Professor:

Class Meetings:
Office Hour:
Contact Information:

Salvatore R. Maddi, Department of Psychology & Social Behavior

9:30 AM to 12:20PM, Wednesdays, in PSB 4105, SBS Gateway
12:30PM 1:20PM, Wednesdays, in PSB 4302, SBS Gateway
949-824-7045; srmaddi@uci.edu

P232 (Fall, 2013)

Hardiness as the Pathway to Resilience
Course Description
Hardiness is a particular combination of attitudes and skills that extensive research around
the world has shown enhances performance, conduct, morale, stamina, and health, despite
stressful circumstances. The motivation, or courage to do the hard work of transforming
stressful circumstances from potential disasters into growth opportunities, is contributed
by the HardiAttitudes of commitment, control, and challenge. The HardiSkills that
facilitate dealing effectively with the stresses are for transformational coping, socially
supportive interactions, and self-care in the form of relaxation, nutrition, and physical
activity. The research shows that this combination of attitudes and skills is especially likely
to lead to resilience (surviving and thriving) as stresses mount. The emphasis of this
course will be on helping graduate students learn about hardiness conceptualization,
research, assessment and training, and on using what is learned not only to improve their
own performance, conduct, morale, stamina, and health, but also to become Certified
Hardiness Trainers.

Requirements
Graduate students are expected to attend class sessions, do the specified readings, and
hand in the specified exercises. The exercises cover the HardiSkills, and the use of
feedback from this to deepen the HardiAttitudes. Performance in the class will be
evaluated by the quality with which the specified exercises are carried out, and by class
participation.
This course is open to graduate students in the Department of Psychology and Social
Behavior. Graduate students in other units of the School of Social Ecology, or other
University schools will be admitted with agreement of the teacher.

Required Reading
Khoshaba, D.M., & Maddi, S.R. (2004). HardiTraining (4th Ed.). Newport Beach,
CA: Hardiness Institute.

Optional Reading
Maddi, S. R., & Khoshaba, D. M. (2005). Resilience at Work: How to Succeed No
Matter What Life Throws at You. New York, NY: Amacom.

Additional readings
Various research and conceptual papers are assigned on a weekly basis.

Week 1: Resilience and the Pathways to It

Resilience is not only surviving, but also thriving, despite stressful circumstances.
Research shows that some people experiencing stressful circumstances respond with
greater resilience than do others. Needless to say, resilience is an important potentiality of
individuals, especially if it can be enhanced. Various pathways to resilience that have been
studied will be considered as to how they can be measured and trained.
Required Readings:
Bonanno, G. A. (2004). Loss, trauma, and human resilience. American Psychologist, 59,
20-28.
Luthar, S. S., Cicchetti, D., & Becker, B. (2000). The construct of resilience: A critical
analysis and guidelines for future work. Child Development, 71, 543-562.
Maddi, S. R. (2005). On hardiness and other pathways to resilience. American
Psychologist, 60, 261-262.
Optional Readings:
Bonanno, G. A., Field, N. P., Kovacevic, A., & Kaltman, S. (2002). Self-enhancement as
a buffer against extreme adversity: Civil war in Bosnia and traumatic loss in the
United States. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, 184-196.
Bonanno, G. A., Wortman, C. B., Lehman, D. R., Tweed, R. G., Haring, M., Sonnega, J.
et al. (2002). Resilience to loss and chronic grief: A prospective study from preloss to 18 months post-loss. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83,
1150-1164.
Brewin, C. R., Andrews, B., & Valentine, J. D. (2000). Meta-analysis of risk factors for
posttraumatic stress disorder in trauma-exposed adults. Journal of Consulting
and Clinical Psychology, 68, 748-766.
Kobasa, S.C., Maddi, S.R. & Kahn, S. (1982). Hardiness and health: A prospective study.
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42, 168-177.

Week 2: Hardiness Attitudes and Skills

One particular pathway to resiliencehardinesswill be emphasized as to its

conceptualization and research validation in a variety of stressful contexts. Hardiness has
emerged as the pattern of attitudes and skills that provides the courage, motivation, and
strategies to turn stressful circumstances from potential disasters into growth
opportunities.
Required Readings:
Khoshaba & Maddi, Chapter 1.
Maddi, S. R. (2002). The story of hardiness: Twenty years of theorizing, research, and
practice. Consulting Psychology Journal, 54, 173-185.
Khoshaba, D.M. & Maddi, S.R. (1999). Early experiences in hardiness development.
Consulting Psychology Journal, 51, 106-116.
Optional Readings:
Bartone, P. T. (1999). Hardiness protects against war-related stress in army reserve
Consulting Psychology Journal, 51, 72-82.
Maddi, S.R. & Hess, M. (1992). Hardiness and success in basketball. International
Journal of Sports Psychology, 23, 360-368.
Maddi, S. R., & Hightower, M. (1999). Hardiness and optimism as expressed in coping
patterns. Consulting Psychology Journal, 51, 95-105.
Maddi, S. R., Brow, M., Khoshaba, D. M., & Vaitkus, M. (2006). The relationship of
hardiness and religiosity to depression and anger. Consulting Psychology
Journal, 58, 148-161.

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Week 3: Hardiness Assessment

Emphasis is on evaluating the tests for assessing hardiness. One test (the
Personal Views Survey III-R) covers only the HardiAttitudes of commitment, control,
and challenge, and their combination. The other test (the HardiSurvey III-R)
includes not only the HardiAttitudes, but also HardiCoping, HardiSocialSupport,
Stress, Strain, and Regressive Coping. This latter test generates a
comprehensive report concerning stress vulnerability and stress resilience. (In
addition to relevant readings and discussions, students take the HardiSurvey III-R,
in order to have personal information relevant to evaluating the approach.)

Required Reading:
Maddi, S. R. (2002). The story of hardiness: Twenty years of theorizing, research, and practice.
Consulting Psychology Journal, 54, 173-185.

Optional Readings:
Maddi, S. R., & Khoshaba, D. M. (2001). Personal Views Survey III-R: Test
development and internet instruction manual. Irvine, CA: Hardiness Institute.
Maddi, S. R., & Khoshaba, D. M. (2001). HardiSurvey III-R: Test development and
internet instruction manual. Irvine, CA: Hardiness Institute.
Funk, S. C., & Houston, B. K. (1987). A critical analysis of the Hardiness Scales
validity and utility. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 572-578.
Hull, J. G., Van Treuren, R. R., & Virnelli, S. (1987). Hardiness and health: A critique
and alternative approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 518530.
Maddi, S. R. (1999). The personality construct of hardiness, I: Effect on experiencing,
coping, and strain. Consulting Psychology Journal, 51, 83-94.
Maddi, S. R., Khoshaba, D. M., Harvey, R. H., Lu, J. L., & Persico, M. (2002). The
personality construct of hardiness, II: Relationships with measures of
psychopathology and personality. Journal of Research in Personality, 36, 72-85.
Maddi, S. R., Harvey, R. H., Khoshaba, D. M., Lu,J. L., Persico, M., & Brow, M. (2006).
The personality construct of hardiness, III: Relationships with repression,
Innovativeness, authoritarianism, and performance. Journal of Personality, 74,
575-598.
Maddi, S. R., Harvey, R. H., Resurreccion, R., Giatras, C. D., & Raganold, S. (2007).
Hardiness as a performance enhancer in firefighters. International Journal of
Fire Service Leadership and Managements, 1(2), 3-9.
Maddi, S.R., Harvey, R.H., Khoshaba, D.M., Fazel, M., & Resurreccion, N. (2011).

The personality construct of hardiness, IV: Positive cognitions and emotions

concerning oneself and developmentally-relevant activities. Journal of
Humanistic Psychology, 49, 295-305.
Maddi, S. R., Khoshaba, D.M., Harvey, R.H., Fazel, M., & Resurreccion, N. (2011).
The personality construct of hardiness, V: Relationships with the construction
of existential meaning in life. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 51, 367-388.
Maddi, S.R., Harvey, R.H., Khoshaba, D.M., Fazel, M., & Resurreccion, N. (2011).
The relationship of hardiness and other relevant variables to college performance.
Journal of Humanistic Psychology, in press.
Maddi, S.R., Matthews, M.D., Kelly, D., Villarreal, B., & White, M. (2011). Hardiness
as the pathway to resilience in a stressful military environment. Military
Psychology, submitted.
Carmody, C., Maddi, S.R., & Taddeo, M. (2011). Hardiness and facebook addiction.
Submitted.
________________________________________________________________________

Week 4: Hardy Coping for Performance and Health

HardiCoping is the process of treating stressful circumstances as problems that
need to be solved, and taking the necessary steps to transform them from potential
disasters into personal growth opportunities instead. This is in contrast to regressive
coping, which emphasizes denial and avoidance, in hopes of preserving pleasure.
Specifically, hardy coping involves, at the mental level, putting the stressful circumstance
in perspective and deepening ones understanding of it, and, at the action level, developing
a relevant plan of action and carrying it out. Then, one uses the feedback obtained
through this coping process to deepen ones HardiAttitudes (the courage and motivation
to continue the hard work of HardiCoping).
Required Readings:
Khoshaba & Maddi, Chapters 2 through 5.
Optional Readings:
Baum, A. (1990). Stress, intrusive imagery, and chronic distress. Health Psychology, 9,
653-675.
Kobasa, S.C., Maddi, S.R., Puccetti, M. & Zola, M. (1986). Relative effectiveness of
hardiness, exercise, and social support as resources against illness. Journal of
Psychosomatic Research, 29, 525-533.
Lazarus, R.S. & Folkman, S. (1984). Coping and adaptation. In W.D. Gentry (Ed.),
Handbook of behavioral medicine. New York, NY: Guilford.

__________________________________________________________________________________

Week 5: Hardy Social Support for Performance and Health

HardiSupport is the process of admitting conflicts that exist with significant others,
and carrying through on the procedures that can decrease conflict and replace it
with a pattern of giving and getting assistance and encouragement instead.
Specifically, this process involves tracing the types of support and conflict in
particular relationships, and, in trying to reduce the conflit, engaging in
HardiCoping supplemented by enhanced techniques for communicating and
listening. This leads to deepening the pattern of giving and getting assistance
and encouragement through empathy and helpfulness.
Required Readings:
Khoshaba & Maddi, Chapters 6 through 9.

Optional Readings:
Cohen, S. & McKay, G. (1984). Social support, stress and the buffering hypothesis: A
theoretical analysis. In A. Baum, S.E. Taylor & J.E. Singer (Eds.), Handbook of
psychology and health. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Taylor, R.L., Lam, D.J., Roppel, C.E. & Barter, J.T. (1984). Friends can be good
medicine: Excursion into mental health promotion. Community Mental Health
Journal, 20, 294-303.
Taylor, S.E. (1979). Hospital patient behavior: Reactance, helplessness, or control?
Journal of Social Issues, 35, 156-184.
--EXERCISE SET ON HARDY COPING IS DUE

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Week 6: Hardy Relaxation for Performance and Health

There is a positive relationship between strain (both mental and physical) and the
number and magnitude of stressful circumstances that take place. Although the
stressfulness of circumstances can be decreased through HardiCoping and HardiSupport,
this process takes some time. In the short run, ones strain level (mental and bodily
arousal) can be stopped from becoming so high that it undermines efforts at HardiCoping
and HardiSupport by engaging in HardiRelaxation. Adding relaxation to coping and
support not only enhances behavior in the short run, but also protects health over time.
Required Readings:

Khoshaba & Maddi, Chapters 10 through 16.

Optional Readings:
Hoelscher, T.J., Lichstein, K.L. & Rosenthal, T.L. (1986). Home relaxation practice in
hypertensive treatment: Objective assessment and compliance induction. Journal
of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 54, 217-221.
--EXERCISE SET ON HARDY SOCIAL SUPPORT IS DUE-________________________________________________________________________

Week 7: Hardy Nutrition for Performance and Health

As strain mounts (as the result of stresses), one craves sweet and fatty foods. This
is a natural concomitant of the fight or flight response, which we tend to suppress
now that we are civilized. If one eats too much fatty and sweet foods, that tends not
only to undermine energy and performance, but also can compromise health in the
long run. In order to avoid this, one needs to engage in HardiNutrition, which is
aimed at balance and moderation in food intake.
Required Readings:
Khoshaba & Maddi, Chapters 17 through 20.
Optional Readings:
Holroyd, K.A. & Penzien, D.B. (1985). Client variables and the behavioral treatment of
recurrent tension headache: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 9,
515-536.
Holroyd, K.A., France, J.L., Cordingley, G.E., Rokicki, L.A., Kvaal, S.A., Lipchik, G.L.
& McCool, H.R. (1995). Enhancing the effectiveness of relaxation-thermal biofeedback
training with propranolol hydrochloride. Journal of Consulting and Clinical and Clinical
Psychology, 63, 327-330.
Carmody, T.P., Fey, S.G., Pierce, D.K., Connor, W.E. & Matarazzo, J.D. (1982).
Behavioral treatment of hyperlipidemia: Techniques, results, and future directions.
Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 5, 91-116.

Winikoff, B. (1983). Nutritional patterns, social choices, and health. In D. Mechanic

(Ed.), Handbook of health, health care, and the health professions. New York, NY: Free
Press.
--EXERCISE SET ON HARDY RELAXATION IS DUE-________________________________________________________________________

Week 8: Hardy Exercise for Performance and Health

Now that we are civilized, stressful circumstances may lead to mounting strain
levels (mental and physical arousal) that can compromise performance and health by
rendering HardiCoping and HardiSupport more difficult to pursue. In this context,
HardiExercise is beneficial, not only in decreasing strain levels in socially acceptable ways,
but also in enhancing overall health in the long run.
Required Readings:
Khoshaba & Maddi, Chapters 21 through 26.
Optional Readings:
Alpert, B., Field, T., Goldstein, S. & Perry, S. (1990). Aerobics enhances cardiovascular
fitness and agility in preschoolers. Health Psychology, 9, 48-56.
Greenfield, D. (1985). Nutritional basis of health and disease. In N. Schneiderman & J.T.
Tapp (Eds.), Behavioral medicine: The biopsychosocial approach. Hillsdale, NJ:
Erlbaum.
Kobasa, S.C., Maddi, S.R. & Puccetti, M. (1982). Personality and exercise as buffers in
the stress-illness relationship. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 4, 391-404.
Blair, S.N., Kohl, H.W., Gordon, N.F. & Paffenbarger, R.S. (1992). How much physical
activity is good for health? In G.S. Omenn, J.E. Fielding & L.B. Lave (Eds.), Annual
Review of Public Health (Vol. 13). Palo Alto, CA: Annual Reviews.
Lee, I.M., Hsieh, C. & Paffenbarger, R.S. (1995). Exercise intensity and longevity in
men: The Harvard Alumni Health Study. Journal of the American Medical Association,
273, 1179-1184.
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--EXERCISE SET ON HARDY NUTRITION IS DUE--

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Week 9: Effectiveness of Hardiness Training

By now, there is much evidence that naturally-occuring HardiAttitude levels are
factors in performance, leadership, conduct, stamina, and health. Research findings are
also emerging to show these beneficial effects as the result of HardiTraining. Thus var,
these results concern not only adults in work contexts, but also adolescents in college.
Required Readings:
Maddi, S. R. (1987). Hardiness training at Illinois Bell Telephone. In J. P. Opatz (Ed.),
Health promotion evaluation. Stephens Point, WI: National Wellness Institute.
Maddi, S. R., Khoshaba, D. M., Jensen, K., Carter, E., Lu, J., & Harvey, R. H. (2002).
Hardiness training for high-risk undergraduates. NACADA Journal, 22, 45-55.
Maddi, S.R., Harvey, R. H., Khoshaba, D.M., Fazel, M., & Resurreccion, N. (2009).
Hardiness training facilitates performance in college. Journal of Positive
Psychology, 4. 566-577.
--EXERCISE SET ON HARDY EXERCISE IS DUE--

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Week 10: Resilience and Hardiness for the Century of Change

The 21st Century may well be remembered as the century of change, as
such megatrends as rapid technological advance, globalization, minority
rights, and terrorism mount. This means that the stresses on individuals (to
say nothing of organizations and societies) will rise to a potentially
debilitating level. Hence, resilience and hardiness have never been more
important than now.
Required Readings:
Maddi, S.R., Khoshaba, D.M. & Pammenter, A. (1999). The hardy organization: Success
by turning change to advantage. Consulting Psychology Journal, 51, 117-124.
Optional Readings:

Baer, J.S., Holt, C.S. & Lichtenstein, E. (1986). Self-efficacy and smoking reexamined:
Construct validity and clinical utility. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 54,
846-852.
Bartone, P. T. & Snook, A. (1999, May). Cognitive and personality factors predict
leader development in U.S. Army cadets. Paper presented at 35th International
Applied Military Psychology Symposium (IAMPS), Florence, Italy.

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