Chapter 1: Problem Solutions

Review of Signals and Systems

Signals
Problem 1.1
a) x@nD = -0.5 @n + 1D + @nD + 0.5 @n - 1D + @n - 2D - 0.8 @n - 3D
b) x@nD = -0.5 @n + 5D + @n + 4D + 0.5 @n + 3D + @n + 2D - 0.8 @n + 1D
Problem 1.2
a) I = e-1
b) I = e-1
c) I = 0 since the interval of integration does not include the point t = -1, where the impulse is
centered.
d) I = 1
e) I = cos2 H0.1 L
f) I = e
g) let = - 12 t, then t = -2 and dt = -2 d. Substitute in the integral to obtain
-

I = H-2 L2 I + 12 M H-2 dL =
+
+

= 8 2 I + 12 M d = 2
-

h) let = 3 t, then t = 3 and dt = I 13 M d. Then the integral becomes

+

13

I = e3 H - 1L I 13 M d = e
3
-

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Problem 1.3
Amplitude A = 2,
1
Period T0 = 0.01 sec , then frequency F0 = T
= 100 Hz = 0.1 kHz
0

Phase = 0
Then the signal can be written as x HtL = 2 cos H200 tL.
Problem 1.4
a) Frequency F0 = 1 T0 = 1 I3 10-3 M = 13 103 Hz. Then
x HtL = 2.5 cos I 23 1000 t + 150 M
b) Digital Frequency 0 = 2 F0 Fs = 2 6 = 3 rad. Therefore the sampled sinusoid
becomes
x@nD = 2.5 cos I 3 n + 150 M
Problem 1.5

All sinusoids are distinct. In continuous time there is no ambiguity between

frequency and signal.

Problem 1.6
First bring all frequencies within the interval - to . This yields
x2 @nD = 2 cos H1.5 n - 0.1 - 2 nL = 2 cos H-0.5 n - 0.1 L
= 2 cos H0.5 n + 0.1 L
and also
x3 @nD = 2 cos H1.5 n + 0.1 - 2 nL = 2 cos H-0.5 n + 0.1 L
= 2 cos H0.5 n - 0.1 L
Therefore we can see that x1 @nD = x2 @nD and x3 @nD = x4 @nD.
A different way of solving this problem is graphically. The frequency
plots for all four signals are shown next. The key point is to understand
that in discrete time, all frequencies within the interval -, yield complex Exponentials with distinct values:

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x1 @nD Frequency Representation

x2 @nD Frequency Representation

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x3 @nD Frequency Representation

x4 @nD Frequency Representation

Again you see that x1 @nD and x2 @nD have the same representation, and the same for x3 @nD and
x4 @nD.
Problem 1.7
The sinusoid x@nD = 3 cos H1.9 n + 0.2 L has the same samples, since
3 cos H0.1 n - 0.2 L = 3 cos H-0.1 n + 2 n + 0.2 L
Problem 1.8

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Problem 1.8
a) since 150 = 15 * 180 = 12, we can write
x HtL = 32 Iej12 ej100t + e-j12 e-j100t M
b) x HtL = e-j0 .1 ej10t + ej0 .1 e-j10t
c) x HtL = -2.5 je-j0 .2 ej20t + 2.5 jej0 .2 e-j20t
d) x HtL = 5 jej1000t - 5 je-j1000t
e) x HtL = 1.5 je-j0 .2 t ej200t - 1.5 jej0 .2 t e-j200t
Problem 1.9
a) since 2 + j = 2.2361 ej0 .4636 , we can write x HtL = 4.4722 cos H100 t + 0.4636L
b) since 1 + 2 ej0 .1 = 2.9672 ej0 .2098 , then x HtL = 5.9344 cos H10 t + 0.2098L

,
,
c) the signal can be written as xHtL = 12 sinH5 t + 0.1 L J 2 e j 4 e j10t + 2 e- j 4 e-j10t N and therefore
1
x HtL = ,

sin H5 t + 0.1 L cos I10 t + 4 M

2

Problem 1.10

a) x HtL = j20 x HtL

1
b) x HtL dt = j20

x HtL

c) x Ht - 0.1L = e-j2 x HtL = x HtL

Problem 1.11

In order to solve this problem we have to decompose the signals into complex
exponentials.
a) x HtL = 2 cos H100 t + 0.2 L = ej0 .2 ej100t + e-j0 .2 e-j100t

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b) x HtL = 32 e-j0 .1 ej100t + 32 ej0 .1 e-j100t

3
3
- 2
ej0 .2 ej110t + 2
e-j0 .2 e-j110t
j
j

This becomes
x HtL = 32 e-j0 .1 ej100t + 32 ej0 .1 e-j100t
32 ej0 .7 ej110t + 32 e-j0 .7 e-j110t

c) x HtL = e-j0 .2 ej100t + ej0 .2 e-j100t

3
3
- 2
ej0 .1 ej100t + 2
e-j0 .1 e-j100t
j
j

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c) x HtL = e-j0 .2 ej100t + ej0 .2 e-j100t

3
3
- 2
ej0 .1 ej100t + 2
e-j0 .1 e-j100t
j
j
Combining terms we obtain
x HtL = 0.9071 ej1 .1800 ej100t + 0.9071 e-j1 .1800 e-j100t

d) x HtL =

2 5 ej

ej1000t +

5 ej2 .67795 e-j1100t

1
1
e) x HtL = ej0t + 12 ej10t + 12 e-j10t - 2
ej20t + 2
e-j20t
j
j

This becomes
x HtL = ej0t + 12 ej10t + 12 e-j10t 12 ej

ej20t + 12 e-j

e-j20t

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x HtL = ej0t + 12 ej10t + 12 e-j10t 12 ej

ej20t + 12 e-j

e-j20t

Problem 1.12

Referring to the figure above:

a) 0 = 2
b) 0 = 2 3
c) 0 =
d) 0 = 0.75 , since 1000 800 = 1.25 > . We want the frequency to be between - and
, we use the fact that this sinusoid has the same samples as 0 = 2 - 1.25 = 0.75 .

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d) 0 = 0.75 , since 1000 800 = 1.25 > . We want the frequency to be between - and
, we use the fact that this sinusoid has the same samples as 0 = 2 - 1.25 = 0.75 .
e) 0 = 0, since 1000 500 = 2 and therefore 0 = 2 - 2 = 0.
Problem 1.13
a) Since 0 = 0.2 = 2 F0 2000 we solve for the frequency as F0 = 200 Hz.
b) Sinusoids with frequencies F0 + Fs = 2.2 kHz, or Fs - F0 = 1.8 kHz have the same sample
values.
Problem 1.14
a) Since
x HtL = ej100t + e-j100t + 32 ej

ej120t + 32 e-j

e-j120t + 2 ej150t + 2 e-j150t

we obtain the frequency plot shown below.

b) The maximum frequency is FMAX = 75 Hz. Therefore the sampling frequency has to be such that
Fs > 150 Hz.
Problem 1.15
The bandwidth is 4 kHz and therefore the sampling frequency has to be at least Fs = 8 kHz. This
means that we need 8000 samples for every second of data, and therefore
16 8000 = 128 kbytes sec. For one minute of data we need at least
60 120 = 7200 kbytes = 7.2 Mbytes to store the file.

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Systems
Problem 1.16

If a property is not specified it is assumed Linear, Time Invariant, Causal,

BIBO Stable.
b) Non Linear. In fact if you apply superposition:
x1 @nD S y1 @nD = 2 x1 @nD - 1
x2 @nD S y2 @nD = 2 x2 @nD - 1
and therefore
x@nD = x1 @nD + x2 @nD S y@nD = 2 Hx1 @nD + x2 @nDL - 1
which shows that the output is different from y1 @nD + y2 @nD = 2 Hx1 @nD + x2 @nDL - 2.
c) Time Varying, due to the time varying coefficient "t". Non BIBO Stable, since x HtL = u HtL , a
Bounded Input , yields y HtL = tu HtL, a Non Bounded Output;
d) Time Varying,due to the coefficient e-t ;
e) Non Linear. If x HtL = x1 HtL + x2 HtL then the output is y HtL = x1 HtL + x2 HtL
different from y1 HtL + y2 HtL = x1 HtL + x2 HtL ;
f) Non Causal, since the output at any time t depends on a future input at time t + 1;
h) Non Causal since the output at time n depends on a future input at time n + 1;
i) Non Linear (due to the term x2 ). Time Varying (due to the time varying coefficient n). Not BIBO
Stable, since y@nD = nu@nD + ... , ie Non Bounded, when the input x@nD = u@nD, a Bounded
input.
Problem 1.17
+

a) y@nD = S u@kD 0.5n-k u@n - kD.

k=-

If n 0:
n

k=0

k=0

n+1

y@nD = S 0.5n-k = S 0.5k = 1-0.5

= 2 - 0.5n
1-0.5
If n < 0 then u@kD u@n - kD = 0 for all k, and therefore y@nD = 0.

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If n < 0 then u@kD u@n - kD = 0 for all k, and therefore y@nD = 0.

Therefore y@nD = I2 - 0.5n M u@nD.
+

b) y@nD = S u@k - 2D 0.5n-k u@n - kD.

k=-

If n 2:
n

y@nD = S 0.5n-k = S 0.5k - 0.5n - 0.5n-1 =

k=2

k=0
n+1

= 1-0.5

- 0.5n - 0.5n-1 = 2 I1 - 0.5n-2 M

1-0.5
If n < 2 then u@k - 2D u@n - kD = 2 for all k, and therefore y@nD = 0.
Therefore y@nD = I2 - 0.5n-2 M u@n - 2D.
+

c) y@nD = S 0.8k u@kD 0.5n-k u@n - kD.

k=-

If n 0:
n

k=0

k=0

n+1

y@nD = S 0.8k 0.5n-k = 0.5n S 1.6k = 0.5n 1-1.6

= 1.25 0.5n - 2 0.8n

1-1.6
If n < 0 then u@kD u@n - kD = 0 for all k, and therefore y@nD = 0.
Therefore y@nD = I1.25 0.5n - 2 0.8n M u@nD.
+

d) y@nD = S 1.2k u@-kD 0.5n-k u@n - kD

k=-

If n < 0 then u@-kD u@n - kD = u@n - kD. This implies

n

k=-

k=-

y@nD = S 1.2k 0.5n-k = 0.5n S 2.4k =

n +

S 2.4-k =

0.5

k=-n
+

-n-1

k=0

k=0

0.5n K S 2.4-k - S 2.4-k O =

n

1
1-2.4
0.5n J
-1 -
-1 N =
1-2.4

1-2.4
n

= 1.7143 1.2

If n 0 then u@-kD u@n - kD = u@-kD. This implies

0

y@nD = S 1.2k 0.5n-k = 0.5n S 2.4k =

k=-

k=-

n +

= 0.5

S 2.4-k = 1.7143 0.5n

k=0

Finally we can write the answer y@nD = 1.7143 1.2n u@-n - 1D + 1.7143 0.5n u@nD.
+

k=-

k=0

e) y@nD = S ej0 .2 n-k 0.5k u@kD = K S 0.5k e-j0 .2 k O ej0 .2 n

Applying the geometric series we obtain

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k=-

k=0

e) y@nD = S ej0 .2 n-k 0.5k u@kD = K S 0.5k e-j0 .2 k O ej0 .2 n

Applying the geometric series we obtain
1
y@nD = 1-0.5

ej0 .2 n = 1.5059 ej H0.2 n-0.4585L

e-j0 .2

k=-

k=0

f) y@nD = S ej0 .2 n-k u@n - kD 0.5k u@kD = K S 0.5k e-j0 .2 k O ej0 .2 n if n 0.

Then, applying the geometric series we obtain
n+1

i 1-I0.5 e-j0 .2 M y
z
y@nD = j
j
z ej0 .2 n =
-j0 .2
k 1-0.5 e
{
= 1.5059 Iej H0.2 n-0.4585L - e-j0 .2 0.5n+1 M
and y@nD = 0 when n < 0. Therefore
y@nD = 1.5059 Iej H0.2 n-0.4585L - e-j0 .2 0.5n+1 M u@nD

g) Since x@nD = ej0 .2 n + e-j0 .2 n , using the solution to problem e) above we obtain
y@nD = 1.5059 Iej H0.2 n-0.4585 + e-j H0.2 n-0.4585 M =
= 3.0118 cos H0.2 n - 0.4585L
h) Since x@nD = ej0 .2 n u@nD + e-j0 .2 n u@nD, using the solution to problem f) above we obtain
y@nD = 3.0118 Icos H0.2 n - 0.4585L - cos H0.2 L 0.5n+1 M u@nD
= 3.0118 Icos H0.2 n - 0.4585L - 1.2183 0.5n M u@nD

Problem 1.18
a) h@nD = @nD + @n - 1D + @n - 2D
b) y@nD = u@nD + u@n - 1D + u@n - 2D
c) y@nD = ej0 .5 n + ej0 .5 n Hn-1L + ej0 .5 n Hn-2L . Therefore, since e-j0 .5 = -j, we can write
y@nD = H1 - j - 1L ej0 .5 n = eHj0 .5 n-0.5 L
d) y@nD = cos H0.5 n - 0.5 L
Problem 1.19

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13

Problem 1.19
To determine the impulse response @nD substitute x@nD = @nD:
a) h@nD = 3 @nD + 2 @n - 1D - @n - 2D
b) h@nD has to satisfy the recursion h@nD = h@n - 1D + @nD. Therefore:
if n < 0 then h@nD = 0;
if n = 0 then h@0D = h@-1D + 1 = 1, since h@-1D = 0;
if n > 0 then h@nD = h@n - 1D that is to say h@nD is a constant, which must be equal to h@0D = 1.
Putting everything together you can verify that h@nD = u@nD;
c) h@nD = 2 @n - 2D
For the next three problems recall that any signal x@nD can be written as
+

x@nD = S x@kD @n - kD.

k=-
+

d) y@nD = S 0.5k @n - kD = 0.5n u@nD

k=0
+

e) y@nD = S 0.5k @n - kD = 0.5n

k=-
+

k=-

k=-

f) h@nD = S 0.5k-2 u@k - 5D @n - k - 2D = S 0.5k u@k - 3D @n - kD. Therefore the

impulse response is h@nD = 0.5n u@n - 3D.
Problem 1.20
+

n=0

We have to check whether or not S h@nD < +. Recall that the geometric series S an < if
and only if a < 1.
+

a) S 0.5n < + , then BIBO Stable;

n=0
+

-1

n=0

n=-

n=0

n=1

-1

n=0

n=-

n=0

n=1

n=-

n=0

b) S 0.5n + S 0.5-n = S 0.5n + S 0.5-n < + , then BIBO Stable;

c) S 0.5n + S 0.5n = S 0.5n + S 0.5-n = + then it is NOT BIBO Stable
d) S 0.5n = S 2n = + then NOT BIBO Stable
+

e) S 1n = +, then NOT BIBO Stable

n=1
+

1
f) S n
2 < +, then BIBO Stable
n=1

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1
f) S n
2 < +, then BIBO Stable
n=1
+

g) S 1 = +, then NOT BIBO Stable

n=0
+

n=-

n=-

h) S ej0 .2 n = S 1 = +, then NOT BIBO Stable

+

n=0

n=0

i) S ej0 .2 n = S 1 = +then NOT BIBO Stable

+

n=0

n=0

j) S 0.8n ej0 .2 n = S 0.8n < + then BIBO Stable

+

-1

n=-

n=0

n=-

n=0

n=1

k) S 0.8n cos H0.2 nL S 0.8n + S 0.8-n = S 0.8n + S 0.8n < + then

BIBO Stable
0

n=-

n=0

l) S 2n = S 0.5n < + then BIBO Stable

+

m) S 2n = + then NOT BIBO Stable

n=0

z- Transforms
Problem 1.21
+

1
z
a) X HzL = S 0.5n z-n = 1-0.5

= z-0.5

, ROC 0.5 z-1 < 1, ie z > 0.5;

z-1
n=0
-1

n=-

n=1

1
z
b) X HzL = S 0.5n z-n = S 0.5-n zn = 1-2

- 1 = - z-0.5

=, ROC 0.5-1 z < 1, ie

z

z < 0.5;
0

n=-

n=0

1
c) S 0.5n z-n = S 0.5-n zn = 1-2

, ROC z < 0.5;

z
+

1
z
j0 .4 z-1 < 1, ie z > 1;
d) X HzL = S ej0 .4 z-n = 1-e

j0 .4 z-1 = z-e
j0 .4 , ROC e
n=0
-1

e) X HzL = S ej0 .4 z-n + S ej0 .4 z-n = S e-j0 .4 zn + S ej0 .4 z-n . The first
n=-

n=0

n=1

n=0

series converges when z < 1 and the second when z > 1. Therefore there is no common
ROC and X HzL for this signal DOES NOT exist!

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-1

e) X HzL = S ej0 .4 z-n + S ej0 .4 z-n = S e-j0 .4 zn + S ej0 .4 z-n . The first
n=-

n=0

n=1

n=0

series converges when z < 1 and the second when z > 1. Therefore there is no common
ROC and X HzL for this signal DOES NOT exist!
-1

1
z
f) X HzL = S ej0 .4 z-n = S e-j0 .4 zn = 1-e

-j0 .4 z - 1 = - z-e
j0 .4 , ROC
n=-

e-j0 .4

n=1

z < 1, ie z < 1;
-1

n=-

n=0

n=1

n=0

g) X HzL = S 0.5-n z-n + S 0.5n z-n = S 0.5n zn + S 0.5n z-n . See the two series:
+

1
z
S 0.5n zn = 1-0.5

- 1 = - z-2

, when z < 2;
z

n=1
+

1
z
S 0.5n z-n = 1-0.5

= z-0.5

, when z>0.5.
z-1

n=0

Therefore the ROC has to be the intersection of the ROCs, which yields
z
z
X HzL = z-0.5

- z-2

, ROC: 0.5 < z < 2

h) X HzL = 1 + z-1 + z-2 , ROC: 0 < z ;

i) X HzL = z + z2 + z3 , ROC z < +
Problem 1.22
Recall
z
Z 8an u@nD< = z-a

ROC: z > a
z
Z 8an u@-n - 1D< = - z-a

ROC: z < a
z
2
a) x@nD = 2 0.5n-1 u@n - 1D, then X HzL = 2 z-1 z-0.5

= z-0.5

-z
-0.5
b) x@nD = 0.5n u@-n - 1D + @nD, then X HzL = z-0.5

+ 1 = z-0.5

z
d) x@nD = I0.5 ej0 .1 M u@nD, then X HzL = z-0.5

ej0 .1
z
e) x@nD = H-0.5Ln u@nD, then X HzL = z+0.5

f) x@nD = 12 I0.5 ej0 .1 M u@nD + 12 I0.5 ej0 .1 M u@nD, then

z
z
X HzL = 12 z-0.5

+ 12 z-0.5

. Combining terms w obtain

ej0 .1
e-j0 .1
2

z -cos H0.1 L z
X HzL = z
2 -cos H0.1 L+0.25
z
z
-1.5 z
g) x@nD = 0.5n u@nD + 0.5-n u@-n - 1D, then X HzL = z-0.5

- z-2

= z
2 -2.5 z+1 , ROC:
0.5 < z < 2
-1.5 z
-1.5
h) Using the result in g) above, X HzL = z-1 z

2 -2.5 z+1 = z
2 -2.5 z+1

15

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-1.5 z
-1.5
h) Using the result in g) above, X HzL = z-1 z

2 -2.5 z+1 = z
2 -2.5 z+1

Problem 1.23
j2 .6180

-j2 .6180

HzL
e
e
a) X
= 2z + 0.5774

+ 0.5774

therefore
z
z-ej2 .0944
z-e-j2 .0944

z
z
X HzL = 1 + 0.5774 ej2 .6100 + 0.5774 e-j2 .6100
j2
.0944
-j2
z-e
z - e .0944
Since z > 1 all terms are causal. Therefore
x@nD = @nD + 0.5774 ej H2.0944 n+2.6100L u@nD + 0.5774 e-j H2.0944 n+2.6100L u@nD
Combining terms we obtain
x@nD = @nD + 1.0548 cos H2.0944 n + 2.6100L u@nD
b) Same X HzL as in the previous problem, but different ROC. All terms are noncausal,
and therefore
x@nD =
@nD - 0.5774 ej H2.0944 n+2.6100L u@-n - 1D - 0.5774 e-j H2.0944 n+2.6100L u@-n - 1D
and, after combining terms
x@nD = @nD 11.0548 cos H2.0944 n + 2.6100L u@-n - 1D
HzL
2
z
z
c) X
= 0.5

- z-1

+ 1.5
, therefore X HzL = 0.5 - 2 z-1

+ 1.5 z-2

. Form the ROC all terms

z
z
z-2
are causal. Therefore

x@nD = 0.5 @nD - 2 u@nD + 1.5 2n u@nD

d) Same X HzL with different ROC. In this case all terms are anticausal,
x@nD = 0.5 @nD + 2 u@-n - 1D - 1.5 2n u@-n - 1D
z
z
e) Same X HzL with different ROC. In this case z-1

yields a causal term, and z-2

yields an anticausal
term. Therefore

x@nD = 0.5 @nD - 2 u@nD - 1.5 2n u@-n - 1D

0.5 j

0.5 j

HzL
1
z
z
f) X
= z
-
therefore X HzL = 0.5 j z+j

- 0.5 j z-j

. From the ROC

2 +1 =
z
z+j
z-j
z > 1 all terms are causal, therefore

x@nD = 0.5 jej

2 n

u@nD - 0.5 je-j

2 n

u@nD

Combining terms:
x@nD = cos I 2 n + 2 M u@nD
g) Same X HzL but all anticausal:
x@nD = -0.5 jej
Combine terms:

2 n

u@-n - 1D + 0.5 je-j

2 n

u@-n - 1D

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Combine terms:
x@nD = cos I 2 n - 2 M u@-n - 1D
Problem 1.24
1
z
a) H HzL = 1-0.5

= z-0.5

Since it is causal, the impulse response is h@nD = 0.5n u@nD

z-1
HzL
1
-2
-2
1
z
b) H HzL = 1-0.5

= z-2

. Since H
= z
= 1z - z-2

then H HzL = 1 - z-2

. The impulse
z
z
Hz-2L
response is anticausal, form the difference equation,

therefore the impulse response is h@nD = @nD + 2n u@-n - 1D.

-1

-2

HzL
+z
+z+1
z +z+1
c) H HzL = 1+z

= z
. Therefore H
=
= -1

+ 1.5
+ 0.5
which leads to the
2
z
z
z-1
z+1
1-z-2
z2 -1

decomposition H HzL = -1 + 1.5

impulse response is

z-1

+ 0.5

z Iz -1M
z
. Since the
z+1

difference equation is causal, then the

causal, which leads to h@nD = -@nD + 1.5 u@nD + 0.5 H-1Ln u@nD.
2

H HzL
1
z
z
0.2764
0.7236
d) H HzL = 1-z

= z

+ z-1.6180

and therefore
-1 -z-2 = z
2 -z-1 , then
2 -z-1 = z+0.6180
z
z
z
H HzL = 0.2764 z+0.6180

+ 0.7236 z-1.6180

. The difference equation is causal and therefore the

impulse response is

h@nD = 0.2764 H-0.6180Ln u@nD + 0.7236 1.6180n u@nD

Problem 1.25
z
a) The system is causal with transfer function H HzL = z-0.5

, with ROC z > 0.5. The unit

circle is in the ROC and therefore the system is BIBO stable.

The impulse response is h@nD = 0.5n u@nD.

z
z
b) Now H HzL = -2 1-2

= z-0.5

, same as before. But since it is clearly anticausal (the output

z
depends

from future values only) the ROC is z < 0.5 and the impulse response
h@nD = -0.5n u@-n - 1D. The system is NOT BIBO Stable, since the unit circle is not within the
ROC.
z
c) If the input is x@nD = u@nD, its z-Transform is X HzL = z-1

with ROC z > 1.

When the system is causal then

z
z
z
z
Y HzL = z-0.5

= - z-0.5

+ 2 z-1

, ROC z > 1
z-1

therefore y@nD = -0.5n u@nD + 2 u@nD;

When the system is anticausal, the z-Transform is the same, but with
different ROC given by the intersection of z > 1 and z < 0.5, which is empty. Therefore
in this case the output y@nD does not have a z-Transform.

18

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When the system is anticausal, the z-Transform is the same, but with
different ROC given by the intersection of z > 1 and z < 0.5, which is empty. Therefore
in this case the output y@nD does not have a z-Transform.
Problem 1.26

a) The difference equation can be implemented in a number of ways, so we have

not enough information to assess causality or the ROC of the transfer
function.
-1

z
z
z
b) The transfer function is H HzL = 1-2.5

= z

. The possible ROCs

2 -2.5 z+1 = Hz-2L
Hz-0.5L
z-1 +z-2
are the following:

z > 2, the system is causal , and NOT BIBO stable, since the unit circle is not
in the ROC;
0.5 < z < 2, the system is non causal, but BIBO Stable, since the unit circle is in
the ROC;
z < 0.5, the system is anticausal, NOT BIBO Stable since the unit circle is not
in the ROC.
c) The step response has transfer function
z2
z
z
z
Y HzL = Hz-2L

= 0.6667 z-0.5

- 2 z-1

+ 1.333 z-2

Hz-0.5L Hz-1L
When the system is causal the ROC is z > 2, then
y@nD = 0.66670 .5n u@nD - 2 u@nD + 1.333 2n u@nD;
When the system is non casual, the ROC is 1 < z < 2, then
y@nD = 0.66670 .5n u@nD - 2 u@nD - 1.333 2n u@-n - 1D;
When the system is anticausal, the ROC of the transfer function (0.5 < z ) and the ROC of the
input ( z > 1) have empty intersection, and therefore the output has no z-Transform.

Frequency Response
Problem 1.27
The transfer function of the system is
1
z
H HzL = 1-0.5

= z-0.5

z-1

Therefore the system is stable (pole at z = 0.5 inside the unit circle) and its frequency response is

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19

Therefore the system is stable (pole at z = 0.5 inside the unit circle) and its frequency response is
j

e
H HL = e
j -0.5

a) the input is a complex exponential with frequency = 0.2 and therefore the corresponding
output is y@nD = H H0.2 L ej0 .2 n . Substituting for the frequency response H HL we obtain
y@nD = 1.5059 e-j4585 ej0 .2 n = 1.5059 ej H0.2 n-0.4585L .
b) Since x@nD = ej0 .1 ej0 .5 n + e-j0 .1 e-j0 .5 n the response is
y@nD = H H0.5 L ej0 .1 ej0 .5 n + H H-0.5 L e-j0 .1 e-j0 .5 n . Substituting for H HL
this yields
y@nD = 0.8944 e-j0 .4636 ej0 .1 ej0 .5 n + 0.8944 ej0 .4636 e-j0 .1 e-j0 .5 n
= 0.4472 cos H0.5 n - 0.1495L
1
c) Since H H0L = 1-0.5

= 2 and H H0.3 L = 1.2289 e-j5202 then

y@nD = 1 2 + 5 1.2289 cos H0.3 n - 0.5 - 0.5202L which yields
y@nD = 2 + 6.1443 cos H0.3 n - 2.0910L;

d) H H0L = 2 and H HL = 0.6667, then y@nD = 2 + 0.6667 H-1Ln ;

e) H H0.2 L = 1.5059 e-j4585 , therefore
y@nD = 1.5059 sin H0.2 n - 0.4585L + 1.5059 cos H0.2 n - 0.4585L;
Problem 1.28
The system has transfer function H HzL = Z 8h@nD< = Z 90.8n u@nD + 1.25n u@-n - 1D=. This
yields
z
z
H HzL = z-0.8

- z-1.25

, ROC: 0.8 < z < 1.25

The unit circle is within the ROC therefore the system is stable and it
j

e
e
has a Frequency Response H HL = e

j -0.8 - e
j -1.25 .

a) H H0.2 L = 1.0417, then y@nD = 1.0417 ej0 .2 n ;

b) H H0.5 L = 0.2195, then y@nD = 0.4390 cos H0.5 n + 0.1 L;
c) H H0L = 9, H H0.3 L = 0.5146, then y@nD = 9 + 2.5731 cos H0.3 n - 0.5 L;
d) H H0L = 9, H HL = 0.1111, therefore y@nD = 9 + 0.1111 H-1Ln ;
e) H H0.2L = 1.0417, then y@nD = 1.0417 sin H0.2 nL + 1.0417 cos H0.2 nL
Problem 1.29
-2 z
z
The system ha transfer function H HzL = 1-2

= z-0.5

and it is anticausal.Therefore the ROC is

z
given by z < 0.5 and the unit circle is NOT in the ROC. As a consequence the system is

UNSTABLE and the steady state frequency response does not exist.
Problem 1.30

20

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Problem 1.30
z
The transfer function is H HzL = 1+z

-1 +z-2 , the system is causal and the poles are on the unit circle.
Therefore

ROC: z > 1, the unit circle is NOT in the ROC and the system is NOT stable. Again
the frequency response does not exist!
Problem 1.31
a) From the graph H H0.1 L = 6.5 e-j . Therefore the output is
y@nD = 13 cos H0.1 n - 1L
b) From the graph we obtain H H0L = 8, H H0.5 L = 1.8 ej and H HL = 0. Therefore the
output is
y@nD = 16 + 1.8 cos H0.5 n + L

Time, z-, and Frequency Domains

Problem 1.32
a) First we have to determine the digital frequency of the disturbance,
as 0 = 2 F0 Fs = 0.4 . Therefore the filter must have at least two zeros at z1,2 = ej0 .4 , and
its transfer function becomes
b z2 +b z+b

0
1
2
H HzL = b0 + b1 z-1 + b2 z-2 =

z2

Iz-ej0 .4 M Iz-e-j0 .4 M

= b0
= b0 I1 - 0.6180 z-1 + z-2 M
z2
The poles are both z = 0.
b) With the constraint that H H0L = 1, ie that H HzL = 1 when z = 1 we obtain an equation to solve
for the coefficient b0 . Therefore
H H1L = b0 H1 - 0.6180 + 1L = 1
which yields b0 = 0.7236. Therefore the difference equation of the filter becomes
y@nD = 0.7236 x@nD - 0.4472 x@n - 1D + 0.7236 x@nD

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21

Problem 1.33
If we keep the same zeros at z1,2 = ej0 .4 , we add two poles close to the zeros as, say,
p1,2 = 0.95 ej0 .4 , then the frequency response becomes more selective. In this way the
Transfer Function becomes
2

z -0.6180 z+1
1 L Hz-z2 L
H HzL = b0 Hz-z

= b0 z
2 -0.5871 z+0.9025
Hz-p L Hz-p L
1

In order to have the Frequency Response with H H0L = 1, we need to solve for the coefficient b0 from
the equation
1-0.6180+1
b0 1-0.5871+0.9025

=1

which yields b0 = 0.9518. Finally the difference equation for the filter becomes
y@nD = 0.5871 y@n - 1D - 0.9025 y@n - 2D +
0.9518 x@nD - 0.5883 x@n - 1D + 0.9518 x@n - 2D
Problem 1.34
Since x@nD is periodic with period N, by definition x@nD = x@n - ND for all n, and therefore
x@nD - x@n - ND = 0 for all n. Therefore in this case the difference equation becomes
y@nD = -a1 y@n - 1D - a2 y@n - 2D + 0
and if the system is stable y@nD 0 from any initial condition.
a) When N = 4 the filter has Transfer Function
4

z -1
H HzL = b0 z
2 +a z+a
1

The zeros must be the solutions of the equation z4 = 1, ie z4 = ejk2 with k integer. This yields
z = ejk2 , for k = 0, 1, 2, 3, Therefore the four zeros are z = 1, j, -1, -j
b) Choose the poles close to the zeros, inside the unit circle, at z = , j, -, -j, with
0 < < 1, close to one.
Problem 1.35
The digital frequencies of the disturbance are 1 = 2 100 1000 = 0.2 ,
2 = 2 150 1000 = 0.3 , 3 = 2 200 1000 = 0.4 .
a) zeros at z1,2 = ej0 .2 , z3,4 = ej0 .3 , z5,6 = ej0 .4 , and poles at p1,2 = ej0 .2 ,
p3,4 = ej0 .3 , p5,6 = ej0 .4 with again positive, close to one. Say = 0.9.
b) From the zeros and the poles the transfer function becomes
6

z -3.4116 z +6.6287 z -7.9988 z +6.6287 z -3.4116 z+1

H HzL = b0 z
6 -3.0705 z5 +5.3692 z4 -5.8312 z3 +4.3491 z2 -2.0145 z+0.5314

22

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z -3.4116 z +6.6287 z -7.9988 z +6.6287 z -3.4116 z+1

H HzL = b0 z
6 -3.0705 z5 +5.3692 z4 -5.8312 z3 +4.3491 z2 -2.0145 z+0.5314

If we want the DC gain to be one, ie H HL = 1 when = 0, then b0 = 0.7664;

c) The difference equation then becomes
y@nD = 3.0705 y@n - 1D - 5.3692 y@n - 2D + 5.8312 y@n - 3D 4.3491 y@n - 4D + 2.0145 y@n - 5D - 0.5314 y@n - 6D +
+ 0.7664 Hx@nD - 3.4116 x@n - 1D + 6.6287 x@n - 2D 7.9988 x@n - 3D + 6.6287 x@n - 4D - 3.4116 x@n - 5D + x@n - 6DL
Problem 1.36
The digital frequency of the signal we want to enhance is 0 = 2 1.5 5 = 0.6 radians.
a) The poles are p1,2 = ej0 .6 with 0 < < 1, close to one. We can choose any zeros we like,
say z1,2 = 1 to attenuate the low frequencies ( = 0) and the high frequencies ( = ).
b) Choose (say) = 0.9, and the transfer function becomes
2

z -1
H HzL = b0 z
2 -0.5562 z+0.81

We can choose b0 to satisfy any normalization we like. For example, if we want the
frequency response at frequency 0 to have unit magnitude, we impose H H0.6 L = 1 which
yields b0 = 0.0950.
c) The difference equation becomes
y@nD = 0.5562 y@n - 1D - 0.81 y@n - 2D + 0.0950 x@nD - 0.0950 x@n - 2D
Problem 1.37
a) The filter has zeros at z1,2 = j, poles at p1,2 = j0 .9. Its frequency response is as shown;
b) Notch Filter;
c) y@nD = -0.81 y@n - 2D + x@nD + x@n - 2D.

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23

Fourier Analysis of Discrete Time Signals

Problem 1.38
2

a) Period N = 3, therefore X@kD = S x@nD e-j

kn

, for k = 0, 1, 2. Just substitute for one

n=0

period as x@0D = 1, x@1D = 2, x@2D = 3 to obtain

X@0D = 6.000, X@1D = -1.5 + j0 .8660, X@2D = -1.5 - j0 .8660.
1

b) Period N = 2, then X@kD = S x@nD e-j

kn

= x@0D + H-1Lk x@1D, for k = 0, 1. Therefore

kn

= S x@nD H-jLkn , for k = 0, 1, 2, 3.

n=0

X@0D = 1 - 1 = 0, X@1D = 1 - H-1L = 2.

3

c) Period N = 4, then X@kD = S x@nD e-j

n=0

n=0

Substitute the numerical values of the sequence to obtain X@0D = X@2D = 0, X@1D = X@3D = 2 or,
in vector form,
X = @0, 2, 0, 2D
d) The signal x@nD = cos I 4 nM is shown below.

Plot of x@nD = cos I 4 nM

The period can be seen by inspection as N = 4 and therefore the expansion is of the form
3

x@nD = 14 S X@kD e-j

2 kn

, with the DFS being

k=0

X@kD = S x@nD jkn , for k = 0, 1, 2, 3

n=0

since ej

= j. Therefore

24

since ej

CurrentValue[FileName]

= j. Therefore
X = @2.4142, 1, -0.4142, 1D

Problem 1.39
0.2 z
The transfer function of the system is H HzL = z-0.8

, by inspection. The system is causal and stable

therefore we can define

the frequency response as

j

0.2 e
H HL = e
j -0.8

a) The DFS of the signal is X = @6, -1.5 + j0 .866, -1.5 - j0 .866D. If we call y@nD the
output signal, it is going to be periodic with the same period N = 3 and DFS given by

0.2
Y@kD = H Ik 2
M X@kD, for k = 0, 1, 2. By substitution we find Y@0D = 1-0.8

H6L = 6,
N
2

0.2 e
Y@1D =
H-1.5 + j0 .866L = -0.123 + j0 .1846 and
3

-0.8
2

j2

0.2 e

Y@2D = H-1.5 - j0 .866L = -0.123 - j0 .1846. In vector form:

2

j2

-0.8

Y = @6, -0.123 + j0 .1846, -0.123 - j0 .1846D

b) Period N = 2, therefore Y@kD = H Ik 2

M X@kD for k = 0, 1. This yields
2
k

0.2 H-1L
Y@kD =
X@kD for k = 0, 1. Substitute the numerical values of X@kD to obtain
k
H-1L -0.8

Y = @0, 0.5D

c) Period N = 4, therefore Y@kD = H Ik 2

M X@kD for k = 0, 1, 2, 3. This yields
4
k

0.2 H-jL

Y@kD =
X@kD. Substitute for X@kD to obtain
k
H-jL -0.8

Y = @0, 0.2439 + j0 .1951, 0, 0.2439 - j0 .1951D

Problem 1.40
3

a) The length of the sequence is N = 4. Therefore the DFT becomes X@kD = S x@nD e-j
n=0

k = 0, 1, 2, 3. Substitute for the sequence to obtain

X = @0, 0, 4, 0D
3

b) Length N = 4, then again X@kD = S x@nD e-j

kn

for k = 0, ..., 3 to obtain

n=0

X = @4, 0, 0, 0D
2

c) Length N = 3, then X@kD = S x@kD = e-j

n=0

kn

for n = 0, 1, 2. This yields

kn

for

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25

c) Length N = 3, then X@kD = S x@kD = e-j

kn

for n = 0, 1, 2. This yields

n=0

X = @6.0000, -1.5000 + j0 .8660, -1.5000 - j0 .8660D

3

d) Length N = 4, then again X@kD = S x@nD e-j

kn

for k = 0, ..., 3 to obtain

n=0

X = @0, 2, 0, 2D
3

e) Length N = 4, then again X@kD = S x@nD e-j

kn

for k = 0, ..., 3 to obtain

n=0

X = @1 + j2 .4142, 1 - j2 .4142, 1 - j0 .4142 i, 1 + j0 .4142D

3

f) Length N = 4, then again X@kD = S x@nD e-j

kn

for k = 0, ..., 3 to obtain

n=0

X = @-4.0961, 4.1904 - j2 .4938, 2.7687, 4.1904 + j2 .4938D

7

g) Length N = 8, then X@kD = S x@nD e-j

kn

for k = 0, ..., 7 to obtain

n=0

X = @0, 7.0534 + j9 .7082, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 7.0534 - j9 .7082D

Problem 1.41
+

Recall the definition X HL = DTFT 8x@nD< = S x@nD e-jn . Then:

n=-

-1

n=-

n=-

n=0

a) X HL = S 0.8n e-jn = S 0.8-n e-jn + S 0.8n e-jn . After some simple

manipulations:
+

n=0

n=0

1
1
0.36
X HL = S 0.8n ejn - 1 + S 0.8n e-jn = 1-0.8

- 1 + 1-0.8

= 1-1.6

cos HL+0.64
ej
e-j

An alternative way would be to use the z-Transforms. Since, in this case

x@nD = 1.25n u@-n - 1D + 0.8n u@nD
z
z
the z-Transform is X HzL = - z-1.25

+ z-0.8

, ROC : 0.8 < z < 1.25

the unit circle z = 1 is within the ROC. Therefore just substitute z = ej to obtain:
j

e
e
X HL = - e

j -1.25 + e
j -0.8

and the result follows with some algebra.

+

1
e
b) X HL = S 0.5n e-jn = 1-0.5

= e
j -0.5
e-j
n=0

c) x@nD = 1 when 0 n 4 and x@nD = 0 otherwise. Therefore

26

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c) x@nD = 1 when 0 n 4 and x@nD = 0 otherwise. Therefore

4

-j5

H2.5 L
X HL = S e-jn = 1-e

= e-j1 .5 sin

sin HL
1-e-j
n=0

magnitude X HL

d) x@nD = 1.5 ej0 .2 ej0 .1 n + 1.5 e-j0 .2 e-j0 .1 n .

Recall that DTFT 9ej0 n = = 2 H - 0 L and therefore we obtain
X HL = 3 ej0 .2 H - 0.1 L + 3 e-j0 .2 H + 0.1 L

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27

X HL magnitude and phase

e) x@nD = -0.5 jej0 .5 n + 0.5 je-j0 .5 n + 0.5 ej0 .25 n + 0.5 e-j0 .25 n . Therefore the
DTFT becomes
X HL = e-j0 .5 H - 0.5 L + ej0 .5 H + 0.5 L +
+ H - 0.25 L + H + 0.25 L

28

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X HL magnitude and phase

2

f) x@nD = 2 I-0.5 jej0 .5 n + 0.5 je-j0 .5 n M =

= 2 I-0.25 ejn - 0.25 e-jn + 2 0.25M =
= 1 - ejn
Therefore X HL = 2 HL - 2 H - L =
= 2 HL + e-j H - L + ej H + L
Notice that we split the term 2 H - L = e-j H - L + ej H + ) to preserve the
symmetry of the DTFT.

CurrentValue[FileName]

29

X HL magnitude and phase

g) x@nD = H-1Ln = e-jn = 0.5 ejn + 0.5 e-jn therefore
X HL = H - L + H + L
again we split it to preserve the symmetry of the DTFT.

30

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X HL magnitude and phase

Fourier Transform
Problem 1.42
You know that
FT 8rect HtL< = sinc HFL

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31

rectHtL
2
1.5
1
0.5
-3 -2 -1
-0.5

sincHFL
2
1.5
1
0.5
2

-6 -4 -2
-0.5

Apply the properties of the Fourier Transform:

a) FT 8rect H2 tL< = 12 sinc I F2 M

rectH2tL
2
1.5
1
0.5
-3 -2 -1
-0.5

0.5sincHF 2L
2
1.5
1
0.5
2

-6 -4 -2
-0.5

b) FT 8rect H2 t - 5L< = FT 8rect H2 Ht - 2.5LL< = e-j2F 2.5 FT 8rect H2 tL< which

yields
FT 8rect H2 t - 5L< = e-j5F 12 sinc I F2 M
c) FT 8rect H5 tL cos H20 tL< = FT 9rect H5 tL 12 Iej2 10 t + e-j 2 10 t M=. Since
FT 8rect H5 tL< = 15 sinc I F5 M then
1
1
FT 8rect H5 tL cos H20 tL< = 10

sinc HF - 10L + 10

sinc HF + 10L

xHtL
1.5
1
0.5
-0.4-0.2
-0.5
-1
-1.5

t
0.2 0.4

XHFL
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
-15-10
-5
-0.05
-0.1

5 10 15

d) FT 8sinc H0.1 tL<. By the duality property, FT 8sinc HtL< = rect H-FL. Since the "rect"
function is symmetric, we can write FT 8sinc HtL< = rect HFL. Therefore

32

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d) FT 8sinc H0.1 tL<. By the duality property, FT 8sinc HtL< = rect H-FL. Since the "rect"
function is symmetric, we can write FT 8sinc HtL< = rect HFL. Therefore
FT 8sinc H0.1 tL< = 10 rect H10 FL

sincH0.1tL
1.5
1.25
1
0.75
0.5
0.25
-20 -0.25
-10
-0.5

10 20

10 rectH10FL
14
12
10
8
6
4
2

0.2 0.4

-0.4-0.2

e) FT 8sinc H0.1 tL cos H20 t + 0.1 L< =

. Therefore
j0
.1

j210t
-j0
.1

-j210t
e
FT 9e
sinc H0.1 tL= + e
FT 9e
sinc H0.1 tL=
X HFL = ej0 .1 0.1 rect H10 HF - 10LL + e-j0 .1 0.1 rect H10 HF + 10LL
1
f) Since FT 8rect HatL< = a

sinc I Fa M , then IFT 9sinc I Fa M= = a rect HatL.

Therefore let a = 1 10 and then

IFT 8sinc H10 FL< = 0.1 rect H0.1 tL

g) IFT 8rect H10 FL< = 0.1 sinc H0.1 tL for the same reasons as in f);
+

h) Recall that FT : S Ht - nT0 L> = F0 S HF - kF0 L, where F0 = 1 T0 . Also recall that

n=-

k=-

S x HnT0 L Ht - nT0 L = x HtL S Ht - nT0 L.

n=-

n=-

With this in mind we can write

+

S sinc H0.2 nL Ht - 0.1 nL = sinc H2 tL S Ht - 0.1 nL, and therefore

n=-

n=-

FT : S sinc H0.2 nL Ht - 0.1 nL> = FT 8sinc H2 tL< * FT : S Ht - 0.1 nL>

n=-

n=-

= 0.5 rect H0.5 FL * 10 S HF - 10 kL = 5 S rect H0.5 HF - 10 kLL

k-

k-

An alternative way to arrive at the same answer is by using the "rep" and
"comb" operators. Recall that
FT 8combT0 x HtL< = F0 repF0 X HFL
In our case T0 = 0.1, F0 = 1 T0 = 10, x HtL = sinc H2 tL,
X HFL = FT 8sinc H2 tL< = 0.5 rect H0.5 FL. Therefore

CurrentValue[FileName]

33

In our case T0 = 0.1, F0 = 1 T0 = 10, x HtL = sinc H2 tL,

X HFL = FT 8sinc H2 tL< = 0.5 rect H0.5 FL. Therefore
FT 8comb0.1 sinc H2 tL< = 10 rep10 0.5 rect H0.5 FL
i) Again apply duality to obtain
FT 9repT0 x HtL= = F0 combF0 X HFL
+

Therefore FT : S rect Ht - 2 nL> = FT 8comb2 rect HtL< = 0.5 rep0.5 sinc HFL, and
n=-

therefore
+

FT : S rect Ht - 2 nL> = 0.5 S sinc H0.5 kL HF - 0.5 kL

n=-

k=-

j) By the same arguments as in the previous problem, we can write

+

FT : S rect Ht - nL> = FT 8comb1 rect HtL< = rep1 sinc HFL

n=-

and therefore
+

FT : S rect Ht - nL> = S sinc HkL HF - kL

n=-

k=-
+

But now recall that sinc HkL = 0 for all k 0. Also it is easy to see that S rect Ht - nL = 1
n=-

for all t. Therefore

FT 81< = HFL
since all other terms sinc HkL HF - kL , for k 0, in the summation, are zero.
Problem 1.43
Let a signal x HtL have Fourier Transform as shown.

34

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Sketch the following:

+

a) S x H0.01 nL Ht - 0.01 nL = x HtL S Ht - 0.01 nL = comb0.01 x HtL. Theren=-

n=-

fore its Fourier Transform is given by

+

FT : S x H0.01 nL Ht - 0.01 nL> = 100 rep100 X HFL

n=-

shown below

b) S x Ht - 0.01 nL = rep0.01 x HtL. Therefore its Fourier Transform is 100 comb100 X HFL
n=-

shown below

CurrentValue[FileName]

35

c) FT 8x HtL cos H100 tL< = 12 X IF - 50 + 12 X HF + 50L

d) Since cos2 H100 tL = I 12 ej100t + 12 e-j100t M = 14 Iej200t + 2 + e-j200t M then

FT 9x HtL cos2 H100 tL= = 12 X HFL + 14 X HF - 100L + 14 X HF + 100L
shown below.

e) From the properties, FT 8x H5 tL< = 15 X I F5 M shown below:

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f) From the properties again, FT 8x H0.1 tL< = 10 X H10 FL, as shown:

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