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Bio Project Khooshboo
Bio Project Khooshboo
and Applications
Submitted By:Khooshboo Agarwal
Class XII
Session: 2011-2012
AISSCE Roll No:-
CERTIFICATE
I certify that, MISS KHOOSHBOO AGARWAL a student of class XII ,
Session 2011-12 has prepared this Project report titled
Exobiology : principles, processes and applications under
my guidance for the partial fulfillment of AISSCE-2012 Biology
Practical.
This is the bonafide record of her experiment she performed.
During the project work, I found her sincere and hard -working.
I wish her every success in life.
External Examiner
Biology Practical
AISSCE 2012
Preface
2
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
No any constructive work can successfully be accomplished
without the support and help of able hands. This project work is
also not an exception.
Here I take the opportunity to express my heartfelt gratitude to
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Khooshboo Agarwal
Class: - X II
K.V. NEIST JORHAT
CONTENTS
Page No.
CERTIFICATE
PREFACE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
INTRODUCTION
OBJECTIVES OF EXOBIOLOGY
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EXTRATERRESTRIAL ORGANISMS
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22
25
28
RECENT FINDINGS
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UP TO DATE EXPERIMENTATION
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CONCLUSION
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PHOTO GALLERY
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
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INTRODUCTION
From the biophysical background explain, we can obtain a
conceptual definition of Exobiology. Exobiology is a term derived
from three Greek roots :- = extension; external, outside;
= life and = science, treatise, discourse.
From here, the concept takes the following form:
Astrobiology is a biological science that studies the origin and
the existence of living beings in the Universe, besides Earth.
SYNONYMS OF EXOBIOLOGY:
The synonyms of Exobiology are diverse; however, the synonyms
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OBJECTIVES OF EXOBIOLOGY
The efforts of the exobiology direct to the search of:
a. The origin and evolution of the Universe.
b. The origin and evolution of living beings on Earth.
c. The distribution of living beings in the known Universe.
d. The existence of living beings on other worlds besides Earth.
SCIENCES ON SUPPORT OF EXOBIOLOGY:
The exobiology is a biological science that is supported by other
factual disciplines, for example, Physics, Chemistry, Geology,
astrophysics, Astronomy, paleontology, Cosmology, Molecular
Biology, Mathematics, etc.
Relation of exobiology with physics:a.
Because life can be reduced to well-known thermal
phenomena.
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EXTRATERRESTRIAL ORGANISMS
We could speculate a great deal on the probable appearance of
the extraterrestrial living beings whenever we had taken into
account the conditions of the probable environments of other
planets. For` example, we can guess on the homeostatic
systems of an organism living on a planet with a more or less
dense atmosphere than the terrestrial atmosphere, or under a
gravity force greater or lesser than the terrestrial gravity force,
under a sulfurous atmosphere, etc. However, the astrobiologists
have verified that the probabilities to find extraterrestrial
intelligent organisms are extremely low. The signal "Wow!
registered by SETI (The Search for Extra Terrestrial Intelligence)
in 1951, was an electromagnetic oscillation reemitted or
bounced back by a fragment of spatial waste.
However, we can almost be sure that apparently the life can
only be experienced by systems built with organic compounds
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EXTRATERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENTAL
CONDITIONS
There are organisms that live in highly hostile environments for
most terrestrial species; for example, Sulfolobus solfataricus,
which tolerates sulfurous environments with acidity at pH 3.5
and temperatures at 90 C. Recently, it was discovered that the
cooler effect of the cytosol of Sulfolobus solfataricus is due
thanks to a protein (enzyme) called Alcohol Dehydrogenase.
Throughout the last 15 years, the astrobiologists have centered
their attention on extremophiles. That obeys to the inhospitable
environmental conditions exhibited by the planets at the scope
of our technology which would be lethal for almost all the
terrestrial living beings. Perhaps, some day we will find an
Earth-like planet on where we will find not only extremophile
prokaryotes, but also protists, plants and animals.
Extremophiles are organisms that live in extreme environments
that would be deadly for the greater part of the terrestrial living
beings; for example:
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A.
Thermophiles:
Resistant
to
(Pyrococcus lives in water at 113 C).
high
temperatures
temperatures
The climatic variability must occur into the ideal patrons for the
survival of bionts.
It should possess the basic nutrients, sufficient for the
subsistence of bionts.
It
should
maintain
protective
units
against intense oscillations of the flow of energy from the
source (a star, a planet core, etc.).
The fluctuations of the chemical surroundings should not be
extreme or abrupt.
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OBSERVATION
The spectrum of the star HH46-IR of the nebula IC1396 in the
constellation of Cepheus, made by the infrared telescope
Spitzer, reveals the existence of methane, water, carbon
dioxide, silicates and methanol.
In Antenna galaxy, which actually consists of two colliding
galaxies, scientists have detected sulfurous compounds,
carbonates, water and heavy elements, like iron and
magnesium.
In Orion Nebula scientists have detected large volumes of water.
They have also detected Polycyclic Aromatic Carbohydrates,
water, methane and oxygen in the Horse Head Nebula. They
found Glyceraldehydes in the most brilliant zones.
Supernovas are sidereal deposits of carbonates. Scientists have
detected large quantities of oxygen, water and sulfurous
compounds in remnants of supernovas.
The findings achieved from the mission Huygens-Cassini on
Titan, a satellite of Saturn, confirm one of the predictions of my
theory about the ringed planetary cloud. The theory explains
the presence of methane, acetylene and ethanol of abiotic
origin in abundant quantities in the external sidereal bodies
(external bodies are those which orbit more distantly from the
Sun than Earth).
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In the South Pole Martian, the European Space Agency (ESA) has
verified the existence of frozen water in relatively small
quantities. The largest mass of the ice is frozen carbon dioxide.
UP TO DATE EXPERIMENTATION
Currently, the astrobiological experimentation is focused on the
following aspects:
a. The modeling of the early conditions of the terrestrial
reductive atmosphere which data we have known through the
paleontology and geological observation.
b. The synthesis of prebiotic molecules and other organized
structures through abiotic procedures.
c. The Experimentation with diverse factors that could activate
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CONCLUSION
Until now, we know that we are alone at this side of the
Cosmos. Nevertheless, may be we are not the unique "alone"
living beings in the Cosmos. Perhaps, at this time, on a sidereal
body barely heated by a small star, or on a world illuminated by
a binary or a multiple star system, someone is asking itself (him,
her or both) the same thing.
If the humanity takes care of the own humanity, attends his nonhuman brothers, those that barely think or that do not think,
and takes care of the non-living things, the future of
Astrobiology is promissory whenever we explore what we have
to explore, on feasible places to be explored.
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PHOTO GALLERY
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Fig: Browsing net with Biology Sir for search of project material
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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Density