()

()

()
Linz

1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
()
Shugart&Carey

1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
Linz
1
2
()
1Duverger
(1)
(2)
(3)()
2 Aron&Lijphart
(1)
(2)
3Satori
(oscillation)
(1)
(2)
()
Shugart&Carey
1
(1)
(2)

(3)
2
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
()
1
(1)()
(2)()
2
(1)
(2)
(3)
()
1
(1)
(2)
(3)
2
(1)

(2)

(3)

3
(1)
(2)

(3)

()
1.
2.
3
4 ()

5
(1)
(2)
6 585
7
8
()
1
2 1930
3

4
Lowi (the end of liberalism)

6
()
1.
Burk

(1)
(2)
2.(delegate)

(1)
(2)
3.(mandate model)
Heywood


(1)
(2)
4 (resemblance model)

(1)
(2)

()

1.(unicameral)
(1)

(2)

(3)
A
B
C
2 (bicameral)
(1)

(2)
A

(3)
A

(4)
A
B
C
(5)
A
B

(Sieyes)

2.(Committee)
(1)

W. Wilson

(2)

a.

b.

c.
(Irvin
Committee)
d.
(3)

(4)
1
2
3

()(Judicial Review)
1.
1803 (Marbury versus
Madision) Marshall

2.

3
(1)
(2)
(3)
3.

(1)

(2)

()
1
2 ()
3 ()
()
1

()
1
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
2
3
4
()
1.
(1)

(2)

2.
(1)
(2)
(3)

97

()

()

()

()

()

(
)

()

()

()

()

(Alan Issak)

1
()
()
()
()

Lijphart

()(single-member district system)

(Small ElectoralDistrict)

1.
(1)

(first past the post,FPTP)( 650 )(

435 )
(2)
a.
()

b.

c.

d.

(3)
a.

b.

c.

Gerry
(Gerrymandering)
2.

(1)
(single-number district pluralitysystem)

(follow-up election)
12.5%

(2)
a.

b.

(3)
a.

b.

3.(alternative vote system)

(1)

(2)
a.
b.
(3)
a.

b.

c.

()
1.()
(single non-transferable vote
system,SNTV)

SNTV

2.
(1)

(2)

(3)
3.
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
()(proportional representation system, PR)

1.(single transferable vote system, STV)

(1)

(2)
a.

b.
c.
(3)
a.
b.
c.
2.
(1)

(2)
a.
b.
c.

(3)
a.
b.

c.
()

1.()
(1)
(additional member system, AMS)

(2)
a.
b.
c.

(3)
a.(the excess seats)

2.()
(1)
a.

b.

(2)
a.
b.
c.
d.
(3)
a.
b.
c.
(4)
1.
(1)
(2)
2
(1)
(2)
(3)
3

1
1
2
2

3
3
4
4
5
5
6
1 1

2
2
3
3
4

Duverger

(Duvergers law)
()
1.

2.

3.

()

()

(Douglas Rae)

79 34

()

1.

(Duvergers
hypothesis)
2.

3.

4.

()

1.

SNTV

2.

(1)

(2)

(3)
(4)

(pork barrellegislation)
3.

(1)

(2)(coat-tail effect)

(3)

a.

b.


c.()

()

1 (2)
53 2 55
538 (435 100 3 )
2

4 270

()
1
2

()

()
1
2
3
()
1
2
3
4
5
6
Lijphart
1
2
3
4

6 2 1/3
2 2

Schattschneider

()

()
1.
(1)
(2)
2
(1)
(2)
3
(1)
(2)

()
(faction)

()
1

()
1


()
()
()
()

()(missionary) vs (broker)
() vs
()(cadre) vs (mass)
()
Duverger
1

()
1 (catch-allparty)==
2 (non-catch-all party)==
()
1
2
3
4

()
()
()
()
()
()
()

()(Rae)
1 1955-1993
2
3
Satori
(relevance)
(1)
(2)
()
1

(1)
(2)
(3)
2
(1)
(2)
()
1
2
()
1994

()
Duverger (&)
1
2
3
()
1
2
(1)
(2)
()

()

1
2
3

1
2
3
()
1.

2.
3
(1)
(2)
(3)

()
1

3
(1)
(2)
(3)
()
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
(Party realignment)(party dealignment)
()( Party realignment)
Key
1 (critical election)
2
3
()
1
2
3
4
()()
(party dealignment)

(crisis of party politics)

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)

()
()
()
()


1
2
3
4
5

1
()Riker
()
()
()
()
2
(1)

(2)
1
2
3
(3)
1
2 SNTV
(4)
3
(1)

(2)
1 ()

2
(1)
(2)
(3)
()
1
2
3
4
(1)
1


4
5

(2)
1 SNTV
2
3
4
5

Bently 1908

(interest group)

(pressure group)

()
1
2
()
V. O. Key

1 vs
2 vs
3 vs
(Almond )
()
()
()

()

()
()
()
()
()
()(lobbying)
()
()
()(Grass-root Pressuer)
()
()
()

()
()
()
()
()
()


()
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
()
1
2
3
4
5 free rider (Olsen)
()

()
()
1
Schmitter

2
(1)(peak association)

(2)

(3)
3

(1)

(2)

Lijphart

4
(plural society)

(1)

(2)

()Olsen

()
Almond

()

4 (overload)

()

1
(1)
(2)

(3)

(4)()

2
(1)


(2)

()
(constitutionalism)

1.(limited government)
(separation of power)
(check and balance)
2.(due process of law)

()

1.
2.
3.
4.
()
1
2
3
4
()
1

()

()

1.
2.
3.
()


1.
2.
3.

()
Austin Ranney (human right)

()
Friedrich
1.

1682
(Petition of Right)1689 (Billof Right)
2.
Mill
3.

()

1.
2.
3.
4.

()

()
1.
2.
3.
4.
()

1.(clear and present danger)

2.(bad tendency)


3.(gravity of evil)

4.(preferred position)

1
()
()

demo kraticademo kratica

Ranney ()
(1)
1 ()
2
(1)
(2)
()
1
2
()
1
2
()
1
2

()()
1
Locke,Montesquieu,Rousseau,Mill,Burke,Madison
2

(1)
(2)
(3)
3
(1)
(2)

(3)
()()
1.Schumpeter
(1)1942,

(2)()
2.Dahl

(1)()
(2)
(3)()
3.Satori
(1)
(2)
(3)
1
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
2
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)

()
1 ()
(1)
(2)
2
(1)
(2)
()
1
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
2
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
() Lijphart
1 /(Majortarian/Westminster)
/
(Consense)

(Majortarian/Westminster)
1

2
2
3
3
4
4
1
1
2
2
3
3

4
4 8
5
5
6
6
7 7
8
8
9
9
10
10
11
11
5 Dahl,1971

()
1
2 /
()
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1-3 4-8 /
()
Dahl
1
(1)
(2)
(3)
2
(1)
(2)
(3)

(4)
3

()
()()
()()
()

()
1
(1)Mosca,1896,
(2)Pareto,1916,
(3)Michels,1911,

(4)Mills,1956,
2
(1)
(2)
(3)
()
1
(1)Bently,1908,
(2)Madison,
(3)Dahl,
Dahl

A
B
2
(1)
(2)
(3)
()
1
2
3

1
()
(dictatorship)
(dictator)

1
2
3
4
()(authoritarian dictatorship)
1
(Weber)(traditional
authority)(charismatic authority)

2
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
3.
(1)

(2)()

(3)()

(Khomeini)
(4)

(5)

()(totalitarian dictatorship)
1.
Ranney

2.
Friedrich Brezezinski
(1)
(ideology)
(2)

(3)
(Gestapo) KGB

(4)

(5)
(5)
3.
(1)

(2)

(3)

4.

(1)
(2)
(3)

(4)
5.
(1)

(2)

(3)

(democratization)

()
ODunell Linz
()
1.

2.

1.
2.
(the third wave of democratization)
1.Huntington
(1)
1828
1922
(2)
1943
1950

(3)
1974 1989

2.
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
()
()
1
2

()
1 /
2
(4)
1
2
(5)
1
2

()ODonnell

6
()

()

()

waring

()
1.(democratic consolidation)

2.

()
1.Linz&Stepan
(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)
()()

(5)

2.Linz
(1)
(2)
(3)
3.Huntington
()
1
2

4
5
(1)

(2)
(3)
(4)

(public opinion)

()
V. O. Key

2
3

()
1
2
()
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
()
1
2
3

()U

() U

()J

()N

() J

()
()
()
()
()
()

()

()
1.

2.

()
3.

4.
(coding)

()
1
(1)

(2)
(3)
2
(1)
A
B
(2)
A
B
C
a b c
D
(3)
A
B

()
1.

2.

3.

4.

()
1 (exit poll)

2 (benchmark survey)

3 (trial and heat survey)

4 (rolling sample survey)

5 (deliberative opinion polls)

6 (push polls)

()
1

2.Deustsch
(information)(message)

()
1 (communicator)
2 (message)
3 (medium)
4 (receiver)

5 (response)
1.
2.
3.
4.

()
()1 2

()(hypodermic needle model)

()(spiral of silence)
(Neumann)

()(limited effects model)

()(agenda-setting hypotheses)

(gate-keeper)

()(two-step flow of communication model)

(Lazarsfeld)

or
()
()
() or ()
()
()
or
()
()
()
()
()

(Ruosseau)

Verba & Nie

Verba

()
1
2

()

1
2
3
4
5

(1)
(2)
(3)

()

()
1 2 3 4 5
()
1
2
3
4 Huntungton

() 1 2
()
()
1
2
3
()
1
2


()
()
()
()

()
1.
()
2 ()
()
1
2
3

()
1
2 ()
()
1
2
3

()
1 1940 LazasfeldBerelson
2
3.Lazasfeld

()
1 1950 CampbellConverse
2 (funnel of causality)

1
2
3
()

1 1960 DownsRiker
2

3 R=PB-C+DR= X

1960

Almond&Verba(the CivicCulture)

(1)

(2)

(3

()(National Identity)

()(Legitimacy)

Weber
1.
2.charismatic
3.
()(Political Efficacy)
()

Almond Verba 1963

()(parochial political culture)

()(subject political culture)

()(participation political culture)

Almond Verba

(civic culture)

Ranney


()

()
1
2
3
4
()/
1
2
3 (Lucian Pye)

()
1
2
()
Lijphart
1
2
3
4

Almond & Verba

()
1
2
3
4

6:3:1
()()
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
(Political Socialization)

()
Easton & Dennis

1
2
3

()
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
()
1
2
3 ( 1+2)

()
()
()(Peer Group)
()
()
()
()

()
Gramsci
()

()

(state)
()

()

()
Dunleavy
1.

2.
A. Ranney

3.

4.

5.

()
Merriam
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
vs vs
()(government)
1
2
3
4
5
()(Nation)(State)
1

1617 (Lord)

()
1Bodin
2Grotius

()
1
2
3
4
5
6
()
1
2

()(Unitary state)
1

()(Federation)
1

2
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
3
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)()
4
(1)
(2)19th
(3)1960

(4)1980
5
(1)
(2)
(3)
6
(1)
(2)
(3)
()(Confederation)

()
1.
2.
()
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

()
()
()
()
()

()
()
()
()
Hobbes
Locke
Rousseau

()

()
(Hegel)

()
Karl Marx
()
Locke
&Rousseau
()
John Rawls

()

1
2
3
()

1
2
()
1
2
()
1
2 Callinicos,Gill
3 Giddens

4 ()

()
1
2
3
4
()
1
2
3
4

()

()

()

1992
21

(Agenda 21)
()

() or
()
()
1
(Global Governance)

2
(Good Governance)

3
Scott
(postsovereign governance)
(1)(substate global governance)

(trans-sovereign policies)()

(2)(suprastate global governance)

(3)(marketized global governance)

(4)(non-governmental global governance)

4
(1)
(2)()
(3)

()(idealism)

(United Nations)
(neo-idealism)
1970

()(realism)

1980 (neo-realism)

()

1796 de Tracy (idea)

(ology)de Tracy

()
()(ideology)

()(ideology)

Ranney
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)

()
()
()
()

()(Liberalism)
1.

Locke

2.
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
3.

(Kennes)

(1)
(2)
(3)
()(Conservatism)

1.
Burke

2.
(1)

(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)

3.
(1)
Disrael

(2)
(Hayek)
1970
1980
(Thatcherism)(Reaganism)

(3)
(Hayek)(Friedman)
(4)

(Burke )
()(Socialism)
1.

2.
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
()

Green (altruistic)

1.
2.
3.
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
4.
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
()
1.

2
(1)
(2)
(3)
()(Marxism)
1.

Marx

2.
(1)
(2)

(3)
(4)
(5)

()(fascism)
1.
facis

2.
(1)

(2)

(3)

()(Feminism)
1960

()(Mercantilism)
15 18

()(Ecologism)
20

()(Modernism)

()
1.
(1)Snyder

(2)

2.()
(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

3.
(1)
(2)
(3)
4.
(1)
(2)Anderson
()

(ethnic)

()
1.(Bell) 1960

2.(Fukuyama)

3.1970 (post-modernism)

()
1.

2.Huntington

()
1 19 ~1950
2
3 Easton
4 /
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
()

1 1950 ~1960
2

3
(1)
(2)
(3)
4 Easton
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
5
(1)
(2)
(3)
()()
1 1960
2
1960

()
East 1969
1
2
3
4
-
()
1 Easton
2
(1)
(2)
(3)
3
(1)(input)
A
B
a
b
c
(2)(conversion)
(blackbox)
(3)(output)
A
B
(4)(feedback)
(5)(persistence)
4
(1)Deutsh
(2)

5 1980
1.
(1)
(2)
(3)
2.
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
()

1 ParsonsAlmond
2
Almond
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

(3)Almond & Powell

A
a (politicalrecruitment)
b (political communication)
c (political socialization)
B

(interest articulation)(interestintegration)
(rule-making)(rule-executing)(rule-adjusting)
C.

3.
(1)
A
B
(2)
A
B
C

()
1960

1980 Skacpol
(Bring the State Back In)

()
1
1950 1970

2
1960

3
1974 1989

()
1
2
3
()
1 ()

2 ()

3 ()+

()
1

()
1
(1)

(2)()()
2
(1)
(2)
(3)