiis problematikas. marqsis mixedviT yovel
epoqaSi ideebi asaxaven sazogadoebis ekonomikur safuZvels da rom mmarTveli
klasis ideebi warmarTaven kapitalistur ekonomikasa da gamoxataven dominantur interesebs. fukos mTavari argumenti klasikuri marqsisituli Teoriis
sawinaaRmdegod iyo, is rom mas codnasa da Zalauflebas Soris urTierToba
dayavda klasobriv Zalauflebaze da klasobriv interesebze. fuko ar uaryofda
klasebis arsebobas, magram is ekonomikuri an klasobrivi reduqcionizmis
winaaRmdegi iyo, rasac marqsistuli ideologiis Teoria efuZneboda.
aseve, fukos mixedviT marqizmi buruJuaziuli codnis "damaxinjebul
saxeebs upirispirebda marqsistuli mecnierebis mier SemoTavazebul "WeSmaritebas". fuko Tvlida, rom azris arc erT formas ar hqonda "WeSmaritebaze"
pretenziis gamocxadebis ufleba, radganac arcerTi Teoria ar iyo diskursis
gavlenisgan Tavisufali. azris yvela politikuri da socialuri forma codnisa
da Zalauflebis urTierTqmedebis gavlenis qveS eqceva. aqedan gamomdinare, misi
naazrevi uaryofs tradiciul marqsistul kiTxvas romeli klasis intersebSi
operirebs ena, reprezentacia da Zalaufleba?"
mogvianebiT, italielma antonio gramSim, romelic marqsis gavlenas

amjobineb, a.S. Zalian mniSvnelovania TavisTavad. maTi arCevani bevr rameze

metyvelebs. TiToeul sinTezsa Tu kombinacias, gansxvavebulobis Sida sistemaSi
Tavisi adgili ukavia konvenciuri normebisgan Semdgari diskursi - Seesabameba
socialurad aRiarebul rolebsa da SesaZleblobebs. es arCevani Seicavs
mesijebs, romelTa gadacemac xdeba mTeli rigi maxasiaTeblebis saSualebiT
statusi, TviT imiji, mimzidveloba, profesia. sxva Tu araferi, isini gamoxataven
"normalurobas" "deviaciurobis" sapirispirod (anu isini gamoirCevian TavianTi
SedarebiT aragamomwvevi, uCinari CacmulobiT, "bunebriobiT") Tumca, mizanmimarTul komunikacias gansxvavebuli xasiaTi aqvs. is gamoirCeva Tavisi
konstruqciiT da warmoadgens mniSvnelobiT datvirTuli arCevanis Sedegs,
yuradRebas ipyrobs da iTxovs rom is waikiTxon.
subkulturuli stilebi warmoaCenen TavianT specifikur kodebs (mag.,
pankebis daxeuli maisurebi) an kidev miuTiTeben rom kodebi Seqmnilia imisTvis,
rom isini SemoqmedebiTad gamoiyenon. amitom subkulturuli stilebi
gansxvavdebian sazogadoebaSi aRiarebuli da miRebuli stilebisgan, romelTa
mTavar maxasiaTebels, bartis mixedviT, warmoadgens maTi bunebrioba da
"normalizebuli" xasiaTi, ris Sedegadac realoba ise gveZleva, TiTqos es
yvelaferi eqvemdebarebodes bunebrivi wesrigis kanonebs.
subkultura, iseve rogorc moda scildeba am kanonebs, radgan axdens
mocemuli nivTebis gadanacvlebasa da gansxvavebul konteqstSi moTavsebas. maTi
sayovelTaod aRiarebuli moxmareba nivelirdeba da Cndeba maTi moxmarebis
axali gzebi. subkulturuli stilisti kiTxvis niSnis qveS ayenebs "yoveldRiuri
cxovrebis cru bunebriobas" (alTuzeri 1968) da nivTebs aniWebs gansxvavebul,
winaaRmdegobriv mniSvnelobas Tu wakiTxvadobas.
mniSvnelovani gansxvavebulobis komunikacia devs yvela mniSvnelovani
subkulturis stilis ukan. es stili warmoadgens mesijs, romelic TavisTavad
bevri sxva mesijis matarebelia. sainteresoa, Tu rogori struqtura aqvT
individualur subkulturebs da Tu konkretulad risi Setyobineba da reklama
xdeba individualuri subkulturis mocemuli, mizanmimarTuli komunikaciis
saSualebiT.

34

55

stili, rogorc brikolaJi

subkulturebs bevri saerTo maxasiaTebeli aqvT. isini momxmareblur
kulturasac warmoadgenen maSinac ki rodesac pankebi da skinhedebi
uaryofdnen garkveuli sagnebis yidva-moxmarebas swored moxmarebis
specifiuri ritualebis gziT, stilis saSualebiT subkultura erTis mxriv
axdenda Tavisi "saidumlo" identobis warmoCenas da gvatyobinebda akrZalul
mniSvnelobebs. am gziT subkulturis wevrebi warmoaCendnen Tu rogor xdeboda
nivTebis gamoyeneba mocemul subkulturaSi, da amiT ganasxvavebdnen
subkulturas ufro farTod aRiarebuli kulturuli warmonaqmnebisgan.
brikolaJis cneba dagvexmareba subkulturuli stilebis Seqmnaze saubris
dros. levi strosi, Tavis cnobil naSromSi "veluri cnobiereba", wers rom
magiuri gzebi, romlebic gamoiyeneba primitiuli xalxebis mier (crurwmena,
jadoqroba, miTebi) SeiZleba davinaxoT rogorc erTi SexedviT gamaognebeli,
magram erTiani, logikuri, urTierT-damakavSirebeli sistemebis arseboba,
romlebic konkretul sagnebs erTmaneTTan akavSireben da Sesabamisad
amartiveben garSemo samyaros moazrebas. gaerTianebis am jadosnur sistemebs
axasiaTebT erTi saerTo niSani: maT SeuZliaT usasrulod gafarTovdnen,
radganac bazisuri elementebis gamoyeneba SeiZleba bevr sxvadasxva
improvizirebul kombinaciaSi; Sedegad xdeba axali mniSvnelobebis generireba
mocemuli sistemebisve farglebSi.
brikolaJi aRiwereba rogorc "konkretulis mecniereba", rac mis
Tavdapirvel anTropoligiur mniSvnelobas ufro azustebs:
brikolaJi exeba im saSualebebs, romelTa gamoyenebisas veluri cnobiereba
urTierTobas amyarebs garSemo samyarosTan. es procesi moicavs "konkretulis
mecnierebas" (gansxvavebiT Cveni "civiluri" abstraqtuli mecnierebisgan),

romelic frTxilad da zustad awesrigebs da struqturebad awyobs fizikuri

samyaros detalebs CvenTvis ucxo logikis saSualebiT.
amgvarad, improvizirebuli struqturebi warmoadgenen garemoSi arsebuli
movlenebis mimarT droebiT pasuxs; Semdeg xdeba garkveuli sagnebis
erTmaneTTan gaerTianeba, bunebisa da sazogadoebis Tvisebebs Soris analogiebis
povna rac maT exmarebaT icxovron iseT samyaroSi, romelic axsnas eqvemdebareba
(houki, 1977).
jon klarkma brikolaJis struqturuli improvizaciebis Sedegi gamoiyena
subkulturis Teoriis ganxilvisas, romelic aseve warmoadgens komunikacias
garkveul sistemas. klarkma gamoikvlia, Tu rogor xdeba diskursis
(gansakuTrebiT modis) radikalurad adaptireba, destabilizacia da ganvrcoba
subkulturuli brikoles saSualebiT:
sagani da mniSvneloba erTad Seadgenen niSans, xolo Semdeg garkveuli
niSnebis erToblioba gadaiqceva diskursis maxasiaTebel formebad; es procesi
nebismier kulturas axasiaTebs; magram, rodesac brikole axdens mniSvnelovani
sagnis gadaadgilebas da mas adgilmdebareobas ucvlis mocemuli diskursis
farglebSi, niSnebis igive repertuaris gamoyenebiT, an kidev rodesac is obieqti
geZleva sxva kombinaciis farglebSi - Sedegad iqmneba axali diskursi da
gadaicema gansxvavebuli mesiji. (klarki, 1976)
aqve SegviZlia moviyvanoT umberto ekos fraza "semioturi saomari
moqmedebebi", imisaTvis rom aRvweroT subkulturebTan kavSirSi arsebuli
destabilizaciuri qmedebebi. saomari moqmedebebi SeiZleba ganxorcieldes
mocemuli subkulturis calkeuli wevrebis cnobierebis miRma (miuxedavad imisa
rom subkultura aseve warmoadgens gamiznul komunikacias).
magaliTad, dadasa da surealizmis radikaluri esTetika sizmrebTan
dakavSirebuli namuSevrebi, kolaJebi, yofiTi moxmarebis nivTebi warmoadgenen
"anarqistuli" diskursis klasikur meTodebs. bretonis manifestoebma (1924 da
1929) Camoayalibes surealizmis mTavari amosavali wertili: rom axali
"sueraloba" warmoiqmneboda Cveulebrivi gonis destabilizaciiT, dominanti
logikuri kategoriebis SeryeviT (mag., sizmari, realoba, samuSao/TamaSi) da
aranormalurisa da akrZalulis zeimiT. es yovelive miiRweoda "ori
erTmaneTisgan Sors mdgari realobis erTad warmoCinebiT" (reverdi 1918).
naSromSi
"sagnis
krizisi",
bretonma
moaxdina
"kolajis
esTetikis"
Teoretizireba; is werda rom yoveldRiuri cxovrebis sintaqsze ieriSis mitana,
romelic gveubneba Tu rogor unda iqnes gamoyenebuli Cveulebrivi sagnebi,
ubiZgebda ...sagnis mTliani revoluciisken: obieqts Camoacilebda Tavdapirvel
mniSvnelobas da miscemda axal saxelsa da niSans. transformacia da deformacia
unda momxdariyo umiznod, transformaciisa da deformaciisave mizniT.
obieqtebis aseTi gadawyobiT, maTi rolebis Secvlis saSualebiT isini miiRebdnen
gansxvavebul saxes (bretoni, 1936).
yovelive es saTaves iRebs brikolaJis cnebaSi. subkulturuli brikoleri,
iseve rogorc surealisturi kolaJis avtori, rogorc wesi axdens ori erTis
mxriv SeuTavsebeli realobis erT sibrtyeze moTavasebas (mag., droSa, qurTuki,
savarcxeli: iaraRi) da swored aq xdeba "am sagnebis feTqebadi gadakveTa" (maqs
ernsti 1948). pankuri moZraoba anarqistuli suliskveTebis subkulturuli
gamoyenebis yvelaze karg magaliTs warmoadgens. pankuri moZraobis wiaRSi
mniSvnelobis reorganizaciisa da Seferxebis mizniT xorcieldeboda "transformacia da deformacia".

frangi xelovani marsel duSanis msgavsad, romelic "ukve arsebul nivTebs"

xelovnebis nimuSebad naTlavda, radgan mas ase surda, pankebisTvisac modas an
antimodas warmoadgenda yvelaze umniSvnelo da Seusabamo sagnebi qinZisTavi,
saparsi britva, tualetis Casarecxi jaWvebi, parkebi, televizoris nawilebi.
pankebi am nivTebs aTavisuflebdnden TavianTi Cveuli konteqstisgan da
xmarobdnen yelis, yurebisa da tuCebis samkaulebad. maTi wesi martivi iyo: Tu

mniSnveloba xSirad damokidebulia im narativebze, gancxadebebze, gamosaxulebis jgufebze, mTlian diskursebze, romlebic operireben mravali teqstis
farglebSi, codnis sferoebze, sadac subieqtma moipova farTo Zalaufleba.
semiotika reprezenataciis process ganixilavda enis CarCoebSi da udgeboda
rogorc daxurul, statikur sistemas. Semdegi naSromebi reprezentacias
ganixilaven, rogorc socialuri codnis wyaros rogorc ufro Ria sistemas,
romelic mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli socialur praqtikasTan da Zalauflebis
sakiTxebTan. semiotur midgomaSi subieqti enis centridan CamoSorebuli iyo.
mogvianebiT, Teoretikosebi daubrundnen subieqtis sakiTxs. Tumca subieqti ar
daubrunebiaT centrSi, rogorc mniSvnelobis avtori an wyaro. miuxedavad imisa,
rom ena Cven gvalaparakebda, unda aRiniSnos rom konkretul istoriul
momentebSi, zogierT adamians ufro meti Zalaufleba hqonda raTa esaubra
garkveuli sakiTxebis irgvliv, vidre sxvebs (kaci eqimebi qali giJi pacientebis
Sesaxeb 19 saukunis miwuruls). repezentaciis modelebs gansakuTrebuli
yuradReba unda mieqciaT codnisa da Zalauflebis sakiTxebis SeswvlisTvis.
fuko reprezentacias ufro viwro gagebiT iyenebda, vidre aq aris ganxiluli,
Tumca man mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitana reprezentaciis problemis ganxilvaSi.
mas ainteresebda codnis warmoeba (da ara mxolod mniSvnelobis) diskursis
saSualebiT (da ara mxolod enis saSualebiT). misi amocana is iyo, rom
gaeanalizebina, Tu rogoria adamianebis TviTSegneba Cens kulturaSi da rogor
iqmneba Cveni codna socialuri sakiTxebis Sesaxeb, individebis Sesaxeb,
gaziarebuli mniSvnelobebis sxvadasxva istoriul periodebSi. fukos naazrevi
ufro istoriuli xasiaTis iyo, vidre sosuris an bartis; is yuradRebas aqcevda
istoriul konkretul pirobebs.
Cven ganvixilavT fukos mier SemoTavazebul sam ZiriTad cnebas: diskursis
cneba, codnisa da Zalauflebis da subieqtis cneba. fukom diskursis cneba
Semdegnairad gansazRvra "Sexedulebebis erToblioba, romelic qmnis
salaparako enas - codnis gamosaxatavad konkretuli Temis garSemo konkretul
istoriul momentSi. diskursi aris codnis warmoeba enis saSualebiT da
ramdenadac yvela socialuri praqtika atarebs raRac mniSvnelobas, mniSvnelobebi gavlenas axdenen da aformebebn Cvens qcevas yvela qmedebas aqvs
diskursiuli aspeqti igive diskursi vlindeba teqstebSi, qcevis formebSi,
sazogadoebis instituciur sferoebSi. rodesac diskursiuli movlenebi exebian
erTi da imave sagans, aqvT erTi da igive stili da iziareben erTsa da imave
instituciur, administraciul an politikur strategias Tu qmedebis xazs.
fukos mixedviT, isini miekuTvnebian erTi da imave diskursiul formirebas.
mniSvneloba da mniSvnelobiT datvirTuli qmedebis konstruireba xdeba
diskursis farglebSi. fuko, iseve rogorc semiotikosebi iyvnen konstruqtivistebi. imis mtkiceba, rom diskursis gareT arafers aqvs mniSvneloba, erTi
SexedviT, absurduli gancxadebaa, Tumca mniSvnelovani. fuko ar uaryofs rom
sagnebs gaaCniaT namdvili, materialuri arseboba samyaroSi. is ubralod ambobs,
rom sagnebi mniSvnelobas kargaven diskursis farglebs miRma. diskursis cneba ar
exeba sagnebis arsebobas, aramed mniSvnelobis qmnadobis wyaros. idea fizikuri
sagnebisa da qmedebebis Sesaxeb arsebobs, magram maT mniSvneloba eniWebaT da
codnis obieqtebi xdebian mxolod diskursis farglebSi. mag., cnebebs sigiJe,
dasja, seqsualoba mniSvneloba aqvT diskursis farglebSi. 1. mosazrebebi
"sigiJis", dasjisa da seqsualobis Sesaxeb garkveul codnas gvaZlevs am
sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT. 2. wesebi, romlebic adgnen am sakiTxebze saubris
gamarTlebul, swor wsebs da gamoricxaven gansxvavebul wesebs anu gansazRvraven Tu risi Tqma da risi fiqri SeiZleba sigiJeze, dasjasa Tu
seqsualobaze konkretul istoriul momentSi. 3. subieqtebi, vinc garkveulwilad axdenen diskursis personifikacias giJi, isteriuli qali, kriminali,
perverti. am subieqtebs garkveuli atributebi eqnebaT mocemul istoriul
periodSi, gamomdinare arsebuli codnidan; 4. rogor iZens codna avtoritets,
"WeSmaritebis" elfers mocemuli sakiTxis garSemo mocemul momentSi;
fukos mixedviT, sagnebi iTvlebodnen "namdvilad" da "WeSmaritad" mxolod
konkretul istoriul konteqstSi. misi azriT, erTi da igive fenomeni ar
SeiniSneba sxvadasxva istoriul periodSi, anu diskursi romelic qmnis codnis

56

33

stili, rogorc ajanyebis gamomsaxveli: pankebi

miuxedavad sosuris mier SemoTavazebuli modelis popularobisa,

mogvianebiT mividnen im daskvnamde, rom enis Seswavla mecnieruli sizustiT
SeuZlebelia. ena wesebs eqvemdebareba, magram is ar aris daxuruli sistema,
romelic daiyvaneba formalur elementebze. ena gamudmebul cvalebadobas
eqvemdebareba, is Riaa cvalebadobis mimarT gamoCndnen mecnierebi, romlebmac
sosuris modeli gaafarToves da SeimuSaves poststruqturalisturi midgoma
enobrivi sistemebis mimarT.
sosuris naazrevs misma studentebma Tavi mouyares naSromSi kursi zogad
lingvistikaSi (1960), sadac is ambobs, rom sasurvelia gaCndes mecniereba,
romelic Seiswavlida niSnebs sazogadoebaSi "me davarqmevdi mas semiologias,
berZnuli sityva semion niSnebi, ganacxada sosurma. am zogad midgomas niSnebis
kvlevisadmi kulturaSi ewodeba semiotika. semiotikis amosavali wertilia is,
rom yvela kulturuli obieqti mniSvnelobis matarebelia da yvela kulturuli
praqtika damokidebulia mniSvnelobaze. isini iyeneben niSnebs, amitom niSnebi
iseve funqcionirebs rogorc ena da eqvemdebareba imave analizs, rogorsac
sosoris mier SemoTavazebuli lingvisturi cnebebi (aRmniSvneli/aRsaniSni,
ena/parole, kodebi da struqturebi da niSnis TviTneburi xasiaTi).
frangi socialuri kritikosi roland barti Tavis wignSi "miTologiebi"
(1972) ganixilavs Widaobis fenomens, greta garbos saxes, sarecxis fxvnilebs da
sapons. man miuyena semiotikuri analizi sazogadoebis yoveldRiur movlenebs da
garkveulli aqtivobebi da sagnebi aRiqva rogorc niSnebi, romlebic enis
saSualebiT garkveuli mniSvnelobis komunikacias cdiloben. semiotur
midgomaSi, ara mxolod sityvebsa da gamosaxulebebs eniWebaT niSnis mniSvneloba,
aramed Tavad sagnebic funqcionireben rogorc aRmniSvnelebi da warmoqmnian
raRac garkveul mniSvnelobas. magaliTad, tansacmeli ara mxolod sxeulis
dasafaravad gamoiyeneba, aramed garkveuli informaciis matarebelia anu
niSania. saRamos kaba SeiZleba niSnavdes "eleganturobas", jinsi araformalur
Cacmulobas, a.S.
sosuris viwro lingvisturi midgomidan gadavdivarT ufro farTo
kulturul midgomaze. eseSi miTi dRes barti gvaCvenebs, Tu rogor muSaobs
reprezentacia ufro farTo kulturul doneze. franguli Jurnali pari matCis
garekanze warmodgenilia axalgazrda Savkanianis foto, romelic frangul
samxedro formaSi miesalmeba safrangeTis droSas. misi Tvalebi zeviT aris
mimarTuli da, albaT, droSas uyurebs (1972). analizis pirvel doneze, Cven unda
gavSifroT aRmniSnvelebi: mag., jariskaci, uniforma, mklavi da Tvalebi aweuli,
safrangeTis droSa. niSnebis es erToblioba gvauwyebs, rom Savkaniani miesalmeba
safrangeTis droSas. aq barti ambobs, rom am fotos ufro farTo kulturuli
mniSneloba aqvs da is ris komunikaciasac aRniSnuli foto cdilobs SeiZleba
iyos Semdegi: rom safrangeTi didi da Zlieri imperiaa, rom yvela misi Svili,
miuxedavad kanis ferisa, erTgulad msaxurobs misi droSis qveS, rac warmoadgens
saukeTeso pasuxs imaTTvis, vinc bralad debs safrangeTs kolonializmSi;
Savkaniani biWi erTgulad emsaxureba mis e. w. mCagvrelebs
barti aq ambobs, rom reprezentacias adgili aqvs ori sxvadasva, magram
erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli procesiT. pirvel procesSi, aRmniSnvelebi
(gamosaxulebis elementebi) da aRniSnulebi (cnebebi jariskaci, droSa)
erTiandebian imisaTvis, rom Seqmnas raRac niSani martivi mesijiT: Savkaniani
jariskaci miesalmeba safrangeTis droSas. meore doneze ki aRsaniSnavebis
erToblioba dakavSirebulia franguli kolonializmis idologiur TemasTan.
analizis swored es meore done warmoadgens miTis Seqmnis done, rasac barti
uwodebs idologiurad Seqmnil mesijebsa Tu mniSnvelobas. amgvari wakiTxvis
dros, safrangeTis imperializmi aris miTis mamoZravebeli. am cnebis saSualebiT
mTeli axali istoria gadmocemuli miTis saxiT safrangeTis kolonializmis
istoria, awmyoSi arsebuli problemebi.
rogorc davinaxeT, bartis naazrevSi sosuris lingvisturma modelma ufro
farTo gamoyeneba pova da Seexo niSnebisa da reprezentaciebis ufro farTo
sferos (reklama, fotografia, popularuli kultura, mogzauroba, moda)
semiotur midgomaSi, repezentacia gaigeboda imis safuZvelze, Tu rogor
funqcionirebdnen sityvebi rogorc niSnebi enaSi. maSin rodesac kulturaSi

qudi ar gergeboda, is aucileblad unda getarebina. musikac gansxvavdeboda

farTod aRiarebuli rokisa da popisgan. is erTgvarovnad bazisuri da pirdapiri
iyo an gamiznulad an kidev araprofesionalizmis gamo. pankis midgoma
harmoniuli musikis mimarT Semdegi iyo: Cven qaosis momxre varT da ara musikis.
pankebma ara mxolod Cacmulobis, aramed yvela aqtualuri diskursis
destabilizacia moaxdines. mag., cekva, romelic britanuli rokisa da popis
kulturaSi gamomsaxvelobiT mediums warmoadgenda, pankma is robotebis
moZraobad aqcia. cekvis ritualis tradiciuli maxasiaTeblebi, rogoric iyo
flirti miuReblad CaiTvala. scenasa da mayureblebs Soris zRvari gaqra.
pankebi arRvevdnen arsebul etikets da auditoria da xelovani erTmaneTSi
ireoda.
arc erT subkulturas ar ucdia dakanonebuli da bunebrivad winaswar
mocemuli normalizebuli formebisgan sakuTari Tavis gamijvna, ise rogorc
pankebs. maT amisTvis sazogadoebis didi nawilisgan gakicxva daimsaxures.
pankebi, magaliTad, ara mxolod pirdapir reagirebdnen britaneTSi sul ufro
mzard umuSevrobaze, cvalebad moralur standartebze, siRaribesa da
depresiaze, a.S. aramed isini axdendnen imis dramatizirebas, rasac Semdeg daerqva
britaneTis dacema.
pankebma Seqmnes ena, romelic rokis istebliSmentis ritorikis sapirispirod
bevrad ufro aqtualuri da miwieri iyo. maT gamoiyenes krizisis ritorika,
romelic im periodSi intensiurad Suqdeboda radioebisa da Jurnal-gazeTebis
mier. pankebma moaxdines am ritorikis Targmna ufro xelSesaxebi da SesamCnevi
gziT.
1970-iani wlebis apokalipsuri atmosferos dros, rodesac umuSevrobas
masiuri saxe hqonda da londonis sxvadasxva ubnebSi Setakebebi daiwyo pankebis
mier sakuTari Tavis rogorc absoluturi degeneratebis warmosaxva kargad
ewereboda saerTo suraTSi. es ufro imis maniSnebeli iyo, rom Seqmnili situacia,
socialuri struqturebis rRveva kargad ganasaxierebda didi britaneTis
atrofirebul mdgomareobas.
pankebis mxridan gakeTebuli "gancxadebebi" Zalian aqtualuri iyo, anu ena
romelsac isini iyenebdnen gamoirCeoda TanamedroveobiT, droulobiT rogorc
subkulturis wevrebisTvis, aseve misi openentebisTvisac. pankebis mier
gaTavisebuli sxvadasxva stili gamoxatavda agresias, frustraciasa da SfoTvas.
pankebis subkulturas garkveuli sanaxaobiTi buneba hqonda, magram amave dros
pankebi kargad axdenden imdroindeli problemebis warmoCenas. am gziT maT bevri
mimdevari gaiCines. uwesrigobis komunikaciisTvis saWiroa Sesabamisi enis
SerCeva, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom mosalodnelia am enis ignorireba an
represireba.
pankebis subkultura gvexmareba avxsnaT mag., musikosi devid bouvis kultis
arseboba, romelic exeboda ara klasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebs, aramed
sqesTan/genderTan. bouvitebi, rogorc maT uwodebdnen, ar axdendnen nacnobi
problematikis deklarirebas, mag., protesti avtoritetebis winaaRmdeg maTi
pativiscema, a.S); isini cdilobdnen moexdinaT azriani saSualo sivrcis moZieba
mSoblebis kulturasa da dominantur ideologias Soris.: sivrce, sadac
aRmoCenili da gamovlenili iqnebodnen alternatiuli identobebi. am mxriv,
isini eZebdnen avtonomiis garkveul xarisxs, romelic axasiaTebs yvela
axalgazrdul da kontrkulturas.
skinhedebisgan gansxvavebiT, bouvitebi upirispirdebodnen ufro aSkara
sakiTxebs (seqsualuri, klasobrivi, teritorialuri) da eZebdnen am sakiTxebis
irgvliv arsebuli diskursebis Secvlas, gadagdebas. isini cdilobdnen eWvs qveS
daeyenebinaT tradiciuli muSaTa klasis puritanizmi da mas mediis mier muSaTa
klasis warmosaxva puritanebad; bouvitebi aseve axdenden masmediis saSualebiT
xelmisawvdomi imijebis, stilebisa da ideologiebis adaptacias alternatiuli
pirovnebis Camoyalibebis mizniT, romelic gamorCeuli iqneboda Tavisi
gansxvavebulobiT. bouvitebi, pirvel rigSi, kiTxvis niSnis qveS ayenebdnen
klasobrivi da genderuli stereotipebis gardauvalobasa da bunebriobas.

32

57

Tanamedrove sazogadoeba: istoriuli konteqsti

li da niubais mixedviT, "ganmanaTleblobis ideali" da misi mniSvneloba

mdgomareobs racionalurad moazrebul adamianur istoriaSi, rodesac
SesaZlebeli xdeba politikuri sazogadoebis gaumjobeseba. TviTon socialuri
mecnierebis idea am Sexedulebis gagrZelebas warmoadgenda; sociologiis
zogierTi damfuZneblis naSromebi swored imis mcdelobas warmoadgens, rom
ganmanaTleblobis ideali daecvaT araracionaluris Semotevisgan.
lord aqtoni kidev ufro pompezurad da saxasiaTod aRwers "axali saukunis"
dadgomas: im istoriul periodSi, kolumbma Secvala Sexedulebebi samyaros
Sesaxeb da moaxdina warmoebis pirobebis, simdidrisa da Zalauflebis radikaluri gardaqmna; makiavelma xelisufleba gaaTavisufla kanonis SezRudvebisgan;
erazm roterdamelma Zveli yaidis swavleba gadaiyvana profanulidan
qristianul msoflmxedvelobaze; martin luterma Searyia avtoritetis jaWvisa
da tradiciis uZlieresi kavSiri; kopernikma Seqmna Seuryeveli rwmena, romelmac
samaradisod daukavSira progresi im momavals romelic modioda. yovelive
warmoadgenda axali cxovrebis dasabams; samyarom daiwyo manamde ucnob
orbitaze brunva, rac ganpirobebuli iyo manamde ucnobi zegavlenebiT.
entoni gidensi, zemoT moyvanil paragrafze dayrdnobiT ganmartavs, Tu ras
niSnavda yovelive es istoriis gagebisTvis: istoriis mecnierebis arseboba..
winapirobad aRiqvams cvalebadi samyaros arsebobas, sadac warsuli
garkvulwilad gadaiqca tvirTad, romlisganac adamianebi ganTavisuflebas
cdiloben. Tanamedrove xanaSi, adamianebi aRar aRiqvamen cxovrebis im pirobebs
bunebrivad da fiqsirebulad, ra pirobebSic isini daibadnen, aramed cdiloben
TavianTi nebiT gavlena moaxdinon realobaze. am mcdelobiT adamianebi momavals
iseT formas aZleven, romelic daakmayofilebs maT survilebs (kapitalizmi da

sosuri (1857 1913). sosurs Tanamdedrove lingvistikis mamad miiCneven. enis

miseulma modelma safuZveli Cauyara semiotur midgomas reprezentaciis
problemis mimarT. sosurisTvis ena warmoadgens niSnebis sistemas. man niSani or
mniSvnelovan elementad dayo: formad (TviTon sityva, gamosaxuleba, foto, a.S)
da idead an cnebad Cvens TavebSi, romelTanac es forma asocirdeba.
pirvel elements sosurma aRmniSvneli uwyoda, xolo meores aRsaniSni.
orive aucilebelia mniSvnelobis warmoqmnisTvis, magram maT Soris
damokidebuleba fiqsirebulia Cveni kulturuli da ligvisturi kodebis mier,
romlebic reprezentaciis arsebobas SesaZlebels xdis. aseve, niSnebi
warmoadgenen sistemis wevrebs da ganisazRvrebian erTmaneTTan mimarTebaSi.
magaliTad, mamis cneba ganisazRvreba dedasTan da SvilebTan mimarTebaSi. ase
rom, cnebebis gansazRvra xdeba gansxvavebulobis safuZvelze.
sosuris mixedviT cnebebi (aRsaniSnebi) istoriis manZilze cvalebadobas
eqvemdebareba, yoveli cvlileba ki, Tavis mxriv, iwvevs kulturis cnebobriv
rukaSi cvilelebas, Sesabisad kulturebi istoriis gansxvavebul monakveTSi
gansxvavebulad aRiqvamen samyaros. magaliTad, mravali saukunis manZilze
dasavlur civilizaciaSi sityva Savi asocirdeboda yvelafer muqTan, borotTan,
akrZalulTan, satanisturTan, saxifaTosTan, rac dRemde asea. Tumca,
SesaZlebelia rom gansxvavebul kulturaSi an kulturul konteqstSi Savs
radikalurad gansxvavebuli datvirTva hqondes.
daskvnis saxiT, mniSvnelobebi iqmneba kulturisa da istoriis wiaRSi. ar
arsebobs erTi, ucvleli, universaluri "WeSmariti mniSvneloba" radganac niSani
mTlianad eqvemdebareba istorias da yoveli aRmniSvnelisa da aRsaniSnis
kombinacia aris istoriuli procesis cvalebadi rezultati; anu mniSvneloba
eqvemdebareba interpretaciis aqtiur process. imisaTvis, rom vTqvaT raime
azriani, mniSvnelobis mqone, amisaTvis unda davixmaroT ena; ena ki matarebelia
Cvenamde arsebuli bevri Zveli mniSvnelobis. Cven ar SegviZlia bolomde enis
gawmenda da im dafaruli mniSvnelobebisgan gaTavisufleba, romlebmac SeiZleba
Secvalon an daamaxinjos is risi Tqmac gvsurs. magaliTad, isev Savs rom
davubrundeT, rodesac vkiTxulobT an gvesmis rom ama da am adamians Savi dRe
gauTenda, aq ukve viciT Tu Savs ra mniSvneloba aqvs miniWebuli Cveni kulturis
farglebSi.
Tumca
interpretaciis
dros
yovelTvis
aris
adgili
cdomilebisTvis, sadac Cvens mier Cadebuli mniSvneloba ar esmiT an esmiT odnav
sxvanairad, a.S.
sosurma ena or nawilad gayo. pirveli Sedgeba lingvisturi sitemis zogadi
wesebisa da kodebisgan, romlebic gaziarebulia enis yvela momxmareblis mier
rogorc komunikaciis saSualeba. wesebi warmoadgens principebs, romlebsac Cven
vswavlobT enis Seswavlis dros. sosuri enis struqturas, romelic saSualebas
gvaZlevs sworad CamovayaliboT winadadebebi uwodebda langs (anu enobriv
sistemas). meore nawili ki Sedgeba saubris, weris an xatvis konkretuli,
personaluri aqtebisgan, romlebic langis struqturisa da wesebis gamoyenebiTiwarmoeba mosaubris an damweris mier. is mas paroles uwodebda. langi aris enis
sistema, ena rogorc formebis sistema, maSin rodesac parole warmoadgens
konkretul saubars an weras, sadac saubris aqtebi SesaZlebeli xdeba enis mier.
sosurisTvis wesebis da kodebis es struqtura warmoadgenda enis socialur
nawils, romlis Seswavlac SesaZlebeli iyo mecnieruli sizustiT, ramdenadac es
sitema daxuruli, SezRuduli bunebis gaxldaT.
imdenad ramdenadac, sosuri gvTavazobda enis Rrma struqturebis Seswavlas,
mas struqturalisti, xolod mis mier warmodgenili enis Seswavlis models
struqturalisturi uwodes. enis meore naswili ki -parole iTvleboda enis
"zedapirad". arsebobda paroles SeuzRudavi raodenoba da Sesabamisad paroles
ar hqonda is struqturuli Taviseburebebi daxuruli da SezRuduli
variaciebi - romelic mis mecnieruli midgomiT Seswavlas SesaZlebels gaxdida.
sosuris mixedviT, avtori wyvets Tu risi Tqma surs mas, magram amave dros igi
unda daeqvemdebaros enis konkretul wesebs, Tu unda rom sxvebma gaigon misi
saTqmeli. amitom ena socialuri fenomenia. misi wyaro devs sazogadoebaSi,
kulturaSi, Cvens mier gaziarebul kulturul kodebSi da ara bunebasa Tu
individualur subieqtSi.

58

31

Tanamedrove da postmodernistuli sazogadoebis sociologiuri Teoriebi

ara mxolod aRweren an asaxaven samyaros garkveuli wesiT, aramed garkveulwilad Tvlian, rom samyaros aumjobeseben. am kuTxiT isini warmoadgenen
ara mxolod Teoriebs, aramed normatiul proeqtebs, romlebsac axasiaTebT
faseulobebi, idealebi, istoriis grandiozuli Teoriebi da momavlis
winaswarmetyveleba. amitom, rodesac vkiTxulobT da vaxdenT sociologiuri
Teoriis interpetacias unda gavarCioT ra tipis Teoriul siZneleebTan gvaqvs
saqme, rodesac normatiul proeqtebs vexebiT. aseve Tu Teoriis praqtikaSi
gamoyeneba gvsurs, unda amovirCios Teoriis is nawili Tu mxare, romelzec
movaxdenT koncentracias.
modernistulsa da postmodernistuls Soris gansxvavebas xSirad bundovani
saxe aqvs. modernistuli Teoriebi, rogorc wesi, gamomdinareoben obieqtivisturi (xandaxan pozitivisturi) epistemiologiidan, maSin rodesac postmodernistuli Teoriebi ZiriTadad subieqtivisturia; modernistuli Teoriebi
sazogadoebis zrdas ganmartaven rogorc diferenciaciis process, maSin
rodesac postmodernistebi dediferenciaze saubroben; modernistuli Teoriebi ZiriTadad cdiloben sazogadoebis saerTo, ganzogadebuli modelebi
SemogvTavazon, postmodernistebi ki mraval sxvadasxva perspeqtivas ganixilaven.
rac Seexeba normatiul proeqtebs, romlebic am TeoriebTan asocirdeba:
modernistebi racionaluri dialogis saSualebiT eZeben eTikur principebze
dafuZnebul universalizms anu miiswrafian garkveuli eTikuri principebis
erTobliobis irgvliv SeTanxmebisken; maTi azriT, mocemuli principebis erTobliobas argumentirebuli/gamarTlebuli saxe unda hqondes da miznad
isaxavdes sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis regulirebas; postmodernistebi ki
cdiloben kulturuli pluralizmis SenarCunebas, ris farglebSic isini TanaugrZnoben da tolerantulad arian ganwyobilni sxvebis moralurobis/eTikis
mimarT da kamaTis SemTxvevaSi upirispirdebian maT "TamaSis formiT".
ra iyo ganmanaTlebloba?

vimyofebiT, maSin es iqneba sityva house . aseve, amis sapirispirod kodi

gveubneba, Tu romel cnebazea saubari rodesac Cven gvesmis an vkiTxulobT
garkveul niSnebs. kodebi saSualebas gvaZleven vTargmnoT Cveni cnebebi
garkveul enaze, rac Tavis mxriv, mniSvnelobis gadacemis meqanizmia molaparakis
mxridan adresatisTvis. es mTargmnelobiTi meqanizmi ar aris mocemuli arc
bunebrivad da arc RmerTis mier, aramed warmoadgens socialuri konvenciebis
rezultats da fiqsirebulia socialurad kulturaSi.
ingliseli, frangi, Tu qarTveli mosaubreni raRac drois ganmavlobaSi
mividnen SeTanxmebamde rom TavianT erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebul enebSi,
garkveuli niSnebi aRniSnaven garkveul cnebebs. swored amas swavloben bavSvebi
da isini gardaiqmnebian ara mxolod biologiur individebad, aramed kulturuli
subieqtebad. amitom, rodesac mivekuTvnebiT garkveul kulturas da Sesabamisad
vflobT konkretul enobriv da cnebobriv sistemas, samyaros vxedavT garkveuli
perspeqtividan.
enis pirveli anTropologebi, werdnen rom Caketilebi varT garkveul
kulturul "mentalitetSi" da ena aris saukeTeso gasaRebi Cveni cnebobrivi
samyaros amosacnobad. sainteresoa, Tu ramdenad aris Cveni gamocdileba
limitirebuli Cveni lingvisturi da cnebobrivi samyaros mier?
Tu mniSvneloba warmoadgens rezultats imisa, rac ar aris mudmivad myari
bunebaSi, aramed Cveni socialuri, kulturuli da lingvisturi konvenciebis
Sedegia, maSin mniSvnelobis sabolood fiqsireba SeuZlebelia. Cven yvelani
"vTanxmdebiT" rom garkveul sityvebs magaliTad axalgazrdebisTvis SeiZleba
hqondeT gansxvavebuli mniSvneloba. Tumca, aucilebelia, rom moxdes
mniSvnelobis fiqsireba, raTa erTmaneTis gvesmodes. sicialuri da lingvisturi
konvenciebi icvleba droTa ganmavlobaSi. sityvebi cvdeba da axali frazebi
ibadeba. zogierT kulturas ar moepoveba ama Tu im cnebis aRmniSvneli sityva,
rac, magaliTad, Cvens kulturaSi SeiZleba farTod ixmarebodes.
axla, ganvixiloT mniSvnelobis reprezentacisadmi sami midgoma.
refleqsuri midgomis mixedviT, mniSvneloba devs saganSi, adamianSi,
movlenaSi romlebic arsebobs "realur samyaroSi", xolo ena funqcionirebs
rogorc sarke, romlic asaxavs im namdvil mniSvnelobas, romelic ukve arsebobs
samyaroSi. Cv. w.-mde meoTxe saukuneSi berZnebma mimarTes mimezisis cnebas, raTa
aexsnaT, Tu rogor asaxavda an bunebis imitirebas axdenda ena da naxati. isini
magaliTad miiCnevdnen, rom homerosis iliada axdenda heroikuli movlenebis
imitacias. Teorias, romelic ambobs rom ena ubralod axdens WeSmaritebis
imitacias, romelic arsebobs fiqsirebuli saxiT gare samyaroSi, ewodeba
mimeturi.
WeSmaritebis garkveuli marcvali arsebobs reprezentaciisa da enis mimetur
TeoriebSi. mag., vizualuri niSnebi garkveulwilad asaxaven im obieqtebis
formasa da faqturas, romelebsac gamoxataven. Tumca, vardis organzomilebiani
vizualuri gamosaxuleba warmoadgens mxolod niSans, da is ar unda agverios
eklian mcenaresTan, romelsac specifikuri suni aqvs.
intencionaluri midgomis mixedviT, mosaubre, avtori axdens Tavisi
mnSvnelobis, azris komunikacias enis saSualebiT. sityvebi aRniSnaven imas, ra
mniSvnelobasac avtori debs maTSi. es midgoma naklovania, ramdenadac Cven ar
varT enaSi arsebuli mniSvnelobebis erTaderTi da unikaluri wyaro. ena,
rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, efuZneba gaziarebul lingvistur konvenciebsa da
kodebs.
mesame midgoma konstruqtivistuli - aRiarebs enis sazogadoebriv,
socialur xasiaTs. am midgomis mixedviT, TviTon sagnebi arafers aRniSnaven: Cven
vaxdenT mniSvnelobis konstruirebas reprezentaciuli sistemebis cnebebisa
da niSnebis saSualebiT. aq ar unda movaxdinoT materialuri samyaros aRreva
simbolur praqtikasa da procesebTan. konstruqtivistebi ar uaryofen
materialur samyaros. ubralod ara materialuri samyaros atarebs mniSvnelobas, aramed enobrivi sistema. socialuri subieqtebi iyeneven TavianTi
kulturis cnebobriv sistemebs imisaTvis, rom samyaro garkveuli mniSvnelobis
matarebeli gaxdes da sxvebisTvisac gasagebi iyos Cveni fiqrebi da azrebi.
socialuri konstruqtivizmis Teoriis damfuZneblad iTvleba ferdinand
30

Tanamedrove socialuri Teoria, 1971, gidensi)

zigmund baumani ki Tvlis, rom, ...im adreul xanaSi (romelsac xSirad preTanamedroves uwodeben) socialuri gansxvebulobebisa da dayofebis
SenarCunebas hqonda TavisTavadi saxe, arsebuli socialuri struqtura drois
gareT moiazreboda rogorc ucvleli da adamianis Carevisgan Tavisufali.
socialuri elementebi ganixilebodnen rogorc "RvTaebrivi kosmosis Semadgeneli nawilebi, sadac yvelafers da yvelas sul mudam Tavisi winaswar
gansazRvruli adgili eqneboda. daaxloebiT me-16 saukunis bolos, dasavleTi
evropis garkveul nawilebSi samyaros es harmoniuli da monoliTuri suraTi
iwyebs rRvevas... nel-nela naTeli xdeba rom socialuri wesrigi adamianur
produqts warmoadgens da imdenad, ramdenadac is adamianuri produqtia,
SeiZleba misi an gaumjobeseba an gauareseba. rogoric ar unda iyos, sociums
TviTneburi da xelovnuri xasiaTi eniWeba; adamianuri wesrigi xelovnebis,
codnisa da teqnologiis sagani xdeba.
1789 wels ganxorcielebuli safrangeTis revoluciis mniSvnelobaze
saubrisas, entoni gidensi Tvlis, rom revoluciam erTmaneTs daupirispira
privilegirebuli, aristokratuli wesrigi da axali sazogadoebis xedva,
romelSic ganxorcieldeboda samarTlianobisa da Tavisuflebis zogadi principebi. adamianebis uflebebis deklaracia (1789), acxadebda, rom "adamianis
uflebebis ucodinaroba, upativcemuloba da siZulvili warmoadgens sazogadoebrivi ubedurebis erTaderT mizezs". amrigad, safrangeTis revoluciam
gaafarTova 16-17 saukuneebis sekularuli racionalizmi da is adamianuri
sazogadoebis sferod aqcia. (kapitalizmi da Tanamedrove socialuri Teoria,
gidensi, 1971)
li da niubais mixedviT, safrangeTis da amerikis revoluciebma garkveul
sakiTxTa kristalizeba moaxdines, ramac ganapiroba "Tanamedrove sazogadoebis"
warmoSoba da ganviTareba. es sakiTxebi/dapirispirebebi Semdegia:
tradicia/racio;
religia/saxelmwifo;
sakuTrebis xasiaTi (e.i. sakuTrebis Tavisuflad gamoyenebis ufleba);
socialur klasebs Soris urTierTobebi (samarTlebrivi kontraqti);
Tanasworuflebianoba.
Tumca, marqsi safrangeTis revoluciaze werda, rom Tu revolucia, romelic
ansaxierebs yvela istoriul "qmedebas" warmoadgenda marcxs, es marcxi
ganpirobebuli iyo imiT, rom revolucia ar gascda gansazRvruli masis
saxovrebeli pirobebis gaumjobesebis farglebs, ar iyo yovlis momcveli.
revoluciam ver gamoiwvia masis "enTuziazmi" da "interesi", ramdenadac masebis
mravalricxovani nawili, romelic Zalian gansxvavdeba burJuaziisgan ver
xedavda Tavis namdvil interess revoluciis principebSi da ar gaaCnda Tavisi
revoluciuri principi, aramed mxolod "idea" da, aqedan gamomdinare, mxolod
droebiTi enTuziazmi da egzaltacia" (istoriis meterialisturi koncefcia,
maklelanis redaqtorobiT)
robert nisbeti marqsiseul safrangeTis revoluciis interpretacias
afarToebs da ganmartavs, Tu ratom iyo safrangeTis revolucia mniSvnelovani
ara mxolod Tanamedrove sazogadoebis dabadebisTvis, aramed Tanamedrove
socialuri azrisTvisac:
dasavleT evropis mravalricxovani inteleqtualebis azriT, miuxedavad
maTi radikaluri, liberaluri Tu konservatiuli ganwyobebisa, revolucias
safrangeTSi epoqaluri xasiaTi hqonda, ramac kvali daamCnia mTel dasavleT
evropas. arcerT Tanamedrove movlenas, garda SeiZleba bolSevikuri
revoluciisa ruseTSi, ar hqonda ufro didi da grZelvadiani gavlena
filosofiur, literaturul, politikur, socialur Tu ekonomikur ideebze,
vidre safrangeTis revolucias.

59

manqana

urbanizacias mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs Tanamedrove sazogadoebis

warmoSobisa da ganviTarebis procesSi. klasikos-Teoretikosebs Soris,
urbanizaciis obieqturi Sedegebi gamoikvlies durkhaimma da veberma. zimelis
naSromi ki qalaqis dinamikas subieqturi gamocdilebidan ganixilavs. aq
ganxilulia gaucxoebisa da socialuri cxovrebis impersonalizaciis sakiTxebi,
romlebic aqtualuri gaxda industrializaciasTan erTad, urbanizaciuli
procesebis dros.
miuxedavad imisa, rom qalaqi ar iyo axali socialuri organizmi, arsebobda
farTod aRiarebuli Sexeduleba, rom qalaqebi mxolod droebiT saWiroebas
warmoadgenden da maT ar eqnebodaT mudmivi xasiaTi. lis da niubais mixedviT,
amis dasabuTeblad, magaliTebis moyvana SeiZleba klasikuri da bibliuri
literaturidan, sadac moTxrobilia qalaqi saxelmwifoebis aRzevebisa da
dacemis, civilizaciebis Tanamdevi gadagvarebis Sesaxeb.
iTvleboda, rom qalaqma moitana pirovnuli urTierTobebisa da socialuri
kontrolis formebis rRveva, romlebic klasebs Soris urTierTobas axasiaTebda
provinciaSi. me -19 saukunis warmomadgenel mesakuTre klasebs eSinodaT, rom

Soris kompleqsur urTierTobebs. mag., Cven viyenebT msgavsebisa da

gansxvavebulobis principebs, imisaTvis rom davamyaroT kavSiri cnebebs Soris an
gavarCioT isini erTmaneTisgan. mag., me mgonia, rom garkveulwilad Citebi hgvanan
TviTmrfrinavebs caSi, im faqtze dayrdnobiT, rom oriveni dafrinaven. Tumca
amave dros isini gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisgan, imitom rom pirveli bunebas
ekuTvnis, meore ki, adamianis xeliT aris gakeTebuli. swored cnebebs Soris
amgvari kavSirebis safuZvelze Cven vayalibebT fiqrebs. mocemul magaliTSi
pirveli daskvna emyareba frena/ar frenas Soris ganxvavebas, xolo meore exeba
bunebrivsa da xelovnurs Soris gansxvavebas.
arsebobs gansxvavebuli saxis organizaciis principi, romelic mag.,
Tanmimdevrobazea agebuli saqme gvaqvs imasTan, Tu romeli cneba romels
mohyveba, an kidev kauzalobasTan, ra iwvevs ras. aq saubaria ara SemTxveviT
Tavmoyril cnebebze, aramed cnebebze, romlebic klasificirebulia erTmenTTan
mimarTebaSi.
mniSvneloba emyareba samyaroSi sagnebsa da cnebobriv sistemas Soris
urTierTobas, romlebic warmoadgenen maT mentalur repezentacias. magram,
amave dros, Cven erTmaneTTan vamyarebT komunikacias imitom rom viziarebT erTi
da imave konceptualur rukebs da met- naklebad msgavsad vaxdenT samyaros
interpretacias. Tumca gaziarebuli cnebobrivi ruka ar aris sakmarisi. Cven
aseve unda gvakavSirebdes saerTo ena. ena warmoadgens reprezentaciis meore
sistemas. Cveni cnebebi da ideebi SesabamisobaSi rom movidnen konkretul
daweril sityvebTan, warmoTqmul bgerebTan an vizualur gamosaxulebasTan
amisaTvis mivmarTavT niSnebs.
niSnebi organizebulia enebad da swored saerTo enebis arsebobis saSualebiT
vaxdenT Cveni azebis, cnebebis Targmans sityvebad, gamosaxulebebad daa.S. rom
SevajamoT, mniSvnelobis procesis SaugulSi, kulturaSi arsebobs ori
erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli reprezentaciuli sistema. pirveli saSualebas
gvaZlevs mniSvneloba mivaniWoT samyaros sagnebs Cveni cnebobriv rukebs Soris
Sesabamisobis, igiveobriobis damyarebis gziT. meore ki, efuZneba Cvens cnebobriv
rukebsa da niSnebs Soris Sesabamisobis damyarebas.
vizualuri niSnebi da gamosaxulebebi msgavsia im sagnebisa, romlebsac isini
warmosaxaven; Tumca es niSnebi mainc niSnebad rCebian isini garkveuli
mniSvnelobis matareblebi arian da eqvemdebarebian interpretacias. imisaTvis,
rom movaxdinoT maTi interpretacia, Cven unda gvqondes zemoT ganxiluli
reprezentaciis or sistemas Soris kavSiri.
magaliTad, rom warmovidginoT "cxvris" abstraqtuli naxati, mocemuli
abstraqtuli naxatis wasakiTxavad Cven unda vflobdeT rTul cnebobriv da
gaziarebul lingvistur sistemas. rodesac niSansa da mis referents anu
aRsaniSns Soris kavSiri bundovania, maSin mniSvneloba eWvis qveS dgeba da
gaurkvevloba isadgurebs, ar xdeba mniSvnelobis komunikacia calsaxad da
naTlad. vizualur niSnebs xatebi (imiji) ewodeba. xati formiT msgavsia im
obieqtisa, romlis asaxvasac is cdilobs. werilobiTi da verbaluri niSnebi ki
warmoadgenen "indeqsur" niSnebs.
indeqsuri niSnebi aranair urTierTobaSi ar imyofebian im sagnebTan
romlebzec isini msjeloben. magaliTad, asoebi s a x l i, ar hgavs Cvens garSemo
arsebul saxlebs da arc bgerebis saSualebiT warmoTqmuli "saxli " aris msgavsi
im obieqtisa, romelsac Cven vuyurebT.
urTierTdamokidebuleba reprezentaciis am sistemebSi niSans, cnebasa da im
obieqts Soris, romlis aRsaniSnavadac isini gamoiyenebian aris TviTneburi.
"TviTneburSi" Cven vgulisxmobT, rom sxva nebismieri asoebis an bgerebis
Tavmoyras SeiZleba imave warmatebiT gamoexata is sagani Tu obieqti, romelsac
Cven vuwodebT saxls. mag., ingliselebi da qarTvelebi imave cnebas iyeneben,
magram es cneba inglisurSi gamoixateba sityviT house" qarTulSi, ki "saxliT
maSasadame, mniSvnelobis konstruireba xdeba reprezentaciis sistemebis
saSualebiT. es konstruireba da Semdeg fiqsireba xdeba kodis saSualebiT,
romelic amyarebs kavSirs Cvens cnebobriv sistemasa da Cvens enobriv sistemas
Soris, ise rom yovel jerze, rodesac Cven vfiqrobT saxlze kodi gveubneba, rom
unda gamoviyenoT qarTuli sityva saxli, Tu ki inglisur enovan qveyanaSi

60

29

Tanamedrove socialuri Teoretikosebis umravlesobisTvis, Tanamedrove

sazogadoebis materialur an ekonomikur fesvebs Zalian didi mniSvneloba aqvT.
es ara mxolod marqsistuli midgomaa, aramed igive azrs iziarebs veberi
(romelic wers did da kompleqsur bazrebze) da durkheimi (romelic ganixilavda
Sromis ganawilebis kompleqsur struqturas). Tanamedrove sazogadoebis
dabadebaSi gadamwyveti roli iTamaSa industriulma revoluciam. sociologiurad moxda ori yvelaze fundamenturi cvlileba:
1) xeliT warmoeba Secvala manqanurma warmoebam; 2) ojaxi qarxanam, rogorc
warmoebis erTeulma.
ZiriTad cnebas aq warmoadgens Sromis rTuli ganawileba (diferenciaciis
forma), razec werdnen adam smiti da Semdeg durkheimi. Tumca,
gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom industriuli revolucia ar warmoadgenda movlenas,
aramed araTanabar process (iseT sazogadoebaSi, rogoric iyo britaneTi, aseve
safrangeTisa da germaniis gansxvavebul sazogadoebebSi).
gidensis mixedviT, mxolod me-19 saukunis Suidan SeiZleba ewodos britanul
sazogadoebas "industriuli sazogadoeba". situacia safrangeTsa da germaniaSi
gansxvavdeboda. garkveul sferoebSi, magaliTad kulturul miRwevebSi,
gansakuTrebiT literaturaSi, xelovnebasa da filosofiaSi orive qveyana win
uswrebda britaneTs. magram me-18 saukunis Suidan safrangeTi da germania
britaneTs CamorCebodnen ekonomikur ganviTarebaSi da mxolod saukunis
dagvianebiT daewivnen britaneTs.
sakamaToa industrializaciis SefardebiTi mniSvneloba kapitalizmis
ganviTarebasTan dakavSirebiT Tanamedrove sazogadoebis dabadebaSi (kamaTi
damokidebuli iqneba ramdenad viwrod an farTod movaxdenT TiToeuli cnebis
gansazRvrebas, magaliTad, veberis mier kapitalizmis gansazRvreba ufro
farToa vidre marqsis).
li da niubais mixedviT, industriuli revolucia Tavisi xasiaTiT kapitalisturi iyo, miuxedavad imisa rom industrializmi da kapitalizmi SeiZleba
moviazroT rogorc calke cnebebi. kapitalizmis gavrcelebas industriaSi
iseTive efeqti hqonda socialur urTierTobebze, rac industrializacias
manamde provinciaSi.
urTierToba industriis damqiraveblebsa da daqiravebulebs Soris
ZiriTadad efuZneboda fuls jamagirs jamagiris arapersonalur xasiaTs;
aseve xdeboda mokle vadiani interesebis konfliqti jamagirsa da mogebas Soris
am faqtorebs Tavisuflad SeeZloT gamoewviaT socialuri da politikuri
vnebaTaRelva, rac Tan axlda industriul revolucias.
qalaqi

pirdeba. Tumca es binaruli xedva xSirad eWvis qveS dgeba, imdenad ramdenadac
reprezentaciebi erTmaneTTan urTierTqmedeben, erTmaneTs cvlian. rac ufro
Rrmad Sedixar reprezentaciis kvlevis procesSi, miT ufro kompleqsuri xdeba
isda ufro rTulia aRsawerad.
reprezentacia da mniSvneloba
qvemoT ganvixilavT, Tu rogor akavSirebs reprezentaciis cneba
mniSvnelobasa da enas. yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT sam sxvadasxva midgomaze Tu
Teoriaze am sakiTxis Sesaxeb: refleqsurs, intencionalurs da konstruqtivistuls. ena ubralod asaxavs im mniSvnelobas, romelic ukve arsebobs
sganebis, adamianebisa da movlenebis samyaroSi (refleqsuri); ena gamoxatavs
mxolod molaparakis an mwerlis, an mxatvris saTqmels, maT mier Cadebul
mniSvnelobas (intencionaluri); mniSvneloba iqmneba enis saSualebiT
(konstruqtivistuli).
jer daviwyebT reprezentaciis cnebis ganxilviT: ras niSnavs sityva
reprezentacia. ras moicavs reprezentaciis procesebi da rogor muSaobs
reprezentacia.
reprezentacia aris mniSvnelobis warmoeba enis saSualebiT. oqsfordis
inglisuri enis leqsikonSi am sityvas CvenTvis ori aqtualuri mniSvneloba aqvs:
1. raRacas rom warmoadgen, niSnavs rom mas aRwer an gamosaxav, gonebaSi
moixmob aRweris, warmosaxvis ZaliT, amsgavseb gonebiT an grZnobiT raRacas, mag.,
winadadeba - es suraTi warmoadgens abelis mier kainis mkvlelobas;
2. reprezentacia aseve niSnavs, rom xdeba raRacis simbolizacia, raRaca
meore sagans warmoadgens an cvlis. mag., qristianobaSi jvari warmoadgens
qristes tanjvasa da jvarcmas.
figurebi naxatze kainis da abelis istoriias gamosaxaven, iseve rogorc
jvari Sedgeba ori xis joxisgan, romlebic erTmaneTzea miWedebuli;
qristianuli rwmenis konteqstSi ki jvari ufro bevri niSvnelobis matarebeli
simboloa da es aris is cneba, romelic Cven SegviZlia aRvweroT sityvebiTa da
gamosaxulebebiT.
sityva niSnavs an warmoadgens raRac cnebas da isSeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes
rogorc referenti an kidev aRmniSvneli "namdvili an warmosaxviTi obieqtis.
mag., Cven SegviZlia voperirebdeT mxolod Wiqis cnebiT. rogorc lingvistebi
amboben, ZaRlebi yefen, magram Tavad cneba "ZaRli" arc yefs da arc ikbineba. Cven
ar SegviZlia visaubroT WiqiT, aramed am sagans vaniWebT garkveul sityvas Wiqa
romelic warmoadgens lingvistur niSans, romelsac qarTulSi viyenebT im
sagnebis mimarT saidanac SegviZlia davlioT wyali. swored aq Semodis
reprezentaciis cneba, rac rogorc ukve zemoT aRiniSna warmoadgens cnebebis
mniSvnelobebis warmoebas Cvens gonebaSi enis saSualebiT. is aris kavSiri
cnebebsa da enas Soris, romelic saSualebas gvaZlevs visaubroT sagnebis,
adamianebis, movlenebis "namdvil" samyaroze.
aq gvaqvs ori procesi, reprezentaciis ori sistema. pirvel rigSi arsebobs
sistema, romlis saSualebiTac sagnebis, adamianebisa da movlenebis dakavSireba
xdeba cnebebis garkveuli kompleqtiT an kidev mentaluri reprezentaciebiT,
romlebic arsebobs Cvens TavebSi. maT gareSe Cven ver movaxdendiT samyaros
azrian interpretacias. pirvel rigSi, mniSvneloba efuZneba cnebebisa da
gamosaxulebebis sistemas romelic formirdeba Cvens azrebSi, romlebic
aRniSnaven an warmosaxvven samyaros.
es TavisTavad Zalian kompleqsuri procesis martivi axsnaa. martivia imis
danaxva, Tu rogor vayalibebT cnebebs im sagnebisTvis, romelsac vxedavT
xalxi, materialuri sagnebi, mag. skamebi, magidebi. magram Cven aseve vayalibebT
cnebebs ufro bundovani da abstraqtuli sagnebisTvis, romlebsac ver vxedavT,
ver SevigrZnobT da ver vexebiT. mag., sikvdilis, megobrobisa Tu rwmenis cnebebi.,
romlebic arasdros gvinaxavs da verc vnaxavT. Cven amas vuwodeT reprezentaciis
sistemas, radganac is Sedgeba ara individualuri cnebebisgan, aramed cnebebis
organizebis, Tavmoyris, klasifikaciis sxvadasxva gzebisgan da amyarebs maT
28

qalaqis ganviTareba gamoiwvevda "sazogadoebis dakargvas" da Sedegad

sazogadoeba gaxdeboda arastabiluri.
gidensis mixedviT, unda ganvasxvavoT tradiciuli da Tanamedrove qalaqebi a)
urbanul/soflur urTierTobasTan mimarTebaSi (am mimarTebis Tanamedrove
versia ufro farToa) da b) Zalauflebis koncentracia (tradiciuli qalaqisaxelmwifoebis Zalaufleba gadaeca Tanamedrove erovnul saxelmwifoebs)
sityva "qalaqi gamoiyeneba farTo mniSvnelobiT, romelic exeba rogorc
urbanul dasaxlebebs tradiciul saozogadoebebSi, aseve im adgilebs sadac
kapitalistur-industriuli wesrigia Camoyalibebuli. qalaqis aseTi farTo
mniSvnelobiT gamoyeneba xSirad damabnevelia, ramdenadac Tanamedrove
industria, romelsac mohyveba urbanizmis gavrceleba ar aris erT adgilze
mibmuli. tradiciuli qalaqi ki warmoadgens klasobriv sazogadoebebSi
dixciplinaruli Zalauflebis ganxorcielebis mTavar adgils, romelic sofels
emijneba rogorc simbolurad, aseve xSir SemTxvevaSi fizikuradac galavnis
saSualebiT" (sazogadoebis konstitucia, gidensi).
zimelis mixedviT, qalaqi saSualebas gvaZlevs fokusi movaxdinoT
gacvlaze/urTierTgacvlaze (marqsisgan gansxvavebiT, romelic ZiriTad
yuradRebas warmoebas uTmobda), rogorc Tanamedrove socialuri cxovrebis
ZiriTad maxasiaTebelze. zimeli Tvlis, rom qalaqebi moicaven socialuri
asociaciis mdidar formebs, Tumca mas ambivalenturi damokidebuleba aqvs im
rezultatis mimarT, rac moaqvs individisTvis qalaqur cxovrebas Tanamedrove
sazogadoebaSi:
metropolisi pirovnuli arsebobis yvelaze individualuri formebis Seqmnis
saSualebas iZleva imisda miuxedavad - rogoria Seqmnili forma - koreqtuli
Tu warmatebuli. Tanamedrove kulturis ganviTareba xasiaTdeba obieqturi
sulis dominaciiT subieqtur sulze; enaSi, kanonSi, warmoebis teqnikaSi, iseve
rogorc xelovnebasa da mecnierebaSi, yofiT sagnebSi, Cadebulia iseTi saxis
suli, romlis yoveldRiur ganviTarebas arasrulyofilad mihyveba da CamorCeba
individis inteleqtualuri ganviTareba" (individualobasa da socialuri
formebis Sesaxeb, zimeli).
erovnuli saxelmwifo
erovnuli saxelmwifos fenomeni Zalian mniSvnelovania Tanamedrove
sazogadoebisa da Tanamedrove sociologiisTvis. klasikosi Teoretikosebidan,
veberi Tanamedrove saxelmwifos ganviTarebas Tanamedrove industriuli
kapitalizmis ganviTarebis yvelaze mniSvnelovan winapirobad miiCnevs. es
Sexeduleba rTuli da mraval plastiania, Tumca saxelmwifos biurokratizacia
magaliTad saxelmwifos sabuRaltro da finansuri sistemebi ganmsazRvrel
rols TamaSoben. es argumentebi veberis mier racionalizaciis moazrebis farTo
konteqstSi unda davinaxoT.
racionalizaciis mTeli procesi rogorc qarxanaSi, aseve nebismier sxva
adgilas, gansakuTrebiT ki saxelmwifo biurokratiul aparatSi mesakuTris
xelSi materialuri elementebis Tavmoyris paralelurad mimdinareobs.
disciplina dominirebs iseT farTo sferoebSi, rogoric aris politikuri da
ekonomikuri moTxovnebis dakmayofileba rac ufro da ufro metad
racionalizebuli xdeba. es universaluri fenomeni qarizmis mniSvnelobas da
individualurad gansxvavebul qcevas zRudavs (ekonomika da sazogadoeba)
gidensi wers, rom Tanamedrove erovnuli saxelmwifos ganviTarebaSi
mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula omis industrializaciam:
omis industrializacia Tan sdevda erovnuli saxelmwifos Casaxvas da
erovnuli saxelmwifos sistemas garkveuli forma misca. Sedegad Seiqmna
msoflio samxedro wesrigi, romelic kveTs pirvel, meore da mesame qveynebs
Soris gansxvavebulobebs (erovnuli saxelmwifo da Zaladoba).

61

sazogadoeba rogorc moraluri Zala?

Tanamedrove sociologia ZiriTadad exeboda wesrigis problemas im sazogadoebebSi, sadac individualizmi, Temis dakargva, avtoritetis decentralizacia da sekularizacia safrTxes uqmnida garkveuli sazogadoebebis
arsebobis gagrZlebas. zigmund baumanis mixedviT:
wesrigis cneba, rogorc movlenebis regularuli Tanmimdevrobisa, rogorc
kargad SeTanxmebuli nawilebis harmoniuli erTobliobisa, rogorc situaciisa,
sadac sagnebi rCebian iseTebad, ra molodinic aris maTgan ar dabadebula
Tanamedrove periodis CasaxvasTan erTad.
Tumca, gamorCeulad Tanamedrove fiqrs warmodgens wesrigis Sesaxeb fiqri,
gancda rom raime swrafad unda moimoqmedon, SiSi imisa Sesabamis zomebs Tu ar
miiReben, maSin wesrigi qaosad gadaiqceva... iseTi STabeWdileba iqmneba, rom
Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi mxolod adamianuri urTierTobebis frTxili
menejmenti yofs wesrigs qaosisgan (sociologiurad fiqri).
sakiTxisadmi aseTi damokidebuleba vlindeba durkhemis naazrevSic.
naSromSi, Sromis ganawileba, durkhemi wers specializaciis (Sromis ganawilebis)
moralur Sedegebze. durkhemisTvis specializaciis fenomeni ar izRudeba
ekonomikuri cxovrebiT (igi amiT upirispirdeba marqsizms). misTvis
specializacia ekonomikur konteqsts scildeba da socialuri cxovrebis sxva
sferoebisTvisac aqtualuri xdeba. adgili aqvs samuSaos saxlisgan gamijvnas:
politika, ganaTleba iqceva specializirebul sferoebad. mecnierebac
specializirebul mimarTulebebad iyofa. am farTo fragmentaciam, Sromis
socialurma dayofam Secvala individis damokidebuleba moraluri wesrigis
mimarT. amitomac durkhemi sazogadoebas moralur Zalad miiCnevs:
sazogadoeba warmoadgens moraluri samyaros arsebobis pirobas.
sazogadoeba individebis ubralo Tavmoyra ki ar aris, romlebsac sazogadoebaSi
gawevrianebis dros Tavisi Sinagani moraluroba SeaqvT sazogadoebaSi; aramed
adamiani warmoadgens moralur arsebas mxolod imitom rom is cxovrobs
sazogadoebaSi, ramdenadac moraluroba dakavSirebulia jgufTan solidarobis
gancdasTan da icvleba arsebuli solidarobidan gamomdinare. socialuri
cxovrebis gaqrobasTan erTad moraluri cxovrebac gaqreboda, ramdenadac mas
aRar eqneboda mizani" (Sromis ganawileba; rCeuli nawerebidan).
baumani Tvlis, rom Tanamedrove xedva imisa, rom TiTqos sazogadoebam unda
gaxados individi "civilizebuli" mcdaria. aseTi xedva efuZneba durkheimis mier
individTan mimarTebaSi sazogadoebis rogorc moraluri da SemzRudveli Zalis
moazrebas. sociologia da socialuri mecnierebebi wamoadgenen am rwmenis
inteleqtualur gamoxatulebas da amitom saWiroa maTi gadafaseba postmodernistuli sazogadoebis farglebSi, sadac individs eniWeba prioriteti
sazogadoebasTan SedarebiT.
sociologiam unda Seicvalos damamkvidreblis roli sazogadoebasa da
sazogadoebriv eTikasTan mimarTebaSi da gaxdes interpretaciuli gansxvavebuli
individualuri perspeqtivebis gaTvaliswinebiT. ufro meti yuradReba unda
daeTmos piradi moralurobis Seswavlasac. aqedan gamomdinare, postmodernistuli sociologiis mTavari amocanaa politikasa da kulturaSi waaxalisos da
SeinarCunos pluralizmi. baumanis normatiuli argumenti efuZneba sazogadoebriv eTikasa da indivudualur moralurobas Soris gansxvavebas. is Tvlis,
rom Tanamedrove sociologiis gadmosaxedidan garkveuli undobloba arsebobs
individis mimarT (da individualuri moralurobis mimarT) rac aseve
ukavSirdeba sazogadoebrivi eTikis legitimurobas rogorc imis SesaZlebobas,
rom moagvaros (racios saSualebiT) Tu rogor unda wavmarToT kargad Cveni
cxovrebebi. baumani cdilobs socialuri Teoriis mimarT gansxvavebuli
midgomis damkvidrebas (da ufro farTod sazogadoebis "marTvisa" da socialuri
urTierTobebis mimarTac) romelic axdens moralurobis re-personalizacias,
rac damokidebulia intuiciasa da emociaze da ara mxolod racioze (baumani
amjobinebs "interpretaciuli racios" cnebas am konteqstSi cneba, romelic
man dilTaisgan aiRo). baumani ganaviTarebs Tanamedrove socialuri Teoriis
iseTi sakiTxebis mimarT ufro intuitur da garegnulad moralistur midgomas,
62

reprezentaciis principebs. aqedan gamomdinare, fotografiac reprezentaciuli

sistemaa, romelic iRebs gamosaxulebas sinaTleze mgrZnobiare qaRaldze
dasxivebis saSualebiT, rom warmoadginos fotografiuli mniSvneloba
konkretul adamianis, movlenisa Tu scenis Sesaxeb. gamofena muzeumSi an
galereaSi SeiZleba aRiqmebodes rogorc ena, ramdenadac is iyenebs gamofenil
sagnebs imisaTvis, rom Seqmnas garkveuli mniSvnelobebi gamofenis Tematikis
irgvliv. aseve rodesac fexburTis matCze saxe daxatulebi, sloganebiTa da
transfarantebiT midian, esec garkveuli enaa, anu simboluri praqtika, romelic
aZlevs mniSvnelobas an gamoxatulebas rom es pirebi miekuTvnebian nacionalur
kulturas, an kidev identificirdebian TavianT qalaqTan Tu regionTan.
reprezentacia aq mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli rogorc identobasTan, aseve
codnasTanac. rTulia icode Tu ras niSnavs iyo ingliseli an frangi, an
qarTveli Tu ar daveyrdnobiT am aRmniSvnel sistemebs, romelTa saSualebiTac
xdeba Cvens garSemo arsebuli samyaros moazreba, da romelsac Cven kulturas
vuwodebT.
kulturisa da enis saSualebiT
mniSvnelobis warmoeba da cirkulacia
ena gvTavazobs erT zogad models Tu rogor muSaobs kultura da
reprezentacia, gansakuTrebiT ki semiotikis sferoSi. semiotikas uwodeben
niSnebis mecnierebas. es niSnebi warmoadgenen mniSvnelobis matareblebs
kulturaSi. mniSvnelobiT dainteresebam gamoiwvia is, rom diskursis roli
kulturaSi gaxda msjelobebis sagani. diskursi warmoadgens raRac konkretuli
praqtikis sagnis garSemo codnis konstruirebas an am saganze msjelobis gzebs :
kompleqsi (erToblioba) ideebis, gamosaxulebebis, da praqtikis, romelic
dakavSirebulia garkveul TemasTan, socialur aqtivobasTan an instituticiasTan sazogadoebaSi. es diskursiuli Camoyalibebuli erTobliobebi,
gansazRvraven ra aris da ra ar aris misaRebi ama Tu im konkretuli sagnis Tu
socialuri aqtivobis Sesaxeb msjelobisas, ra codna aris aucilebeli da
aqtualuri im mocemul konteqstSi da ra tipis individebi atareben am
maxasiaTeblebs.
arsebobs bevri msgavseba, magram, amave dros, gansxvavebebi semiotursa da
diskursiul midgomebs Soris. erTi mniSvnelovani sxvaoba mdgomareobs imaSi,
rom semioturi midgoma exeba Tu rogor xdeba warmodgena, Tu rogor qmnis ena
mniSvnelobas, romelsac ewodeba poetika, maSin rodesac diskursiuli midgoma
ufro Seexeba reprezentaciis Sedegebsa da efeqtebs mis politikas. is ikvlevs
ara mxolod rogor qmnian ena da reprezentacia mniSvnelobas, aramed codnas,
romelsac warmoqmnis konkretuli diskursi da romelic ukavSirdeba
Zalauflebas, aregulirebs qcevas, Seadgens an akonstruirebs identobebs da
subieqtebs da gansazRvravs, Tu rogor unda moizrebodnen da gamoixatebodnen
mocemuli sagnebi. fokusi diskursiul midgomaSi yovelTvis konkretuli formis
istoriul specifiurobazea an kidev gamoxatvis meqanizmze: ara enaze rogorc
aseTze, aramed konkretul enebze an mniSvnelobebze da Tu rogor xdeba maTi
gamoyeneba mocemul dros da mocemul adgilas.
Cven ar gagvaCnia pirdapiri, martivi, racionaluri an pragmatuli
damokidebuleba mniSvnelobebis mimarT. isini axdenen Zlieri rogorc pozitiuri
aseve negatiuri grZnobebisa da emociebis mobilizirebas. maT xSirad
urTierTsawinaaRmdego xasiaTi aqvT da xSirad Cvens identobebsac kiTxvis niSnis
qveS ayeneben. Cven gviwevs maT dasacavad, an maT winaaRmdeg brZola, radgan isini
mniSvneladia da maT seriozuli Sedegebi mohyveba. isini gansazRvraven, Tu ra
aris normaluri, vin miukuTvneba mocemul socialur erTobliobas da vin ara.
isini mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli Zalauflebis urTierTobebTan, imdenad,
ramdenadac Cveni cxovrebebze did zegavlenas axdens is faqti, Tu rogor xdeba
Semdegi cnebebis gansazRvra da xmareba kaci/qali, Savkaniani/TeTrkaniani,
mdidari/Raribi, homoseqsuali/heteroseqsuali, axalgazrda/moxuci, moqalaqe/ucxo. mniSvnelobebis organizeba xSirad binarulia anerTmaneTs upiris27

swored es gamoarCevs adamianur elements socialur cxovrebaSi biologiuri motivaciebisgan. kulturis gamokvlevisas umniSvnelovanesi roli
eniWeba simbolikis sferos, romelic safuZvlad udevs socialur cxovrebas.

romlebic eqvemdebarebian racionalur dialogs, maSin rodesac postmodernistul TeoriaSi (liotari) TamaSis farglebSi xdeba maTi ganxilva.
rogorc baumani aRniSnavs - "Cven vcxovrobT sazogadoebaSi, Cven varT
sazogadoeba, iqidan gamomdinare, rom varT moralurebi.

mniSvnelobebis warmoqmna
postmodernistuli sazogadoeba:
postmodernuli xana: postmodernizmi

sad warmoiqmneba mniSvneloba? mniSvnelobebi wamoiqmneba ramdenime

sxvadasxva adgilas da Semdeg maTi cirkulacia xdeba ramdenime sxvadasxva
procesis an praqtikis saSualebiT (kulturis wre). mniSvneloba gvaZlevs Cveni
identurobis SegrZnebas, vin varT Cven da adamianTa romel wres mivekuTvnebiT.
mniSvneloba mudmivad iqmneba da Semdeg icvleba yoveli piradi da socialuri
urTierTobis dros, romelSic viRebT monawileobas. mniSvnelobas aseve qmnis
masmedia, globaluri komunikaciebi da kompleqsuri teqnologiebi, romelTa
saSualebiTac xdeba sxvadasxva kulturebis cirkulacia saocari siswrafiT.
mniSvneloba aseve iqmneba maSinac, rodesac Cven gamovxatavT sakuTar Tavs, an
movixmarT garkveul kulturul sagnebs, anu vaxdenT maT CarTvas yovelRiur
ritualebsa da praqtikaSi da am gziT vaniWebT mas mniSvnelobas an faseulobas, an
rodesac vqmniT garkveul narativebs, istoriebs da fantaziebs maT garSemo.
yovelive zemoT Tqmuli xdeba enis saSualebiT. erTsa da imave kulturis
wevrebs aqvT saziaro azrebi, gamosaxulebebi da ideebi, romlebic maT
saSualebas aZlevs garkveuli perspeqtividan moiazron da Seicnon samyaro da,
aqedan gamomdinare, moaxdinon samyaros interpretacia daaxloebiT erTi da
imave wesiT. zogadad rom vTqvaT, isini operireben erTi da imave kulturuli
kodebiT da am kuTxiT azrovneba da grZnoba TavisTavad warmoadgens garkveuli
reprezentaciis sistemas, sadac Cveni koncefciebi, gamosaxulebebi da emociebi
niSnaven an warmoadgnen Cvens gonebriv cxovebaSi im sagnebs romlebic SeiZleba
arsebobdnen an ar arsebobdnen Cvens garSemo.
imisaTvis, rom movaxdinoT Cvens mier moazrebulis sxvebisTvis gaziareba,
isinic imave lingvistur kodebs unda flobdnen, rom gaigon Cveni saTqmeli. es ar
niSnavs, rom isini imave enaze, mag., frangul an Cinurze unda saubrobdnen,
rogorc Cven, aramed Cven enas aq vgulisxmobT ufro farTo gagebiT. Cveni
adresatebi, enis garda, aseve daaxloebiT analogiurad unda aRiqvamdnen
vizualur gamosaxulebebsac da bgerebis erTmaneTTan dakavSirebis im garkveul
formac icnobdnen, romelsac Cven musikas vuwodebT da a.S.
mniSvneloba warmoadgens dialogs is yovelTvis mxolod nawilobriv aris
gagebuli da yovelTvis araTanabari gacvlaa.
maSasadame, ratom varqmevT enas an enebs mniSvnelobis Seqmnis da gadacemis
sxvadasxva gzebs? rogor funqcionireben es enebi? enebi operireben rogorc
reprezentaciuli sistemebi, imdenad ramdenadac isini iyeneben garkveul
elementebs, romlebic warmoadgenen imas risi Tqmac Cven gvsurs imisaTvis, rom
gamovxatoT raRac azri, idea an grZnoba. verbaluri ena iyenebs bgerebs,
werilobiTi sityvebs, xolo musikaluri ena - notebs, "sxeulis ena mimarTavs
fizikur Jestebs, modis industria tansacmels iyenebs, televizia ki cifrulad
an eleqtronuli wesiT warmoqmnil piqselebs ekranze, SuqniSnebi mimarTaven
mwvane, wiTel da yviTel ferebs CvenTvis garkveuli informaciis mosawodeblad.
yvela es elementi bgerebi, sityvebi, notebi, Jestebi, tansacmeli warmoadgens
Cveni bunebrivi an materilauri samyaros nawils, magram maTi enisTvis
mniSvneloba ar aris is Tu ras warmoadgenen isini, aramed Tu ras akeTeben isini,
maTi funqcia. isini qmnian mniSvnelobas da Semdeg gadascemen. isini aRniSnaven
raRacas. TavisTavad maT ar gaaCniaT mniSvneloba, aramed warmoadgnen
saSualebebs, romlebic arian mniSvnelobis matareblebi, radganac operireben
rogorc simboloebi. es simboloebi ki warmoadgenen im mniSvnelobebs, romlis
sxvisTvis gadacemac Cven gvsurs. anu maT eniWebaT niSnebis funqcia. niSnebi
aRniSnaven an warmoadgenen Cvens ideebs, azrebs, gancdebs iseTi gziT rom maTi
wakiTxva dekodireba an interpretacia SeZlon sxvebma, daaxloebiT imave wesiT.
ena amitom warmoadgens aRmniSvnel praqtikas. nebismieri reprezentaciuli
sistema, romelic am gziT funqcionirebs, SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom efuZneba enis

terminebi postmodernistuli, postmodernuli xana da postmodernizmi

erTmaneTs cvlian literaturaSi, miuxedavad imisa, rom postmodernizmi
SeTanxmebisamebr ZiriTadad esTetikas exeba. es terminebi mravali sxvadasxva
fenomenis aRsaniSnavad yofila naxmari: sazogadoebebi (Tanamedrove dasavluri
evropa, gansakuTrebiT ki aSS), socialuri praqtika ("Sopingi, mobiluri
telefonebis, internetis moxmareba, turizmi); socialuri Teoriebi (bodriari,
baumani, liotari); filosofiuri argumentebi (riCard rorti, derida);
skulptura/instalaciebi (demien hersti, treisi emini..) muxika (Snitke, praimal
skrimi); mxatvroba (vorholi, devid hakni), Senobebi (loidi, rem kulhaasi, demien
da hercogi), fuli (plastikuri baraTebi, evro); mecniereba (klonireba), garToba
(virtualuri realoba), da a.S.
Tu postmodernuli fenomenebis es sia raimeTi mainc aris erTmaneTTan
dakavSirebuli, maSin Semdegi Temebi SeiZleba iyos aqtualuri:
konteqstualizacia sxvadasxva stilisa da midgomis Sereva, romlebic
adre erTmaneTisgan gamoirCeodnen (mag., arqiteqtura, moda, religia);
Sereva, melt dauni "gaerTianebisa" da fragmentaciis gancda (imitacia
dizainsa da reklamaSi)
pastiSi stilebisa da midgomebis ironiuli kopireba (mag., komediaSi);
zedapiri siRrmis nakleboba, "realobasa" da realobis "reprezentacias"
Soris gansxvavebis uaryofa.
sociologiuri terminebis gamoyenebiT, es Temebi SeiZleba gagebul iqnes
rogorc dediferenciaciis procesi, romelic atrialebs da cvlis socialuri
diferenciaciis process, romliTac xasiaTdeba Tanamedrove sazogadoebis
ganviTareba (parsonsi, habermasi). sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, xdeba sazRvrebis
rRveva: sazRvrebi an ganxvavebebi romlebic Seiqmna socialuri diferenciaciis
Sedegad areulia postmodernistul sazogadoebaSi: mag. sazRvari maRal da
dabal kulturas Soris, ralobasa da realobis reprezentacias Soris
televizorSi (an filmSi, mxatvrobaSi, literaturaSi), politikasa da reklmas
Soris, ekonomikur cxovrebasa da kulturas Soris; warmoebasa da gacvlas Soris,
xelovnursa da adamianur gonebas Soris, dasavluri da aRmosavluri rwmenis
sistemebs Soris. es idea safuZvlad udevs postmodernistul socialur
TeoriaSi fragmentaciis Temas. de-diferenciaciis cneba gulisxmobs rom ukve
SeuZlebeli xdeba sazogadoebis rogorc integrirebuli sistemis moazreba, an
kidev rogorc erTi mTlianobis (marqsi da durkhemi).
postmodernis sxva gansazRvrebebi xSirad xmaroben sityva "axals" da ar
ganmartaven, Tu ras warmoadgens axali sazogadoebas exeba es, socialur
Teorias Tu xelovnebis nimuSs. ritceri amis magaliTia: postmodernistuli xana
Seexeba istoriul epoqas, romelic rogorc wesi ganixileba rogorc Tanamedrove periodi; postmodernizmi Seexeba kulturul produqtebs (xelovnebaSi,
filmebSi, arqiteqturaSi da a.S), romlebic ganxvavdebian Tanamedrove
kulturuli produqtebisgan.. postmoderni moicavs axal istoriul epoqas, axal
kulturul produqtebs da a.S. yovelive amaT aerTianebT is axali, rac moxda
bolo wlebis manZilze da ukve veRar mieyeneba sityva Tanamedrove, ramdenadac
axali etapebi cvlian Tanamedrove realobas. (sociologiis Teoria, mexuTe
gamocema)
kiTxva ismis - konkretulad ra xdeba "axali"? da konkretulad rodis, "bolo
wlebSi"? postmodernistuli sazogadoebis ufro zusti definiciisTvis unda
aRvniSnoT, rom 1960 ian wlebSi gaCnda socialuri institutebisa da socialuri
cxovrebis reorganizaciis iseTi formebi, romlebic ZiriTadad Sedgeba

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informaciuli teqnologiebis ganviTarebisgan, globaluri komunikaciuri

mediisgan da momsaxurebis seqtorisgan; momxmareblur sazogadoebaSi, aseve
ganxorcielda gacvliTi urTierTobebis da finansuri bazrebis eqspansia;
gaizarda kulturuli pluralizmi.
Tu postmodernistuli socialuri Teoria cdilobs gamoikvlios am cvlilebebis mizezebi da Sedegebi, sainteresoa, ras warmoadgens postmodernistuli
periodi rogorc normatiuli proeqti?
normatiuli cnebebis moSveliebiT, Tanamedroveobis (modernistuli) proeqti ZiriTadad exeba sinTezis miRwevas an kidev universalur konsensuss. Tu
arsebobs iseTi proeqti, romelic asocirdeba postmodernistul xanasTan, is
pirvel rigSi exeba pluralizms ufro metad vidre universalizms da
gansxvavebulobis SenarCunebas, vidre sinTezis miRwevas. mTavari gansxvaveba
Tanamedrove da postTanamedrove Teoriebs Soris, iseve rogorc Tanamedroveobasa da postTanamedroveobas rogorc normatiul proeqtebs Soris
aris is, rom xdeba racios interpretacia, gansakuTrebiT ki racios urTierToba
kulturasa da sazogadoebasTan.
Tanamedrove socialuri Teoriis farglebSi, goni, racio moazrebulia rogorc socialuri Teoriis epistemiologiuri safuZveli da rogorc Tanamedroveobis proeqtis CarCo, romelic scildeba kulturas. postmodernistul
socialur TeoriaSi, racio SeiZleba ganixilebodes rogorc kulturasTan
igiveobrivi, romelsac aZlierebs Zalaufleba; racio ar warmoadgens kulturis
safuZvels, aramed Teoretikosebis damaxinjebul mcdelobas axsnan samyaro.
Tu racio, kulturis farglebs scildeba, is SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes
rogorc kargi sazogadoebis ganxorcielebis safuZveli, sadac moxdeba
dapirispierbuli perspeqtivebisa da rwmenebis gasamarTleba. Tu goneba
kulturis nawilia an gaWuWyianebulia kulturis elementebis mier, maSin mas amis
ufleba ar gaaCnia: Cven ver vflobT gasamarTlebis saSualebebs da amitom ara
mxolod unda vicxovroT pluralistul samyaroSi, aramed gaviTavisoT is.

ena da reprezentacia

post industrializmis cneba, rogorc wesi, asocirdeba daniel belis

naazrevTan 1960-ian da 1970-ian wlebSi. beli gamoyofs industriul sazogadoebaSi momxdar xuT ZiriTad cvlilebas: 1) postfordistuli warmoebis
teqnika; 2) axali da gafarToebuli profesiuli da teqnikuri klasis warmoSoba;
3) ufro meti Teoriuli codnis gamoyeneba rogorc politikisa da inovaciis
safuZveli; 4) zrdadi orientacia momavalze teqnologiebis marTvis dros; 5)
organizaciuli da informaciuli Teoriis mzardi ndoba.
daniel beli postindustrializms ganixilavs politikurad memarjvene
poziciidan, xolo alen tureni memarcxene poziciidan. misi ZiriTadi argumenti
Semdegia:
warmoiSva axali post industriuli codnis klasi, romelic sazogadoebaSi
atarebs inovaciis ZiriTad pasuxismgeblobas da romelsac aqedan gamomdinare
xelSi uWiravs mniSvnelovani Zalaufleba; Tumca SedarebiT naklebad aris
SezRuduli warmoebis urTierTobebiT da amitom momavalSi iqneba ufro
radikaluri, vidre Zveli industriuli proletariati.
kidev erTi "postindustriuli moazrovnis andre gorcis mixedviT, romelic
ufro axlos dgas turenTan, vidre belTan, warmoiSva axali postindustriuli
araproletariati romelic Sedgeba umuSevrebisa da kavSirebSi naklebad
gaerTianebeli adamianebisgan. es adamianebi iqnebian gamanTavisuflebeli
politikis adresati, romelic naklebad aris SezRuduli industriuli
korporaciebis mier (umuSevrebi) an kidev ufro institucionalizebuli (da
aqedan gamomdinare, ufro "usafrTxo") koleqtivisturi formebis mier (naklebad
gaerTianebuli kavSirebSi).
magram ratom unda gaviTvaliswinoT zemoT moyvanili aspeqtebi
postmodernistul TeoriaSi?
imitom rom: postindustrializmi asocirdeba ekonomikur cxovrebaSi

rogorc SesavalSi iqna aRniSnuli kultura Seexeba gaziarebul mniSvnelobebs ena ki warmoadgens im mediums ris saSualebiTac Cven moviazrebT ama
Tu im sagans da ris saSualebiTac xdeba mniSvnelobis warmoqmna da gacvla.
ena aris mniSvnelobisa da kulturis Seqmnis ZiriTadi instrumenti. magram
rogor xdeba enis saSualebiT mniSvnelobebis Seqmna? rogor xdeba monawileebs
Soris dialogis warmoeba, romelic maT saSualebas aZlevT Seqmnan gaziarebuli
Sexedulebebis erToblioba da moaxdinon maT garSemo arsebuli samyaros
interpretacia daaxloebiT analogiuri gziT? swored ena gvaZlevs amis
saSualebas, radganac, is operirebs rogorc reprezentaciuli sistema. enaSi Cven
vxmarobT niSnebs da simboloebs, magaliTad, bgerebs, werilobiT gadmocemul
sityvebs, eleqtronulad Seqmnil gamosaxulebebs, musikalur notebs, aseve
nivTebsac da yovelive es SeiZleba warmoadgendes sxvebisTvis Cveni azrebis,
ideebis, grZnobebis gamoxatulebas. ena warmoadgens mediis erT-erT saxeobas,
romlis saSualebiTCveni am ideebis, azrebisa da grZnobebis gamoxatva xdeba
kulturaSi.
procesi, romelsac kulturisken Semotrialeba ewoda socialur da
humanitarul mecnierebebSi, gansakuTrebiT ki kulturulogiur kvlevebsa da
kulturis sociologiaSi, xazs usvamda mniSvnelobis centralurobas kulturis
gansazRvrasTan mimarTebaSi. es fokusi gaziarebul mniSvnelobebze SeiZleba
Zalian erTgvarovani da Teoriuli mogveCvenos, imdenad ramdenadac nebismier
kulturaSi raime erT Temas SeZleba hqondes uamravi mniSvneloba da arsebobdes
ramdenime gza erTsa da imave sakiTxis warmosaxvisa, Tu interpretaciisa.
kultura aseve moicavs grZnobebs, emociur mijaWvulobebs, azrebsa da
ideebs. Cemi saxis gamometyveleba raRacas ambobs Cems Sesaxeb (Cemi identoba) da
Tu ras vgrZnob (emociebi) an romel jgufs mivekuTvnebi (mijaWvuloba). yovelive
es SeiZleba wakiTxul da gagebul iqnes sxva adamianebis mier, miuxedavad imisa
rom me SeiZleba gamiznulad ar vapirebdi komunikaciis damyarebas, anu
formaluri gzavnilis gadacemas sxvebisTvis. miuxedavad imisa, rom meore pirma
SeiZleba logikurad verc ki axsnas, me mas sakuTari gamometyvelebiT ras
veubnebodi.
aseve, kulturuli mniSvnelobebi ar aris mxolod Cvens TavebSi mocemuli
isini aorganizeben da aregulireben socialur praqtikas, gavlenas axdenen Cvens
qcevaze da Sesabamisad aqvT realuri praqtikuli Sedegi.
kulturuli praqtika mniSvnelovania, kulturaSi monawileebi aniWeben
mniSvnelobas sxva adamianebs, obieqtebsa da movlenebs. sagnebi TavisTavad ar
atareben erT, konkretul, fiqsirebul da ucvlel mniSvnelobas. iseTi ubralo
ram rogoric aris qva, SeiZleba warmoadgendes rogorc sasazRvro niSans, aseve
skulpturas gamomdinare iqidan, Tu ras aRniSnavs, ra konteqstSia mocemuli,
rasac filosofosebi uwodeben gansxvavebul enobriv TamaSebs (mag., sazRvrebis
ena, skulpturis ena) iqidan gamomdinare, Tu ras vfiqrobT da gvgrZnobT ama Tu
im obieqtis Sesaxeb da rogor gamovsaxavT mas Semdeg am gziT Cven mas vaniWebT
mniSvnelobas. xolo mniSvnelobis miniWeba xdeba im sainterpretacio CarCoebis
gamoyenebiT, romelsac Cven vflobT.
nawilobriv, Cven sagnebs vaniWebT mniSvnelobas imiT, Tu rogor vxmarobT maT
an kidev, Tu rogor vaxdenT maT integracias yoveldRiur praqtikaSi. mag.,
agurisa da cementis gamoyenebis Sedegad vagebT saxls da rasac vfiqrobT,
vgrZnobT an kidev vambobT mis Sesaxeb, am mocemul sagans saxlad aqcevs. meore
mxriv, ki sagnebs mniSvneloba eniWebaT imiT, Tu rogor gamovsaxavT maT
sityvebs, romlebsac maT garSemo viyenebT, istoriebs, romlebsac vyvebiT maT
Sesaxeb, xatebs romlebsac vqmniT da emociebs da faseulobebs, romlebsac
vukavSirebT am sagnebs, klasifikaciisa da konceptualizaciis gzebs.
kultura warmoadgens yvela im praqtikas, romelSic Cven genetikurad ki ar
varT daprogramebulebi, aramed romelsac vaniWebT mniSvnelobasa da
faseulobas, rac Semdeg aseve mniSvneladad unda iyos interpretirebuli sxvebis
mier, imisaTvis rom "operacia" efeqturad ganxorcieldes. kultura, am gagebiT
ganmsWvalavs sazogadoebis yvela Sres.

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25

istoriuli konteqsti: postindustrializmi

moazrebas, romelic Seicavs semiotikuri analizs. yoveldRiur cxovrebaze

dayrdnobiT, burdie wers, rom materialuri obieqtebis gageba aris momentaluri
da uneburi, xolo aRqmis unari, an kidev gagebis unari individidan
gamomdinareobs. semiotikis gaTvaliswinebiT, burdie saubrobs, rom gageba aris
iluzoruli. aRqma ifiltreba ukve winaswar mocemuli kodebis saSualebiT,
romlebic mas Semdeg rac arian gadamuSavebulni damkvirveblis mier viTardeba
unaris saxiT. aRqma aris kulturuli gaSifrvis garkveuli forma da swored es
gaSifvris unari araTanabrad aris ganawilebuli sazogadoebaSi. yvelaze
mniSvnelovani saqmeebi da statusebi sazogadoebaSi iTxoven kompleqsur
Sesrulebas, romelTa ganxorcielebac SeuZliaT mxolod imaT, vinc saWiro
kodebs flobs. es kodebi warmoadgenen nebismieri sazogadoebis kulturul
simdidres, simdidre, romlis mflobelnic arian isini, vinc miiRo simboluri
saSualebebi. am moxmarebis instrumentebis aracnobieri flobiT individebi
iReben kulturul kapitals.
ojaxebi da skolebi, warmoadgenen institutebs, romlebic specializirdebian am kulturuli kodebis gadacemaSi da Semdeg ukve Tavs axveven
individebs maTi codnis gareSe, sazRvraven maTi aRqmis gansakuTrebul niSanTvisebebs, romlebsac SemdgomSi individebi gaacnobiereben. imdenad, ramdenadac
ojaxebi da skolebi araTanabar mdgomareobaSi imyofebian Tavidanve Rirebuli
kulturuli kodebis miRebasTan dakavSirebiT, maTi funqcia SeiZleba aRiweros
rogorc socialurad ganpirobebuli araTanabari kulturuli kompetenturobis
gadacema. radganac klasobrivi qceva emyareba kompetenturobas, romelic
gadaicema kulturuli da ara mxolod materialuri SesaZleblobebis saSualebiT, socialuri privilegia warmoadgens individualuri niWis asaxvas da ara
piriqiT. privilegirebuli jgufebis wevrebic ki fiqroben, rom maTi gemovneba da
SesaZleblobebi bunebrivi ufroa, vidre socialuri. ganaTleba socialurad
ganpirobebul uTanasworobas gardaqmnis warmatebis uTanasworobad, rac Semdeg
interpretirdeba rogorc bunebrivi niWidan gamomdinare uTanasworoba.
kultura asrulebs am ideologiur funqcias manamde, sanam kavSiri kulturasa da
ganaTlebas Soris ukana planze ganixileba.

informaciis rolis eqspansiasTan da aqedan gamomdinare sazogadoebaSi

struqturisa da kulturis SerwymasTan. postindustrializmi aseve dakavSirebulia Zireul cvlilebebTan socialur stratifikaciaSi rogoric aris mzardi
saSualo klasi, rac gulisxmobs momxmarebluri sazogadoebis mniSvnelobis
zrdas. momxmarebloba aq ganxilulia ara rogorc mxolod aqtivoba, aramed
rogorc socialuri identobis ganmsazRvreli mniSvnelovani wyaro.
margaret arCeri am arguments Semdegnairad ajamebs: momsaxureobiT
dakavebuli klasis warmoSobasis paralelurad, uprecedento koleqtiurma
mobilobam ganapiroba umravlesobis CarTva industriul sazogadoebaSi;
momxdarma cvlilebebma umravlesobas SesZina materialuri interesebi,
romlebic gansakuTrebiT mzard momxmareblobaSi (konzumerizmSi) gamoixata da
Sesabamisad Seamcira maTi ideologiuri dapirispirebani da utopiuri xedvebi.
postpolitikurma da postideologiurma xanam aseve gvauwya axali
teqnoracionalurobis fenomeni kulturaSi, ramac darCenil socio-politikur
problemebs teqnikuri sakiTxebis statusi mianiWa, romelTa teqnikuri
gadawyvetac momavalSi moxdeboda (Teoria, kultura da post-industriuli
sazogadoeba maik federstoni, red).
duglas kelneri ganavrcobs teqno kulturis Sesaxeb zemoT moyvanil am
Sexedulebas (Tumca kelneri ar warmoadgens postmodernists, aramed kritikuli
Teoretikosia); duglas kelneris mixedviT, teqnokultura masobrivi kulturisa
da momxmarebluri sazogadoebis erTianobas warmoadgens, sadac samomxmareblo
sagnebi, kino, televizia, masobrivi imijebi da kompiuterizirebuli informacia
kulturis dominantur formad gadaiqcevian ganviTarebul msoflioSi da aseve
sul ufro mzardi gavlena aqvT ganviTarebad qveynebzec.
teqnokulturaSi, imijebi, sanaxaoba da esTetizirebuli samomxmareblo
sagnebi, an kidev "samomxmareblo sagnebis esTetika" kulturis axal formebs
Seadgenen, romlebic axdenen yoveldRiuri cxovrebis kolonizirebas da
politikas, ekonomikasa da socialur urTierTobebs gardaqmnian. yvela am
sferoSi teqnologia sul ufro da ufro centralur rols TamaSobs (kritikuli
Teoria, marqsizmi da moderni, kelneri)

daskvnis saxiT

istoriuli konteqsti : momxmarebloba (konzumerizmi)

kulturul kvlevebSi ukanaskneli tendenciebi SeTanxmebulad aRiareben

kulturis avtonomias socialuri struqturisgan. ideologiis an rwmenaTa
sistemis arsi ar SeiZleba wavikiTxoT socialuri qcevidan gamomdinare. is unda
Seiswavlebodes rogorc TavisTavadi nimuSi. kulturisadmi midgomebi
gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisgan ukve imis Taobaze, Tu ras niSnavs es avtonomia.
zogierTi Tvlis, rom damoukideblad organizebuli kulturuli sistemebis
codna sakmarisia socialuri qcevebis motivebisa da mniSvnelobis gasagebad.
sxvebi ki saubroben, rom es sistema unda gagebul iqnes rogorc modelirebuli im
procesebze, romlebic ukve arsebobdnen socialur sistemaSi. konkretuli
procesebi, romlebic exeba kulturas, socialur struqturasa da qmedebas aseve
gansxvavdebian, dawyebuli religiuri ritualiT, socializaciiT da ganaTlebiT,
aseve dramaturgiuli inovaciiT da klasobrivi cnobierebis formaciiT. da
bolos, arsebobs uTanxmoeba kulturuli sistemis SigniT arsebuli elementebis
Sesaxeb. aris Tu ara kultura logikurad gadabmuli simboloebi Tu
Rirebulebebi, romlebic amtkiceben sasurvel socialur Tvisebebs?
yvela zemoT mocemuli midgoma Seicavs WeSmaritebis garkveul marcvals.
Cven gagviWirdeba kulturis Semecneba subieqturi mniSvnelobis gagebis gareSe,
Tu ar gaviTvaliswineT socialur struqturuli SezRudvebi.
aseve rTulia adamianuri qmedebis interpretacia, Tu ar ganvixileT is
kodebi, romlebic individebs ar SeuqmniaT, Tumca adamianis gamogonebebi badebs
iseT garemos romelic Tavis mxriv iwvevs kulturuli kodebis Secvlas.
miRebuli metafizikuri ideebi qmnian Tanamedrove socialuri struqturebis
Zalian myar qsels, magram Zlieri dajgufebebi xSirad mainc axerxeben socialuri
struqturebis gardaqmnas.

momxmareblobis (konzumerizmis) fenomeni xidis rols TamaSobs erTis mxriv

postindustrializmisa da informaciuli sazogadoebis Teoriebsa da meore
mxriv globalizaciisa an/da globaluri kapitalizmis Teoriebs Soris.
skot laSisa da jon uris mixedviT, Cven vcxovrobT sazogadoebaSi, romelic
organizebulia momxmarebluri tendenciebis irgvliv (gasaTvaliswinebelia
finansuri bazrebis uzenaesoba industriul korporaciebTan da gacvlasTan
mimarTebaSi), rac warmoadgens ekonomikuri aqtivobis gabatonebul formas da
gamoirCeva (anu postmodernuli xasiaTi aqvs) socialur identobasa da
organizaciaze Tavisi zemoqmedebiT.
laSisa da uris mosazreba Semdeg argumentebs moicavs: mwarmoebluri
industria dasavleTis qveynebSi Sesustda da gadainacvla mesame msoflioSi
(post industrializmi). es procesi ganxorcielda soflis industrializaciis
formebis paralelurad, ramac, Tavis mxriv, socialur mobilobaSi farTo
cvlilebebi gamoiwvia.
am cvlilebma ki Seamcira metropolisebis mniSvneloba socialuri identobis
gansazRvra/CamoyalibebaSi. socialuri identoba fragmentuli gaxda, rac
nawilobriv ganapiroba momxmarebluri aqtivobis zrdam da moxmarebis
sagnebisTvis specializirebuli bazrebis ganviTarebam.
es procesi, Tavis mxriv, ki niSnavs, rom moxmarebis sagnebis warmoeba imitaciis, pastiSisa da stilisturi sazRvrebis aRrevis principebze dayrdnobiT
mimdinareobs. ufro meti yuradReba eqceva stils, vidre Sinaarss rogorc
faseulobis indikators (rasac bodriliari uwodebs niSan - faseulobas).
rogorc postindustrializmis Teoriebi, konzumerizmis Teoriebi Seexeba
dasavleTis sazogadoebebSi ganxorcielebul urTierTdamokidebul struqtu-

24

65

rul da kulturul cvlilebebs. es Teoriebi ZiriTadad efuZnebian or amosaval

arguments: rom sabazro kapitalizmi aris "uzenaesi" forma da rom am etapze ar
arsebobs politikuri ekonomiis alternatiuli sistemebi; da rom im
sazogadoebebis ricxvi, romelTac SeiZleba ewodoT liberalur-demokratiuli
izrdeba. es Sexedulebebi mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli zogad postmodernistul
ideasTan, rom dasavleTis sazogadoebebSi adgili hqonda reprezentaciis
kriziss da rom Cven mivaRwieT istoriis dasasruls (fukuiama, bodriliari).
robertsonma SemogvTavaza im fenomenebis sia, romelic dasavluri sazogadoebis istoriaSi gaurkveveli fazis arsebobas amtkicebs:
dawyebuli 1960-ian wlebSi krizisuli tendenciebi aSkara gaxda adreul 1990ianebSi. mesame msoflios inkluzia da globaluri cnobierebis amaRleba 1960-ian
wlebSi. mTvareze adamianis gagzavna. "post-materialisturi Rirebulebebis
xazgasma. civi omis dasasruli da atomuri iaraRis gavrceleba. globaluri
institutebisa da moZraobebis ricxvis gazrda. sazogadoebebi sul ufro da
ufro xSirad dgebian multikulturuli da polieTnikuri problemebis winaSe.
individebis TviTmoazreba rTuldeba gamomdinare genderuli, eTnikuri da
rasobrivi aspeqtebidan. adamianis uflebebi. saerTaSoriso sistema ufro
labiluri xdeba bipolaroba dasrulda. kacobriobis bedis Sesaxeb fiqri
gaZlierda. interesi gaCnda msoflio samoqalaqo sazogadoebisa da msoflio
moqalaqeobis ideis mimarT. moxda globaluri media sistemis konsolidacia.
(globaluri viTarebis CarCoebSi moqceva federstoni)
postindustrializmis
koncefcia,
konzumerizmis
ideasTan
erTad
mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs pirovnebis identobisa da popularuli kulturis
formirebaSi, rac gvibiZgebs iqiTken, rom kapitalisturi sazogadoeba veRar
moiazreba gamomdinare marqsistuli Sexedulebidan ekonomikuri sistemis
Sesaxeb, rom socialuri cvlilebas mxolod warmoebis Zalebi ganapirobeben.
gacvla, niSan-faseulobebis simboluri samyaro ufro mniSvnelovania vidre
warmoeba, manqanebisa da sagnebis "namdvili" samyaro. warmoebis paradigmis
uaryofa mxars uWers postmodernistul mcdelobas gaauqmos gansxvaveba
namdvils, materialur samyarosa da simbolur- reprezentaciul samyaros Soris.
aqedan ki gamomdinareobs mniSvnelovani Teoriuli azri, rom istoriul
ganviTarebas ar gaaCnia raime garkveuli logika an xazi. am azrs ki, Tavis mxriv,
mivyavarT Semdeg daskvnamde - istoriam amowura Tavisi Tavi an kidev sxva
sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, dasrulda.

postruqturalizmi da kultura fuko, pier burdie

antoni gidensis da ulrix bekis SromebSi ZiriTad cnebas refleqsuroba

warmoadgens. gidensi refleqsurobas Semdegnairad ganmartavs:
refleqsuroba: socialuri cxovrebis nakadisTvis Tvalyuris devneba.
moqmedebis pirobebis Sesaxeb informaciis rogorc saSualebis gamoyeneba,
rom moxdes mocemuli moqmedebis gadafaseba da sxvanairad moazreba; refleqsuroba, aris imis wesi Tu rogor vaxdenT Cveni socialuri aqtivobis
monitorings, rogorc monawileebi da Sesabamisad vayalibebT da vcvliT am
qcevis xasiaTs dinamikaSi. (sazogadoebis konstitucia)
bekis mixedviT, ki refleqsuroba aris gaucnobierebloba: rac ufro
Tanamedrove xdeba sazogadoeba, miT ufro winaswar ganusazRvreli Sedegebi
moaqvs mas, xolo rodesac xdeba am Sedegebis gamJRavneba da gacnobiereba, isini
industriuli modernizaciis safuZvlebs eWvis qveS ayeneben" (demokratia
mtrebis gareSe)
refleqsuroba aucileblobis SegrZneba rom SenSi SemouSva "garegani
codna, miiRo "garegani gamocdileba".
rac Seexeba gidensisa da bekis midgomebs Soris gansxvavebas, gidensisTvis
refleqsuroba yovelRiuri socialuri praqtikis codnis gamoyenebisa da
reproduqciisgan Sedgeba. aqedan gamomdinare, codna socialuri moqmedebis
wyarod gadaiqceva da aseve warmoadgens moqmedebis Secvlis saSualebas.
bekisTvis ki, refleqsurobas Seadgens Cvens codnaSi arsebuli carieli

intleqtualuri moZraoba, romelsac ewodeba poststruqturalizmi

iziarebs marqsizmis kritikul ideologias garda rwmenisa, rom Tanamedrove
pirobebi gardaiqmneba cnobieri istoriuli agentis, muSaTa klasis CareviT.
aseTi uaryofa SeiZleba ukavSirdebodes radikaluri socialuri moZraobebis
warumatleblobas, Tumca aseve arsebobs Teoriuli mizezebic, imdenad, ramdenadac postruqturalistur kulturul kvlevebs ara mxolod marqsis gavlena
axasiaTebT, aramed semiotikisa da struqturalizmisac. poststruqturalisturi midgoma ganviTarda gviandel 1960-ian da 70-ian wlebSi marqsizmisa da
struqtruralizmis safuZvelze. fukom da burdiem xazi gausves simbolizmis
socialur kavSirebs ZalauflebasTan da socialur klasTan. marqsizmis
struqturuli Teoriis sawinaaRmdegod, maT Camoayalibes semioturi,
antifunqcionalisturi midgoma. fukosa da burdies Tanaxmad, socialuri
struqturebi, iseve rogorc klasebi an politikuri Zalaufleba ar SeiZleba
interpretirebuli iyos rogorc kulturis winaaRmdeg moqmedi, imdenad
ramdenadac aseTi gageba gulisxmobs imas, rom socialuri sistemaSi ar
figurirebs mniSvneloba.
parsonsis terminebi rom gamoviyenoT, Tu klasebs an Zalauflebas axasiaTebs
mxolod analitikuri avtonomia kulturisgan , konkretulad isini unda
ganixilebodnen rogorc kulturuli kodebis Semcvleli formebi. es Teoriuli
strategia gvpirdeba, rom gadailaxeba axali kulturuli marqsizmis
meqanisturi, "funqcionaluri xedva. Tumca, safrTxe isaa, rom SeiZleba
gameordes determinirebuli da antivoluntaristuli Tvisebebi im semioturi
poziciisa, ris kritikasac is Tavad axorcielebs.
fukosTvis seqsualobis irgvliv adreuli naSromebs ara sakmarisad
kulturuli xasiaTi aqvT. isini ikvleven represiulobas an liberalizms seqsis
sxvadasxva diskursebisa, magram iReben seqsualur qcevas rogorc aseTs, TiTqos
is arsebobda kulturuli diskursebis damoukideblad. fukos mixedviT, unda
SeviswavloT, Tu rogor xdeba seqsualur qcevaze saubari, imdenad ramdenadac
kulturuli diskursi Seadgens im obieqts romelsac is aTavisuflebas, an wnexis
qveS amyofebs. is ambobs, rom gza romliTac "seqsi" eqceva diskurSi, warmoadgens
Zalauflebis formas, imdenad ramdenadac siRmiseul gavlenas axdens adamianur
qcevaze da akontrolebs yoveldRiur siamovnebas.
fuko xelaxla ganixilavs represiuli sazogadoebebidan adreuli
Tanamedrove periodis sazogadoebaze gadasvlas sadac xdeboda deviaciuri
seqsualuri qcevis gamoxatva an qorwinebis farglebSi, an kidev qorwinebis miRma
da romelic mkacrad isjeboda ufro Tanamedrove garemoze, sadac Terapiam
da pedagogiam Caanacvles pirdapiri sasjeli. Tumca es ar niSnavs rom
Tanamedrove midgomam Searbila seqsualuri qcevis socialuri kontroli da
disciplina, aramed is gaxda Terapiisa da ganaTlebis prerogativa.
seqsualuri aqti gagebul iqna ufro da ufro racionalizebuli da
abstraqtuli diskursis CarCoebSi, rac, fukos mixedviT, warmoadgens kulturis
Zalauflebis gamovlenas seqsualobis kontrolis gansaxorcieleblad. maTi
funqcia naklebad warmoadgenda seqsis pirdapir akrZalvas, aramed qmnida seqsis
Sesaxeb saubris axal gzebs. Tu Tanamedrove seqsualobis kategoriebs ganvsazRvravT rogorc impotenturobas, perversiasa, Tu heteroseqsualobas am
diskursebma Tavad Seqmnes is obieqtebi, romelTa qsovilic maTve unda aexsnaT.
seqsualuri kodeqsis Zala ar warmoadgenda mxolod kulturul kodeqss. am
sakiTxis irgvliv arsebuli diskusiebi mudmiv yruadRebas iTxovda xelmZRvaneli
pirebis mxridan; maT Seqmnes mTeli rigi axali profesiuli kadrebi, romlebic
meTvalyureobis funqcias Seasrulebdnen. fukos mixedviT, es kadrebi ar
Seqmnilan imisaTvis, rom seqsualurad deviaciuri qcevis kontroli moexdinaT,
aramed aseTi qceva uneburad ganapirobes Tavad maT da aseve im ufro farTo
seqsualurma diskursebma, romlebsac isini emsaxurobdnen. maTi profesiuli
yuradReba asaxavs am saagentoebis swrafvas kontaqtSi Sevides am diskursebTan,
vidre akontrolos isini.
pier burdies naSromebSi Cven vxvdebiT funqcionaluri midgomis kritikul

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23

sazogadoeba da individi

gadafaseba moaxdina da Sedegad miviReT kulturasa da ekonomikur cxovrebas

Soris urTerTdamokidebulebis naklebad reduqcionistuli xedva.
e. p. tompsonis inglisuri muSaTa klasis Seqmna warmoadgens axali
kulturuli marqsizmis yvelaze cnobil magaliTs meore msoflio omis Semdgom
periodSi. tompsonTan ara mxolod gramSis gavlena igrZnoba, aramed veberisa da
durkhemisac, igi ara mxolod klasebze saubrobs, aramed kodebze da Rirebulebebzec.
imisaTvis, rom aexsna inglisuri muSaTa klasis mzardi klasobrivi
cnobiereba da agresiuloba tompsonma naklebi mniSvneloba mianiWa ekonomikis
cvalebadobas da yuradReba "Temis" Seqmnaze gadaitana. igi Tvlis, rom maRal
organizebuli da cnobierebis mqone industriuli periodis muSaTa klasi
warmoiSva 18 saukunis adgilobrivi tradiciebis dros, romlebic organizebuli iyvnen sakuTari Tavis pativismcemeli xelosnis eTikis kodeqsis irgvliv.
aRniSnuli eTikis kodeqsi xazs usvamda wesierebas, regularobasa da
urTierTdaxmarebas.
mas Semdeg, rac industriulma revoluciam sayovelTa saxe miiRo arsebuli
eTikis kodeqsi gavrcelda muSaTa ufro farTo jgufebSi, romlebic SeuerTdnen
dakrZalvisa da dazRvevis kompaniebs da muSaTa kavSirebs ara mxolod
racionaluri ekonomikuri mizezebis gamo, aramed imisTvis, rom Tavi egrZnoT
axali kulturuli xanis nawilad.
inglisuri muSaTa klasi rom gamxdariyo revoluciuri, sakuTari saarsebo
pirobebis da TviT interesis racionaluri codna ar iyo sakmarisi. tompsoni
kidev ufro mniSvnelovnad miiCnevs damoukidebeli muSaTa klasis kulturis
zrdas. am kulturis ganviTarebam xelosnebis kodeqsi daukavSira religiuri
saZmoebisa da socialisturi ideliazmis enebs. Sedegad miviReT koleqtiuri
Rirebulebebis klasobrivi kultura, romelic xazs usvams urTierTdaxmarebas,
TviT disciplinas da samoqalaqo dialogs, Rirebulebebs, romlebic warmoiSvnen
politikuri Teoriisa da axali socialuri organizaciebis (mag., profesiuli
kavSirebi) wiaRSi. masobrivma monawileobam maStabur ceremoniebSi da ritualebSi aseve Tavisi wvlili Seitana. tompsoni ambobs, rom masobrivi demonstraciebis saSualebiT muSebma moipoves socialuri aRiareba, da es moxda
swored warmatebuli kulturuli transformaciis Sedegad, romelmac gza
gauxsna monawileebs SeenarCunebinaT cxovrebis mniSvneloba, solidaroba da
TviTdisciplina mZime politikuri pirobebis dros. tompsonis mixedviT,
kulturis SedarebiTi avtonomias ara mxolod analitikuri cvladis saxe aqvs,
aramed iqceva istoriul da politikur saWiroebad.
orTodoqsuli marqsizmis Tanaxmad, kapitalisturi warmoeba muSaTa klass
aqcevs cxovrebis gancdis aspeqtSi ara ZiriTad kategoriad, aramed arTmevs mas
mniSvnelobas da dayavs meqanikur formamde. pol vilisisTvis misaRebia es
tradiciuli xedva imdenad, ramdenadac is aTavsebs fizikur Sromas centrSi da
ganixilavs mas rogorc gaucxoebisa da eqspluataciur process. is uxvevs
orTodoqsuli Sexedulebidan, imdenad, ramdenadac am industriul samuSaos
ganixilavs rogorc mniSvnelads. vilisisTvis bazisi da superstruqtura ar
warmoadgens arc calke kategoriebs da, arc ierarqiuls. warmoebis pirdapiri
gamocdileba miiReba sxvadaxva kulturuli diskursebis praqtikiT.
miuxedavad imisa, rom vilisi aRiarebs muSaTa fizikuri datvirTvis
Semcirebas, is ambobs, rom Zalisa da simamacis metaforuli warmodgenebi Zalian
mniSvnelovania samuSao adgilisTvis. isini safuZvlad udevs kulturul aqcents
muSebis kompetenturobisa da araformaluri kontrolisTvis brZolaze samuSao
procesis dros, rac Tavis mxriv warmoSobs simbolur sivrces muSebisTvis. am
dros xdeba maskulinuri identobis simboluri ganmtkiceba.
TviTSefaseba, romelsac warmoSobs samuSao kultura efuZneba rwmenas rom
ufro sustebi, magaliTad, qalebi ver iqnebian warmatebulebi. rogorc
diferencirebuli miRwevis simbolo xelfasi, romelic muSas miaqvs saxlSi, mas
aniWebs centralur statuss ojaxSi, da aseve aZlevs garkveul damoukideblobas
colisa da Svilebis moTxovnebisgan. swored amitom maskulinuri samuSao,
sastiki qarxnuli cxovreba ganixileba rogorc genderis atributi da ara
kapitalisturi warmoebis dehumanirezebuli produqti.

adgilebi, romlebsac igi uwodebs ucodinarobas. ucodinaroba ara mxolod is

aris rac ar viciT, aramed warmoadgens SeuZleblobas rom vicodeT.
kiTxva ismis - ramdenad aris es ori ganxvavebuli midgoma erTmaneTis
Sesabamisi? imisaTvis rom ufro naTlad gavigoT, Tu ra Teoriul principebs
efuZneba gidensis mier refleqsurobis cnebis gamoyeneba, unda mokled
mimovixiloT misi adreuli mcdeloba gadaeWra struqtura /moqmedebis dilema
sociologiaSi.
dilemis mixedviT, unda moxdes moqmedebis, mniSvnelobisa da subieqturobis
cnebebis dakonkreteba da am cnebebis mimarTeba struqturisa da SezRudvebis
cnebebTan. Tu interpretaciuli sociologia emyareba subieqtis uzenaesobas,
funqcionalizmi da struqturalizmi afuZneben socialuri obieqtis
uzenaesobas.
gidensi Tvlis, rom am dilemis gadaWra Semdegnairad unda moxdes: yvela
sociologiurma axsna-ganmartebam unda socialuri qmedebis interpretacia
moaxdinos ise, rom gaTvaliswinebul iyos moqmedebis ganmaxorcieleblis
perspeqtiva; amitom "struqturis" cneba unda moicavdes ara mxolod
institutebs, aramed socialur praqtikasac.
amitom, sciologiuri miznebisTvis, struqtura unda warmoadgendes ara
Senobis karkass, aramed socialur "struqturebs"; unda gaaCndes sistemuri
niSan-Tvisebebi, rac niSnavs rom socialuri struqturebs/sistemebs dinamikuri
xasiaTi gaaCniaT da Sedgebian garkveuli drois periodSi socialuri praqtikis
reproduqciisgan.
aq ismis kiTxva: romelia "struqturul/sistemuri" elementebi da romelia
"qmedebis" Semcveli elementebi? gidens amazec aqvs pasuxi: es aris reproduqciis
procesi da ara faqti rom sazogadoeba garegania moqmedebis subieqtebTan
mimarTebaSi, romlebic socialur praqtikas struqturizebul xasiaTs aniWeben.
struqturul/sistemur elementebs gidensi wesebs uwodebs, romlebic normebis
msgavsia. Tumca wesebi ara mxolod moqmedebis SezRudvas (norma rasac
gulisxmobs) axdenen, aramed moTamaSeebs SeuZliaT wesebis, rogorc moqmedebis
resursis gamoyeneba.
wesebi, Tavis mxriv, codnis kompleqsisgan Sedgeba, risi codnac Cven
gvWirdeba, raTa SevideT socialur urTierTobaSi da vpasuxobdeT socialur
viTarebas; aqedan gamomdinare, wesebi da ara normebi Seadgenen sazogadoebis
sistemur niSan-Tvisebebs. yovelive zemoT Tqmuli gvaaxlovebs refleqsurobis
cnebasTan: refleqsurobis cneba mniSvnelovania, ramdenadac wesebis rogorc
resursebis gamoyeneba individebs saSualebas aZlevs monitoringi gauwion da
Sesabamisad garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi moaxdinon socialuri moqmedebis
nimuSebis reproduqcia. isini warmoadgenen im mediums, risi saSualebiTac
urTierTobebi SesaZlebeli xdeba. gidensis mixedviT, sazogadoeba zRudavs
individebs mxolod imdenad, ramdenadac arsebobs codnis naklovaneba. Tumca, am
naklovanebam SeiZleba gamoiwvios socialuri moqmedeba, romelsac gauTvleli
Sedegi moyveba.
aqve ibadeba kiTxva, rom Tu refleqsuri monitoringis mixedviT, nebismieri
sazogadoeba axdens Tavisi Tavis reproduqcias, maSin ratom axasiaTebs is
mxolod gviandel Tanamedrove sazogadoebas? gidensi pasuxobs, miuxedavad
imisa, rom refleqsuroba yvela adamianuri qmedebis ganmsazRvreli
maxasiaTebelia, misi institucionalizacia gviandeli Tanamedrove sazogadoebis
specifikur niSans warmoadgens. es niSani nawilia imisa, rac safuZvlad udevs
sistemur reproduaqcias, iseTi gziT, rom azri da qmedeba gamudmebul
urTierTqmedebaSi imyofebian erTmaneTTan.

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gviandeli Tanamedrove sazogadoeba

an meore/Semdgomi Tanamedroveoba
gidensis da bekis mixedviT, gviandeli Tanamedrove sazogadoeba xasiaTdeba
iseTi procesiT, romelsac isini refleqsur modernizacias uwodeben. refleqsuri modernizacia Tanamedrove sazogadoebis ZiriTadi institucionaluri

maxasiaTeblebis ganviTarebis aCqarebasa da radikalizacias warmoadgens. es

maxasiaTeblebia: kapitalizmi, industrializmi, saxelmwifo administracia,
samxedro Zala.
gidensi da beki aCqareba/radikalizaciis gamomwvev faqtorebad droisa da
sivrcis erTmaneTisgan daSorebas asaxeleben, rac, Tavis mxriv, gamowveulia
Semdegi meqanizmebiT: simboluri niSnebiT fuliT da eqspertuli sitemebiT,
romlebic funqcionireben eqspertebis damoukideblad, vinc es sistemebi Seqmna,
mag., transportSi, organizaciebsa da telekomunikaciebSi.
refleqsuri monitoringis procesi Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi arsebuli
institutebis organizaciuli aspeqtebis ganmsazRvreli faqtori gaxda. Sedegad,
institutebi da Cveni TviTidentoba daeqvemdebara cvlilebis ganuwyvetel
process. subieqturi perspeqtividan gamomdinare es SemaSfoTebelia.
refleqsuri modernizacia yovelTvis gvemuqreba imiT rom erT mSvenier dRes is
kontrols aRar daeqvemdebareba. refleqsurobis principi da mudmivi monitoringi, romelsac is gulisxmobs qmnis gaurkveveli momavlis SegrZnebas.
bekisTvis, refleqsuri modernizacia modernizaciuli procesis meore
talRas warmoadgens, romlis drosac industrializmi demistifikaciis process
ganicdis, iseve rogorc Tavis droze industrializaciam pre-Tanamedrove
msoflios demistifikacia moaxdina. preTanamedrove msoflios demistifikacia
ki ganapirobes industriuli ganviTarebis Sedegebma an kidev gauTvlelma
ukuCvenebam, rogoric aris magaliTad dabinZureba: Cven aRar vcxovrobT
industriuli warmoebis sazogadoebaSi, aramed industriuli warmoebis Sedegebs
winaSe vdgevarT, rac warmoadgens am sazogadoebis negatiur sarkisebur imijs.
beki postmodernistuli sazogadoebis analizs eTanxmeba imdenad ramdenadac, es
analizi aRiarebs, rom industriuli sazogadoeba dakninebulia. magram
industrializmi
martivad
ar
Caunacvlebia
mikroeleqtronikisa
da
gafarToebuli servisis seqtoris teqnologiebs; industriuli sazogadoebis
etapi damTavrda yovelgvari dagegmarebisa da revoluciis gareSe.
rom SevajamoT, Tanamedrove sazogadoebam im etaps miaRwia, romlis drosac
moxda refleqsurobis intstitucionalizacia, rac niSnavs rom Tanamedrove
sazogadoebis yoveli ganzomileba kritikulad ganixileba am sazogadoebisave
wevrebis mier. Tumca es ar warmoadgens kritikuli TviTrefleqsiis kargad
mowesrigebul da teleologiur process, aramed Tanamedrove sazogadoebas
ufro eqsperimentuli xasiaTi aqvs; yoveli CvenTagani iZulebulia TviTon
gaakeTos arCevani da ar iyos damokidebuli politikosebze, eqspertebze an im
Zalebze, romlebsac isini efuZnebian.
riskis fenomeni rogorc gidensis aseve bekis naazrevSi centralur cnebas
warmoadgens, gansakuTrebiT ki bekis naSromebSi. beki Tvlis, rom Cven vcxovrobT
Seqmnili riskis xanaSi. anu is riski, romlis winaSec Cven yoveldRiurad
vgdgavarT, Cveni xaniTvis specifikuria da ar warmoadgens bunebriv risks. is
warmoqmnilia eqspertTa sistemebis mier da ar aris Cveni qmedebebiT ganpirobebuli. Seqmnili riski codnazea damokidebuli da iTxovs Cvengan
warmovidginoT ararsebuli, momavali viTarebebi rogorc Cveni gadawyvetilebebis an kanonmdeblobis miRebis safuZveli. amitomac dRevandel
sazogadoebas beki riskis sazogadoebas uwodebs.
zedmetad ganviTarebuli warmoebis Zalebis pirobebSi, 21 saukunis
dasawyisSi, mecniereba xSirad warmoadgens rogorc ganmaTleblobas, aseve
antiganmanaTleblobas, WeSmaritebasa da mis dafarvas, memkvidreobiT miRebuli
SezRudvebisagan ganTavisuflebas erTi mxriv da SezRudvas, meore mxriv, Cvens
mierve Seqmnili obieqturi sazRvrebis farglebSi. mecnierebis rogorc
apologetebi, aseve kritikosebi erTmaneTs ekamaTebian swored am ori
poziciidan gamomdinare. Tumca, cal-calke aRebuli orive pozicia mcdaria.
bekis Tvlis, rom sakiTxis dayeneba mecnierebis saSualebiT an mecnierebis
gareSe aramarTebulia; Seqmnili riski imanenturad aris politizirebuli, rac
ganpirobebulia imiT, rom riskis marTva, gamomdinare am fenomenis
kompleqsurobidan da riskis Sesafaseblad saWiro codna gadaiqca eqspertebis
prerogativad. eqspertebi efeqturad uvlian gverds politikur sistemas da
Sedegad xdeba rogorc beki uwodebs qve-politikuri sferos formireba.

alyaSi imyofeba.
terneri saubrobs rom martivi reklasifikacia aris saWiro. antistruqturuloba SeiZleba warmoadgendes moqmedebis, socialuri aqtivobisa da
cvlilebis stimuls, rogorc es moxda mag., komunisturi an religuri, an kidev
iseTi marginaluri gjufebis dros rogoric iyvnen bitnikebi, hipebi, pankebi.
maSin, rodesac orTodoqsuli durkhemiseuli Teoria ganixileboda rogorc
apolitikuri an kidev konservatuli, karol smit rozenbergis feministurma
gamokvlevebma uCvena, rom durkhemiseul Tanamedrove kulturalistur versiebs
aqvT politikuri da ufro metad kritikuli elferi. smit rozenbergi iwyebs
istoriuli problemiT: seqsualuri literaturis uprecendento afeTqebiT
adreul me-19 saukuneSi. higienuri literature, romelic axalgazrda kacebs
afrTxilebda masturbaciis da orgazmis yoveldRiur saSiSroebebze.
smit rozenbergi eyrdnoba rogorc duglasis, aseve terneris naSromebs da
gvafrTxilebs, rom amgvari literatura ar unda iqnes ganxiluli reduqciulad,
rogorc namdvili seqsualuri praqtikis an qceviTi problemebis asaxva. aramed
diskusia gagebul unda iqnes rogorc SedarebiTi avtonomiuri kulturuli
formebi, romlebic warmoadgenen Rirebulebebisa da socialuri sakiTxebis
simbolur reformulacias. rogorc ki fsiqologiisa da higienis sakiTxebi
gverdze gadaideba, aSkara xdeba, rom es naxevrad isteriuli diskusiebi
warmoadgenda gabatonebuli kulturuli sistemebisadmi arsebuli muqaris
saSiSroebis regulirebis mcdelobas.
mamakacis orgazmi ganixileboda rogorc binZuri, arakontrolirebadi Seteva
Camoyalibebuli urTierTobebis winaaRmdeg, rasac SeiZleba miveyvaneT avadmyofobebamde da sikvdilamde. isini vinc "arakontrolirebad" masturbaciasa da
"mgznebare" seqsualur urTierTobas misdevnden, maT miewerebodaT antistruqturuli adgili maskulinursa da feminurs Soris. aseTi damokidebuleba
mogvagonebs Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi, mamakaci homoseqsualebisTvis
miweril stereotipebs.
smit rozenbergis mixedviT, moxda is rom kulturuli da ara racionaluri
logikiT, mamakacis fizikuri organizmi warmoadgenda adreuli me -19 saukunis
amerikis socialuri organizmis simbolos. safrTxe rom Selaxuliyo ierarqia,
wesrigi da am sazogadoebis balansi izrdeboda mas Semdeg, rac daiwyo
tradiciulidan komerciul da demokratiul sazogadoebaze gadasvlis procesi
es procesi, Tavis mxriv emuqreboda janmrTelobisa da maskulinobis
gabatonebul cnebebs.
am simboluri perspeqtividan gamomdinare, kacebis seqsualuri cxovrebis
represirebas hqonda kulturuli datvirTva, imdenad ramdenadac bazris axal
samyaroSi, Segirdebis sistema, romelic awesrigebda da ritualizriebul
xasiaTs aZlevda axalgazrdebis ufrosebis samyaroSi gadasvlas, gaqra.
Tu kacis orgazmi WuWyis matarebelia, maSin ra iyo gankurnebis meTodi?
imdenad ramdenadac jadosnuri Zalebis moxmoba ufro da ufro rTuli xdeboda
saero kulturaSi, qalis saxem puritanul literaturaSi SeiZina erTdroulad
macduri roskipis da wminda danonas Tvisebebi. simboluri ekvivalenti wminda da
TviTSemzRudveli kacisa iyo frigiduli qali, romelic ojaxuri kerisa da
saxlis erTguli iyo.

68

21

marqsizmi da kultura
marqsizmis orTodoqsulma versia xeli Seuwyo kulturisadmi avtonomiuri
midgomis Camoyalibebas. me-20 saukunis manZilze, Teoriis farglebSi gaCenilma
Sida revizionistulma midgoma Seecada marqsizmi am meqanisturi elementisgan
gaeTavisuflebina.
kulturul Teorias rac Seexeba, aq gramSi gvevlineba mniSvnelovan
revizionistad, romelmac burJuaziuli kultura moiazra rogorc socializmis
zrdis damoukidebeli barieri da, aqedan gamomdinare, axali klasis kulturis
ganviTareba daisaxa rogorc upirvelesi da yvelaze mniSvnelovani revoluciuri
mizani. Tanamedrove marqsistulma midgomebma kulturis mimarT gramSis Teoriis

klasifikaciebs, aramed sakralursa da Cveulebrivs Soris axdenen gamijvnas.

aseTi tipis dapirispirebebs emociuri da moraluri xasiaTi aqvs. kognituri,
emociuri da moraluri dayofebi SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc organizebuli
socialuri Temebis safuZveli, romelTa wevrebsac erTmaneTTan akavSirebT
mWidro solidarobis gancda.
durkhemiseuli midgoma xazs usvams imas, rom mediaciis rols simbolur
dayofebsa da socialur solidarobebs Soris asrulebs rituali. ritualebi
aris intensiurad emociuri urTierTobebi, romlebic sakralur simboloebze
orientirdebian. isini SeiZleba warmoiSvan rogorc simboluri muqaris mimarT
reagireba an kidev socialuri solidarobis Sesustebis Sedegi sazogadoebebsa
Tu jgufebSi.
mari duglasis meTodologia semiotikasa da funqcionalizms efuZneba,
Tumca mis naSromSi simboluri dabinZurebis Zalis Sesaxeb romelic STaagonebs
moralur, fsiqologiur da egzistenciur SiSs aSkaraa struqturalizmisa da
funqcionalizmis elementebi. duglasi Tvlis, rom sakraluri da profanuli
wamoadgenen simboluri klasifikaciis ara mxolod Sida kulturul wyaroebs,
aramed Zlieri moraluri da emociuri CarTulobisa da socialuri kontrolis
safuZvelsac warmoadgenen. rodesac saubaria dabinZurebaze, Cven ar
vgulisxmobT higienur an materialur pirobebs. aramed dabinZurebulad iTvleba
is, rac ar modis mmarTvel simbolur klasifikaciebTan SesabamisobaSi. siwminde
ki sapirispirod aris is, rac Seexeba mocemulobis gamaZlierebel elementebs,
xolo, is rac dabinZurebulia uwesrigobis wyaroa, anu uadgiloa.
uwesrigoba ara qaoturobas gulisxmobs, aramed safrTxes. dabinZurebuli
nivTebi asocirdeba Sav ZalebTan, profanulTan. dabinZureba aris iaraRi
imisTvis, rom moaxdino dominanturi simboluri wesrigis gaZliereba. SeferxebisTvis adanaSauleb gareSe pirs, es aqti asaxavs imas, rom axali elementebi
qmnian gaugebrobas, gaugebroba ki eWvs badebs gamefebul klasifikaciebTan
mimarTebaSi. duglass martivi sazogadoebebidan moyavs magaliTi da aCvenebs,
rom lideri, romelic Zalauflebas laxavs da legitimuri simboluri qcevis
kodebze ieriSi miaqvs, ganixileba rogorc arakontrolirebadi Zalebisa da
sulebis matarebeli, dabinZurebuli. dabinZureba SeiZleba gawmendil iqnes
Sesabamisi ritualebiT, romelic SiZleba moicavdes aRiarebas, msxverplSewirvas
an kidev kompleqsur kvlav legitimurad gaxdomis ceremoniebs.
antistruqturalur fazaSi monawileebi ganixilebian rogorc sakuTari
Tavis aseve sxvebis mier rogorc gaurkveveli, bundovani atributebis mqone.
isini reagireben ufro struqturirebuli socialuri cxovrebis status niSnebze, xolo antistruqturul periodebSi moTamaSeebi ayalibeben erTmaneTTan
mWidrod dakavSirebul TanasworuflebianTa sazogadoebebs. imdenad ramdenadac isini iZulebulebi arian uaryon TavianTi Zveli klasifikatoruli sistemebi, isini ganixilebian rogorc neofitebi, romlebic SeiZleba daeqvemdebaron axal masocializirebel procesebs. Sedegad monawileebi am ritualebSi
iReben axal status poziciebs da isini amiT arsobrivad icvlebian.
terners naTesaobis fenomenis ganxilvis dros, am argumentis naTelsayofad
moaqvs zambiis mefis ndembus taxtze asvlasTan dakavSirebuli Zveli rituali.
sanam is taxtze ava, mefem unda gairos arastruqturizebuli periodi, romlis
drosac mas da mis cols ubralo xalxi ayenebs fizikur da sityvier
Seuracxyofas. am iZulebiTi identifikaciis saSualebiT mdabio xalxTan,
miiCneva rom adamiani romelic daikavebs maRal Tanamdebobas naklebad
isargeblebs borotad Tavisi ZalauflebiT.
magram terners, iseve rogorc duglass, sjera, rom am perspeqtivis gavlena
cdeba ritualis Teoriis farglebs. iseve rogorc religia iqceva rTuli da
stratificirebuli sazogadoebis mxolod erT segmentad, aseve antistruqturalizmi xdeba institucionalizebuli iseTive gziT, romelic sustTa
Zalauflebis ganxorcielebis saSualebas iZleva rutinuli gziT.
antistruqturalizmi aseve vlindeba saero warmodgenebSi usaxlkaro ucnobis misteriuli Zalebis Sesaxeb, romelic popularuli kulturis sxvadasxva
JanrebSi gvevlineba, vesternebis gmirebis msgavsad, mas aqvs ufleba Semoitanos
morali, wesrigi da gaaerTianos macxovreblebi im sazogadoebaSi, romelic

subpolitika arsebobs formaluri demokratiuli sivrcis gareT an qveS.

specialuri interesebis dakmayofileba ZiriTadad masmediisa da mosamarTleebis mier xdeba, rac iwvevs politikuri debatebis mimarT fragmentul
midgomas. es aseve saxelmwifos ekonomikuri daRmavlobis gamoxatulebaa, razec
mianiSnebs ara mxolod socialuri uzrunvelyofis nakleboba, aramed isic rom
mTavrobebi finansurad ver axerxeben sazogadoebis farTo maStabian monitorings. ufro zogadad, aRniSnuli viTareba miuTiTebs imaze, rom moxda gadasvla
masobrivi politikuri partiebidan konkretuli problematikis garCevaze.
globalizaciis procesebi riskis Temis analizTan mWidro kavSirSia. gidensi
globalizacias gansazRvravs rogorc msoflio socialuri urTierTobebis
gaintensiurebas, rac Soreul geografiul wertilebs akavSirebs erTmaneTTan
ise rom lokalur movlenebs xSirad mravali aTasi kilometris daSorebiT
momxdari ganapirobebs. rac niSnavs, rom globalizacias dialeqtikuri saxe aqvs :
erT adgilas momxdarma movlenebma SeiZleba gamoiwvion gansxvavebuli an
sapirispiro xdomilebebi meore adgilas. am fenomens gidensi lokalur/globalur kavSirs uwodebs.
gidensisTvis globalizaciis procesi dakavSirebulia TviTidentobis transformaciasTan, rac warmoadgens refleqsuri modernizaciis gafarToebas "me"-s
mimarTulebiT. adamianuri gamocdileba igive refleqsuri modernizaciis
process eqvemdebareba, rasac eqvemdebarebian Tanamedrove institutebi. Tumca
eqspertuli codnis praqtikaSi gamoyenebiT individebis cxovrebebi icvleba,
seqsualobis, janmrTelobisa da sulierebis, a.S. sferoebSi. magaliTad,
fsiqoTerapia im dislokaciebsa da gaurkvevlobebs gamoxatavs, romlebic moicaven refleqsuri modernizaciis subieqtur gamocdilebas. TerapiasTan dakavSirebuli ideebis gamoyeneba seqsualobaSi, seqsualuri urTierTobebis gamijvna
ganayofierebisgan gavlenas axdenen intimurobis mniSvnelobis sxvanairad
moazrebaze. refleqsuri modernizaciis mTavari gamovlinebas am etapze
warmoadgens intimuri urTierTobis damyarebisken swrafva, rac ufro did
prioritets aniWebs emociur da seqsualur dakmayofilebas, vidre xangrZlivobas.
qalebi gansakuTrebiT gaZlierdnen. xelmisawvdomi informaciis raodenoba
da mravalferovneba gvibiZgebs imisken, rom Cveni cxovrebebi miRebuli
informaciis WrilSi ganvixiloT. eqspertuli codna ar efuZneba raime
tradicias da ar arsebobs realuri rekomendacia imisa, Tu rogori arCevani unda
gavakeToT an kidev rogori Sefaseba SeiZleba mivceT eqspertTa mosazrebas.
Sedegad momavlis Riaoba dgas rogorc SesaZleblobebis, aseve safrTxis winaSec.

20

69

generaciuli politika
gidensisTvis da bekisTvis normatiuli proeqts, romelic refleqsuri
modernizaciis Teoriidan gamomdinareobs aqvs mZafri moTxovnilebis forma.
posttradiciul sazogadoebaSi iSleba yvela erT dros myari parametri,
romelic arsebobda sazogadoebasa da bunebas Soris urTierTobaSi, ojaxis
struqturaSi, rwmenasa da klasobriv cnobierebaSi. am process Tan sdevs
individualizacia, romelic riskis kulturaSi TiTqmis aucileblobis saxe aqvs.
arc erTi CvenTagani individualizaciis procesisgan dazRveuli ar aris;
individualizacia inkluziis garkveul formadac SeiZleba iqnes ganxiluli.
Tanamedrove sazogadoeba, arsebuli definiciebis safuZvelze energiuli
sazogadoebaa, sadac individebi da jgufebi met-naklebad iZulebulebi arian,
rom Zlieri pozicia daikavon sakuTari cxovrebis xarisxis mimarT. imdenad
ramdenadac cxovrebis xarisxs SeiZleba globaluri safrTxe daemuqros, TviTon
am poziciac globaluri xasiaTi eZleva. aucileblobidan gamomdinare Cven
gaviareT privatulobis etapi da rTulia Tavi avaciloT aqtiur politikur
CarTulobas.
sainteresoa,
ra
warmoadgens
am
aucileblobis
wyaros.
orive
TeoretikosisTvis, es aucilebloba ganpirobebulia faseulobebis globaluri
gaerTianebiT, rac TavisTavad gamowveulia SiSisa da safrTxis globaluri

xasiaTiT.
faseulobebis Tanxvedras empiriuli xasiaTi aqvs. is emyareba SiSs; amitom
negatiuria. magram gidensisa da bekisTvis, SiSis saerToobas sawinaaRmdego
Sedegic aqvs saerTo imedi da saerTo leqsika. bekisTvis am leqsikas ZiriTadad
ekologiuri xasiaTi aqvs, Tumca SeiZleba gadaizardos socialuri uzrunvelyofisa da janmrTelobis sferoebSi. gidensisTvis, gaziarebuli leqsika
sicocxlis sakralur faseulobas exeba, adamianis uflebebs, cocxali arsebebis
gadarCenasa da momavlisTvis zrunvas.
gidenss da beks ar sWirdebaT, zemoT aRniSnuli, universaluri faseulobebis
gamogoneba an Tavs moxveva, ramdenadac isini realurad arseboben da ara
TeoriaSi. riskis kulturis pirobebSi, romelmac gamoiwvia arastabiluroba da
SiSi, Cven iZulebulebi gavxdiT movaxdinoT politikis gadasinjva. gidensis
mixedviT, politikis gadafasebas mivyavarT generaciul politikamde.
gidensi socializms miiCnevs aramdgradad, radganac is efuZneba
sazogadoebis kibernetikul models. sazogadoebis es modeli gulisxmobs, rom
sazogadoebis marTva da kontroli SesaZlebelia maRali inteleqtis mier (anu
saxelmwifos mier). aseTi midgoma Zvel samyaros axasiaTebs, dRes ki Tanamedrove
dasavlur sazogadoebas funqcionirebisTvis sWirdeba adgilobrivi da ara
centraluri informaciis wyaroebi.
gidensi politikis gadasinjvisTvis Semdeg gzebs (mesame gza) gamoyofs:
- politikuri Zalis decentralizacia;
- individebisa da adgilobrivi sazogadoebrivi gaerTianebebis avtonomia im
mizniT, rom moxdes arsebuli informaciuli nakadis mimarTva moqmedi
subieqtidan
mmarTveli
struqturebisken,
refleqsuri
monitoringis
saSualebiT;
- aqtiuri ndobis damkvidreba politikuri sazogadoebis farglebSi ("aqtiurSi" igulisxmeba mudmivad warmoebadi, monitorings daqvemdebarebuli da
SeTanxmebuli).
kiTxva ismis, Tu ratom uwodebs gidensi zemoTxsenebul rekomendaciebs
mesame gzas, memarcxeneobisa da memarjveneobis miRma?
generaciuli politikis idea asaxavs bazarsa da saxelmwifos Soris arsebuli
klasikuri dixotomiisgan Tavis aridebis mcdelobas. amitom individebisa da
jgufebis SesaZleblobas Seqmnan da awarmoon TavianTi Tavi politikur sazogadoebebad gadamwyveti roli eniWeba. generaciuli politika uzrunvelyofs
materialur pirobebs da organizaciul struqturebs im socialur-politikuri
gadawyvetilebebisaTvis, romlebsac iReben individebi da jgufebi farTo
socialuri wesrigis farglebSi. (gidensi)
racios cneba mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli gidensis refleqsurobis
cnebasTan, aqedan gamomdinare ki, generaciuli politikis formasTan, ris
advokatirebac igi eweva. gidensisTvis racio meToduri eWvis ganxorcielebis
saSualeba xdeba. Cveni xanis mTavar princips unda warmoadgendes meToduri eWvi,
romelic saTaves dekartes filosofiaSi iRebs. gidensi da beki Tvlian, rom
universalizmi da ara pluralizmi warmoadgens momavlisken svlis erTaderT
gzas, radganac SiSebisa da sadardebeli problematikis Tanxvedras mivyevarT
faseulobebis Tanxvedramde.
Tanamedrove procesebis gasagebad beki, iseve rogorc baumani Tvlis, rom
saWiroa axali sociologiuri cnebebis danergva, romlebic ufro adekvaturi
iqneba axal samyaroze saubrisas. Tumca es arc ise martivi saqmea.
magaliTad, beki wers, rom tradiciis cnebis magivrad unda dainergos
detradicionalizaciisa da posttradiciis cnebebi. modernizaciis magivrad is
mimarTavs refleqsuri modernizaciis cnebas, romelsac beki, agreTve uwodebs
ganmanaTleblobis ganmanaTleblobas. xolo, industriuli sazogadoebis
cnebas industriuli Sedegebis sazogadoebiT anacvlebs. baumanisgan gansxvavebiT, beki postTanamedrove sazogadoebas warmogvidgens rogorc Tanamedrove
sazogadoebis sapirispiros da ara rogorc Tanamedrove sazogadoebisgan
Tvisebrivad gansxvavebuls.

70

piti aTvlis wertilad iRebs Tanamedrove dasavluri sazogadoebebis

politikuri da ekonomikuri struqturebis Sesaxeb sazogadod gavrcelebul
veberianul xedvas. misi azriT, am struqturebis gasagebad Cven unda ganvixiloT
tradiciul qristianoba. Tumca piti ufro Sors midis da aviTarebs
kaTolicizmis xsnis eTikas ufro Rrmad, vidre adreuli veberi. is saubrobs
sxnis mistikur modelze, romelsac SeuZlia efeqturi metafizikuri funqciis
Sesruleba Tanamedrove msoflioSi. piti religur simbolur sistemas ufro
formalurad ganixilavs, vidre veberi, rac mas saSualebas aZlevs sistema
moazrebul iqnes rogorc Tavisi Sinagani SezRudvebis mqone struqtura.
puritanebisgan
gansxvavebiT,
romlebic
cdilobdnen
gamxdariyvnen
abstraqtuli da momTxovni RvTaebrivi nebis racionaluri instrumentebi,
kaTolicizmma ganapiroba, is rom frangebi miiltvodnen Serwymodnen sakralurs,
rac vlindeboda ara mxolod eklesiis saxiT, aramed aseve bunebiTa da naciiT.
aq sasurveli xdeba ara asketuri, aramed esTeturi gamocdileba.
"keTilSobili" saqcielis CadeniT individebi cdiloben madlis mopovebas, rac
gamoixateboda imiT, rom isini irCevdnen ara tradiciul mZime da gamrje Sromas,
aramed spontanur da elegantur qcevas. es ki Tavis mxriv, asaxavda struqturebisa da principebis safuZvelSi mdebare ierarqiul mowesrigebulobas.
tradiciulad unarianoba, kompetenturoba asocirdeboda frangul aristokratiasTan, romlebic axdendnen TavianTi keTilSobilebis demontracias
siyvarulSi, omSi, CacmulobaSi, saxlis mowyobaSi, saubarSi, yvelaze ufro metad
ki gemovnebaSi. es aristokratuli Rirebulebebi ar Seesabameboda industriuli
kapitalizmis ZiriTad aspeqtebs da rogorc piti aRniSnavs aferxebda biznesis
gafarToebas, imdenad, romdanadac sagnebis moxmarebas eniWeboda ufro didi
upiratesoba, vidre maT warmoebas. keTilSobilebis kultura gvTavazobda
burJuaziuli qcevis models, ramac franguli kapitalizmi ufro ierarqiul,
politikurad orientirebuli mimarTulebiT waiyvana.
semiotika Tavs aridebs Rirebulebis Teoriis socialurze dayvanas,
simboluri sistemebis Sinagani elementebis formalizebis saSualebiT. Tumca
Sinagani elementebis am formalizebiT, is emuqreba kulturis rogorc
socialuri nimuSebisgan dacarielebas. funqcionalizmis mixedviT ki socialuri
nimuSebi warmoadgens swored im elementebs, rac kulturas xdis aseT
mniSvnelovan sferod instituciuri sferoebTan mimarTebaSi.
veberianuli analizi ufro semiotikuria, vidre dramaturgiuli an
funqcionaluri im niSniT, rom is aRiarebs simboluri sistemebis Sinagan logikas
da amave dros ufro istoriuli da socialuri xasiaTi aqvs kulturasTan
mimarTebaSi. Tu veberianuli kvlevebi exeba religiis Sinagan struqturebsa da
procesebs, xsnis Sesaxeb ganazrebebs, is ukavSirebs sxnis sxvadasxva
formulirebebs
konkretul
politikur,
ekonomikur
da
normatiul
ganviTarebebs. am gziT, veberianuli Teoria kulturis avtonomias aRiarebs da
gaurbis formalizms.
durkhemi
durkhemianistuli midgomebSic kulturis mimarT religias ZiriTadi adgili
eniWeba. religiaze fokusi SesaZleblobas iZleva xazi gavusvaT simboluri
sistemebis kompleqsurobasa da avtonomias. funqcionaluri da veberianuli
Teoriebisagan gansxvavebiT, durkhemiseuli midgoma ar aris mxolod dainteresebuli kulturuli procesebis istoriuli gagebiT an kidev SedarebiTi
midgomebiT maT socialuri da eTikuri kodebis mimarT. Seswavlis sagani xdeba
mniSvneladi sistemis struqtura da procesi, romlebic ganixileba rogorc
universaluri, miuxedavad maTi istoriuli droisa Tu adgilisa. am kuTxiT
durkhemiseuli midgoma ufro hgavs semiotikursa da struqturalisturs.
rogorc semiotika, durkhemiseuli Teoria kulturul sistemebs ganixilavs
rogorc organizebuls simbolur antinomiebad. is am formalizms scildeba
ramdenime mniSvnelovan aspeqtSi: upirveles yovlisa, durkhemiseuli midgoma
miuTiTebs, rom es antiTezisebi warmoadgenen ara mxolod kognitur an logikur
19

gamocdilebas xdis gasagebs. geerci Tvlis, rom moTamaSeebi da movlena qmnian am

struqturas, da ara struqtura qmnis movlenas.
funqcionalizmi, semiotika da dramaturgia ar warmoadgenen erTmaneTis
mowinaaRmdege versiebs kulturis avtonomiis Sesaxeb. es zogadi orientaciebi
Camoyalibda zemoT ganxiluli arqetipuli perspeqtivebis safuZvelze. ufro
metic, am konteqstSi es orientaciebi gamokveTen kulturis avtonomiis garSemo
arsebul sxvadasxva midgomas da xazs usvamen Rirebulebebs, formalur simbolur urTierTobebsa, da Sesabamisad esTetikur, SemoqmedebiT damokidebulebas. Tanamedrove kulturuli analizi veberianul, durkhemiseul da
marqsistul formebSi ganxvavdeba klasikuri orTodoqsuli persepqtivebisgan
imdenad, ramdenadac isini aseve moeqcnen postklasikuri kulturuli aqcentis
gavlenis qveS, romlebic Cven zemoT ganvixileT.
veberianizmi
veberis wvlili kulturisa da sazogadoebis gagebaSi tradiciulad
moiazreba rogorc misi protestantuli eTikis diskusia. kiTxva isaa, ramdenad
SeiZleba veberis argumentis gaziareba imis Sesaxeb, rom kalvinizmi da
puritanizmi Tanamedrove kapitalizmis ganviTarebis aucilebel wanamZRvars
warmoadgendnen. Tumca Tanamedrove kulturulogiuri azris gavleniT, veberis
wvlili sxvanairad moiazra, da mas ufro zogadi xasiaTi mieca.
insitucionalurad
modelirebuli
Rirebulebebisa
da
formaluri
simboluri urTierTobebis sawinaaRmdegod, veberianelebi axlac moiazreben
kulturas, rogorc Sinaganad generirebad simbolur sistemas, romelic
aucilebel metafizikur saWiroebebze reagirebs. religiuri ideebi, xsnis
Teologiuri koncefciebi da sxvadasxva gzebi, romlebic ganisazRvreba
asketuri da mistikuri doqtrinebiT rCeba veberianuli kulturuli Teoriis
yvelaze damaxasiaTebel niSnebad. Tumca, Tanamedrove naSromebSi, am ideebis
mniSvneloba da gavlena ganixileba rogorc ufro meti vidre TviTdisciplinisa
da racionaluri kontrolis sakiTxebi.
xsnis sakiTxebi gaigeba ufro zogadi cnebebidan gamomdinare rogoric aris
aqtivizmi, cnobiereba, Temi da individuacia. aseve maTi gavlena socialur
institutebze farTod aris gagebuli, da ar Semoifargleba ekonomikuri
aqtivobiT, an politikuri kontrolis sakiTxebiT, demokratiiT, statusobrivi
da Sida jgufuri urTierTobebiT.
rodesac maikl valceri cdilobs axsnas, Tu rogor Seuwyo xeli kalvinizmma
gamrje da momavalze orientirebuli muSaxelis Camoyalibebas, is am gardamqmnel
Zalas miakuTvnebs ara ekonomikur aqtivobas, aramed politikas. valceris
mixedviT, puritanizmma Seqmna kritikurli aqtivizmi, rac safuZvlad udevs
moqalaqeobis Tanamedrove gagebas. premodernistuli evropis socialuri
amboxebebis periodSi, kalvini moiazrebda adamianebs, rogorc radikalurad
gaucxoebulebs an rogorc rCeulebs, romlebsac unda SeesrulebinaT RmerTis
instrumentebis roli sazogodoebis radikalurad gardaqmna rom momxdariyo.
socialuri gardaqmnis transcedenturi moTxovnis rwmenam aRniSna ideologiis
dasawyisi Tanamedrove gagebiT. am transcedenturi CarCos farglebSi, RmerTi da
ara kacobrioba warmoadgens miwieri qcevis saboloo sanqcias. RvTaebrivi neba
moqmedebs cnobierebis saSualebiT da ara miwieri simdidris an Zalauflebis
ganawilebis gziT. is SeiZleba gamJRavndes adamianTa nebismier jgufSi,
ajanyebulebSic ki.
ingliseli puritanebisTvis, valceris mixedviT, "ofisi" gardaiqmna ekonomikuri da politikuri xelmZRvanelobis dagmobisTvis gamiznul saero
forumad. mmarTveli klasis piradi interesi miiCneoda rogorc codviT aRsavse
da garyvnili. puritanebi amoZravebdaT axali ufro abstraqtuli da kritikuli
disciplina; isini gaxdnen revolucionerebi, romlebsac SeeZloT masiuri
socialuri gardaqmnis moxdena. swored ase Caeyara safuZveli revoluciis Tanamedrove siyvaruls, rac efuZneboda subieqtur interpretaciasa da mniSvnelobis farTo gagebas da ara obieqturi aucileblobis mimarT meqanistur pasuxs.
18

dro, sivrce da arqiteqtura

edvard soia gvTavazobs "geografiuli da sivrcobrivi" warmosaxvis
ganviTarebas Teoriul naSromebSi. misi azriT, akademikosebi Tanamedrove xanaSi
dros da istorias ufro aniWebdnen privilegirebul pozicias, vidre sivrcesa da
geografias. Tanamedroveoba ganixileboda rogorc tradiciebis damangreveli an
Semcvleli sxva faseulobebiT maSin, rodesac soias mixedviT, Tanamedroveoba
unda ganixilebodes rogorc droiTi da sivrculi urTierTobebis kompleqsuri
reorganizacia. magaliTad, Tanamedroveobis damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebaa cvlilebebis sinqronuli xasiaTi globalur doneze, gansakuTrebiT ki teqnologiur
da ekonomikur sferoebSi.
postmodernistuli socialuri transformaciebi moicaven sivrculi
wesrigis gansxvavebul moazrebas: siswrafe da xelmisawvdomoba distanciis
problemas aqrobs da Sesabamisad xdeba samyaros dapataraveba, rac, Tavis mxriv,
iwvevs periferiebsa da centrebs Soris mkacri SezRudvebis aRmarTvas.
fukos mixedviT, sivrces sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis nebismieri formisTvis,
iseve rogorc Zalauflebis ganxorcielebisTvis centraluri mniSvneloba aqvs.
fukom Seqmna "heterotopiis" cneba im sivrceebis aRsaniSnavad, romlebic
moiazreba garkveuli socialuri sivrceebis nawilad da romelTa funqcia
gansxvavdeba an kidev upirispirdeba sxvebisas.
fuko Tvlis, rom arqiteqtura garda misi zedapiruli gansazRvrebisa, axdens
adamianebis gadanawilebas sivrceSi, maTi cirkulaciis garkveul arxebSi
moTavsebas, iseve rogorc urTierTobebis kodirebas. amitom arqtiteqtura ara
mxolod sivrcis elementia, aramed gavlenas axdens socialuri urTierTobebis
sferoze, rasac konkretuli Sedegebi moaqvs sociumisTvis.
xelovneba da urbanuli sivrceebi - dena l. hovsi
ra urTierTmimarTeba arsebobs xelovnebasa da urbanul sivrceebs Soris.
sainteresoa gavixiloT is sakiTxebi, romlebic ukavSirdeba xelovnebas. Tu
rogor SeiZleba sazogadoebriv sivrceSi moTavsebuli xelovnebis nimuSi
sazogadoebisTvis sasargeblos momtani iyos, xazi gausvas mniSvnelovani
sakiTxebis irgvliv socialuri TviTSegnebis amaRlebas. sazogadoebriv xelovnebas aseve SeuZlia sazogadoebisTvis zianis motana, mag., rodesac xlovnebiT
gadacemuli mesiJi miuRebelia sazogadoebis mniSvnelovani nawilisTvis, aman
SeiZleba gamoiwvios sazogadoebis gaTiSva. sazogadoebrivma xelovnebam aseve
SeiZleba Seqmnas socialuri konfliqti garkveuli politikuri da socialuri
Rirebulebebis waxalisebiT, romlebic ewinaaRmdegebian momxdar socialur
cvlilebebs.
jansaR urbanul sdazogadoebaSi kulturuli identobebi iqmneba rogorc
Zalis, uflebebis mopovebis sawyisi, qalaqis mcxovreblebs SeuZliaT
monawileoba miiRon da kvali daamCnion qalaqis formasa da qalaqis sivrcis
gamoyenebas. amave dros, is artistebi romlebic muSaoben sazogadoebrivi
xelovnebis sferoSi, kiTxvis niSnis qveS ayeneben qalaqis ideis gamefebul
koncefciebs da rTaven xalxs adgilobriv politikaSi rom amiT safuZveli
Caeyaros socialur kritikas. urbanuli sivrcis dagegmarebaSi CarTulma
adamianebma da xelovanebma unda Seqmnan iseTi urbanuli dinamika, romelic
asaxavs am sivrceSi macxovrebeli xalxis Rirebulebebs, miswrafebebs.
konfliqtebis gadaWris sakiTxze msjeloba urbanuli sirvrcidan
gamomdinare, imdenad aris aqtualuri ramdenadac 2005 wels msoflio
mosaxleobis naxevarze meti cxovrobs qalaqebSi. sacxovrebeli adgilebi mravalnairia dawyebuli SeZlebuli xalxisTvis gankuTvnili vilebiT, damTavrebuli
barakebiT da kardonis yuTebiT. am mega qalaqebs xSirad ar aqvT centri an
principi, ris garSemoc isini arian organizebulni; isini xSirad dayofilebi
arian simdidrisa da siRaribis zonebad, usafrTxoebisa da Zaladobis es Zalis
dinamika yovelTvis ar aris TvalsaCino da aSkara saSualo moqalaqisTvis. Cndeba
kiTxva, Tu ra warmoadgens qalaqs da visi keTildReobisTvis iqmneba qalaqi
71

am kiTxvidan gamomdinareobs urbanuli sivrcis sakiTxebi, urbanuli dizainisa da

sazogadoebrivi xelovnebis perspeqtividan sazogadoebrivi sivrcis konstruqcia.
sazogadoebrivi xelovneba SeiZleba iyos socialurad sasargeblo da
Seasrulos konfliqtis gamaneitraleblis roli, Tuki is exmaureba qalaqis
macxovreblebis moTxovnebs aTavisuflebs maT warmosaxvas, wvlili Seaqvs
qalaqis dizainSi da iwvevs socialur kritikas, romelic xels uwyobs
sazogadoebrivi sivrcis Camoyalibebas. amgvarad: xelovnebis roli urbanuli
sivrcis simyarisTvis ormagia: gamoyenebiTi xelovneba rogorc urbanuli
dizainis ganuyofeli aspeqti, romelsac SeiZleba hqondes rogorc saxaliso,
aseve funqcionaluri aspeqti; da xelovneba rogorc socialuri procesi,
Cagvris
sawinaaRmdego,
sazogadoebrivi
interesebis
gamtarebeli,
sazogadoebrivi da saSinao sivrceebis sazRvrebis transcedenturi.

semiologiis miRma arsebul urTierTobebs da wers, rom amerikelebisTvis

adamianis sicocxles sakraluri Rirebuleba aqvs da aseve amerikuli
sazogadoebis ekonomikur da rasobriv ierarqiebsac mimoixilavs.
dramaturgiuli midgoma

monumentebi iqmneba damkvidrebuli faseulobebis CarCoebis farglebSi da

erovnuli kulturuli identobis SeqmnaSi Seaqvs wvlili. monumentebi da
sazogadoebrivi xelovnebis nimuSebi skulpturebi nawilobriv arian faseulobebis konsensusis matareblebi. isini kulturuli obieqtebis kategorias
miekuTvnebian, ganasaxiereben stabilurobas, romelic sazogadoebis Sinagani
winaaRmdegobis dafarvas axdens. sazogadoebrivi xelovneba xandaxan ver uZlebs
istoriul cvililebebs (mag., postsabWoTa qveynebSi bevri komunisturi lideris
qandakeba Camoxsnes)
amis yvelaze naTeli magaliTia Tavisuflebis qandakeba (1886), amerikis
SeerTebuli Statebis, Tavisuflebisa da demokratiis simbolo. qandakeba Cans
elisis kunZulidan, sadac milionobiT emigranti eloda amerikaSi Sesvlas
romelic Tavisuflebis miwad iyo aRiarebuli.
monumentebi da skulpturebis ageba xSirad xdeba garkveuli jgufis mier
Zalauflebis demonstraciis mizniT. Zaladoba xSirad monumentis Ziridadi
koncefciaa, ramdenadac bevri memoriali, triumfaluri TaRi, qandakebebi,
warsuli dapyrobebis amRvniSvnel simboloebs warmoadgenen.
monumentis Zalas xSirad iseTi wona aqvs, rom mosaxleobis da samoqalaqo
institutebis umravlesoba iRebs im winaaRmdegobebs, romlebsac monumentebi
warmoaCenen maT sazogadoebaSi da am gziT monumenti xdeba socialuri
kontrolis meqanizmi, rasac ufro faruli xasiaTi aqvs, vidre Zalis aSkara
demonstrirebas.
kulturis gamoyeneba socialuri wesrigis SenarCunebisTvis, burJuaziuli
sazogadoebis zogadi maxasiaTebels warmoadgens, im kuTxiT rom faseulobis
gadatana xdeba esTetikur sivrceSi, xelovnebisa da cxovrebis dualobas xazi
esmeba da Zalauflebisa da fuli ZalaSi eWvis Setana aRar xdeba, an kidev maT
mimarT damokidebuleba naklebad kritikulia. me-19 saukunis monumentebi
imperiisa da patriarqatis mesijs atareben, aseTi tipis mesiJi Tanamedrove
sazogadoebriv xelovnebaSic xSirad Cans. magram aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac
monumentTan dakavSirebuli normebi irRveva da monumenti "ubralo xalxs"
eZRvneba, an kidev "antimonumentis" kategorias miekuTvneba. magaliTad,
vaSingtonSi agebuli vietnamis omis veteranTa memoriali eZRvneba omis
istorias. gaprialebul, Savi qvis zedapirze wawerilia 58.000 mkvdari an
brZolaSi dakarguli (1959-1975) amerikelis saxeli. xelovanma maia linma
memorials "miwis Wriloba" uwoda, misi azriT momeriali cdilobs im Wrilobis
Sexorcebas, romelic omis winaaRmdeg protestma gamoiwvia. memoriali kiTxvis
niSnis qveS ayenebs Zalauflebis struqturebs sazogadoebaSi, struqturebs
romlebmac gamoiwvies omi, miuxedavad imisa es winaaRmdegobebi gadaWrialia Tu
ara an miviwyebuli. sakamaTo sakiTxia, vietnamis veteranTa memoriali anti
monumentis xasiaTs atarebs Tu ara, ramdenadac aRmarTuli qvis Semyure xalxi
acnobierebs, Tu ramdeni adamiani daiRupa vietnamis omSi, rodesac sakuTar
anareklTan erTad xedavs memorialur dafaze aTasobiT amerikeli moqalaqis

Tu funqcionalizmi ganixilavs kulturis avtonomias, romelic privilegias

aniWebs socialur sistemas (Tumca ar dayavs kultura socialur sistemaze), da
Tu semiotika kulturul doneze axdens amis moazrebas, maSin dramaturgiuli
midgoma kulturul avtonomiaze saubrisas gansakuTrebul adgils individs
aniWebs. Tanamedrove sociologiaSi irving gofmani aRiarebulia wamyvan
Teoretikosad individTa Soris urTierTobebis mikro samyaros sferoSi.
dramaturgiuli Teoriis adreul versiebSi, gofmani normebs ganixilavda
rogorc strategiuli moTamaSeebis proeqcias. Tumca, ufro gviandel naSromebSi man aRiara kulturis damoukidebeli statusi. igi aRniSnavs, rom
socialuri interaqciis namdvil samyaroSi individebi gamudmebiT arian
datvirTulebi stimuliT, garda imisa rac aris mocemuli gansazRvrul kulturul CarCoebSi. calkeul moTamaSeebs kargad aqvT ganviTarebuli unari
ganaxorcielon uyuradReboba, da, amave dros, daafiqsiron, magram ignorireba
gauwion an kidev dablokon is stimuli, romelic maT mocemuli moqmedebis
CarCoebidan amogdebiT emuqreba.
rodesac, magaliTad, mayureblebi raime sanaxaobas uyureben, maTi
yuradrebis areSi eqceva aseve Teatraluri fenomenis miRma arsebuli
momentebic, rogoric aris mag., Teatris personalis arseboba da msaxiobebis
garkveuli Tvisebebi, romlebic maT rolSi ar ewereba.
gofmanis mixedviT, CarCos miRma qmedebis unari vrceldeba uyuradRebobis
farglebs gareTac. centraluri teqstis garSemo arsebobs mimarTulebis mimcemi
elementebi, romlebic moTamaSeebma unda daicvan, radgan maTTvis gasagebi iyos
vin gansazRvravs CarCoSi moqceul qmedebas da rodis. gofmani am elementebs
uwodebs damakavSireblebs" da rom es damakavSireblebi SeiZleba warmodgenili
iyos rogorc teqstSi mocemuli punqtuaciis niSnebiT, aseve saxis
JestikulaciiT saubris dros.
gofmani aRiarebs gansakuTrebulad individualistur qmedebas kulturuli
teqstis avtonomiis farglebSi, romelsac is winaswar mocemulad aRiarebs.
geercs dramaturgiuli perspeqtiva Seaqvs SedarebiT damoukidebeli
kulturuli formis Seqmnis procesSi. rodesac is bolineziuri mamlebis
orTabrZolaze wers, erTi SexedviT gvgonia rom iq semioturi analizia
gamoiyenebuli, ramdenadac geerci xazs usvams im faqts, rom mamlebis
orTabrZolis garSemo Seqmnili melodrama warmoadgens rTuli wesebisa da
teqstebis mTel kompleqss. Tumca geerci aseT kodebs miiCnevs kulturuli
davalebis Sesasruleblad arasakmarisad. is mniSnvelobas miiCnevs rogorc
garedan Tavs moxvelulad da rom qmedeba eyrdnoba ara mxolod garSemo arsebul
wesebs, aramed sxva fenomenebsac.
mamlebis orTabrZola SeiZleba iyos an carieli (trivialuri, mosawyeni) an
Rrma (mniSvnelobiT aRsavse, saintereso, dramatuli). mogebulze fulis dadeba
warmoadgens saSualebas imisaTvis, rom es orTabrZola gaxdes ufro Rrma, rom
gaizardos movlenis mniSvneloba. yovelive es gvaiZulebs mivmarToT siRmiseul
sociologiur analizs da ar davkmayofildeT mxolod semiotikuriT. maRali
Tanxis dadeba mxolod maRali klasis bolinezielebs SeuZliaT, erTi maRali
Tanxa ki meores izidavs. TamaSis mniSvneloba Zlierdeba, radganac didi
reputaciebi dgeba sasworze da Sedegi ki winaswar ar aris gansazRvruli. xolo
rodesac mamlebi ekveTebian erTmaneTs sisxlian brZolaSi, aqve SegviZlia
amovikiTxoT garkveuli informacia bolineziuri sazogadoebis Sesaxeb.
mamlebis orTabrZola ar warmoadgens arc statusis funqcionalur
ganmtkicebas xedva romelsac geerci miawers funqcionalizms da arc
teqstebidan avtomatur deduqcias. es aris aqtiuri, esTetikuri miRweva,
xelovnebis forma, romelic gazviadebulad dramatuli formiT Cveulebriv

72

17

monumentebi

interesi.
aseTi abstraqcia SesaZlebobas aZlevda mkvlevars moexdina kodis simboluri
struqturis ageba analitikurad damoukidebeli gziT. mxolod aseTi rekonstruqciis Semdeg aris SesaZlebeli drouli procesebis gamovlena, romelic
SeiniSneba mniSvnelobis winaswar dadgenili formebis CarCoebSi.
magaliTad, roland bartis esse WidaobasTan dakavSirebiT ar niSnavs imas,
rom semiotika aqtualuria mxolod egzotikis Sesaswavlad, romelic scildeba
Cveulebrivi socialuri cxovrebis farglebs. barts surs, rom am analizs
socialuri semiotikis paradigmuli saxe mieniWos. bartisTvis Widaoba ar aris
sporti, aramed sanaxaoba. is ambobs, rom qmedeba aq kulturis struqturiT aris
ganpirobebuli, Widaobis yureba ar gvainteresebs rogorc mimdinare cvalebadi
konstruqti. rogorc enas aniWeben upiratesobas da ara laparaks, Widaoba unda
ganixilebodes rogorc teqsti. am kuTxiT igi ar warmoadgens motivirebul
qmedebas, aramed aris raRac dawerili, dramatuli nawarmoebi, romelic sruldeba. is exeba ara SezRudvebs am situaciaSi, aramed mniSvnelobebs, romlebic
miRebul iqna didi xnis winaT, is mocemulobebi, romlebic moWidaveebma unda
aiTvison imisaTvis, rom Semdeg "warmoadginon.
moTamaSeebi warmoadgenen niSnebs da ara pirovnebebs. Cven unda SeviswavloT
ara maTi urTierToba, aramed maTi auditoria, sxva moTamaSeebi, romlebic
ganisazRvrebian rogorc socialuri teqstis erTad Tavmoyrili mniSvnelobebis
"mkiTxvelebi. matCis Sedegebi am SemTxvevaSi araaqtualuria, imdenad ramdenadac Widaoba unda ganixilebodes ara rogorc movlena droSi, aramed
rogorc mniSvnelobis maRal doneze struqturirebuli sistemis warmodgena.
Sedegi winaswar gansazRvrulia, ramdenadac moWidaveebi arian warmodgenis monawileebi, warmodgenisa, romelic ukve dawerilia. matCi gvevlineba kulturuli
sferos gamoxatulebad da ara socialuri sistemis motivirebul qmedebad.
sahlinis naSromi amerikul sazogadoebaSi saWmlis SerCevasTan dakavSirebiT
aCvenebs, Tu rogor gamoiyeneba semiotikuri midgoma Cveulebrivi cxovrebiseuli aspeqtebis Seswavlisas. analitikuri avtonomia miiRweva konkretuli
qcevisgan abstragirebis gziT kulturul sferoSi. abstragirebis Sedegad
socialuri elementebi, mag., saWmelebi gadaiqceva simbolur sistemaSi urTierTqmed elementebad da maTi ganxilva SesaZlebeli xdeba rogorc teqsturi
elementebis, ricxvebis socialur sistemaSi. sahlinis mixedviT, saWmlis
warmoeba aris kulturuli struqturis funqcionaluri momenti. aseve mis
esseSi vxvdebiT semiotikuri Teoriis ufro sistemur gamoyenebas, romelic
ayalibebs niSnebis aralingvisturi sistemebis maorganizebel bazisur wesebs.
niSnebis sanimuSo sistemebi, iseve rogorc sxva logikuri urTierTobebi
organizebulia analogiur da antionomiur urTierTobebad: mag. cxenis
mimarTeba ZaRlTan, adamianisa - ara adamianTan, Sinaganis - gareganTan, maRlis dabalTan, maRali statusis - dabal statusTan. semiotika aRiarebs kulturis
Sinagani struqturis kompleqsur Sida struqturas da gvTavazobs simboluri
kodebis Rirebulebebze Tu ideologiebze dayvanis Tavidan asacileblad
garkveul gzebs. es aris Teoriuli mcdeloba, romelsac rogorc wesi moyveba
kulturuli Rirebulebebis dayvana socialuri sistemebis meqanisturi
Semadgeneli elementebis ganzogadoebamde. Tumca, amave dros, semiotikis Sinagan
da formalur fokus warmoadgens misi ukiduresi kulturalizmi. kulturuli
struqturebi ara mxolod informacias aZleven socialur nimuSebs, aramed
gansazRvraven kidevac maT. sahlini wers, rom maqsimalizaciis cnobili logika
- kapitalisturi sazogadoebebis mogebis ZiriTadi principi mxolod
gancxadebuli saxea sxva mizezebisa, raSic igulisxmeba kulturuli faqtorebi.
sahlinis mixedviT, amerikul sazogadoebasa da kulturas Soris produqtiuli
damokidebuleba rogorc erovnul aseve saerTaSoriso doneze organizebulia
im SefasebebiT Tu ra iWmeva da ra ar iWmeva.
socialuri sistemebis ekonomikur logikas aseve unda mieniWos analitikuri
avtonomia. moxmareba ar aris mxolod kulturulad determinirebuli, iseve
rogorc Widaobis matCebi araa mxolod simboluri movlena. aSkaraa, rom aseTi
calmxrivi idealizmi rTuli SesanarCunebelia. rodesac, magaliTad, sahlini
saubrobs xorcis mniSvnelobaze amerikul sazogadoebaSi, is eyrdonoba

saxels da gvars.
1960 ian wlebSi, amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi, xelovanebi uaryofdnen
nivTebis privilegirebul statuss da xelovnebis elitarulobas, isini sazogadoebis samsaxurSi ewerebodnen, erTvebodnen aqtivizmSi da TanamSromlobdnen
sazogadoebasTan. amis Sedegad moxda sazogadoebrivi sivrcis gadafaseba,
fizikuri adgilis ufro farTod moazreba. sazogadoebisTvis gankuTvnili
skveri Tu parki asaxavs mocemuli sazogadoebis kulturas da TviTcnobierebas.
Sesabamisad, sazogadoebrivi sivrcis dizaini da sazogadoebrivi xelovnebis
SerCeva asaxavs sazogdoebis damokidebulebasa da faseulobebs, Tu ramdenad
iTvaliswinebs qalaqi mravalferovnebas da adamianebis keTildReobazea
mimarTuli. mravalferovnebis da gansxvavebulobis gacnobiereba da gaTaviseba
ki mSvidobiani sazogadoebis Senebis ganuyofeli nawilia.
dRevandel dRes, sazogadoebrivi xelovneba msoflios bevr kuTxeSi gascda
cxenze amxedrebuli gmiris aRmarTvas sazogadoebiv sivrceebSi. amis sanacvlod
xdeba sazogadoebis mier ganxilva imisa, Tu vis da ras warmoadgens gmiri
xalxisTvis 21-e saukuneSi. magaliTisTvis SeiZleba moviyvanoT barbara krugeri,
romelic komunikaciis bevr sxvadasxva saSualebas mimarTavs, rom moaxdinos
Tavisi ideebis gavrceleba sazogadoebriv sivrceSi. mag., mis xelovnebas aqvs
bilbordebis, maisurebis, asanTebze dabeWdili sloganebis, plakatebis saxe.
plakatebi ikvreba satelefono jixurebze da Senobebze. krugeris namuSevrebi
reklamas ar warmoadgens, ramdenadac is aranair komerciul interess ar
emsaxureba. arc propagandistulia, radganac ar aris nakarnaxevi, xelmZRvanelobis mier. krugeri ubralod vizualur strategiebs iyenebs rom miipyros
xalxis yuradReba da daafiqros Tavis namuSevarSi Cadebul mniSvnelobaze.
krugeris namuSevrebi moiTxoven qalsa da mamakacs Soris Tanasworobas, misi
gamosaxulebebi da teqsti xazs usvams qalebisa da mamakacebis stereotipul
rolebs, rom TvalsaCino gaxdes genderTan dakavSirebuli stereotipebis
safuZvlad mdebare dapirispireba. krugeri aseve exeba sityvis Tavisuflebis,
religiuri tolerantobis, omis, momxmarebluri sazogadoebis, ojaxuri
Zaladobis sakiTxebs.
riCard seras proeqti skulptura "gadaxrili arka" kargi magaliTia imisa,
Tu rogori konfliqti SeiZleba gamoiwvios sazogadoebrivma xelovnebam da
saerTod sazogadoebrivi sivrcis gamoyenebam. 1980 wels riCard seram, cnobilma
amerikelma modernistma xelovanma, qalaq niurkis xelmZRvanelobis dakveTiT
aago skulptura did sazogadoebriv skverSi, romelsac gars ertya
dawesebulebebis Senobebi. sanam skulpturas aagebdnen, aravis mosvlia azrad
Sexvdrebis mowyoba sazogadoebis wevrebTan, romlebic muSaobdnen am skveris
garSemo da ar ukiTxavT maTTvis Tanaxmani iyvnen isini Tu ara rom aegoT
mocemuli qandakeba. seras spilenZis qandakeba 90 futis simaRle iyo. qandakebis
agebis faqtma gamoiwvia uaryofiTi Sefaseba sazogadoebis mxridan, ramdenadac
am qandakebam Seamcira skveris farTobi da saseirno gza da bevri mas uSnod
miiCnevda. qandakebis irgvliv warmoSobilma konfqliqtma moaxdina sazogadoebis
polarizeba. Sedegad skulptura sxva adgilas gadaitanes.
sainteresoa monumentebis xasiaTi saqarTveloSi. rogorc daiana holi
aRniSnavs, misi dakvirvebiT TbilisSi ZiriTadad mamakacebis skulpturebia
aRmarTuli. qalebi ki mxolod miTiuri arsebebi arian. magaliTad, filarmoniasTan aRmarTuli muzis qandakeba da qarTlis deda. kiTxva ismis, Tu
ramdenad SemTxveviTia es faqti, Tu SeiZleba aq garkveuli mniSvneloba veZioT :
rom namdvili xalxi, romelic pativiscemas imsaxurebs mamakacebi arian. daiana
holi Tvlis, rom sakiTxis aseTi dasma, feministur midgomas ar gulisxmobs,
ramdenadac xelovnebis istoriaSi qalebic rom iyvnen Seyvanilni es ar
warmoqmnida feministuri xelovnebis istorias. qalebis aryofna xelovnebis
istoriaSi asaxavs patriarqalur sazogadoebas, romelmac warmoqmna es istoria,
iseve rogorc zogadma istoriam daamtkica sidiadis, sikargisa da heroikulobis
maskulinuri konstruqciebi, rac kargad aisaxeba sazogadoebriv xelovnebaSi
rogorc saqarTveloSi, aseve evropasa da amerikaSi.

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arqiteqturuli diskursebi

funqcionalizmi

magali sarfati larsoni ganixilavs arqiteqturas rogorc kulturuli

warmoebis profesiul konteqsts. aq aisaxeba modernistulidan postmodernistul arqiteqturaze gadasvla meoce saukunis bolo meoTxedSi. arqiteqturis
diskursi emyareba im winapirobas, rom mas yovelTvis mtkicebiTi xasiaTi aqvs.
arqiteqturis kritikosebi, istorikosebi da praqtikosebi im Sexedulebidan
gamodian, rom mxolod legitimuri arqiteqtorebis namuSevrebi iTvleba
xelovnebad, rac unda miekuTvnebodes arqiteqturul diskurss. Tumca, am
profesias axasiaTebs winaaRmdegoba. arqiteqturis diskursi avtonomiurad
igeba, im eqspertebis mier, romlebic sxva eqspertebs uweven angariSs. imisaTvis
rom moxdes "axali ideebis SemoTavazeba", disciplinebma unda aCvenon Tu rogor
xdeba SemuSavebuli wesebis kanonebad Camoyalibeba, arqiteqturis kanoni ki
Sedgeba lamazi da inovaciuri samSeneblo formebisgan.
Senobebi ver iqneba mxolod arqiteqtoris avtonomiuri codnisa da talantis
nayofi. aramed arqiteqtori damokidebulia klientebze da mSeneblobis sxva
specialistebze, iqnebian isini konkurenti eqspertebi Tu Semsruleblebi. am
damokidebulebas heteronomias uwodeben, ramdenadac is upirispirdeba
avtonomiis cnebas, rac ganixileba profesiis ganmsazRvrel atributad.
ramdenadac arqiteqturis diskursi saboloo jamSi efuZneba praqtikas, xolo
praqtikasTan dakavSirebuli momentebi heteronomiasTan aris dakavSirebuli,
diskursisa da praqtikis dialeqtika (avtonomiisa da heteronomiis)
mniSvnelovania arqiteqturaSi, gansakuTrebiT ki diskursiuli cvlilebis
analizisas.
meoce saukuneSi, dasavlur arqiteqturaSi orjer moxda mniSvnelovani
cvlilebebi rogorc diskursSi, aseve praqtikaSi. istoriografiul CanawerebSi,
stilisturi cvlilebebis nakadma orivejer elituri dizainerebis arqiteqturuli koncefciebis Camoyalibeba gamoiwvia. miuxedavad arqiteqturisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli investorebze da klientebze damokidebulebisa, arqiteqturis
istoriebi cvlilebis wyarod ganixilaven Tavad diskursSi cvlilebebs,
arqiteqturis ideebsa da TeoriebSi.
pirveli da yvelaze radikaluri cvlileba arqiteqturis diskursSi 1920-iani
wlebis Tanamedrove evropul moZraobaSi moxda. adaptirebuli evropuli
modernizmi meore msoflio omis Semdgom periodSi saerTaSoriso kapitalizmis
arqiteqturuli stili gaxda. meore cvlileba ganapiroba mdare xarisxis
arqiteqturis mimarT protestma, romelic modernizmidan gamomdinareobda. es
moicavda modernizmSi universalur rwmenas romlis mixedviTac postmodernistuli xedva uaryofda formalur da ideologiur erTianobas. erTi mxriv,
postmodernizmi dakavSirebulia arqiteqturul diskursTan: rac mouvida
evropul modernizms, romelic gadaiqca postmodernistuli Setevebis samizned
jer amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi da Semdeg danarCen msoflioSi; modernizmi
aseve warmoadgenda antiTezas, rac postmodernizms Tavisebur Sinaarss aniWebda.
meore mxriv ki, cvlilebebi ideebsa da stilSi Seesabameba im struqturul
cvlilebebs, romlebsac ganicdidnen strategiulad ganTavsebuli garkveuli
jgufebi. rTulia winaswar mtkiceba, empiriuli gadamowmebis gareSe, magram
kulturuli cvlileba SeiZleba aseve Seesabamebodes socialur struqturaSi
momxdar farTo cvlilebebs. am hipoTezidan gamomdinare, arqiteqtorebs Soris
esTetikasa da gemovnebaSi cvlilebebi aris ara modurobisa da TviTneburi
survilebis gamoxatuleba, da arc idealisturi orientaciis ganxorcieleba,
aramed arqiteqtorebis mier TavianTi profesiuli rolis xedvis gadafaseba da
maTi praqtikis pirobebis gansxvavebulad danaxva. postmodernistul diskursSi,
evropuli modernizmis modeli dakavSirebulia rogorc arqiteqtoris rolis
praqtikul mosazrebebTan, aseve Tu rogor SeiZleba Semosavlis Zieba da maTi
formaluri warmosaxva.
arqiteqturuli skolebi da konkretuli pedagogiuri mimarTuleba,
profesiuli organizaciebi da Jurnalebi, bazris mier Seqmnili specializaciebi
da asociaciebi, sazogadoebrivi interesi, romelic gamowveulia presis mier
yovelive es warmoadgens arqiteqturuli ideebis cirkulaciisa da

funqcionalisturi midgomis mcdelobaa daukavSiros kulturuli gavlena

socialuri qmedebis analizs.
funqcionaluri Rirebulebebis analizis sisuste SemdegSi mdgomareobs:
Rirebulebebi xSirad daiyvaneba socialur struqturebze, TiTqos maTi
analitikuri avtonomia maTi regulirebis SesaZlebobas iZleodes.
mertonma warmatebulad gansazRvra kulturuli elementebis mniSvnelovani
kompleqsi da socialurma mecnierebma, romlebsac mertonis gavlena hqondaT
detalurad daafiqsires am normatiuli struqturis zemoqmedeba mecnierul
organizaciasa da moqmedebaze. problema isaa, rom, mertonis mixedviT, es
Rirebulebebi SeiZleba warmoiSvan nebismier sferoSi da ara mxolod mecnieruli
praqtikis wiaRSi. Rirebulebebisa da normebis kompleqsze saubris dros,
mertoni mecnierul praqtikas ganixilavs ise TiTqos mecniereba SeiZleba
moviazroT kulturisgan izolirebuli fenomeni da ara rogorc kulturuli
aqtivoba. mertoni mecnierebas miakuTvnebs socialur da ara kulturul
sistemas. is mecnierul Rirebulebebs moiazrebs rogorc realuri qcevisgan
ganzogadebebs da ara rogorc mniSvneladi procesebis warmonaqmns, romlebic
ganapiroben am qcevas.
lifsetis kulturisa da politikis funqcionaluri analizis dros
gamoikveTeba analogiuri Zlieri mxareebi da sisusteebi. parsonma dawera, rom
socialuri Rirebulebis nimuSebi xuT ZiriTad dilemas emyareboda, an kidev
socialuri mocemulobis cvladebs. lifsetma ki gamoiyena parsonsis mosazreba
da aCvena, Tu rogor aris es sxvadasxva tipis instituciuri qceva erTmaneTTan
dakavSirebuli. lifseti am cvladebs ufro zustad da argumentirebulad
ayalibebs.
universalizmsa da partikularizms Soris kompromisi, gvexmareba gavigoT,
Tu ratom cdiloben garkveuli elitebi qveda safexurze mdgomi jgufebis
gawevrianebas, sxvani ki piriqiT, mokveTas. ramdenadac frangi damqiraveblebi
iyvnen partikularistebi, lifsetis mixedviT, isini profesiuli kavSirebis
warmomadgenlebis moTxovnebs miiCnevdnen moralurad Seuracxmyoflad.
rodesac lifseti safrangeTsa da germaniaSi ekonomikur da politikur
Rirebulebebs Soris arsebuli daZabulobis SedarebiT daxasiaTebas axdens, is
aCvenebs, rom Rirebulebis analizma SeiZleba gaaSuqos Sida kompleqsuroba da
winaaRmdegoba.
Tumca lifsetic frTxilad udgeba Rirebulebebis gamovlenas socialur
struqturaSi. Rirebulebebis kompleqts is gamoyofs jgufebis realuri
qmedebidan da ar ganixilavs maT rogorc kulturuli ganviTarebis Sida
dinamikis interpretaciis Sedegs. aqedan gamomdinare, universalizmi danaxuli
iyo iseve, rogorc mas 1789 wlis burJuaziuli revolucia warmogvidgenda da misi
SezRudva gamomdinareobda im faqtidan, rom revoluciis Zalebi ar iyvnen
sakmarisad Zlieri. germaniaSi, universalizmis ganviTarebas biZgi misca
ekonomikuri cvlilebebis mier motanilma zewolam da axali socialuri
dajgufebebis momZlavrebam, Tumca reaqciulma feodaluri dajfufebebma xeli
SeuSales aseTi Rirebulebebis gavrcelebas.

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15

semiotika roland barti

meore msoflio omis Semdeg periodSi struqturalizmi da semiotika
warmoadgenda funqcionalizmis alternativebs mniSvnelobis SeswavlasTan
mimarTebaSi. struqturalistebisa da semiotikosebis Seswavlis sagani gaxda
kulturuli sistema, rogorc aseTi.
sosuris gavleniT, romlisTvisac ena iyo amosavali wertili da ara laparaki,
semiotikosebi saubrobdnen simboluri organizaciis Sinagan integrirebulobaze da ambobdnen rom es organizacia unda iswavlebodes garegan procesebTan
mimarTebis gareSe. amgvari midgoma moiTxovda abstraqciebs nebismieri konkretuli SezRudvisgan, iqneboda es individualuri cvalebadoba, Tu jgufuri

socialuri institutebis SedarebiT Zalaze. ena rogorc simboluri sistema,

romelic uricxvi socialuri aqtis Tavmoyraa, warmoadgens damoukidebel Zalas.
ena abstraqtuli kodia, romlis struqturac determinirebulia kanonebis mier,
romlebic Sinagania TavisTavad da ara socialuri sistemis zewolis Sedegad
mocemuli.
sityvebi warmoadgenen niSnebs, romlebic iSleba aRmniSvnelad da aRsaniSnad.
sosuri mkveTrad mijnavs aRmniSvnels, bgerasa Tu sityvis materialuri
komponents aRniSnulisgan, cneba romelzec materialuri bgera aris mibmuli. is
Tvlis, rom aRmniSvnelsa da aRniSnuls, materialursa da idealur komponentebs
Soris damokidebuleba aris TviTneburi. ar arsebobs obiqturad aucilebeli an
namdvili mizezi imisa, Tu ratom aRiniSneba esa Tu is cneba raRac garkveul
bgeraTa SeTanxmebiT; maTi erTmaneTze mibma xdeba Cveulebis gamo.
sosuri ufro Sors midis da amtkicebs, rom sityvis gageba rTulia, rodesac
is namdvil socialur obieqts exeba da masTan xdeba dawyvileba enis saSualebiT.
es urTierTobac aris TviTneburad ganpirobebuli Cveulebis mier. mniSvneloba
gamomdinareobs urTierTobebidan gansxvavebebi da msgavsebebi romlebic
yalibdeba sityvebs Soris, enobrivi sistemis niSnebs Soris. cvlilebebi am
urTierTobebSi ar aris im socialur obieqtebSi momxdari cvlilebebis amsaxveli, romlebsac isini exebian. niSanTa sistema axlo momavalSi aris ucvleli. is
viTardeba Sinagani kanonebis Sesabamisad. misi Semadgeneli nawilebis axlandeli
ganlagebis gageba SesaZlebelia mxolod adreuli tradiciebis ganxilvis
saSualebiT, romelTa wiaRSic isini Camoyalibdnen.
Tu es nebayoflobiTi urTierToba arsebobs sityvebsa da sagnebs Soris enaSi,
sosuris mixedviT, ratom ar unda arsebobdes igive yvela socialur institutSi
da aqtivobaSi? misi azriT, lingvistika aris semiotikis qveganayofi, niSnebis
ufro zogadi mecniereba. TiToeuli socialuri aqtivoba aris areuli niSanTa
sistemasTan, romelic enis analogiurad muSaobs. arc istoriuli ganviTareba da
arc socialuri urTierToba ar gansazRvravs niSanTa sistemis am struqturas.
misi mniSvnelobis gageba SesaZlebelia mxolod institucionaluri kulturis
Sinagani kodebis rekonstruqciis safuZvelze.
semiotikur analizs miuxedavad mcdelobebisa, mainc calmxrivi xasiaTi aqvs.
is exeba niSanTa sistemebs da ara sazogadoebebs. miuxedavad imisa, rom enaTa
sistemebi socialuri institutebis msgavsia, semiotika gvTavazobs CavataroT
struqturuli analizi da Tavi davaneboT interaqcionistuli da situaciuri
SezRudvebis Seswavlas. semiotika amdenad gvabrunebs kulturis Zlieri
avtonomiis gagebasTan, romelsac hermenevtika gvTavazobda. dilTais mixedviT,
socialuri qmedeba mxolod Signidan unda Seswavliliyo. Tumca misTvis
Signidan niSnavs subieqturi gmocdilebis mocemulobebisken dabrunebas.
sosurisTvis ki sityvebis Sinagani urTierTobebis Seswavlas.
semiotika formalurad udgeba niSanTa sistemebis struqturebis Seswavlas.
struqtura Sedgeba analogebis da kontrastebis rTuli mocemulobebisgan,
romlebic mkvlevarma unda gamoavlinos monawile individebis subieqturi
gamocdilebis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe. es mosazreba rom gagveziarebina, maSin
mniSvnelobis kvlevisTvis Tavi unda dagvenebebina, razec aris dafuZnebuli
kulturuli analizi.
yvela arsebuli Tanamedrove midgoma kulturis mimarT interesdeba
mniSvneladi moqmedebiT da ara instrumentuliT, aseve aRiarebs simboluri
sistemebis avtonomias da mijnavs mas arakulturuli saxis determinaciebisgan.
Tumca kvlav sakamaToa, Tu ras moicavs simboluri sistemebis avtonomia,
ramdenad damoukidebelia kultura, rogor unda damyardes maTi damokidebuleba kulturasTan. aseve uTanxmoeba sufevs kulturis Sinagani
Semadgeneli elementebis irgvliv. romelia kulturis ZiriTadi komponentebi da
rogor arian isini erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli.

reproduqciis arxebs, rac iwvevs garkveuli stilisturi tendenciebis

imitaciasa da win wamowevas. magram es ar aris amomwuravi sia. ramdenadac
profesiuli identoba yalibdeba ara mxolod zemoT CamoTvlili faqtorebis
safuZvelze, aramed arqiteqturis rogorc xelovnebis ganxilvis Sedegad.
Cveulebrivi arqiteqturuli praqtika orientirebulia servisze da komerciul interesebze, rac TavisTavad heteronomiulia da xSirad eqvemdebareba
gareSe faqtorebs. am daqvemdebarebis sakompensaciod, arqiteqtorebma yuradReba miaqcies TavianTi xelobis SemoqmedebiT mxares.
arqiteqturis diskursiul sferoSi ikveTeba ori saxis dapirispireba. pirvels specializirebuli saxe aqvs da aqtualuria mxolod am sferos
warmomadgenlebisTvis da ara klientebisTvis. Sida dapirispirebas da diskusiebs
eqspertTa Soris moaqvs konkretuli Sedegebi da gavlenas axdens am sferoSi
arsebul Sinagan ierarqiaze, gavlenis qselebze, statusebze yvela im
strategiul poziciaze, romelTa saSualebiTac frangi sociologi burdies
mixedviT simboluri kapitali yalibdeba da Zalauflebisa da simdidris
resursebi moiTxoveba.
debatebi, romlebic warmoiSoba dizainis elitis sxvadasxva fraqciebs Soris
arqiteqturul diskursSi, qmnian konfliqtur situaciebs, an piriqiT kavSirebs,
koaliciebs. arqiteqturisTvis damaxasiaTebeli is aris rom klientebs aq
garkveuli rolis TamaSi SeuZliaT.
meore saxis kulturul dapirispirebas gadavyevarT ufro farTo da
bundovan sazRvrebSi; mas Tavisi ena da miznebi gaaCnia da motivaciac garedan
modis. konkretul istoriul pirobebSi, kulturis Tanamedrove politika
TamaSdeba didi socialuri konfliqtebis fonze, saidanac gansazRvruli
sferoebi sesxuloben intensiurobasa da substancias. eseni wamoadgenen
dasavluri xelovnebis avangardis Tavisebur momentebs. erTi mxriv, formaluri
esTetikuri CarCoebi politikur da moralur dapirispirebas asaxavs. meore
mxriv ki, debatebs axasiaTebT ezoTeruli ena da ganixilaven specializirebul
sakiTxebs rac moyveba did moZraobebs: disidentebi, romlebic ar kmayofildebian
mxolod
arsebul
diskursTan
dapirispirebiT,
cdiloben
Zalauflebis urTierTobebSi cvlilebebi Seitanon, rogorc TeoriaSi, aseve
praqtikaSi da sazRvrebis gadafasebas iTxoven.
me-20 saukunis arqiteqturis modernistuli faza idologiiis dabadebiT
xasiaTdeba da naTlad aCvenebs politikur-esTetikur avangardSi warmoSobil
kamaTs. 1920-ian wlebSi arqiteqturis axalma xedvam gamoiwvia diskursSi arsebuli Sida dayofebis gadalaxva da praqtikis axali institutebis Seqmna.
arqiteqturis sazogadoebrivma xasiaTma ki arsebul dapirispirebebs metaforuli mniSvneloba mianiWa, gansxvavebiT xelovnebis sxva dargebisgan da zogadad
sxva profesiebisgan. arsebobs mosazreba, rom arqiteqturi novatorebis ideebma
Taviseburi kvali daamCnia Tanamedroveobis sazogadoebriv saxes.
gvian 1960-ian da adreul 1970-ian wlebSi arqiteqturuli diskursis gadafaseba daemTxva profesiis farglebSi arsebul kamaTs, romelic Seexeboda
arqiteqtoris Zalauflebisadmi daqvemdebarebas. arqiteqtori-aqtivistebis
sxvadasxva jfugebi dogmatur modernizms ganixilavdnen rogorc TavianT
saerTo mters.
amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi, modernizmi - rogorc modernizacia, pirvel
rigSi, Seexeboda farTo maStabis urbanistul ganaxlebas, romelic daiwyo 50-ian
wlebSi. 70 - ian wlebSi ki ekonomikur kriziss moyva uZravi qonebiT spekulaciis
talRa da arqiteqturul revizionizmi daaCqara. klientebi, romelTac ufro
meti statusi hqondaT, vidre kapitali, moiTxovdnen rom maT Senobebi
yofiliyvnen simdidris, TamaSis, da gansxvavebulobis simboloebi. menejerebma
aRmoaCines dizainis Zala da male safuZveli Caeyara "arqiteqtorebis xelweras",
rac gansazRvravda produqtis konkretuli dizainis molodins, garkveuli
imijis Seqmnas da vizualur mravalferovnebas.
arqiteqtorebisTvis SekveTebis micemasa da didebaze, romelic asocirdeboda profesiasTan, 1980-ian wlebSi gavlena iqonia finansurma deregulaciam
da Semosavlis redistribuciam Raribi da saSualo fenidan mdidrebze. rodesac
arqiteqtorebi da kritikosebi dascinian tradiciul postmodernizms rogorc

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reiganis xanis arqiteqturas", isini ZiriTadad gulisxmoben stils; Tumca im

periodis arqiteqturisTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSani stils naklebad exeboda,
aramed ZiriTadad aq saubaria uamrav saofise da komerciul sivrceze, feSenebelur sastumroebze, mdidarTa saxlebze da elitisTvis gamiznul kulturul
dawesebulebebze.
modernistuli arqiteqturis gadafasebis dros, warmoiSva konfliqti
arqiteqturis "imijsa" da "realobas" Soris. es cnebebi exeba koncefciasa da
koncefciis ganxorcielebas Soris uTanxmoebas, ramdenadac arqiteqtorebi
yovelTvis axdenen imijis dizains, maSin rodesac sxvebi ageben Senobas. swored es
imiji da realoba ikavebda centralur adgils postmodernistul SejibrSi, rac
niSnavda rom raRac icvleboda, nebsiT Tu uneblied arqiteqtoris Zireul
socialur identobaSi.
arqiteqturuli dideba, profesiuli ideologia romelic aRiarebda dizains
dizainis gulisTvis 70-ian wlebSi aRmocenda. Tavdapirvelad, is Seecada
dabruneboda modernizmis avtonomiur TviTgansazRvrebas, magram ukve gvian iyo.
modernizmis mimdevrebs aRar hqondaT profesiuli Zalaufleba aRedginaT
modernizmi nawilobriv ganviTarebuli esTetikuri SesaZlebobis saSualebiT.
ameve dros, garemos "xelis SeSlis winaaRmdeg" ganwyobili Zlieri saSualo
klasis moZraoba iTxovda rom SenarCunebuliyo ukve damaxinjebuli urbanuli
qsovili. Tumca am moZraobamac daigviana. arsebulma modernistulma imitaciebma
gamoiwvies nostalgiuri ltolva SenarCunebuliyo Zveli ubnebi, rac
asorcirdeboda usafrTxoebasTan da normalur cxovrebasTan.
tradiciuli modernizmis uaryofa 80 - iani wlebis meore nawilSi mZlavr
tendenciad iqca arqiteqtorebs Soris. qalaqSi mcxovrebi muSaTa klasi da
Raribebi dazaraldnen ganaxlebisgan ufro metad, vidre restavraciebisgan;
konteqstis gaTvaliswineba, pativiscema labirinTuli struqturis quCebis
mimarT da sacxovrebeli qalaqebis mravalferovani konstruqcia tradiciuli
postmodernizmis yvelaze pozitiur da mniSvnelovan wvlils warmoadgenda.
postmodernizmis arsi mdgomareobda imaSi, rom aRiarebuli iyo ara erTi stili,
aramed mravali ena.
swored postmodernizmis damkvidrebis Sedegad, ufro da ufro metma
arqiteqtorma ipova sxvadasxva gemovnebis klienti, rac xels uwyobda
mravalferovani proeqtebis ganxorcielebas. es sxvadasxva klientebi
stilistur siaxles moiTxovdnen an kidev xdeboda maTi darwmuneba rom axali da
Tvisobrivad gansxvavebuli arqiteqturuli enebi misaRebi iyo.
Sesabamisad, krizisi arqiteqturaSi gadailaxa da fokusi gasworda moxda
arqiteqtoris rogorc artistis tradiciuli identobis aRdgena, formalizmi ki
daexmara dizainerebs rom Tavis sasargeblod gamoeyenebinaT indivudualisturi
proeqtebi.
80-ian wlebSi, aSS-Si socialuri SekveTebi da demokratiulad orientirebuli sazogadoebrivi arqiteqtura gaqra. ideologiuri komforti,
romelsac formalizmi sTavazobda arqiteqtorebs srulyofilebas moiTxvoda;
srulyofilebas srulyofilebis gamo, rac ukve damkvidrebuli ekleqturi
diskursis Semadgenel nawils warmoadgenda. 80-ian wlebSi arqiteqturam dakarga
erTiani xedva da erTiani stili. arc erT jgufs gaaCnda sakmarisi Zalaufleba an
gavlena erTi konkretuli mimarTulebis, an/da saerTo standartebis
dasamkvidreblad sxvadasxva profesiuli praqtikebisTvis.
amrigad, XX saukuneSi, arqiteqturuli modernizmi gadaiqca teqnokratiuli
socialuri inJineriidan korporaciuli Zalauflebis samsaxurSi myofad.
socialuri stimulis dakargviT, esTetikurma xedvam rutinuli xasiaTi miiRo.
diskursis doneze daZabulobebi da gadafasebebi gamravlda da daaCqara
esTetikuri dezintegracia. rodesac aqtivistma Taobam ufro mwvave xasiaTi
misca profesiis farglebSi mimdinare kritikas, praqtikis prioritetulobam
tradiciebis mimdevrebi aiZula arqiteqtorTa praqtikis mravalferovneba
eRiarebinaT. am kuTxidan danaxuli, postmodernistuli pluralizmi 1960 - iani
wlebis antiavtoritatuli politikis memkvidreobas warmoadgens.

sazogadoeba ar aris mxolod ekonomikuri an politikuri wesrigi, aramed

moralur politikuri bloki, romelic Sekrulia gabatonebuli ideebisadmi
nebayoflobiTi morCilebis Sedegad. gramSis saxiT gveZleva kulturis
institucionalizebuli Teoria marqsistuli formiT. Tumca, es dominanturi
kultura sabolood kritikis qveS eqceva. revoluciuri kulturuli
ganviTarebis miseuli mosazreba aris iseTive damokidebuli arsebul, namdvil
realobaze, rogorc misi gabatonebuli ideebis Teoria.
imdenad, ramdenadac muSaTa klasi arsebobs eqspluatirebul obieqtur da
konkretul viTarebaSi, gramSi Tvlis, rom maTi praqtikuli cnobierebis
Camoyalibeba gardauvalia, da upirispirdeba burJuaziisa da aristokratiis
idealizirebul cnobierebas. Tumca, gramSi acnobierebs rom es latenturi
cnobiereba ver gamovlindeba, Tuki ar iqneba Camoyalibebuli da gamoTqmuli
inteleqtualuri formiT. ubralod, praqtikuli cnobiereba uZluria
gabatonebuli ideebis inteleqtualuri Zalis winaSe. alternatiuli ideologia
jer unda Camoyalibdes, amocana, romelic Sesrulda marqsisa da sxva maRali
socialurad moazrovne inteleqtualebis mier. "organuli" inteleqtualebis
revoluciuri kadrebis formaciis Sedegad politikuri partiis liderebi da
mimdevrebi

romlebic
ufro
praqtikulebi
arian
da
naklebad
inteleqtualurebi - es ideebi xdeba ufro SesamCnevi da xelmisawvdomi.
kulturuli marqsizmi scildeba funqcionalur analizs Tavisi normatiuli
datvirTviT. is dainteresebulia ara mxolod kulturis axsniTa Tu
interpretaciiT, aramed kargi mniSvnelobis da cudi mniSvnelobis SefasebadapirispirebiT. gramSi upirispirebs racionalur cnobierebas yoveldRiur
cnobierebasa da religias. igi ar kmayofildeba kontrhegemonuri kulturis
ganviTarebis axsniT, aramed aseve dainteresebulia, Tu rogor SeiZleba am
kulturam migviyvanos ufro Tavisufal da damoukidebel cxovrebamde.
kulturuli marqsizmi funqcionalur analizTan SedarebiT, ufro metad
aRiarebs kulturis gavlenas socialur cvlilebaze. aseve xazs usvams
kulturasa da Zalauflebas Soris kavSiris mniSvnelobas. Tumca kulturis
Sesaxeb rogorc Zalauflebis msaxurze saubari, akninebs kulturuli Rirebulebebis rols Zalauflebis garkveuli kontrolis da regulaciis funqciis
Sesrulebis procesSi.
funqcionalistur TeoriaSi kulturisa da sazogadoebis gamijvnam pirvel
adgilze Rirebulebebi daayena da ara simboloebi. kulturul marqsizmSi
klasobrivi cnobierebis cneba iseTive rols TamaSobs rogorc Rirebulebebi.
Tumca is ganisazRvreba kulturuli mniSvnelobis farglebSi da Tavad
socialuri sistemis nawilia.
cnobierebis marqsistuli analizis, iseve rogorc Rirebulebebis funqcionalisturi analizis dros xSirad xdeba socialuris upiratesobisken
gadaxra da kulturis SedarebiTi avtonomiis nivelireba. es naTeli magaliTia,
imisa Tu ra rTulia kulturisa da sazogadoebis urTierTdamokidebuli
kavSiris moazreba.

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13

semiotika ferdinand sosuri

semiotika Tanamedrove kulturuli analizis erT-erT mniSvnelovani
midgomaa. ferdinand sosuri ambobs, rom socialuri struqturis an qmedebis
gageba SeuZlebelia kulturuli elementebis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe. rogorc
lingvistvisTvis, misTvis enaa amosavali wertili. igi acnobierebs, rom laparaki
TavisTavad socialuri qmedebaa, romelic fsiqologiurad aris motivirebuli
da konkretul situaciur SezRudvebs eqvemdebareba. miuxedavad imisa, rom
individebi SeiZleba CaiTvalon rogorc pasuxismgebelni TavianT salaparako
aqtebze, maT realurad aranairi kontroli ar gaaCniaT im enaze, riTac isini
axorcieleben mocemul salaparako aqtebs. molaparake individebs ar SeuZliaT
im niSnebis gansazRvra, romlebsac isini mimarTaven laparakis dros. es niSnebi
fiqsirebulia sazogadoebis mier mkacrad Camoyalibebuli CarCoebis farglebSi.
rodesac sosuri saubrobs enis socialur determinaciaze, is ar miuTiTebs

Seswavlis sagnad gaixdian Rirebulebebs da ara simbolur sistemebs. Rirebulebebi dagvexmareba simbolur-abstraqtuli formiT vimsjeloT centraluri
institucionaluri problemebis Sesaxeb. isini Seexebian iseT sakiTxebs rogorc
aris Tanasworba - uTanasworoba, spontanuroba disciplina, avtoritetisadmi
morCileba kritikuli qmedeba, sazogadoebrivi sakuTreba - kerZo sakuTreba.
parsonsis mixedviT, normatiuli warmodgenebi yalibdeba swored aseTi
konkretuli sakiTxebis irgvliv. monawileebma arCevani unda gaakeTon realur
alternativebs Soris. arCevanis gakeTebis Semdgom normatiuli an RirebulebiTi
standartebi ikveTeba. institucionalizacia niSnavs, rom erTi an meore
standarti gadaiqceva monawilis rolis damaxasiaTebel niSnad. individisTvis,
jgufisTvis am institucionalizebuli Rirebulebidan gadaxveva sanqciiT
regulirdeba/isjeba; xolo Rirebulebisadmi damorCilebas moyveba jildo.
RirebulebiTi analizis perspeqtividan institutebis ganxilva bevris
momcemia, Tumca ar unda moxdes kulturuli analizis Canacvleba am midgomiT.
RirebulebiTi analizis dros, interpretacia Semoifargleba mxolod im
mniSvnelobebiT romelTa institucionalizaciac aris SesaZlebeli. Sedegad, is
cnebebi romlebsac RirebulebiTi analizi iyenebs, mniSvnelobis analizis dros
eyrdnoba meqanistur, wmindad socialuri analizisTvis SemuSavebul leqsikas.

arqiteqtura da kulturuli cvlilebebi

analogiuri problemebi da miRwevebi gaaCnia marqsizmsac, romelic aseve

warmoadgens idealisturad gagebuli kulturis kritikas. gramSis naSromebis
mixedviT revoluciuri da klasebze orientirebul Teoriis Sesaxeb msjeloba
SeiZleba moxdes marqsis gviandeli naSromebis mecnieruli meTodologiis
farglebs gareTac. gramSi marqsizms uwodebs "praqsisis Teorias". gramSim Tavisi
kritikuli Teoria aago italiel hegelianel kroCestan dialogis procesSi. man
hermenevtikuli tradiciis gavleniT apriori miiCnia, rom yvela moTamaSe/monawile aris inteleqtuali, da rom mniSvnelobiT daintereseba warmoadgens
rogorc yoveli adamianuri qmedebis ganuyofel ganzomilebas, aseve socialuri
wesrigis yovel istoriuli formas.
rogorc parsonsi, aseve gramSi emijneba idealizms da kulturas ganixilavs
rogorc urTierTdakavSirebuls meqanistur institutebTan da ara rogorc maT
Semcvlels. socialuri sistemis Zalebis analizi gancalkevebuli unda iyos maTi
mniSvnelobis analizisgan. gramSisTvis, iseve rogorc parsonsisTvis, socialuri
sistema kulturis mTavar sayrdens Seadgens. sazogadoebis namdvili Zalebi
ewinaaRmdegebian an avseben kulturis mniSvnelad Zalas.
gramSis kulturuli marqsizmi gansxvavdeba funqcionalizmisgan imiT, rom
mas socialuri sistema da Sesabamisad kulturis adgili am sistemaSi
gansxvavebulad aqvs moazrebuli. kulturuli procesebi, gramSis mixedviT,
TvalsaCinoa mkacrad dayofil sazogadoebaSi, klasobrivi batonobis ierarqiaSi,
romlis safuZvelsac politikuri Zala warmoadgens. kultura xdeba klasobrivi
Zalauflebis procesis Semadgeneli nawili.
gramSi Tvlis, rom maRali donis inteleqtualebic ki Tavisi Teoriebis
amosaval wertilad warmoebis dominant models iReben da gamomdinare Tavisi
susti institucionaluri poziciidan, iZulebulebi xdebian Seurigdnen arsebul
Zalebs. maRali donis inteleqtualuri ideebi, romlebic gansazRvraven
TiToeuli epoqis TviTcnobierebas vrceldeba masebamde ufro dabali donis
kvaziinteleqtualebis mier, magaliTad, maswavleblebisa da Jurnalistebis mier,
im moTamaSeebis mier, romlebic ufro organulad arian dakavSirebuli
kapitalisturi sazogadoebis institutebTan. gramSis aq mohyavs analogia
kaTolikur eklesiasTan; Teologebi ayalibeben abstraqtul kanonebs, maSin,
rodesac mRvdlebi da moZRvrebi axdenen im doqtrinebis formulirebas,
romelic mimarTulia ubralo adamianebze da maT uxsnis tanjvis fenomens.
inteleqtualebis ideologiur Zalauflebas gramSi "kulturul hegemonias"
uwodebs. miuxedavad imisa, rom sazogadoeba Zalian ierarqiulia, gabatonebul
klass ar SeuZlia sakuTari Tavis SenarCuneba mxolod Zalis saSualebiT.

arqiteqturis Seswavla miuTiTebs im faqtze rom cvlilebebs konkretul

kulturul diskursSi lokaluri xasiaTi aqvT. aseve specializirebuli diskursebis farglebSi araTanamimdevruli dinebebi yovelTvis ar aris pasuxi ufro
farTo garegan araTanamimdevrulobebze.
meore msoflio omis mier gamowveuli statikurobis, destruqciisa da
rekonstruqciis garemoebebma gamoiwvia is rom modernistuli moZraoba
gardaiqmna mcire jfufisTvis damaxasiaTebeli xedvidan universalur da yovlis
momcvel stilad. Sesabamisad, banaluri da gamofituli modernizmis masobrivma
triumfma, Tavis mxriv, gamoiwvia arqiteqtorebis reaqcia. monotonuroba da
mosawyeni erTgvarovneba, romelsac "formebis amowurva" ewoda iTxovda esTetikur inovacias da Teoriul gadaxedvas. ara omis katastrofulma Sedegebma,
aramed axalgazrda da ganaTlebulma xalxis aqtiurobam ganapiroba da Semdeg
ganaxorciela warmoqmnili moTxovnebi.
arqiteqtorebis axalgazrda Taoba da ganaTleba gadamwyvet rols ver
Seasrulebdnen rom ara axalgazrda arqiteqtorebis didi raodenoba. swored
arqiteqtorebis didma raodenobam gamoiwvia profesiis SigniT arsebuli
konkurencia. konkurencia ki TavisTavad yovelTvis dakavSirebuli iyo kulturul inovaciasTan iseT mravalferovan viTarebaSi rogoric aris islamuri
religia, me-19 saukunis franguli mxatvroba da meoce saukunis amerikuli
mecniereba.
aSS-s ekonomikurma ganviTarebam ki 50-ian da 60-ian wlebSi moaxdina
arqiteqtorTa mzardi ricxvis dasaqmeba. Tumca 70-iani wlebis krizisis periodSi
prioriteti eniWebodaT da elitarul jgufebad yalibdebodnen is arqiteqtorebi, romlebic prestiJuli saswavleblebis kursdamTavrebulebi iyvnen.
isinive warmoadgendnen wamyvan eqspertebs gavlenian JurnalebSi, xelovnebis
centrebSi da konkursebis JiuriSi.
amgvarad arqiteqturuli postmodernizmi ganamtkicebs raodenobas,
konkurenciasa da inovacias Soris arsebul urTierTmimarTebas kulturis
mwarmoeblebis viwro rigebSi.
aseve, daqiravebuli TanamSromlebis nawilobrivi Tanxvedra qmnis
specializirebul kulturul sferoebsa da ufro farTo politikur da
socialur moZraobebs Soris konkretul kavSirebs. ukanaskneli, ki STaagonebs
dominanturi inteleqtualuri paradigmebisa da specialistebis rolebis
garSemo arsebuli molodinebis gadafasebas.
postmodernizms ar SeeZlo gaemeorebina 20-iani wlebis artistuli da
politikuri avangardis gamiznuli da mtkice sinTezi, ramdenadac 1918 wlis
revoluciuri viTareba ar arsebobda 60 iani wlebis im qveynebSi, romlebic
imdenad mdidrebi iyvnen, rom arqiteqturiT dainteresebuliyvnen. Tumca
arqiteqturul postmodernizmSi arsebuli dapirispirebuli Sinaarsi swored im
periodSi warmoiSva rogorc aSS-Si, aseve evropaSi, rodesac axali memarcxeneebi
aRzevdnen antiteqnokratiuli sloganiT.
da bolos kulturuli specializaciis yvelaze mniSvnelovani Sedegi
Semdegia: urTierqmedeba kulturis mwarmoeblebsa da maT potenciur
auditorias Srois aris yovelTvis gaSualebuli mwarmoeblebis praqtikaSi
arsebuli garemoebebiTa da istoriuli viTarebiT.
postmodernistuli gardamavali periodis dros amerikuli dizainis elitis
praqtikaSi
ori
momentis
gamoyofa
SeiZleba.
pirveli
warmoadgens
arqiteqturuli amocanis kompleqsurobas, rac did wilad ganpirobebulia
arqiteqturis ganxorcielebasTan dakavSirebuli ekonomikur da organizaciul
siZneleebTan. aseve miuxedavad imisa, rom nageboba aRiqmeba stilisturi
konvenciebis gziT, misi socialuri funqcia ufro farTod moiazreba da
masisTvis ufro xelmisawvdomia vidre stili an esTetika.
meore momenti warmoadgens kulturul industriebTan arqiteqturuli
saqmis garkveuli aspeqtebis kavSirs.
postmodernizmma aRniSna patara da saSualo firmebis gamravleba diskursis
farglebSi da ara, magaliTad, amerikuli arqiteqturis biznesSi. maTi

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antonio gramSi

urTierToba organizaciul klientebTan exmaureba SemoqmedebiT-teqnikuri

produserebis urTierTobas kulturuli industriebis organizaciul da
menejerul nawilTan. musikosebis an televiziis damoukidebeli prodiuserebis
msgavsad arqiteqturul firmebsac kontraqtis damTavrebis mere aRar aqvT
urTierToba TavianT damkveTTan. ramdenadac patara firmebs danaxarji didi ar
aqvT da sargebloben didi kompetenciiT (risTvisac maT qiraoben) maT srul
pasuxismgeblobas aZleven produqciaze.
arqiteqtorebi sTavazoben alternatiul winadadebebs klientebs da rogorc
kulturul industriebSi menejerebi, didi klientebi asponsoreben garkveul
nawils. didi samSeneblo firmebi ki yvelanair xerxs mimarTaven, rom maTi servisi
popularuli gaxdes.
elitaruli dizainerebi TviTon ukeTeben sakuTar Tavs marketings rom
moiZion klientebi, didi komerciuli klientebi ki Tavis mxriv popularizacias
uweven arqiteqtorebs, maT saxelebs, rogorc axali proeqtis komerciuli
paketis organul nawils. arqiteqturaSi modisa da tendenciebis gavrceleba
naklebad aris damokidebuli mas mediaze, specializirebul presaze, trening
institutebis
sitemaze.
dizainis
procesi
imdenad
rTuli
da
profesionalizebulia, xolo mSenebloba klientebisTvis da bankebisTvis
imdenad Zviri rom xanmokle modas iSviaTad Tu vinme aitacebs.
es miuTiTebs imaze, rom elitaruli arqiteqtorebi imijis Seqmnas uyureben
rogorc kontrolis dakargvas mSeneblobis procesze. imijebis gamravleba,
romelTa Sorisac klientebs arCevanis gakeTebis SesaZlebloba eZlevaT, mas
mediis mier arqiteqtorebis "kulturul gmirebad gamocxadeba iwvevs imas, rom
stilisturi konvenciebi mokle droSi gacveTil tendenciebad iqceva. amitom
arqiteqtorebi ufro da ufro xSirad warmoadgenen ara Senobas, aramed imijs.
imiji ki formiT dauaxlovda modasa da kulturis industriebs. am imijebis
mwarmoeblebi miiltvian siaxlisken an imitaciisken, ramdenadac gadamwyveti
faqtori aris is, Tu riTi SeiZleba gaizardos msyidvelobiTi fasi.
rogorc saqme, postmodernistuli arqiteqtura warmoadgens im materialuri
Zalebis gansaxierebas, romlebic Slian gansxvavebas "maRal da dabal
kulturul produqcias Soris. arqiteqtorebs ukveTaven maTi SemoqmedebiTobis
gamo da aZleven Tavisuflebas, rom gamoigonon, Tumca maTi SemoqmedebiToba
klientis arCevaniT SeiZleba SeizRudos. sponsors Tavisi cvlilebebis Setana
SeuZlia; es ki upirispirdeba diskursis avtonomias.
aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom bevr kulturul sferoSi, mecnierebis eqspansia da
ganaTlebuli auditoriis zrda iZleva diskursis farglebSi inovaciebis
saSualebas. arqiteqtura warmoaCens dialeqtikas, romelic bevri kulturuli
sferosTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli: diskursis avtonomia teqnikur produserebs
axalisebs, rom gariskon praqtikaSi, maSin rodesac realizaciis xarji xSirad
barieris rols TamaSobs. amitomac arqiteqturas filosofosebi da
Teoretikosebi postmodernizmis xanas alegoriad miiCneven.

hermenevtika warmoadgens interpretaciul midgomas, romelic gamoavlens

Sinagani da subieqturi struqturebis bunebasa da maT mniSvnelobas. mniSvneloba
mkvlevrebisTvis gasagebi xdeba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu isini kulturuli struqturebis interpretacias moaxdenen da ar Seecdebian, magaliTad, sxva Zalebis
Sedegebis axsnas, rac warmoadgens meqanisturi midgomis meTodologiur
impulss. interpretacia gamomdinareobs gagebidan da ara mxolod dakvirvebidan.
dilTai bunebrivi mecnierebebis mier gamoyenebul meTodebs, dakvirvebas
upirispirebs hermenevtikul meTods. is gvTavazobs kulturuli kvlevebis
pirvel da erT-erT yvelaze filosofiur gamarTlebas, magram amas akeTebs
dualisturi gziT, romelic asaxavs germanuli idealizmis calmxriv
problematikas. dilTais miaCnia, rom socialuri fenomenis Seswavla unda moxdes
mxolod da mxolod kulturuli perspeqtividan gamomdinare. is maTematikur,
fizikur da biologiur mecnierebebs aniWebs gare meqanisturi wesrigis
dakvirvebebis prerogativas. amgvarad, dilTai xazs usvams kulturis
avtonomias, romelic ganxilulia idealisturi kuTxiT.
Tu ramdenad mWidrod unda iyos dakavSirebuli hermenevtikuli midgoma
kulturis cnebasTan dRemde warmoadgens kamaTis sagans.

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11

parsonsi
me-20 saukunis socialuri Teoriis istoriaSi, talkont parsonsma
SemogvTavaza socialuri meqanizmis Sesaswavli yvelaze daxvewili formaluri
midgoma, romelic orTodoqsuli hermenevtikuli tradiciis farglebs scildeboda. sazogadoebis mimarT Tavis funqcionalistur midgomaSi, parsonsma
konceptualurad moiazra kulturasa da materialur Zalas Soris urTierToba,
rogorc analitikuri safexurebi erTian empiriul samyaroSi da ara rogorc
Sinagani gamocdileba garegani determinaciis sapirispirod.
parsonsis mixedviT, monawileebi iTaviseben mniSvnelad wesrigs (kulturuli
sistema) romelic ufro zogadia, vidre socialur urTierTobaTa kompleqsi
(socialuri sistema) da romelTa nawils isini aseve warmoadgenen. es analitikuri
argumenti, erTi mxriv, niSnavs, rom yoveli socialuri aqti akonkretebs ufro
farTo kulturul mocemulobas. socialuri qmedeba ar unda ganixilebodes
meqanisturad, radganac misi kulturuli aspeqti yovelTvis aqtualuria. meore
mxriv, moqmedeba aseve socialuria da ara mxolod kulturuli sistemis nawili;
aq idealisturi perspeqtiva uariyofa. imdenad, ramdenadac parsonsi aseve
aRiarebs mesame analitikuri sistemis arsebobas, romelsac warmoadgens
pirovneba, is ambobs, rom verc kulturuli kodebi da verc socialuri
determinizmi akninebs fsiqologiuri imperativebis mniSvnelobas.
qmedeba aris simboluri, socialuri da motivaciuri erTsa da imave dros.
sruli empiriuli analizis Casatareblad, mkvlevarma unda Seiswavlos samive
analitikur sistemas Soris konkretuli urTierTmimarTeba. miuxedavad imisa,
rom kulturis es analitikuri avtonomia mniSvnelovania nebismier empiriul
konkretul momentSi, is mainc aris instituciuri faqtorebis gavlenis qveS.
parsonsis xedva kulturuli, socialuri da fsiqologiuri sistemebis
analitikuri avtonomiis Sesaxeb gvTavazobs erTgvar gamosavals meqanistursubieqtivisturi dixotomiidan. aq kulturas SedarebiT avtonomiuri sfero
eniWeba, magram ara sruli avtonomia.
Tumca problemebi male gamoikveTeba, rodesac aris am sxvadasxva doneebis
erTmaneTisgan gamijvnis mcdeloba ara analitikur doneze, aramed realobaSi.
arian Tu ara socialuri fenomenebi organizebuli meqanikurad da eqvemdebarebian aucileblobis kanonebs Tu mniSvnelobis wesebs? rogor unda moxdes
realurad kulturuli da socialuri doneebis interpretacia?
am dilemis pasuxad parsonsma uaRresad Tanamimdevruli rekomendacia
SemogvTavaza. funqcionaluri analizi unda exebodes kulturis institucionalizacias, Tu rogor xdeba kultura socialuri sistemebis realuri
struqturebis nawili. institucionalizaciaze es fokusi, parsonsis mixedviT,
sagrZnoblad daaviwroebs sociologebis kulturul interess. isini Tavisi

kulturis cneba aq Semodis imdenad, ramdenadac mniSvneloba ganisazRvreba

rogorc garkveuli gziT mowesrigebuli fenomeni. kultura warmoadgens
"wesrigs", romelic Seesabameba mniSvnelad qmedebas. subieqturi, antimeqanisturi wesrigi moiazreba, rogorc nebayoflobiTi mizezebis safuZvelze
arsebuli da ara aucileblobis ZaliT Camoyalibebuli, rasac meqanisturi,
obieqturi xedva aviTarebda.
marqssa da hegels Soris dapirispireba gvTavazobs meqanistursa da
kulturul formebs Soris arsebuli gansxvavebulobis pirvel formas,
romelsac xSirad eyrdnobian socialuri mecnierebebis warmomadgenlebi am
Temebis irgvliv diskusiis dros. gonis fenomenologiaSi hegeli saubrobs
istoriul ganviTarebaze, romelic ganpirobebulia im frustraciebiT,
romlebic SeiniSneboda konkretul istoriul periodSi arsebuli SezRudvebis
gamo. TiToeuli periodi xasiaTdeboda garkveuli sazRvrebiT romelTa
farglebSic xdeboda mniSvnelobis moazreba. hegeli am yovlismomcvel
sazRvrebs uwodebs gaists, anu saukunis gons, cneba romelic germanuli
idealizmis konteqstSi kulturis Tanamedrove gagebis ekvivalenturia.
imdenad, ramdenadac marqsi pirdapir ewinaaRmdegeba hegelis Teorias, misi
Sexedulebebi saSualebas iZleva gansxvavebul WrilSi davinaxoT meqanisturi
midgoma. istoriul materialisturi ganviTarebis Teoria, romelic marqsma
SeimuSava Tavis gviandel naSromebSi aRiarebs hegelis Teorias, rom istoriis
wina etapebi Seicavda istoriis Semdgom etapebs. Tumca marqsi ganviTarebis
wyarod miiCnevs ara subieqtur frustraciebs, aramed racionaluri interesis
obieqtur uaryofas. igi saubrobs ekonomikur da politikur wesrigze,
romlebic, marqsis azriT, ar aris subieqturi. marqsi radikalurad gamijnavs
erTmaneTisgan "superstruqturasa" da "baziss" cnobierebasa da socialur
arsebas. kulturuli fenomenebi samarTlebrivi kodebi, religiuri ritualebi,
xelovneba da inteleqtualuri ideebi miewereba superstruqturas da ganixileba
rogorc bazisis mier determinirebuli. imisaTvis, rom moxdes kulturuli
fenomenis axsna, saWiroa ara maTi Sinagani struqturisa da mniSvnelobis
Seswavla, aramed im materialuri elementebis dakvirveba, romlebsac isini
asaxaven. ramdenadac kultura ganpirobebulia mis gareT arsebuli Zalebis mier,
kulturas kauzaluri gagebiT ar aqvs avtonomia.
marqsis meqanisturi Sexedulebebi ganavrco sxvadasxva socialur mecnierulma skolam rogorc meTodologiuri, aseve ideologiuri Sexedulebebis
gaTvaliswinebiT. meTodologiurad cdilobdnen moeZiaT socialuri fenomenebis winaswar gansazRvris gzebi, gamoeaSkaravebinaT gazomvis "namdvili
obieqtebi"; ideologiurad ki reformis mxardamWeri radikaluri da liberaluri suliskveTeba gulisxmobda adamianuri tanjvis "realobis" mtkicebas
meqanisturi perspeqtividan gamomdinare.
meqanisturi moZraobis sawinaaRmdegod moqmedeba ganixileboda rogorc
mniSvnelobiT datvirTuli, xolo kulturas ganmsazRvreli Zala eniWeboda.
marqsma safuZveli Cauyara kulturis avtonomiis Sesaxeb kamaTs, miuxedavad
imisa, rom ver gansazRvra am kamaTis rezultati. sazogadoebis meqanisturi
xedvis oponentebi subieqtur midgomas icaven da Tvlian, rom kulturas ufro
SefardebiTi "avtonomia" gaaCnia materialisturi formebis fonze.

Mariam Asatiani

SOCIOLOGY OF CULTURE
Course Summary

Course Description and Objectives

dilTaim hegelis religiuri Teoria naturalisturi goniT Caanacvla.

dilTai xazs usvams adamianuri gamocdilebis centralurobas mniSvnelobis
wyaros dadgenaSi, rogorc monawilesTvis, aseve mkvlevrisTvisac. dilTais
azriT, urTierTgagebis saWiroebas mivyavarT individualuri gamocdilebis
farglebs gareT saerTo ideebisken da sabolood kulturuli sistemebis
mastruqturirebel ZalasTan.
dilTai xazs usvams struqturuli sistemis Sinagan da subieqtur
mdebareobas. es gansakuTrebuli mdebareoba specialur "hermenevtikul" meTods
moiTxovs.

The theme of culture and empirical research on culture has grown immensely in
sociology and the other social sciences over the last 25 years. Many disciplines have
experienced the so-called cultural turn. Beyond just recognizing that culture matters,
scholars have developed a variety of theories of just what culture is and how it operates.
Cultural processes and practices, and symbolic and classificatory systems, are constitutive
elements of social life and important sites of, and vehicles for, political contestation. To
speak of culture this way is to speak in terms of shared ways of life, shared repertoires of
action, shared orientations to the world, shared widely shared specific attitudes, values,
behaviors, and practices, shared operating systems, shared webs of significance, and so
on.
We will discuss our relationship to the culture(s) in which we live, and the relationship
between culture and power. We will consider how culture operates in micro-interactional
settings on the basis of widely shared cultural beliefs, and how it can exist in more clearly
delimited settings (for example, organizational cultures). Finally, we will examine how certain
cultural industries, or venues for experiencing culture, such as film, popular music, books,
high art, and fashion are organized and how they have changed over time in response to
both larger social forces and to each other.
Introduction to the Sociology of Culture and the Place (Problem) of Culture in Modern
Civilization
The idea of culture is notoriously difficult to define and the concept seems all
encompassing and ambiguous. However, most of the social scientists agreed to treat culture
as the processes of meaning making. Cultural sociology, combining interdisciplinary
influences with sociological presuppositions, examines meaning making processes, along
three specific dimensions: meaning making in everyday action, the shared mental
frameworks which are the tools of meaning making and the institutional production of
meaning.
Ruth Benedict presents some widely shared and important ideas about culture: the
ideas that human societies cannot be explained simply by nature, that cultural possibilities
are innumerable, that cultures are diverse, that different elements within a culture are
interconnected, and that elements of culture must be understood by placing them in their
context.
In his essay, Thick Description: Toward an Interpretative Theory of Culture, Clifford
Geertz challenges reductionist social explanation which ignores the symbolic dimensions of
social life, but also criticizes reified cultural analysis of abstract codes, preferring instead
ethnographys close examination of grounded, concrete sequences of action and their
contexts. Geertz emphasizes that culture is public and collective, not simply an attribute of
individuals; he also makes the important methodological point that cultural analysis should
not be treated as idiosyncratic but rather that it should be assessed on criteria appropriate to
the subject.
One of the fundamental tools for analyzing culture is the concept of cognitive categories.
As Zerubavel demonstrates, cognitive categories create meaning from a potentially
undifferentiated flux of experience. Further, they vary according to time, place, and social
context, and frequently generate dissent and debate. While categorical distinction is
essential, people may classify in either rigid, fuzzy or flexible ways, creating or blurring gaps
between mental entities to different degrees.
Pierre Bourdieu argues that social explanation must take into account the subjective
categories in which people understand their worlds, the pre-conscious practices in which
those categories are articulated, the power exercised in social categorization, and the

10

79

klasikuri perspeqtivebi

politics of categorical distinctions. Cultural categorization and the power of authoritative

categorization are important stakes in social struggles and central to understanding of
inequality and social change. Moreover, intellectuals and social scientists are not only
analysts but also important participants in symbolic politics, and their work demands an ethic
of reflexivity.
Using the illustration of life in the modern city, George Simmel suggests here some
distinctive features of culture in modern, complex societies (in contrast with the smaller, premodern societies, which anthropologists like Ruth Benedict mostly studied). In large and
highly differentiated modern societies, the multiple social circles, the money economy, and
the specialized division of labor lead to increasing rationalization and objectification in
culture. Simmel also suggests that while the possibilities of individuality and individualism
grow, individual experience becomes more shallow, and that objective cultural products
multiply and come to dominate subjective meanings and values.
Given the intuition that "shreds and patches" drawn from various places can be so
organized into particular patterns that appear "unique" and "different" to an observer, the
problem remains: how is this intuition to be grounded? Is it in fact more than an intuition to
be dismissed on the basis of further analysis? Is it an "illusion" as gestalt experiments are
often said to reveal? Or are we confronted here with essential aspects of all reality: mutually
organized parts make new "wholes" for those who stand in particular relations to the parts.
In fact, there is powerful evidence that the intuition of cultural integration that drove
Benedict's work is not an illusion to be deconstructed but rather something to confront
directly.
Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices (Language)
For many reasons, this should take us to a discussion of the importance of language in
relation to culture. When we talk about culture, we refer to shared meanings. As for the
language, it is the privileged medium in which we make sense of things, in which meaning
is produced and exchanged. Meanings can only be shared through our common access to
language. So language is central to meaning and culture and has always been regarded as
the key repository of cultural values and meanings. Language is also an ultimate metaphor
for humanity ("In the beginning was the Word"); one the most obvious instance of human
cultural activity to analyse for what it might teach us about humanity together. But how
language construct meanings and how does it sustain the dialogue between participants
which enables them to build up a culture of shared understandings and so interpret the world
in roughly the same ways? Language is able to do this because it operates as a
representational system. In language we use signs and symbols whether they are sounds,
written words, electronically produced images, musical notes, even objects to stand for or
represent to other people our concepts, ideas and feelings. Representation through
language is therefore central to the processes by which meaning is produced.
Language provides one general model of how culture and representation work,
especially in what has come to be known as the semiotic approach semiotics being the
study or science of signs and their general role as vehicles of meaning in culture. In more
recent years, the preoccupation with meaning has taken a different turn, being more
concerned, not with the detail of how language works, but with the broader role of discourse
in culture. Discourses are the way of referring to or constructing knowledge about a
particular topic of practice: a cluster (or formation) of ideas, images and practices, which
provide ways of talking about, forms of knowledge and conduct associated with, a particular
topic, social activity or institutional site in society.
These discursive formations, as they are known, define what is and is not appropriate in
our formulation of, and our practices in relation to a particular subject or site of social activity;
what knowledge is considered useful, relevant and true in that context; and what sorts of
persons or subjects embody its characteristics.
We examine also, how representation is working in television soap opera. These are
enormously popular sources of fictional narrative in modern life, circulating meanings
throughout popular culture and increasingly worldwide which have been traditionally
defined as feminine in their appeal, reference, and mode of operation. Christine Gledhill, in
Representation, Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices, unveils the way this
gendered identification of a TV genre has been constructed. She considers how and why
80

kulturis sociologia, rogorc samuSao midgoma

kulturis sociologiaSi empiriuli kvlevebis Catarebis dros Tu Teoriuli
ganazrebebisas, gasaTvaliswinebelia Semdegi aspeqtebi:
1. miuxedavad imisa, xdeba Tu ara konkretuli kulturuli diskursis
miReba/gaziareba (mag, rogoric aris "kulturuli omebi", "individualizmi"),
aseTi diskursebis farTo aRiareba da gavrceleba Tavad qmnis mniSvnelovan
socialur faqtebs;
2. gaTvaliswinebul unda iqnes, farTo masStabiani kulturuli inovaciisa
da socialuri cvlilebebis Teoriebi;
3. gaerTiandes ori potenciurad urTierTsawinaaRmdego kvlevis xazi
kulturis sociologiaSi, romelic saTaves socialur fsiqologiaSi iRebs;
pirveli kognicias exeba, meore ki emociebs;
4. gafarTovdes mizez-Sedegobriobis cneba, romelic mniSvnelobis
ganmsazRvrel procesebs ganixilavs, rogorc mizez-Sedegobriv meqanizms.
5. gaTvaliswinebul
gatarebis dros

iqnes

kvlevebis

Sedegebi

kulturis

politikis

zemoT CamoTvlils monaxazis xasiaTi aqvs. yvela es sakiTxi diskursis

socialuri Sedegebi, kulturuli difuzia socialur cvlilebaSi, kognicia da
emocia mniSvnelobis ganmsazRvrel procesebSi, kauzaluri meqanizmebi, interpretaciuli kvlevebis Sefaseba da mniSvnelobis-Seqmna sociologiur praqtikaSi
xels Seuwyobs zogadi sociologiuri gagebis ganviTarebas da mianiSnebs im
aspeqtebze, romlebic ufro Rrma empiriul da Teoriul Seswavlas moiTxovs.
kulturis SedarebiTi avtonomiis Sesaxeb
am TavSi visaubrebT kulturis mimarT arsebuli ZiriTadi midgomebis Sesaxeb.
erTi mxriv, es iqneba SedarebiTi mimoxilva, meore mxriv ki, mas gaaCnia sistemuri
mxare, romelic moicavs warmoSobili argumentebis erTobliobas.
Tavdapirveli dixotomia
mas Semdeg, rac safuZveli Caeyara sazogadoebebis mecnierul ganxilvas, ori
Teoriuli ukiduresoba dominirebda moqmedebisa da wesrigis cnebebis analizis
dros. moqmedebis meqanisturi xedva adamianis qcevas manqanas amsgavsebda,
romelic prognozirebadia da reagirebs garemos mier SemoTavazebul stimulebze avtomaturad da obieqturad. wesrigi, romelic ukavSirdeba meqanikur
qmedebas, Sesabamisad aris iZulebiTi da gavlenas axdens adamianis qcevaze misi
zemoqmedebis Zalidan gamomdinare.
zemoT xsenebuli xedvis sapirispirod Camoyalibda moqmedebisa da wesrigis
subieqturi gageba. am Tvalsazrisis mixedviT, moqmedeba motivirebulia im
raRaciT rac adamianSive Tavidanve arsebobs, magaliTad, grZnobiT, aRqmiT,
gancdebiT. wesrigi, romelic aseT qmedebas emyareba ideuri xasiaTis aris, anu is
warmoadgens iseT rames, rac adamianebis TavSia mocemuli. aq saqme gvaqvs
subieqtur wesrigTan da ara mxolod subieqtur moqmedebasTan, ramdenadac
subieturoba ganixileba rogorc sazRvrebi da ara ganzraxva, idea romelic
zogadia da ara individualuri survilis Sesabamisi.
mocemuli sazRvrebi ki ganixileba rogorc mravali interpretaciuli aqtis
mizezi an Sedegi. gamocdilebasa da gamocdilebis mniSvnelobas gadamwyveti
xasiaTi aqvs am midgomisTvis.
9

ganvixilavT, Tu rogori urTierTobebi gansazRvravs da Seadgens mniSvnelobebs

da Semdeg individebi rogor operireben am mniSvnelobebiT. esa Tu is mniSvneloba
SeiZleba ar iyos gaziarebuli an logikuri mocemuli jgufis Tu mTlianad
sazogadoebis yvela wevrisTvis. saerTo normebi, Rirebulebebi, kognituri
CarCoebi da moqmedebis aRiarebuli gzebi ar SeiZleba iyos yvelasTvis
gamWvirvale da sworxazovani. aramed, gamomdinare konteqstidan individebi da
socialuri jgufebi eyrdnobian mocemuli mniSvnelobebis simbolur repertuarebs. Tumca, erTi da igive adamiani sxvadasxva dros SeiZleba gansxavebul
qmedebebs irCevdes an kidev sxvadasxva xalxi erTsa da imave konteqstSi ar
daeyrdnos analogiur simboloebs.
meore xazi Seiswavlis mniSvnelobis gansazRvris procesebs, romlebic
gvxvdeba instituciur sferoebSi an kulturuli prodiuserebis qselebSi. es
midgoma kulturas ganixilavs rogorc socialur produqts da xazs usvams
specifikur konteqstebs, sadac vxvdebiT kulturul warmoebasa da inovacias. aq
ganixileba, Tu rogor iqmneba konkretul organizaciul konteqstSi xelovneba
an kidev, Tu rogor xdeba musikis garkveuli stilis gavrceleba, an mecnierebis
praqtikaSi danergva. yovelive es mniSvnelovan zegavlenas SeiZleba axdens
kulturuli produqtis Seqmnaze. magaliTad, mogvianebiT saubari gveqneba
postmodernistuli arqiteqturis ganviTarebaze, warmoadgens Tu ara is
konkretuli profesiuli garemos produqts, Tu ufro farTo masStabis
msoflio istoriuli cvlilebebiT aris ganpirobebuli. musikis sferos rac
Seexeba, petersonis mixedviT, rok musikis warmoSoba miewereba industriaSi
momxdar cvlilebebs da ara demografiul afeTqebas.
mesame midgoma kulturis sociologiaSi gamoiZiebs mniSvnelobis ganmsazRvrel procesebs teqstSi, eyrdnoba teqstualur analizs, rac ufro axloa
humanitaruli mecnierebebTan, vidre kulturis sociologiasTan. kulturuli
repertuarebi, obieqtebi da teqstebi analitikurad emijneba socialur konteqsts da ganixileba rogorc Seswavlis damoukidebeli obieqti. Tu kulturas
enas SevadarebT, maSin masac aqvs Tavisi Sinagani struqtura; rac Seexeba
mniSvnelobebis warmoqmnas am Sinagan struqturas Tanamimdevruli xasiaTi aqvs.
kulturis sociologiebi mimarTaven sxva disciplinebis analitikur
saSualebebs, raTa ukeT da siRrmiseulad iqnes gagebuli kulturis esa Tu is
struqtura; magaliTad, cnebebi, romlebic farTod gamoiyeneba Semdegia:
simboluri kodebi, niSnebis sistemebi, Janrebi, narativebi. diskursiuli
analizisgan gansxvavebiT, romelic ZiriTadad teqstualur niSan-Tvisebebs
ikvlevs, sociologebi, romlebic analogiur meTodebs mimarTaven, paralelebs
avleben mocemul teqstualur niSan-Tvisebebsa da im gzebs Soris romelTa
saSualebiTac individebi gavlenas axdenen am niSan-Tvisebebze da, piriqiT,
eqcevian maTi gavlenis qveS.
mniSvnelobis Seqmnis procesis Seswavla "safuZvelSi", "institucionalur
sferoSi" , da "teqstSi" ar gamoricxavs erTmaneTs da analizi SeiZleba gakeTdes
samive meTodis gamoyenebiT. Tuki mniSvnelobis warmoebas ganvixilavT rogorc
samive doneze erTdroulad mimdinare process, maSin aseTi midgoma dagvexmareba
gadavlaxoT kamaTi imis Sesaxeb, kultura Tanxmobas emyareba, Tu kulturaideologia asaxavs Zalauflebis urTierTobebs.
pirvel rigSi, "safuZvlis" meTodis gamoyeneba saSualebas gvaZlevs
ganvixiloT repertuarebis ganxorcieleba, rogorc socialur jgufebSi da
jgufebs Soris arsebuli sxvaoba da konfliqti. Tumca, aseTi tipis analizi
ewinaaRmdegeba im Sexedulebebs kulturis Sesaxeb, romlebic miiCneven, rom
kultura aris ideologia radganac kulturuli repertuarebi, individi,
istoriuli cvalebadoba miuTiTebs imaze, rom kulturuli Zalaufleba ar aris
adamianebis manipulireba maTi interesebis Seqmnis gziT. (anu marqsis mixedviT
cru cnobierebis Seqmna). meore mniSvnelobis Seqmna instituciur sferoSi da
teqstSi gvexmareba ganvsazRvroT variaciebisa da gaurkvevlobis wyaroebi, rac
Tavidan agvacilebs Semdeg visaubroT kulturis konsensusisa da ideologiuri
dominaciis Sesaxeb.

such a space of representation should have opened up within popular culture; what genre
and gender elements interact in the narrative structures and representational forms; and how
these
popular
forms
have
been
ideologically
shaped
and
inflected.

Marxism and Culture: Hegemony and Domination

Addressing the matter of the maintenance of arbitrariness across the generations and
when this arbitrariness is hard on large groups of individuals within a population opens
question of power within social fields, societies, zones of interaction, etc.
In one way of another, the classical versions of the models of sociability left aside the
issue of differentiation within the body politic and inequalities in resources or power. More
recent versions have tried to deal with it in a variety of fashions. This is Williams's concern.
First we must understand the nature of the power. We can then explore one of the ways of
doing this. According to Marx: the ideas of the ruling class are in every epoch the ruling
ideas i.e. the class, which is the ruling material force of society, is at the same time its ruling
intellectual
force.
The class, which has the means of material production at its disposal, has control at the
same time over the means of mental production, so that thereby, generally speaking, the
ideas of those who lack the means of mental production are subject to it. (The German
Ideology (1970: 64))
This is an analysis intended to move people to action (education). It is also an analysis
that does not point at the principles guiding its moral choices. Underlying this statement is a
classical puzzle in Euro-American political philosophy: how is one to understand political rule
(outside of pure relationships of brute force) and how is one to constitute new forms of
political rule that are both grounded in the nature of humanity and in the moral choices in
favour of individual freedom and self-actualisation that "we" have made?
What happens when you start doubting that there are in fact no condition under which
"consent" can be considered as given by all the governed? And, in particular, what happens
in complex societies when it can be shown that people occupying different positions have
different interests that must somehow conflict with each other if in fact these positions are
mutually constituted through the division of labour (or even simple coexistence within the
same geographical area)? What are the processes through which ruling classes (genders,
ethnic or racial groups, etc.) impose their "ideas" to the ruled classes?
Is it enough to hold political power in order to impose ideas? What are ideas anyway,
and what role might they play in the reproduction of class (gender...) positions?
Raymond Williams in his essay on Base and Superstructure challenges on of the most
widespread assumptions about culture, the idea that meanings and values are determined
by some more objective material reality (a model most well known from the Marxist theories
of ideology Williams discusses but also implicit in many other theories of society). The book
develops a more supple model of cultural determination which recognizes cultural elements
in material production, material and structural elements of meaning and value, and a
relationship of limits and pressures rather than strict causal determination between them.
Williams regards culture as "active experiences and practices leading to "studies of
different types of institution and formation in cultural production and distribution, and in the
linking of these within whole social material processes.
The problem may have to do, in Gramsci's writing with the appearance that the working
classes do not "understand" their conditions. Given the theories of language, it should be
clear that the appearance of non-understanding is mostly produced by the absence of a
particular type of analytic language that is in fact only found among certain intellectual
classes.
The import of this critique is that it establishes that one cannot differentiate culture from
society (motivation from action; personality psychology from the social sciences) (as this was
done by Parsons). One is moving beyond the distinction between "what people say" and
What people do
The concepts of hegemony and the related concept of habitus were partially developed
in specific reaction against social theories that focused on the division of labour in society,
81

and its implication for the development of classes and other such groupings within complex
societies. These theories appeared: "static" in that they did not explicitly consider the
possibility that classes arise historically through processes of struggle; classes are not in
continuing struggle requiring specific work to maintain them. Unconcerned with the
possibility of productive activity by the people involved; that is class position might be used
as a variable explaining variation in behaviour, thereby preventing the analyst to consider
that people in their local circumstances might be, or become aware of their limitations, and
act on them. If this is thought possible then research can be conducted that makes of the
people's awareness an independent variable.
Such points had been made repeatedly but those who made them still had to deal with
the historical fact that few among the classes or groups easily identifiable as "oppressed"
seemed to act on the basis of the agency that they were granted.
It would seem that something was preventing them from acting, and the concepts of
hegemony or habitus might appear to do the trick by proposing that individuals came to
accept the legitimacy of their position through the pedagogic activity of institutions such as
the school (or the media).
What Difference Gender?

warmodgenasTan, romelic gamoikveTa masiuri socialuri cvelilebebis asaxvis

mizniT. aRniSnuli cvlilebebi evropul sazogadoebaSi Tanamedrove ekonomikuri da politikuri institutebis dabadebis procesSi moxda (maSin rodesac
sxva, ufro naklebad diferencirebul sazogadoebebSi kultura ar ganixileboda
rogorc cxovrebis calkeuli sfero).
magaliTad, xSirad msjeloben garkveul kulturul praqtikasa da sagnebze
(opera, qandakeba) rogorc maRali kulturaze. aseTi msjeloba exmaureba me19 saukuneSi Camoyalibebul warmodgenebs, romlebic gamoyofda praqtikisa da
kulturuli sagnebis garkveul sferos da mas mijnavda yoveldRiuri
ekonomikuri da politikuri cxovrebisgan.
rodesac akritikeben maskulturas, maskulturisTvis damaxasiaTebeli
komerciulobidan gamomdinare, amiT xazi esmeva kulturis, rogorc cxovrebis
gancalkevebul da wminda sferos. aseve, SeiZleba es arapirdapir mianiSnebdes
imisken, rom maRali kultura warmoadgens mxolod SeniRbul pretenzias maRal
socialur statusze da amiT xazs usvams imas, rom popularuli an xalxuri
kulturis nimuSebs ufro mdabio statusi gaaCniaT.
kultura, rogorc mniSvnelobis gansazRvra

Men used to be the subject of the human sciences on the unexamined idea that what
was discovered studying male human beings also had to apply to female human beings.
Researchers moved to studies of women. Gender was discovered as a theoretical term:
sex + cultural elaboration = gender. In linguistics, it was always accepted that gender is a
convention, an artificial social construction, and that the relationship between a person or
object and a gender is arbitrary in the Saussurian sense.
The evidence that placing women in particular position (homemakers, nurses, teachers)
was the result not only of undirected cultural evolution but also of specific political acts
repeated over the years both at the local levels (girls and boys being tracked in families and
schools) and at the national level (limitations on voting, etc.).
The growing acceptance at the national political level (whether because of ideological
shifts or because of economic transformations) that most forms of "gendering" was
illegitimate (which is a different thing than arbitrary).
The self is considered as constructed implicitly through interaction (G.H. Mead) and also
multiple (Derrida and desconstruction) and also explicitly affirmed through political
affirmation (that is self-naming and associational patterns): one is not made "Chicana"
through early enculturation but through specific public activities.
Illustration of the objective conditions women face as they construct their public selves
(Salzinger and Central American immigrant "maids" in the information age), a focus on the
political work produced by all actors ("dominant" males and "resisting" females) to reproduce
and transform their positions in an agonistic rather than cooperative feedback process.
The reconstitution of sex as difference that makes a difference (either through biology or
very early enculturation): The radical deconstruction of all sciences by the demonstration
that they are all social (cultural) and that human reasoning cannot free itself from its
grounding in particular genders (races, historical conditions, etc.)
In the development of gender studies in anthropology and related disciplines, it may be
the last possibility that has been most determinedly explored, eventually producing radical
critiques of the possibility of knowledge (and thereby ethnography). This aligned feminist
studies with post-modern deconstruction, until it became clear that the implicit relativism
(nihilism) in these trends was fundamentally inimical to the political (moral, ethical) agenda
that had first triggered feminist scholarship.
One way to clarify the evolution of the relationship between cultural positioning and
knowledge is in terms of Plato's metaphor of the cave where human beings are locked,
unable to see the objects except as shadows on the wall. I also imagine that the light plays
through one, or many, lenses. The scientific task, in this perspective, is to reconstruct a
model of the object by triangulating the play of the shadow, the direction of the light, etc.
Given this analogy several problems can arise: while every human beings can potentially

kulturis farTod gavrcelebuli mniSvneloba kargad asaxavs am cnebis

istorias. erTi mxriv, yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi termini SeiZleba exebodes
adamianebis saqmianobis im sferosa da specialur nimuSebs, romlebic
gansxvavdeba praqtikuli socialuri cxovrebis yoveldRiuri samyarosgan an
kidev exebodes jgufis, an mTeli xalxis cxovrebis wess. kulturis es arsebuli
gansazRvrebebi am cnebas mTeli misi istoriis manZilze bundovanebas sZenda.
rogorc sxva disciplinebi, kulturis sociologia Camoyalibda am tipis
gansxvavebulobebis fonze da xeli Seuwyo kulturis cnebis gansazRvras.
mecnierebi xazs usvamen kulturis gansxvavebul aspeqtebs, rogoric aris
mniSvneloba, faseuloba, nimuSebi, ricxvebi, Cveulebebi, ritualebi, simboloebi,
kodebi, ideebi, diskursi, msoflmxedveloba, ideologia Tu principebi; es
CamonaTvali ar aris amomwuravi. kulturuli sagnebis nebismieri CamonaTvali
yovelTvis iqneba arasruli, imdenad ramdenadac mniSvneloba da interpretacia
aris aqtiuri da cvalebadi procesi. ufro metic, aseTi CamonaTvali Tavis TavSi
moicavs mniSvnelovan Teoriul dapirispirebebs im mkvlevrebs Soris, romlebic
xazs usvamen diskursebisa da kulturuli praqtikis mniSvnelobas, kognitur
kategoriebs, faseulobebs, vinc aanalizebs konkretul produqtebs da Rma
teqstualur nimuSebs, rom ar CavTvaloT amaTi SesaZlo kombinaciebi.
magram bevri es winaaRmdegoba da kamaTi moixsneba, Tu Cven kulturas
SevxedavT rogorc mniSvnelobis ganmsazRvreli procesebis erTobliobas,
romlebic sxvadasxva tipis socialur garemoSi mimdinareobs (specialur
sferoebSi, Tu ufro zogadad) da asaxvas povebs gansxvavebul socialur
praqtikasa, Tu socialur produqtebSi. dRes kulturis mkvlevarebis ZiriTad
mizans warmoadgens mniSvnelobis ganmsazRvreli procesebis gageba, sxvadasxva
mniSvnelobebisa da maTi socialur cxovrebaze gavlenis Seswavla.
aqedan gamomdinare, kulturis sociologebma SeiZleba gamoikvlion kultura, rogorc sazogadoebis calke sfero an kidev kultura, rogorc cxovrebis
wesi - qvemoT moyvanili magaliTebi exeba orive aspeqts isini cdiloben
mniSvnelobis ganmsazRvreli procesebis gagebas.
Tanamedrove kulturis sociologia xSirad eyrdnoba anTropologias,
istorias, feministur, media, kulturulogiur kvlevebs, literatur kritikas,
politikur mecnierebas da socialur fsiqologias. kulturis sociologiaSi
muSaoba gulisxmobsinterdisciplinaruli midgomebis gamoyenebas, rac
saSualebas gvaZlevs SemoqmedebiTad movekidoT Cveni Seswavlis sagans.
Tanamedrove kulturis sociologiaSi gamoikveTa sami mimarTuleba.
TiToeuli maTganis Seswavlis sagania mniSvnelobis ganmsazRvreli procesebi
sxvadasxva analitikur doneze.
Cven SevexebiT rogorc mniSvnelobis gansazRvras safuZvelSi, aseve

82

miRebuli samyaros Semecnebis gzebi da qmedeba gansxvavdeba maTgan. am kuTxiT

danaxuli kultura SeiZleba warmoadgendes mTel jgufs an sazogadoebas da
amrigad Cven ganvasxvavebT erTmaneTisgan sxvadasxva xalxis kulturebs.
kulturis aseTi gageba gamoikveTa me-19 saukunis evropaSi. am periodSi
evropelebis mier wamowyebulma kvleviTma mogzaurobebma Tu dapyrobebma
ganapiroba evropelebis dafiqreba kulturuli gansxvavebulobebis Sesaxeb,
ramac Tavis mxriv xeli Seuwyo SedarebiTi azris ganviTarebas gansxvavebul
sazogadoebebTan mimarTebaSi.
SemdgomSi es tendencia Tanamedrove epoqaSi damkvidrda da gadamwyveti
roli iTamaSa anTropologiis, rogorc disciplinis CamoyalibebaSi. kulturis
anTropologiuri gagebiT, adamianebis cxovrebis wesi ganisazRvreba da
gamoixateba maTi kulturiT. kultura vlindeba yvelaferSi, dawyebuli samuSao
iaraRebidan, damTavrebuli religiiT.
me 19 saukunis evropaSi kulturebi ganixileboda socialuri progresis
Sesaxeb evropuli warmodgenebidan gamomdinare da Sesabamisad evropuli
kulturebi msoflio ierarqiis yvelaze maRal safexurze Tavsdeboda. me-20
saukuneSi evropuli kulturis upiratesobis Sesaxeb gancxadebebi gaiSviaTda. es
ki ganapiroba kolonialurma da postkolonialurma socialurma urTierTobebma, dominantur da maT daqvemdebarebul jfufebs Soris urTierTdamokidebulebam. kulturuli ierarqiis cnebis uaryofiT, kultura gagebul
iqna rogorc pluraluri da SedarebiTi fenomeni, gansxvavebul kulturebs
mieniWaT Tanabari mniSvneloba/faseuloba.
kultura, rogorc adamianuri
gamoxatulebis gancalkevebuli samyaro
arsebobs kulturis gansxvavebuli gagebac. am SemTxvevaSi Cven kulturuls
vuwodebT garkveul RonisZiebebs an materialur nivTebs. mag. opera, Teatri,
xalxuri simRerebi, novelebi, xelovneba Tu Senobebis stili. kulturis cnebis
aseTi gamoyenebis dros kulturisada socialuri cxovrebis sxva sferoebi
erTmaneTs emijneba, miuxedavad imisa, Cven vadarebT Tu ara erTmaneTs
gansxvavebul sazogadoebebs.
gansakuTrebuli kulturuli praqtikisa da sagnebis saSualebiT garkveuli
informacia gadaecemaT sxva adamianebs Cvens Sesaxeb, anu Tu ra warmoadgens
CvenTvis Rirebuls da gamoxatavs Cveni, rogorc jgufis identobas.
kulturis anTropoligiuri gageba ukavSirdeba danarCen msoflioSi evropul eqspansias, kulturis meore mniSvneloba ki Seexeba mniSvnelovan socialur
cvlilebebs. kulturas uwodebdnen kulturuli institutebis mier warmoebuli
produqtebis garkveul sferos inglisSi, industriuli revoluciis dros.
Tanamedrove socialur organizaciaze gadasvlam socialuri diferenciacia
da dapirispirebebi gamoiwvia. movlenebis ganviTarebam mkveTrad gamijna
erTmaneTisgan yoveldRiuri, pragmatuli, konfliqtebiT aRsavse ekonimikisa da
politikis (kapitalizmis axali samyaro, industria, demokratia da revolucia)
da xelovnebisa da moralis idealisturi wminda sferoebi. xelovnebisa da
moralis sferoebi gamoxatavdnen ufro maRal adamianur SesaZleblobebsa da
Rirebulebebs gansxvavebiT imisagan, rasac Tanamedrove ekonomikuri da
politikuri cxovreba sTavazobda adamianebs.
zogisTvis, kulturis es calke sferoebi Tanamedrove sazogadoebis kritikis
safuZvelia; isini sazogadoebisTvis destruqciuli da zedapiruli aspeqtebis
gverdidan danaxvis da kritikis saSualebas iZleodnen. sxvebisTvis kultura
warmoadgenda epifenomens da politikisa da ekonomikis materialurad xelSesaxebi sferoebisgan gansxvavebiT hqonda ufro feminuri xasiaTi. amgvarad,
kulturis pirveli gageba asocirdeboda anTropologiasTan, xolo meore gageba,
exeboda humanitaruli mecnierebebebis ramdenime sferos literaturas,
xelovnebasa da musikas.
rodesac saubari xelovnebas, popularul kulturas, xalxur kulturas, an
Tundac maskulturas exeba, Cven saqme gvaqvs kulturis Sesaxeb im
6

see equally well (they all see through the same lense), or badly, certain positions prevent
easier access . Men have been handicapped by various matters, women scholars can now
correct some improper generalizations.
Not all human beings can see equally well, or they see equally well, but through different
lenses, thus the knowledge each attain will remain incommensurate: they will never be able
to agree on what it is that they are seeing; men and women are fundamentally different, they
have different ways of knowing, and this produce different sciences.
The lenses are really mirrors reflecting what is happening in the cave and all knowledge
is grounded in the social relationships among those who look.
There is fundamentally no way to produce a science that is not the product of gender
(though how this would work is itself unknowable)
There are no mirrors or lenses, no cave, no light, and no objects, it is all a personal
(individual, "in the head") construction. This can easily be transformed into an idealist or
nihilistic approach that is radically inimical to any kind of systematic conversation.
By implication gender itself is not an analytic category but rather a political ploy, and
thus an illusion: feminism has thereby radically deconstructed itself.
Social systems or cultures, however constraining, are also relatively open to exploitation
by all persons, particularly around the areas of contradiction within the system (i.e. each
culture has particular places where it is more vulnerable to cooptation, and possibly change)
Social fields, to the extent that they place human beings in different positions, thereby
gives them different interests, as well as different tools (weapons, etc.) in their struggle
against those placed in other positions.
Given a theory of internalization, this negates the principle of the "psychic unity of
mankind." People in different positions, with different experiences, would be different. Taken
seriously, this requires renewed interest in "objective" analyses of the structures of the fields.
Systematic discussion must come back to the basic intuition, that is that sex,
everywhere is culturally constructed in ways that are not directly predictable from the
biological nature of sexuality, but does not ignore it either (see the initial discussion in this
class of Lvi-Strauss's contribution to the theory of culture). Thus human sex, everywhere
is "gender" constructed contrastively among the possibilities that cultural elaboration has
built historically. Thus "gender" can never be explained by reference to a substance
("women as different by men because they are women, biologically") but always in reference
to what others make of them in a particular field, that is--paradoxically perhaps, and
controversially certainly--men (just like men are made in reference to women, and all other
possible genders).

Media and Cultural Consumption

Stuart Hall argues that the media appear to reflect reality whilst in fact they construct it.
His work Policing the Crisis, reflects an analysis of the signifying practices of the mass
media from the perspective of Marxist culturalist theory inflected through Gramsci's theory of
hegemony, and 'an Althusserian conception of the media as an ideological state apparatus
largely concerned with the reproduction of dominant ideologies', claiming relative autonomy
for the mass media (Woollacott 1982: 110). For Hall et al. the mass media do tend to
reproduce interpretations which serve the interests of the ruling class, but they are also 'a
field of ideological struggle'. The media signification system is seen as relatively
autonomous. 'The news' performs a crucial role in defining events, although this is seen as
secondary to the primary definers: accredited sources in government and other institutions.
The media also serve 'to reinforce a consensual viewpoint by using public idioms and by
claiming to voice public opinion' (Woollacott 1982: 109).
Stuart Hall has also addressed theoretically the issue of how people make sense of
media texts. In a key paper, 'Encoding/Decoding', Stuart Hall (1980), argued that the
dominant ideology is typically inscribed as the 'preferred reading' in a media text, but that
this is not automatically adopted by readers. The social situations of
readers/viewers/listeners may lead them to adopt different stances. 'Dominant' readings are
produced by those whose social situation favours the preferred reading; 'negotiated'
83

readings are produced by those who inflect the preferred reading to take account of their
social position; and 'oppositional' readings are produced by those whose social position puts
them into direct conflict with the preferred reading. Hall insists that there remain limits to
interpretation: meaning cannot be simply 'private' and 'individual' (Hall 1980: 135). Hall's
emphasis on ideology has been criticized for being at the expense of the importance of
ownership and control (Stevenson 1995: 35).
In their famous 1944 essay, The Culture Industry: Enlightenment As Mass Deception,
Max Horkheimer and Theodor Adorno examine the rationalized, capitalist organization of
cultural production in modern societies. Their analysis of mass culture and content, and its
psychological and political consequences was among the most wide ranging of scholars
attempts to come to grips with the impact of movies and radio, and continues to offer insights
into later forms of mass culture like television. For Horkheimer and Adorno, when art and
entertainment are commodified for the mass market in concentrated, rationalized
businesses, culture becomes formulaic, commercialized, imaginatively limited, and critically
stunted; and audiences become passive, conformist, and uncritical. True individuality is
absorbed, true human needs are repressed, and even intimacy is reified.
Whereas many observers of modern culture have feared that current processes where
leading to homogenization and mass production, Paul Dimaggio argues that such fears are
exaggerated, because culture industries take a variety of organizational forms, and the
extent to which diversity and innovation are encouraged varies according to organizational
form and industry structure. Thus, homogenized mass culture is only one of several possible
outcomes of culture industries.
Most sociologists of culture agree that some forms of cultural consumption serve as
markers of social status. For instance, knowledge of fine arts, literature, and upper class
etiquette signals wealth and prestige. Such knowledge may also serve as pass key for
entrance into elite social life. Bourdieu calls this passkey cultural capital because it is cultural
knowledge that can be translated into real economic gains, for example by allowing access
to elite social networks and clubs hire business deals often are made. By restricting access
to resources, social status can be translated into market position and political status. This
process can be seen as the results of two interrelated levels of exclusion. First, social
exclusion is a process of social selection that is based on a previously determined set of
cultural criteria and is exercised by people with high levels of income, education and
occupational prestige. Social exclusion occurs at the level of social relations and is the sort
of social closure that Weber addresses as the monopolization of resources and inclusion in
social intercourse.

Subculture
In sociology, a subculture is a culture or set of people with distinct behavior and
beliefs within a larger culture. The essence of a subculture, that distinguishes it from other
social groupings, is awareness of style and differences in style, in clothing, music or other
interests. Dick Hebdige, in his classic 1979 book Subculture: The Meaning of Style, used
style as a subculture's fashions, mannerisms, activities, music, and interests. Subcultural
styles are distinguished from mainstream styles by being intentionally "fabricated", their
constructedness, as different from conventional. That was the world of subcultures more
visible in Britain than anywhere else: teds, skinheads, punks, Bowie-ites, hippies, dreads.
For Hebdige two Gramscian terms are especially useful in analyzing subcultures:
conjuncture and specificity. Subcultures form in communal and symbolic engagements with
the larger system of late industrial culture; theyre organized around, but not wholly
determined by age and class, and are expressed in teh creation of styles. These styles are
produced within specific historical and cultural conjunctures, they are not to be read as
simply rsisting hegemony or as magical resoultions to social tensions as earlier thoerists
had supposed. Ratehr subcultures hybridize styles out of the images and material culture
available to them in the effort to construct identities which will confer on them relative
autonomy within a social order fractures by class, generational differences, work.
In his later work, Hebdige was to rework his method, admitting that he had
underestimated the power of commercial culture to appropriate, and indeed, to produce,
84

kulturis sociologia Seexeba adamianis qcevasTan dakavSirebuli mniSvnelobis warmoebas. kulturis sociologebi ikvleven, Tu rogor xdeba mniSvnelobis warmoeba, ratom gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan is mniSvnelobebi rac ama
Tu im qmedebis ukan igulisxmeba da ra gavlenas axdenen isini adamianebis qcevaze.
sociologiis mocemuli sfero, aseve ganixilavs, Tu ra rols TamaSobs
kulturuli simboloebi socialuri erTobis, dominaciisa da dapirispirebis
procesebSi.
masala, romelic aq aris Tavmoyrili bevr sxvadasxva Temas moicavs; aq
ganxiluli iqneba kulturasa da Zalauflebas Soris damokidebuleba, kulturis
funqcionireba mikro konteqstSi, rac, Tavis mxriv, efuZneba farTod aRiarebul
kulturul faseulobebs.
aseve ganvixilavT, Tu rogor xdeba kulturis sferoebis (mag. kino, musika,
literatura, xelovneba, moda) konkretuli kulturuli industriis an institutis mier organizireba; rogor icvlebian kulturis es sferoebi droTa
ganmavlobaSi ufro did socialur ZalebTan Tu erTmaneTTan urTierTqmedebis
Sedegad yovelive es xels gviwyobs gavarkvioT, ratom da rogor warmoiqmneba
da mimdinareobs mniSvneladi, simboluri procesebi.
moyvanili masala, agreTve, asaxavs Tanamedrove kulturis sociologiaSi
mniSvnelovan perspeqtivebsa da Ziridad Temebs.
kultura
rodesac vsaubrobT an vfiqrobT adamianTa jgufebze, rogorc wesi, cneba
kultura xSirad figurirebs da am cnebis gareSe operireba SeuZleblad migvaCnia. magram ras warmoadgens konkretulad kultura? Cveulebrivi gamoyenebis
dros, am cnebas xSirad bundovani da winaaRmdegobrivi xasiaTi aqvs. imdenad,
ramdenadac kulturis cneba Zalian farTo da mravalplastiania, socialuri da
humanitaruli mecnierebebis warmomadgenlebi kulturas Tavisi gamokvlevebis
sagnad iyeneben sxvadasxva meTodis gamoyenebiT. Tumca, kulturis cnebis
sifarTovisa da gaurkvevlobis mizeziT, zogierTma mecnierma kulturis cnebis,
rogorc samuSao midgomis, gamoyenebaze saerTod uari ganacxada.
kulturis sociologebma gadawyvites zemoT xsenebuli problemuri sakiTxebi garkveulwilad mainc gadaelaxaT. aq CamovTvliT im aspeqtebs, rac
sazogadod igulisxmeba, rodesac kulturaze vsaubrobT da SevecdebiT avxsnaT,
Tu ratom arsebobs bundovaneba da winaaRmdegobebi kulturis cnebis
gansazRvrebis dros.
imisaTvis, rom gadaeWraT kulturasTan dakavSirebuli sawyisi gaugebroba,
Tanamedrove humanitaruli da socialuri mecnierebebis mkvlevrebi SeTanxmdnen, rom kultura ganixilon rogorc mniSvnelobis ganmsazRvreli procesebi.
kulturis sociologia iTvaliswinebs interdisciplinarul midgomebisa da
sociologiuri safuZvlebis sinTezs da, aqedan gamomdinare ikvlevs mniSvnelobis ganmsazRvrel procesebs sami mimarTulebiT:
mniSvnelobis gansazRvra yoveldRiur qmedebaSi, mniSvnelobis institucionaluri warmoeba da saerTo mentaluri CarCoebi, romelTa saSualebiTac
iqmneba mniSvneloba.
kultura, rogorc jgufebisa da
sazogadoebebis maxasiaTebeli elementi
kultura xSirad moiazreba rogorc iseTi ram, rac gvakavSirebs Cveni jgufis
sxva wevrebTan da am gansxvavebis safuZvelze Cven vemijnebiT sxva jgufis
wevrebs. Tu Cven viziarebT garkveuli adamianebis msoflmxedvelobas,
damokidebulebas ama Tu im sakiTxisadmi, cxovrebis wess, qcevas, Cven Tavs
mivakuTvnebT imave kulturasa Tu subkulturas.
aseve SegviZlia visaubroT kulturul sxvaobaze, rodesac axal situaciaSi
CavvardebiT an axal jgufTan gviwevs urTerToba da vxedavT, rom CvenTvis
5

stili, rogorc mizanmimarTuli komunikacia................................................................................. 54

stili, rogorc brikolaJi ........................................................................................................................... 55
stili, rogorc ajanyebis gamomsaxveli: pankebi .......................................................................... 56
Tanamedrove sazogadoeba: istoriuli konteqsti ...................................................................... 58
ra iyo ganmanaTlebloba? ............................................................................................................................ 58
manqana ...................................................................................................................................................................... 60
qalaqi ....................................................................................................................................................................... 60
erovnuli saxelmwifo .................................................................................................................................... 61
sazogadoeba rogorc moraluri Zala? ............................................................................................... 62
postmodernistuli sazogadoeba: postmodernuli xana: postmodernizmi .................. 63
istoriuli konteqsti: postindustrializmi................................................................................. 64
istoriuli konteqsti : momxmarebloba (konzumerizmi) .......................................................... 65
sazogadoeba da individi............................................................................................................................. 66
gviandeli Tanamedrove sazogadoeba an meore/Semdgomi Tanamedroveoba ................ 67
generaciuli politika .................................................................................................................................. 69
dro, sivrce da arqiteqtura ..................................................................................................................... 71
xelovneba da urbanuli sivrceebi - dena l. hovsi......................................................................... 71
monumentebi .......................................................................................................................................................... 72
arqiteqturuli diskursebi ...................................................................................................................... 75
arqiteqtura da kulturuli cvlilebebi .......................................................................................... 77
SOCIOLOGY OF CULTURE...................................................................................................................................... 79

counter-hegemonic styles. Punk, in particular, was a unique mixture of an avant-garde

cultural strategy, marketing savvy adn working class transtreasion in the face of a section of
British youths restricted access to consumer markets. The line between subculture as
resisteance and commercial culture as both provider of pleasures and an instrument of
hegemony is in fact very hard to draw especially when youth markets are in question.
Cultural Production
Given a concern with unavoidable diversity in the ways human beings appear to each
other, and a concern not to reduce this diversity to universality prematurely, then it makes
sense to wonder about where diversity comes from (causes and history, evolution, chance,
necessity) the products of diversity (culture as product and objects - "cultures"), the activities
that diversify human groups (culture as process -"Culture") the impact of group diversity on
participating persons (enculturation and the construction of the self)
Cultural anthropologists have above all been interested in the causes of human diversity
(fighting racism, mechanism to emphasize the multiplicity of solutions human beings have
given to similar conditions), and many have also been interested in the impact of "cultural"
diversity on persons.
With some exceptions (Levi-Strauss arguably being one, and Marx and some Marxists
depending on where the emphasis is put in their work), it is only relatively recently that much
work has been done emphasizing the processes that makes differences given an apparently
homogeneous and coherent starting point. An early figure with a profound influence is that of
the Russian Mikhail Bakhtin. Many of those have established the importance of "popular"
culture in understanding how human beings make up their world.
In many ways, the concern with "popular" culture (by contrast to "high" culture) is a
paradoxical return to the universalistic concerns of the early philosophers of culture: to be
concerned with popular culture is to be concerned with the productive aspect of humanity. It
is to be concerned by all that human beings do, whatever it may be and whereever it may
take place.
Alternatively, to be concerned with humanity is to be concerned: individual human
beings, their constitution and characteristics (the "pragmatist" orientation); what human
beings have done and how it now constrains if not determine them (a "sociological"
orientation with both Marxist and Durkheimian versions); what human beings are doing with
each other and with what other human beings did in the past (the orientation to "resistance"
and "popular" culture);
This might also be presented as an evolution in the conversations about culture from: a
concern with consensus (learning); a concern with social structure (and determination); a
concern with continuing productivity (resistance); or from a concern with culture as history
imposing itself on individuals; to culture as the activity of individuals in history;
The latter summarizes Fiske's argument in Understanding popular culture. It concerns a
confrontation with the "freedom" or at least ultimate indeterminacy of practical human action
in historical conditions. Fiske makes his argument through a set of oppositions between
popular culture vs. hegemonic culture; producerly text vs. writerly text; jouissance (carnival)
vs. pleasure (discipline); Progressive politics vs. conservative politics.
The central focus here is on the continuing production of every day life and on the
relative freedom of people in the conduct of their everyday life to interpret that which they
encounter or consume. The central concept is that of "appropriation" for particular purposes
often not envisioned by the original "writers" of the texts.
Producing art is a collective enterprise depending on an extensive division of labor and
on shared conventions challenges the commonsense emphasis on individual artistic
creativity and absolute aesthetic criteria. According to Becker, in his book on Art Worlds, art
worlds enable and constrain artistic production mobilizing resources, distributing products,
assigning critical assessments, and influencing editing processes and artistic reputations
as well on the ways the state may influence art worlds, how different artistic roles are defined
in relation to art worlds, and how art worlds change. Becker demonstrates that the
production of culture perspective is not limited to understanding the outcomes of culture
industries involving mass production for the market but also helps understand other sorts of
social organization of artistic production.
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Here, we also examine architecture as a professional context for cultural production to

account for the change from modernist to postmodernist architecture at the beginning of the
last quarter of the twentieth century. Questions of discourse and practice, aesthetics,
organization, and economic context are interweaved. The profession combines aspects of
both art world and culture industry.
Explanations of changes in popular music styles usually focus on changes in the
audience, affecting demand, or on changes among creators and performers themselves.
Peterson challenges such explanations of musical change from a production-of-culture
perspective in this carefully focused analysis of how and why rock music attained it sudden
popularity in the 1950s. Important but unrecognized supply-side factors like regulations,
technology, industry structure, organization structure, and (not included here) types of
occupational careers prompted the emergence of rock and roll as the basis of pop music.
Finally, we look at how is social change possible when social structures pattern and
constrain human action? Here, we refer among others to William Sewell who includes a
cultural dimension- schemas in his concept of social structure, and by giving important
theoretical weight to the cultural point that meanings for the same thing may vary. He
redefines the idea of social structure as combining cultural schemas and resources,
developing a theory of human agency as inherent in structures and articulating how social
structures differ in depth and range. Of particular interest here is the way qualities of culture
help make social structures changeable.

kultura ................................................................................................................................................................... 5
kultura, rogorc jgufebisa da sazogadoebebis maxasiaTebeli elementi.................. 5
kultura, rogorc adamianuri gamoxatulebis gancalkevebuli samyaro ........................ 6
kultura, rogorc mniSvnelobis gansazRvra ..................................................................................... 7
kulturis sociologia, rogorc samuSao midgoma.......................................................................... 9
kulturis SedarebiTi avtonomiis Sesaxeb......................................................................................... 9
Tavdapirveli dixotomia .............................................................................................................................. 9
klasikuri perspeqtivebi............................................................................................................................. 10
parsonsi .................................................................................................................................................................. 11
antonio gramSi ................................................................................................................................................... 12
semiotika ferdinand sosuri ................................................................................................................. 13
funqcionalizmi ................................................................................................................................................ 15
semiotika roland barti ........................................................................................................................... 15
dramaturgiuli midgoma............................................................................................................................... 17
veberianizmi ........................................................................................................................................................ 18
durkhemi.................................................................................................................................................................. 19
marqsizmi da kultura.................................................................................................................................... 21
postruqturalizmi da kultura fuko, pier burdie ................................................................ 23
daskvnis saxiT..................................................................................................................................................... 24
ena da reprezentacia ..................................................................................................................................... 25
mniSvnelobebis warmoqmna ........................................................................................................................... 26
kulturisa da enis saSualebiT mniSvnelobis warmoeba da cirkulacia ....................... 27
reprezentacia da mniSvneloba ................................................................................................................ 28
Zalauflebis axali koncefciebi............................................................................................................ 35
televizualuri mesijebis warmoeba da gavrceleba .................................................................. 37
reprezentaciebi da media - fiqcia ....................................................................................................... 38
qalebis kultura da kacebis kultura ................................................................................................. 38
qalebisa da "namdvili qalebis" gamosaxulebebi ......................................................................... 39
maskulinobis xatis warmoqmna .................................................................................................................. 42
fsiqoanalizi da subieqti .......................................................................................................................... 46
mayureblad yofnis fenomeni..................................................................................................................... 47
roland barti: miTebi da niSnebi ............................................................................................................ 48
ideologia ............................................................................................................................................................. 49
subkultura/stili........................................................................................................................................... 52

86