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AnupmaSharma PPT
AnupmaSharma PPT
CONTEXT IN THE
INDIAN SUBCONTINENT
Anupma Sharma
National Institute of Hydrology
Roorkee, India
INDIA
SRILANKA
BANGLADESH
NEPAL
India
Water Availability
large spatial & temporal variations in India
basin wise per
per-capita
capita water availability varies
from 13,393 m3/year to 300 m3/year
availability
il bili
< 1700m3 /capita/year - water stressed
< 1000m3 /capita/year - water scarce
available
il bl water/capita/year
t /
it /
d
decreased
d ffrom
6008 m3 in 1947 to 2384 m3 in 2000
water stressed
India
Water Availability
70% of sw and large proportion of gw
reserves contaminated by biological,
toxic organic & inorganic pollutants
Degradation of quality in turn leads to
water scarcity as it limits water
availability for human use
(which
do
not
Freshwater Crisis
root causes (contd.):
(
)
Uncontrolled use of bore-wells allowing
extraction of gw at very high rates
Communities are not
managing water resources
partners
in
Pressure on gw resource
Source of groundwater
Year
1951
Year
1990
Dug wells
Shallow tubewells
Public tubewells
Electric pumps
Diesel pumps
3860000
3000
2400
21000
65700
9490000
4750000
63000
8220000
4360000
Water Conservation
Watershed
W t h d managementt
Water quality conservation
Water Harvesting
Rain
R
i captured
t d from
f
1 2% off Indias
1-2%
I di land
l d can
provide a population of 950 million 100 litres
per person and day.
day
The severe drought of 2000 in Rajasthan,
Rajasthan
Gujarat & western MP manifested, besides the
extensive
human
suffering
suffering,
also
the
opportunities at hand to use water harvesting
for drought mitigation.
Peoples participation
India
Currently, many programs/ campaigns/
projects are underway to spread mass
awareness & mobilize general population in
managing water resources
resources..
underlying watchword/ motto
each
h one off us iis responsible
ibl for
f
the
h
current state of water resources and
environment
i
iin the
h country, and
d we cannot
wait for someone else to solve itit..
India
Hariyali (greenery) by Indian Central Gov
Gov..
Jan 2003
"the country is facing a severe water problem
not because it does not have adequate sources
of water or because it receives less rainfall but
because of the lack of proper water harvesting.
harvesting
Lord Indra has been very kind to us. The
problem lies in our inability to conserve all the
rainwater.
- Prime Minister, India
India
to enable rural population to conserve water
for drinking, irrigation, fisheries, afforestation
& generate employment opportunities
opportunities..
project executed by Gram Panchayats
(village governing bodies) with peoples
participation;; technical support by block
participation
(sub--district) administration
(sub
administration..
Khet ka paani Khet mein, Gaon ka paani
gaon mein,, Khet ki mitti Khet mein,, Gaon
g
kimitti gaon mein
mein..
India
Neeru-Meeru
N
NeeruM
(Water
(W t & You)
Y ) May
M 2000
Govt. of AP
In 3 yrs, additional storage space > 1800 Mm
Mm3
3
created by
y constructing
g various water
harvesting
structures
through
peoples
participation.
participation
p
p
.
Water literacy drive Jalachaitanyam (water
awareness) to create large
large--scale awareness
about conservation measures & sustainable
management of water resources
resources..
Newly
constructed
t t d
anicut in Sikar
Di t i t
District
RWH Structure at
GW Dept., Jaipur
Run off area = 1050 m2
Annual recharge = 457m3
structure bound on
three sides by natural
slopes of the hill;
f th side,
fourth
id a mud
d wallll
usually semi-circular
in form holds back
the monsoon run
run-off.
off.
Community s
role
l essential
ti l tto
revive traditional
recharge
h
structures
Neglected old
AR structure in
Dadiya Village
Village,
Sikar District
Vigilant farmers
Field conditions
India
Still a long way to go
T preserve our water
To
t and
d environment,
i
t
we need to make systematic changes in
th way we grow our food,
the
f d manufacture
f t
the goods, and dispose off the waste
(Lazaroff, 2000)
SRI LANKA
~ 4500 km of rivers, 2400 km of irrigation
canals and 3500 deep
deep--water tanks,
reservoirs, & artificial/ natural wetlands.
wetlands.
mean annuall rainfall
i f ll 1200 mm
mm;; high
hi h
variability & non
non--uniform distribution
distribution;;
periodic
i di
shortages
h t
off water
t
f
for
b th
both
irrigation & domestic use.
use.
countries withdrawing available water
resources at a rate > 40
40%
% will experience
high water stress conditions
conditions..
Sri Lanka
Pattern of life depends on rainwater availability.
Wett zone - mountains
W
t i and
d SW parts
t - receives
i
ample rainfall (an annual average of 250
centimeters).
centimeters)
Dry zone - SE, east, and northern parts receives 1200 - 1900 mm of rain annually.
annually
Much of rain falls from Oct. Jan.; during rest
of the y
year there is very
y little pp
ppt.,, and water
needs to be conserved. The arid NW & SE
coasts receive the least amount of rain 600
to 1200 mm per year concentrated within
short period of winter monsoon.
Sri Lanka
dry zone of Sri Lanka
covers
Sri Lanka
Traditionally, rainwater is collected from trees,
using banana leaves or stems as temporary
gutters;; up to 200 litres may be collected from a
gutters
large tree in a single storm
storm.. Many individuals/
groups have developed wide variety of RWH
systems..
systems
roof-water harvesting
g
most effective in terms
of q
quantity
y & adequacy
q
y
Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka
Significant impact of RWH in rural areas
Sri Lanka
Non structural elements of the work,
Non-structural
especially its financial and organizational
y
present
p
a
bigger
gg
sustainability,
challenge.
A lot of effort and patience are needed to
generate the interest, develop the skills
and
d
organize
i
th
the
managementt
structures
needed
to
implement
sustainable community-based projects.
projects
BANGLADESH
Water-related problems:
flooding
flooding, droughts,
droughts arsenic contamination
of gw
water supply primarily based on gw
An estimated 29 million people exposed
to arsenic contamination; poses serious
threat to health
Rainwater harvesting
g offers a p
possible
source of drinking water.
Bangladesh
GW contamination by
y arsenic is more
severe in the western/SW districts,
g would be
where rainwater harvesting
more appropriate to solve the polluted
g water p
problems.
drinking
Bangladesh
RWH plants set up in different parts of Sylhet
district have ensured arsenic free water for a
large number of people, particularly in rural
areas.
"We are greatly benefited by RWH plants.
We have no fear of being attacked with
arsenic contamination - Jhunu Rani Das,
village Mitrimahal,
Mitrimahal Sylhet.
Sylhet
The water is used for various purposes
p p
including drinking.
Bangladesh
Mostt buildings
M
b ildi
are nott designed
d i
d for
f
RWH..
RWH
Structural modification of buildings will be
necessary to
t make
k them
th
suitable
it bl for
f RWH
RWH..
Millions of slum dwellers in dire need of clean
drinking water, will have difficulty to adopt to
such techniques
techniques..
In villages tin
tin--roofed houses can be modified to
capture
t
rainwater
i
t by
b adding
ddi
a gutter
tt system.
system
t .
However, many villagers living in houses made
outt off straws
t
d nott have
do
h
th means and
the
d
resources to adopt RWH techniques
techniques..
NEPAL
Nepal is a landlocked country with highest
peak in the world.
Three distinct altitudinal zones:
Terai 300 - 1000 m
Mid hill
hills 1000 - 4000m
4000
Mountainous areas > 4000 m
Communities in hills & mountains suffer
f
from
alternative
lt
ti
cycles
l
off excess rain
i and
d
water scarcity.
Nepal
Only 67
67%
% of population have access to safe,
clean drinking water
water;; around 28
28,,000 children die
every year due to water related diseases.
diseases.
Gravity flow schemes operate in hill areas and
hand pumps are used in Terai region
region..
Support for geographical locations where
access of gw is difficult,
difficult and poor communities
communities..
Alternative technologies
technologies:: RWH & fog water
collection..
collection
Nepal
Meeting of user
groups
Nepal
Nepal
Fog Water
F
W t Collection
C ll ti
- Nepal
N
l Water
W t from
f
F
Fog
Project (NWFP) began in 1997
Goal of NWFP to improve access to potable
g
Two main
water for remote villages.
components of project:
to implement
p
full scale,, community
y based
fog collection projects where they are feasible.
Nepal
FWC - consists of erecting a plastic woven
mesh vertically in the path of moving fog
fog.. In
Nepal the best conditions for this occur on hill
or ridge tops 2000 m 3500 m asl
asl..
Tiny fog water droplets coalesce on the mesh
and drip down into a collection system.
system.
First step at a potential site is to erect 1m
1m standard fog collectors
collectors.. These are
observed daily and the data is used to
determine if a full
full--scale project is feasible
feasible..
Nepal
Fog Water Collection
Nepal
Stone spouts
serve
local
community
as
perennial source of water for daily
use. Stone spouts are beautifully
carved stone elements,
elements in the
shape of a crocodile head or
serpent head,
head installed in the front
or side walls of sunken and
stepped platforms for the purpose
of channelling water for human
use.
use
Nepal
Most stone spouts receive water from either an
individual spring or nearby aquifer. Despite their
age, the underground supply and drainage
lines of many old systems are still functioning,
nobly characterizing the technical and
engineering skills of the ancient people of
N
Nepal.
l
Water Harvesting
Proper
Need
Little
Thank You