icoune on ‘Riggonbach, H. (1999), Discourse Anafysis inthe Language Classroom, ‘Volume is The Spoken Language. Ann Arbor: University of Michi fan Press Chapter 1. Overview Discoutse analysis in the langue Fintrorn. Riggmbacl'sbonk provides many practical examples othow discourse Sealjuie ran fer woe an language leaming clasrooms. The into “Avctory chapior oor bk outlines the theoretical background to hee tock, 2overing 4 number of try opi in the analysis of spoken and frtion dicecusee, Riggonburh lernzane what discourse analysis TRosne for language teaching i> forme af methodology. materials Belopaont and syllabus desig = =e ¢ iow | 1 2.1 Discourse communities ord speech commis cy | | takeetcometmodyuorutooriam or | 2 Oued ine ee » | 14a rota = | 2s oor ey oy 29 two an ™ tavewantony ‘ 29 Coca «| 21 cman = | 7 ro | that is: thal spoken and waitton discourse occurs in pater social fan cultural settings and is usod and understood in different way’ in Gifereat Social and ultra et ‘nore detail. important aspects of the social end cultural stings of spoken and writen discourse I will start with 4 discussion af the ition of discourse community and the relat natin of spect Community. Rath of Wan have an infin nn that we ay aed ow ‘may They stan nunc the langage variety we eaooge ta ae a thm cual ar unite ithe reting we are Sn- Osher factors which aot ‘ur tise of language are the rota! elace wo ar 8 momo of (or the tus ofthe poop we ar communtecting with] te well es tha Social natworke we ao port of Within these aocil groupe and social r thoro oro vesious aye we expres thr social identity Uhrough diacourao. Ono of the identities we expres fs our gendered! donty. This topic that has Boon discussed teat length ond fn aDeco ras “shanging ways) in the aaa of dlzcourse analysis. and iang with is. ots and ldontity io dieesened ta this chaptor ‘The fsue af onlngy (and dicourcn farther ipontant top im the azea of discourse st {yoia slo diseased fa thle ebaptor 2.1. Discourse communities and speech communities ‘A kay notion in th area of discouran anaysic i the capt of ise Count community (se be bal for deGnitios) Stelon (880) pm ideo’ est af charsctoriston for identifying a group af pple a= Tnombcrs nf « particular disenuten community: The group mast have ‘Some sot of ara common goal, somo mechninme for communica. ‘lon, ad some way of providing the oxchange of information amongst itm Th cmty mut he se pala pete fc othr and exchenge Information il vary cocoa to th grou ‘This might include meetings, nowshter, casual eameisations oF {ange of othe types of written and/or spoken Gosmusietion. Tat, the discourse community will have peicular ways of communicating, Sith eachother and ways of geting things dane that nave developed {rough tine, There wil also boa Dieshold Tove of expertise ite tse ofthe genres the disenurse community uss for ts commun ‘ons for someone tobe considered a mamber of tat community. | discon rommuny ia erop of pale who share some kind ‘of ecdeity such se mama nf rh or meceiation wha have Togula matings c's group af student whn pata slcene a Te fame sniverrity. Member of = discourse community hau pi {Soule aye of communicating with each other They generally fhevo hard goale and may have sharwd values and Boies A ‘penn inoften a member of moro thea ono dicouree commit Bomvoae may be university student o omer fe communsty volunteer organization anda member of « church group. for hauls, The waye in which they communica im each of {nv groupe aid Cav value aud Unis that ae most promi say vy. line aay loo be dl scuuroy cama, Academic ‘Sopartmonts, for example, ray afr tn the ways Ua thyy do Py Prone el sce indsed may ‘things andl the Pallas natn Hat they hol, ‘hoe pant a he nto ‘A telophone call conte isan example of diceousse community Camaron’ (2000 study oftlephono eal sontasa tn the UK augsoat ‘what come of tho choratoritis of this kind of discourse community ‘right bo. She found. for xamplo, tha the telephone opectors ta the ‘ll conteo ake examined wore trined to communicate with custo ‘mot! on the phono in very particular ways, They wero treed %0 thawer the phone with namie in thoi vaca "Tiey mene ski to py SMtention to the pitch of dois voiew su Uae Gay curojed a atu of wy rt speed zag what they wir saying, Phy wes 3s rated to provide suthcent feedback to towels a hat > Gallo knew they ha teen underso ‘all conse works also have common goals, ht of proving he service or mak st up or, cotaen ways of ‘rng nsornaionsctongt telephone worket, tet own parca Sere cll gars, nd thet own terminology and vcs for he [oduct or vie thy are deling ity Tel scas specs level St expeise required fr suconsfl call centre workers, both in the nawtndge of th product or serie, and in the way call conte orders Seal with dtr ales. Naw worars may be igo fest" ‘ntlenary petid, fr example ul ts clear tat hey bave ret the theshold level of petormancsronuited tobe Imcbers of te a clara conve discourse commun. If they" do nok ett {nest evel this pesition with the company may be aa. Poop do, however, have dileeat degree of memtrship of Aucoune commuter Thal tdssass coments may cont of ins ni nvwerke af werbere eh sess ty ee {euro Inarknit prone of emir yn ndong nd {om ernment Sonthtors to alia dlcerion ous se ‘ene communities may alo be made wp of sovral verepping troupe af people Prope farthor, mab (ad normally are) mann "mow thn fst th one stage dieenuron common. A poco, as, ‘maybe sal cont operatonse sneer as pony group. arbor of School parent teacher goup end contdister toa onlias docusion ead. A person ny ats have to operate ns names different ol ints same Gscouse communi, For cramp, porson ray be vorkingtowerds otorl dg ios puto user nf [otha put of te eaten a or kd retain)coven ont ‘member of academic staff. Tae ways of bulunginy’ anay be gute dit ferent in each ofthese parts ofthe dlscourse Lamu may be the fons thal people use and the socal relatos win Ure diferent pars ofthe discourse commun ‘Bscourse communes tea interact with wider speech womans itis, For example, the academe discourse communis of stadeuts dd ecadomict so interaes withthe wider speech commanty of ie town of city in which the academic institution ws located (Sales 1905) Iti for these seasons that some people prefer the tm com Ini of pace (Weng 08; Baro 0 ating 29D) we rm “icoutse communi “The wotion of discourse community not, howover a taht: forward coucent as i might seam. Thoro are often discourse eam ‘unites within discourse communities, Sweles’ (1998) book Other Floors Other Voiees shows ths well Swals caried outa study ofthe Ihllding in which he was working atthe time atthe University of Nichigan. He swarked on the top loo of «small university bulldog "Pho ine Nore eee accupied by the eomputing resource site and a orberin He inked he ind of activities people working on each {Boor wore ongrged tn and the Kinds of texts they wrote also ntrsiowed members of staff to get an understanding of why they [rote the inde of tote thy Al Ha found that people on each Boor Trot quito diffrent texte and ween an mxample of a discourse com: Truntilot tote own. Swalee proposes the notion of place discourse ‘Commute cunt fr this hind af ituatinn Devit (2004 42) ede to thie discussion hy prmpacing three typos of groupe vf language user communi, colleties and nat. tnovks, Comnranities aze "groupe of poople who share sshstansial “inuuiss of me tether in common endoovore's wach at © gon of pos lua all suk tm the seme office. Calloctivac ace groups of People tia fos aud shige ropeated inter. without the fe- ‘quency ortntensty of cystic! uta vommnty” suc an poop who aw Inombers ofa bee kneping yop or voluntary member of @ comBM ‘ty telephone advice series, Networks ave loupe of people that re tightly knit as speech communities wid: vonectons being She perwon "wht kows snater person, wy huvws anther person such as conecons that are made through exalt usages en and roccived by people who may never have [or never wil) ne tacts othr, bat sre peicipating ina common dicourse, Dicouse ond scety 22 fh communities and ond Spagch come spoken “The trm speech community ts broader than the tem discourse com- ‘unity Tis also important forthe discussions of spoken and waten Aiscourse. A spooch community, in gonoral Hingustics, ore to any (group of people that spoak th same language, such as French. English ‘Sr German, ac, Sociolingusts, howevee prefer to use ze term spooch ‘omaiunty in anairowe santa rofer te people who ot only use te ame language, ropatoze or varieties of lagguage, bul who aso have ‘the opportunity to intoect with och ether (Spolsky 1098). As Spolsky (908225) puts te “Try sno torte lntation on the oeton and sie of @ {pooch community, which ein practice ded by Us shatig aot gg rs prt an ttm sng {tis not essential, howvor tha all members of the peech communi now and use al of tase langunges or language varieties They wil, however recognise the conditions ude which other members of he ‘community believe Wis appropriate to use each of hem” (Spolsky 108,25). Ina ety such ne Sangha, or example, most local Lhunese will know and use standard Mandarin. People wao were bom and wr up in Sbanghat wil also most Iikely Know and speak Shang- Eesinese as well the lees dios of Shanghal, and know where and ‘shen to use this disee. (a sonio solings Mandarin may be more appropriate and in others. Shanghainese. Members of the spoech ommunity wil know this, even if they vazy in thei command the Aifereat languages ot language varieties. The notion of speech com- ‘munity. thon. is broader thar that of discourse communities. It Includes discourse communities and the repertoire and varie [ssgne that members of the speech community use to interact with, sch hor. “The motion af speach eammunition i important forthe effective ‘use of spoken tnd writen dieenen Somat eamamaniction My ‘nly nusced when speaker recognize (or belive) that thay ars pat a ‘he cum speach soramunit” The globalization of call comtos hae nought thie particulary fto focu. Japan, for example, recenly sont oun of ie all centres offshore into pats of China whore thre are ‘numbers of vent second language speakers of Jopances, Calor fom Tapun did not realize, however, tht thay wove spanking to zomeone ie China. When they realized this, dough, for example triste i tho ts of houorlcs, isunderstendings end oven arguments sone. arDicouse aha Some call antes in China have tid to overcome this rable by fmploying yout Japanmae to work te eal canton an Poa Fn ‘eso calor will think they are spring to somone in UMEY a, tur, ha seman ine enmemanty (Ant 9) Entra fy Inn alan hun similar penblam sehen someone alls fox ‘hn TIS, for sexe, nat lioving they are epoaking to am America ‘all rons operat. Some cll certos in India fo example now hae ‘he seoather and US eports results displayed om TY maine foe the fall conte workore to rofor to av thay tobe thot calla to give the mpreesion that callore ae peaking to semcane from thoi oven spocch comm |. Defining @ speech community “There ze nm fain li Ip ty da ty othe dans at rage ‘These ght tole say (pli, cltare, poles and etn acres, re, age at gener tls fe spc commanty may share «poral ae of norms fur smmateaton which se coin views on nul bea ‘that what isthe most prestigious vty of th lengge th Barcus sting, ove sf oral members a he coro tally [toablto wets varity A person, further, ay bea seme of ore than tie one speech comunity (a they maybe mombors of mare than thw one discourse community). They may site om denying with ‘one speech community to another, aren In the course of Sila Uiteranes’(Wardhaugh 4996 23) "may not alvaye However, be fll members ofa part cular pooch communis, jst a8 they may not be fll embers af ‘community. In soso lange sling, or oxarple. 9 Speaker may parterpas, on oa certain doe. inthe age speech munity Tho dees to which this aocte may be due 10 factors ‘ef eine ore any th sec co nitysaltude and expectations towards the place of second language {cates inspec community sr atone suet reccupational epprruniton.e limitations, in tha parieor spas sanity. Hrsg aan pram a por’ dagen poicary in {imaacan engages the seta to which thay oat or nea) ob [at of the second language spooch community if. for example, Im wviiing proforor for @ eomortor at a Japanese anivarity and hav bon Sie to gio cles tn English tay not nood elt of Jepansn to wurvive forth pviod of an thet tm there, T may docdoto loam some Jnpanesy phaser such fe grest iubsome Lind of Sota relatlonship with the Japanese people T deal within shape I have mage eamptne ne sche Finding out the room Tl ta teach inane how tn we watnry, ray nec ta sely nan Rgleh-epaing japanese edt ora morbor ‘eta that has hon nego re to help with thi sr of thing Le "ive ras am only a very peripheral member of the local speech ‘community, even though Iam surrounded by i. Thin hae linportnt Implications forthe extent to which il lore (or not the gos of ‘he inetitation Lom rorking in thot i, the tant ta wh ed fn am expoctod) to participate in ie gonros. Asa wating profesor, Ian oat lay not expected to alton mectings of the depastinent Tait working in IFT wote working aaa eeguler somber of taf however, ‘would be expected to etond and partilpate in departasental sian {Gehich mont ely wil be held fn Japan). My owas a! ye dnoods, al muy aly Wo paigate a tw spokane i ‘urstn of tie specs seve Gomi Uaen wold be Que Sie communities, funher, may be quite separate ftom each have a: repertoire of social identives (soo "Uiscourso and tently ‘below? ana speech community memberships each of whic 1 4850- Gated with parucular kinds of vertal and non-verbal exprossion (WVardnaugh 1996). AS Savilo-Troike (1996: 357] argues, which speech ‘community or sposch communities individuals ean thomsolves 10 ftany givon mamont whieh set ofsossl and communiatve rales they uso ~is part ofthe stratogy"of communication” Indeed, much linguistic bokaviour ean be explained In tra of th various socio! refworks (Milroy 1067) we are part of and the communicative reper {oir or range of languages, language varieties, ives and writers we drawon when we participate in the spoken and writen discourse of those nawarks. 2.3. Discourse and language choice teperaire that they draw on for thoi Lnguire interactions. t's, thoy may have a numberof languages or language varieties they we to Interest in in their pasticular communion The kind of tation fe ‘common in many part ofthe world. The choice of language or lan {guage varoty may be determined by the domain the langoge to boing Used in sch os with family, among fiends, and in rligions, oduct tioual aad employment setage, Secie fiers auch at wha’ weeDiscos ani woking to hn rovial Sotnt of the interaction. the tapi, fnetion CED gout sth intorstion, social distance betwen spators the ermalty ofthe etling o (pe of interaction snd the status ofeach of the apothore nrc important for acount for the language chs that «person makes in thoas Kinde of sltinge Holimee 2001) “The use of slang among teonagor tn Singapore illutratve a olitrate choie in the wa of language varity to communal with ‘ules so well av fo algal « pareular group membership. non ‘Satria duny meted ested pom Tan {009} diuasous lw tomangens a Singapore ut slang in thei poco ih ell a to ensure thal cos Sanding what sho wae saying. Another coined the term “CMI" ‘sens someonn wo cannot make ior ot up to standard. Th Cxprssion 'seaay po pp (a pay on the words for whistle ‘ancarin und okdion hens someone tat s always cool and ready for ty situstion. One tonager iatwvowed described tho 80 at Fromanads slang as group tng saying tat people who go around inthe same ctor il ws the same typeof slang 5 st ors wal Sot understand what thoy ar saying. Ar Pator Ta rm th National Univerity of Singapore explains ere groups mark therseves bythe trav they ies, te atvite thay share thie Hijo, and oF oars, To‘ hey tlk Clan 2008-30 ‘A spear or writer may alto bo the speak of @patcular Lan iy to commniate witha dor ‘erica tamed a eo alse commu has eee emt an Aa ao i Noto that ng ed a ieee lace SE 1h pay te ea eng perc ae ee eT Crit ed oa Shed 2s ln ovr 20 lon pee frm 4 wel re eee ales a egal meat ‘Ganhlanee, ke moet Heliyroed Sl, ba suck bode socom ‘Gaune tote eho’ wee made eo ey dg, i en ease Tarn ew Sar and he Oy SS TTELT LA Testy of dite spot cota seal at amt att Gage ttt Gs Soa, mre teats atte tours yesh com 30 Dice and racy 2.4 Discourse, social class ond social networks ‘A further fctor which influences the uso of spokon and weritton dis- ouree is cocial class. Socal clase fs, hoseuver somewhat deal ‘efine as its dentiiation ean be somewhat subjective. Factors which ‘may halp saith this include occupation, education, income, housing and its location (Labov 1068). Other factors which may bolp with Social groupings might includo religious affliation, Isisuro time ‘and membership of community organizations (Wardhaush in terms of sovial elas membership. however, but difer considerably in thet use fof language as they interact in the social netwarks they bvlong fo and the spoken and wilt genes used hy thes networks. Serial te ‘works may be based, for example. kinship tie, eligi affiatons. Daighbonthand membership. amplayne siiane and tole time artstig Milroy and. Milroy (1078) study af serial notuark Ratfntshoued social natworts tone enpartantfaluonces on the veo of language. They saw in particular, the stronger aad more closckait tha network, and the more soldavtysethin the network, the greater the inflaonco om Langungs we andthe rintonance of laguage var ‘ioe Ae Milroy and Milly (1007: 60-1) explain Social networks and scala represent drt andar of go ‘alzaton stout soil organiza, Cas econ lor he he ‘Gehl rrucure of socesy whereas neath doi i he ‘imension af slidanity othe la of te dul and is hoe ‘overyday contacts ‘ech ofthese sun impcs on hos speakers represent themeivos to ‘ach other in heir use of spoken and veiten discourse. As Cameron fnd Kulick (ass 11) abserve the use of langunge, “whatever ese ft ‘ocomplishes, san “act of donut”, a moans whereby people convey {wone another what kinds of people they are These identities, urther, aro not ‘natura’: they arwsoeial constructions. As speakars construct thefe gendered Identities in interaction (Holmes 1987), 0 too do they construct thelr gota (and oe) identi. 2.5 Discourse and gender erly work in the analysis of gender and dicourse looked at the ‘elaionship betwee the use language ad he biokgicalcatogory of ‘20. Thin Inns unwed oat entiation of Une wey Ianghoge it fed ta elation te aucial category eae Use soetlly a”Dimes aa constructed category, of gender. As Weatesall (2002. 192) « senda at tnt nd noises fone 2 is tathes, past ofthe routine, ongoing work uf wetpdayy mundane, chal intel ie purlaet tna pasta (eben McColl Git 3005: 8). Ax Swan (2003: 47) Is pel oul onder a sci cater his come tobe San as Rah ld, or {ets well defined hn onc appear ioe vith poder tory ‘or ental, rvorchos nested in ange od pes Fresod creasingly on plurlty abd very amongst fale nd malo engungs users and. on gender at pefomatty — $oteting tat te done ia coon hor han 2 Bxed tbe ‘Simone de Besuvole famously tid “one Is not born bat rathor Decomes @ woman’. Perfarmatvity ie hase on the view that it siying something, we deer "hacome" A pecan Irene far ‘example, haw tala ein tm cplay, ng a ween Oh 8 fetloslae anal soting of a particular social save Pang pre fom particular identities Wrough thie use of langage and wher ways of expressing themsulves i thal ltorsctin with oe ‘ther Morty. thie fe done uncomerionly ae ww peat ste eee ‘geetures, movement and woye of wing lnguago that ign. 0 {nde sparticuler identity. Those acta aro not howower, astral nor re thoy part ofthe eavontialavites of person Thoy ar pir of what people acquire i thet imerections with sch ath cent tae Lange nd Womens lc tis 8) oe 1 she called "women's language that is «use of language Ha ‘Siffrent Rom ‘men's language’ or, rah, what she termod “eoute langosge This languag, sho argued, Included featuos euch ae tho us ‘of overly polite forme, tho use of question tag, Hsing intonation oolaratives, the avoidance of expletives, gear wae of dlninativoe ‘and cuphemiama, the use of more hedges and mitigating deviess, more indireiness end the use of pariolar vocabulary items such 0 ‘adorable chasing’ and “smoct (uss langage) versus rea ec anu (etal guy). Ths use ous se we, snd wanten's guage eatauve and, coupled wilh Uke use of Alemeunig ad vazing terms for women, works te Koop won it her place im society. These differences so argued, were the result ‘and roinforod, men's dominance ovee wore ‘Lakfts book od to two separate views of women’s language, the fomunance approach and ie uiference (or calturl) spprozch. Spen- ‘ders (1860) an Made Language is an example of tho dominance 32 Decoves end sie approach which sos diffroncos in the eo of language 0 «soll of [RE downaon over woman. Tha viow focuseo = the dinuibution ‘cf powerin soctety and agus that womon’s language rflests women's Subordinate position In society end periate to keep them ta the position (Eckert and McConnell inet 2009). Participants in discourse, ‘his view, wll fa sustelnig ard perpetuating male ovninance sd tale uppreanion ia ciety. Wost and Zianaonanae (1903), fo ‘samples tte dy wal tata Lo wean i euverstn, fa tha linguist gestures ot power, alwugh hey might seen nl {stewed on theteoven are an Integral part of women’s place the secial scheme of things. These gestures, tey aigue, remind ‘women, on a daly basis, of thei subordinate poston soctery. Tha 1S they ae ¢ way of doing power ‘Taner’ (1990) You jist Don't Understand ws an example ofthe Atiterence approach, Tannen argued that boys and gus live an diter- fat subuttues In the way that people from cifeoat social and ellie Thckgrounds might be doscibed es boing part of eifrentsubculturs {As a consoquence boys and girls grow up loarig different ways of Using language and communicating with people tm other cultsal froups (or example, mon). Since then other rzoarchors have argued. ‘hat such # distinction is too simplistic and that power and sub- fllural factors azo natin en either/or lationship with each other Uchida (1002) and Lakoff (1090) im hor more recent work, angue that fonder power and subulture are intertwined (Uchida) and lasopa Sble (Laka) and that dominange and dliference work together to Simultaneously compose the constuct of gender. Ina ratiqan nf Bath the dominance and difference views of lung and grooe, Cameco (1808) argues that expressions of gon evn power ae swage catovtapacine and and tn be nnd {in vlation to who the porson Is sping tf what potion ane For rat purpom? (Cameron 1008: 453) that i what these af lan {Guage moun in torneo th elation betoraen the spoabare tthe psicalor situation in which the intracion acesne. We need, then ew of gender and divooure tht laoks at howe poopy in putas Zeca and cultural interactions, do gondor through thelr wen of sage lay uf de amvensons fn the TY show Sex and the City ae ‘examples o the way lh oa casatot, dough thei use of langage, ‘Go gender. in the following extn, Mitauda acs tie why she er baytand’s proposal of marrage is hex sponse, Cacie is and arms, hough het use of lagunye, Ie gendered ‘ontity, that ofa worn who, becausa she Tow ec buys, has to 33Dicoue ols Minna: tm going to ask you an nplensnt question Way ‘id you ever sy 98" Garvie: oeaun vets ian you hve nin th tt eeTanes you ang. ow my yo Te wt you oo ts (ange of Dees 18) “The discumion of how mon and women speak and what they do as tiny pk, hes abo hoon tended to how ponple speak about men thi ‘women THolmes (200%), for oxamplo. compurrd the use of the fra worm sd fly and Found thatthe socal sgniieance of these {Sins har change! uver the last 20 youre She fond wnman, for ‘Sapte bas mv frou being marked se Lmpolit at th Hime Lakoff SarEtting to stualon where thi 0 mo lomgor the cae thong Woman is nare fequestiy wool in werton British Boglish than tm Spoken Bred Englsh, She slew Cound thet while Jady/ladies may be ‘Res'as a potteness marker ir fal setings (1 wae bwcoming a Meee. pean was ering) nowasaye, 2 Sora ettinge, Wea ‘usd lo vialize and patronize [Bs Holos (2004156) argucs, lmngusye chins are oftn ena emt of who's charge and whose values wl provall’ Richardson's {Boon aeudy of the use ot disparaging languny ad sexually bums ating formulse by malo menbers of a-ercket cub te tak about ‘Nomen ‘provides an example of tis. Richardso fund, ws did ‘Common (19g9) ta her study of talk Detween fisternity Lins f the Sat the mon ln her study sod ther talk, and ne uations ‘rome only discourse of gossip fo erate solidanty a8 group and to ‘ontac thie hetarosoyal masculinity ‘ican's (2001) study of male football reterees use of language ‘wih mons and womens fotballfeams shows sitar example of the ‘ino language to-do gender, and to confi masealine dontiy. Se {ells ohn opoeing ae male eatogory where values suk as power a even nom highly valved, Like In a form of combat, She found RB. loud tlt av shouting to be ways in which these vaiues were creat inthe mote veere’s Iangvaee. She also found the male Ueicee ed fore contionns talk ia way that never occured im ees Pest matches ‘Th following extrac, by a male referee, ts SEEERI tie inhi ovtrare lover alk oi aes and shouting Grin capls () soproante pause of lose than a Seen Rego Lads () owp gig boeing toa aig OH kot Gone rans Kae eon Labs UST INSIDE CARRY-ON () INSIDE () KEEP GOING () Owhise ‘own (go aly It (play las) keep ng) Sather tate € play lad (aon 200: 795) of showing group membership and aolidority with thom. Nene 7 eae eee in “ ster fess) sedyafciane norolg exivte haw fuses exanpin of aed discon Th ie fhe say wed ciate cts tote sosting sty cloned Se en erg arse car ieconenese ny, aga icine wh ech ey Ae yn se aa i a fal te Pace dco Sine yong ane potter naan once em te bay Sea ie Bets eat oma aay nee er rt ep ey eee rer wands eae eee ert ehateael te tet tte rp sthse tna oe py wal es irs (90) study of hese of angus by telepane sex wore the U8 proves a ar example of ha spor eats Tease teieagh asf eggs She aed ay at oles tae lamn sar Tale worm gue Thy ad wet lt on th pao Nota oho wees Hse we tents sas the pat they tee rota tate eal fl. Otn nase ae Meso ean ed pin eng anit a, at nd ANS pause tong es ofan tle dito" tl ols i mnt hase aera ‘vir focontt eal sei (Ctra Rabe 208 36 ‘sn ts cn parent ag hn Cu) ame nm weeny es ae he aye eh hy Ape cont nese des Tong store of ged elton and tog ay wnauplon ofthe lad characters doing [pene ideratiy of «cerca Ris (ann lier Ua, iadependent ‘Euconnfilprofesslonl New York Clty seo Of w eta pe andl ‘ara socal clase) aot omy 18 tho way they tal Dut as swayham an ty des; ad the way they behave as thoy spo to each other, their {overs and ies Rend What to som paoplo hon, may som naturel Inter fateratins is a saul af hat Butlor (2000 22) calle" et of opented asa tuted sylsetion ofthe bed. Thosogondored Iduntties are tu “vaaod aed publicly doployed by eopoatodly petforming particular cts (Casson 1998.44) in accordance with Aistodealy and socially consisted vellucal norms which dine hts Darticaar sew of finn. ‘Gender identity then a complex consivuctin, All levels of language and discourse, as wall as aspects of nunvetal aid other {kinds ef bebaviour are valved in ding gender (Butler 2004). Gouden, further, interacts with er factors wich 38 socal css and thulily. 23s Holes observe se only stl danny, and ti a8 Mahitn indie cots ayers imprint onnphii (oes 29670) ‘As Cameron and Kulick (2003: 57) argue, ‘the relationship between guage ond gender i almost aways indict, mediated by something ae. The ways that people spetk are in the first nstanen, associated ‘vi particular roles aetiviies and personality Walls, euch as being » ‘oshor, ensiping and being modest (Cameron and Kulick 2003). The ‘tent in thie thee roles. acivitios aad porsonaity traits become Sieocoted Ins partirntar ltr with being gendesed lod to these ‘eave of spesking pointing ta, at indexing a particular sander in the hme wey that particular aye f speaking may point (0 or index, & ppteon' social clare or ethnic Hatity (Cameron and Kulick 2003) ‘Tn wotna avons « peson's differnt irate ma be cifcul to separate. Ae Cameron and Kalle (2003: 88) pa on “he a anc we hom et dtm in ane by ‘person, then, wll eve # mule of dents ox personae (ker “Zo0e) which may bea play. ll tt st iw a lle levels of ponte hy tay Sot te equay sale as patil sement {Sunder andioaetiy 2a) Rater, ome ore of twee {isa frond at een pots me an or ire Dien en cn (onions o¢ unconscious) masons. Cameson's (2000 sly af thn ‘flanges tiene call enon tn tha UK fe cai le therm je mix af hth prnfctnal and. gro {en ea pve eying wea ole a fama worker ate tral to se whet Is popularly thought of as feminine communication sive and exprostive imonaion 19 project rapport and to ertablish empathy with their call. Tha worker's {porvisore, manage and ‘myotory oui callin come ones ue ‘hockii oe thay Waton tothe worn ala toons tho wag thay Inove boon given is producing a particular gondoned tye of speach. Thepointhere. thems iothat no way of speaking hs lon otetia maaan the means {Wsavye inane Coen ar net tenet ne con ico ‘ops atathor, ad itn als0 acl new meas oer ie. “amor sod Kile 200357) People, further. ‘do perform gender dlfarenty in diferent contexts, ‘and do sometimes behave ia raya we would normally associate with the "other" gender" (Cameron 1990, 483) such ae the eve of the 4 Cameos wall wut stay an hu ieeplane bea wore Halls (2005) say 2.6 Discourse and sexuality “The mlationship between language and seca fur compliatn thetopic of yonder and discoursa by adding he ation a ete tothe ‘iscudsion. While gonder is somthing tit is soil constucto, Sesaality basa much more unconscious basis, based ia the notion a person's intimate dose for eosnncion to there that ‘mscis contol (Camron se Kulick 23), Th Toad ror conversations sot mon in Sex and the Ci. erexampe Sroguided by Her sexs dente nt he sam ey paca ad fon a gey soite is guided by the gay man's die for intimate Phonottn with snales tn, So why Cae ad her fiends’ ae ‘rotor nrae thie penn, i Hair nmcanacios sie tat Svvter thir Ase for Strata sonntna with man, aa ‘oem mon in gamer ‘hperron may, however, perform a cartein idol in thee eo owen as Canyon har Wis din Sv dt Cy ors is Say notin fac, be tho tm Rock Hindoo, for example, id tie iEmowaly in many of bis movie role (and bathe perfomance of le the sight mae doplaying and tin hi dacoure (kesting 002) aicone not Judo Law gives a saiar simulated gondored performance in the fl» Closer when ne bas online sex with Talla Roberts fats boyfiend. jrading as» hetorosexial women da Law slnulatee (hs view ffle woman having oybersex nan {ntnpot cha tom, The chsva.ox ot the other end ofthe line, payed by Cinve Owen, believes ju Lam's perforinanos tothe extent that he makes a date To met his online se ble the nextday. with the vew of going toa hotel and having sex wth her Discussions of language and sexuality, then, take us beyond discussions of fangunge and onder and ato the word a language and desir. Those desis, fut xo not sinply private intemal phonon bt are produced end ‘tpred "hot expaeed =f socal teraction using sre ‘nt conaionaied nguistc resus. Tamera Kh 209: 138), cari and her tiends do just ist ox and the City. Tho moaning that thoy express ane not fart the result wf tele intentions, but 70 Hiaped by treas they have no comsious wwareness of, Le son fd control over" (cameron and Kullch 2003. 120) The woman et the bar in Uasabiancn is driven the same way or itiste conn: tlom with Rick, as Carre and her fends are tn ther sions with the non they mest throaghost Ue show. Thus, whores yesdowel id Ios may be socially Induced (and capable of being swat or indood, faked as wa have seen above), sexual desires are not, et thal these desies may be displayed in Uingusticallyeecogatzabie (and regularly cepeated] ways [Cameron an Kulick 2003) 2.7 Discourse and identity 1 porson may have a numberof ies, ch of which i more ftmportant af iteent pots mre. They nay have aa Sdentty tse woman, aa identity af 9 tothor, an Us ws someon pertuor and on ideality ae en office worker, for exausple. The Aways in wich people display their tdontiies Includes Ue way they uso language andthe way they uteract with people. de tiles are not natural, however. They are ennsructed, 1 ange Darts through the use of discourse, Identity, further, 12 not “Something that is xed and rorins the same throughout a pot~ Son's lies something that is constantly constructed and re Constructo ge people interact with each other. Part of having a Pieaet se weeiaty ‘ava idatity is Ut is vocognized by other peop. Eontity, the a two way conateuction “Tho carlot studies into the relationship batwoon language ana iden Uy were bod on a vrlationiot perspective thet is they foked at the telainship between social varibles much na social clave in terms of arolan In the une af Ungulsievarabes auch aa corn fetus of Dronenatiousen thease of ooarsandard pasa. Mare vcoot work, weve, hee lhe « puntstuctuvl paopdive on language and img hy" nig a na a 2004: 140-1) gg that hcg bg, eee nigh daca hat let apr nae "Fhe information n person ee about emeel, a num, ery much on the canes, oczasion and pur pose ofthe discourse also depends on the space ani place” of he {eration (tomer 2009) cameron (#0 gives an example of this ner dscussion of how a group of male US cole students construct Deterosexuat maseutiity through the tale that they engage In wile ‘watching TV in thoi calloge dorm. Richardson (2000) shows some {hing similarin her anelysis othe language mate cricket club members ‘ute ak about women inthe eickt club nevetetier they contbute {o-tnboth thes studs the men iyolved perfonn and enatt particular fended ea) ents wh that rent i ee, its not ust rough the petformence of dont that they are {ot of what happens inthe fe nese in some eases this ideality may only be temporary. Eaualls “inlaw ecny ity will Moe thn ato sang or scape (Bloat 2 37 rh tei ya sar A ‘ert eay, people spent frihim and frm s plana. Parm, he ai "Usinor people bos in their ayo and ith oper of sore (Rie ‘ert 2005223) aa wall ar atibutr certain valu to ther interac: tione, People can (ard do) ho arguoes shift plan “hoquently and ‘htcataly, and ouch Gin, to vory mantel wayer oxprestaiarnt ‘Monto (Blommacrt 2005: 228), “Thomas (2000, 2004) has explored the ewes of language and ar place andacaune ons natyss ot both the words aa a ge that thoy use to erate tale ‘dontities, tn thie online envio ie cybeg interacted with ‘words, symbols for words, at wall ws vativos other symbols such a8 ‘emoticons and avatars (sual characiers which wappuns a vera entity) ia order to establish thelr online hei. uv uf hex pa Tiepents, Violett, tae about how she wrote online wo cauvey = particular persona Vilas hav whole typing ele for peg he A ne {lng to wick some Enna ty taking Cas ‘Sineone sen #4 pp ot ile than 1 to ‘rally = pro's pg ste ca ive tha ey Hike {ei aie oat, {ors 2008 967), “Thomas found that ‘the girls who guin and exercise power hs tei online worlds wr those who kiow low to use and manipulate words, mages and tochnology” (Thomas 2004: 334. Some of what they di ‘nlite she found reflected the kind of “learned social aocomplst fonts that searchers in the area of language and gender nave Fefered fo. Some of what thoy did, however, rellcted lastasies Chey Find boa themaplver and their dasized parson, the online medsumn {ving thom a safe and private place to establish thes fantasized-adout Identities. “The elites that poople establish online, then, provide an Intersting example of how people creat identities trough their uso ‘nf language land other oun) doves) that may, in some cases, be Separate and distinct from thet fin identity. Bach of these idon- Mlann prt of the mngoing proces of establishing who we ao, and {who swe wet Co lens rei ies 0 be. Bis fos this reason that [hens euch ae Phurlou tl (204) prefer talk about identity online ‘ether than online identity Sema penple communicating enline may, Tndowd, chonge sential cherartnefce shot themselves (such as then ages scm oe phyicel epperan'a in ora to present an fdentty online that wl be more appealing tothe andience they are ‘wanting to communteate with A Taiwanese ace af onlin chat rans In Tease (2000) study, for example, Found he had mor svc in toting poople to chat win iow i ho acid ho was Caucasian, rthar tas Came i. Kdenty and cosvel conversation Many ofthe iterations in Sex and tne ity ae examples ofthe use of ‘lgcours to cont, express an oetabish socal (and other ientes. ‘A common way in whic te charsctrs in tho show do thst through 40 Dicouse ond society Mak wn fh eve canal onserton As Rie an Slade (87 ‘hargue ‘Despite somcimes sinless appearance and apparel ta fe, ane utero gy sce Ne Sy amet mi iy realy ep ‘Sea hpi ley hn neion of teh tat gs and Slade argue that people do not engage in casuel con- ‘ertations ust oil ime’ but ster Lo negotiate socal iets as ‘well sto aopoite clarity and extond interpersonal relations. As thoy pa Th span yf lcm dla he Ganfrn weil tiatenend iain, gins an State 007-10) “They describe this as the contra paradox of casual conversation, As ‘they argue, casual conversation isthe type of ak i which poople fet ‘most relaxed, most spontaneous and most temseives, ‘yet casual Conversation is a ertieal site lor the social constration of reality Gisual conversations do a numbor of tings whieh aro crucial to ds: cussions of language and identity. They establish solidarity “Trough the confirmation of similarities’ an thoy aeartautonomay through the ‘exploration of differences’ (Eggins and Slade 1957: 16). "The wn in hich language i uted in casual conversations, Ike all spoken interactions s Influenced by the relationship between the ‘the faqueney with which they como into contact ‘degree of involvertent they have with each oer ‘an thee senso of afliation foreach otet. ln the cae of Sex ad the Gity- sich ofthe four female characters knows each cher extomaly te, Althoneh thay ate the st of fiends, thay are act quite dierent ‘tt fom lle oni teckgrnine As Hy mee fog they share Aheir exparonces and nogotiat thir uvleanainge nf (amang other ‘hinge ll, love, saan ad sex. Aa Carre und her fend tale, they ‘constr thomevivas in way whic signee (hte siow of dasin ‘Wooten ovonon, of 4 cttain tool clare, in s exam physieal and soci ating tough tol ca ofthe gonto cael sovareaton ‘Understanding the social and culture content of tho Sax and the ity conversations i ei! to understonding the donee soot ore aDiscourse ona ‘eing expensed aod nagtiated in many of the converatona. What to ‘ine ype ay seen atl in Wels interactions io @reult of But Vs (2004) “ete of royal acts and "eopeated sylinetions of the Tuy’ Ut eat ta ny opty poco which ream and pubitety display Wie stows uf Uaauoaven, ad in tach their soci {denies aang other thing, lunlopetadeant suctanotul professionel ‘New York city women ofa conan age and vera soci los When we speak (or wet). thon, wo are cling eer prople ‘something about ourselves (Catheron 2001: 170) and relating wo peor plein particular ways. tdentity, thas, a flat, two-way producto. We tay do this ia a more or los active way (Sundorland and Los: soli 2002) suet ‘at when Wwe unconsciously perform a partcular octally lndactod identity, suchas Carte and he tends do in Sex and the City or consciously asthe boys who wanted tobe part ofthe group, nt reflects paticula identity eis rathor a socillycongtuctd sol that people coatinaally co-construct and reconstruc in their interactions with each other, This fads to diffrent ways of doing identity with “Eferat people in diffrent situations. A person's identity then: a: (Cerna 0) ‘entity is "nogotated experience’ in which wo ‘define who we ‘are bythe way we experionoe ou solves. 36 wel as by the ways We land others ely our selves (Wenger 1998: 140). Kdeatitios aro ot fixed, but constantly being reconstructed and negotiated through the ways ‘we do things and ways of belonging (or not! to 9 group (Casanave 2002)” Cr deo are farther developed as We Increase our pai= Sieton in are cman of aren Tae oa {or are Dad an charad tate af walang, agra lt hatin a he dele whith aif sped hd wnttendlecoure. it. entity and waitten academic discourse ‘entry Is as much an tssue in writen discourse us i i bn spun ‘discourse, The i pariclary the case _ student academe wey. sland (20020) disewscos the view that is often prosuntod vo students ‘that academic wnticg ws facsiess, impersonal discon. stdents are a Estbliehing water idontity i. hoover something that be fn Aisiolt for son language ‘elles. This ir ftom complicated by tudonte bringing a diferent writer voice’ fom their Sst language Sotting tothe easond language writing citation (Fox 1004). Students tay come fram backgrounde whora thay havo oneidorsioetnding in {Goleeld of sdy ond Gnd i aiteult ta be tald they aod to tao om the voice of aovice academic water and hide thee point of view, a ‘hey write in thie second langunge.Iivele and Belehor (2001) ange ways students prose ‘ie sere was he way in Wc second language ics we might benfuenoed (arms) by thee experince of having ween {ame mie ret anguage and cultures ook the experience fa group of Chiesa tnd ots rudent, all of whom had wren {houdini nt language porto wating a thon tn ag She {bund a major theme tht smtnged in erst wes whaler th sie ‘hots had to lve yp. oF change, tir personal ety im aed to ‘ite eval thoi in Englsh rin els how one of her Ps dente lon, dorony fought to fatal hor personal and Inada Sipeat wating ut ated found shod to giv hs away fa {o'nase The Chinese students, onthe oer hand. didnot havo dis ‘owience and ft tho way in which they promod themes thm as td df oboe hod dane is ‘Notwithstanding. all of Prince's students talked sbout ha ie ty rietng Engh wth they had to desl wit, Caan [Wa san fren i ns ang atthe ifelty many > te ange students ee wh rng pws fr sol ang 9 Sonogisk wonton A Chinas ton in Cudenssady a mel {he ane snpeione ort ho wating tat Fox (aa) drone She {Gand in hot now wing euonmost that none a the exporten she Iught wth hor wae valued and she hod mo ska wih er part ie {Ear Sul bp har sucuod the ow aeratingBatwloue (1990 academe i ot ust mater of Tinguistialy woutestulized langunge’ ofthe purtiular epoken and ‘yritton discourse state veluod inthe pasticular aod siting ‘Some sues ny clio to boone pat ofthis academe discourse ‘and omers may reise this. They tay fos «Toss of cultural identity, fhe not wish to be ‘drowned the sew auadenie cultre (Prince ‘oa loa, the Polish studont tn erin tudy, felt esaly ths. She resisted wating Re thesis becase tho hess sie was Ui aka (0 ‘write didnot relleet who she “elly was" and how sho wanted to [resent her argument in (he discourse. Sho wanted to walt othe vey fof hor thesis to reveal et ands, wating her thes as a dete: iv novel at she described ft. Revealing het ndings any sooner. she fel killed the excitement of the reading. She wanted to wie a thesis tei wits and urns, a she had dno tt Polish, She found, however that she needed (o revise her thesis co Ht would more closely it the fxpostatons of the feadets of her txt, the people that had been “sien to examine her thesis in ordar to pas. She sil asked atthe fd however or what son {havo os he Boe page 1 toads know hawt? (Gece ae 01 ona sessed tben, as much a8 she could, the underlying values and idoologies that uaderlay the proce of wring that she was produ Imastrs thesis in tae del of enginooning, written in an Engle tedium univeeity, Hee view of research was that i was something ing, and should be presentad as such, ike the rowealing of & ‘leer and closer” progression towards an answer (Prince "As Casanave (2002: 23) argues in har book Writing Games, Iearning to balonso.a communi of practice ean take time anda rest ‘eal of effort, Reean be lod with tensions and confit. As she points rebsionships with more expeenced practiners tht ae Not ‘mcrnarly Ramos. "ets exactly wt thona expertncod as she struggle to write er eis. ons found, us do many student wre, hat ie sews Dracices of the displ in which she was wing was very dil om what sho fad oraught tom her home uIture ad Unless ike “4 Dicouse ond socey lend her seriting, wel an ssi ar onlationship: with her Score (Hyland 2000) 2.8 Discourse and ideology “Tin vlan ad dwtigen wich widest ona, sch athe thes that Ls marvin fas te ys sa tha satya [As Thnondgold {909} Clnewon tents ne nor Mulgy-w ijctve Nor ext hey be separate om thr sue resides ed rocssns hey conte to maataning Foe Tend spoon en font genes ae ne st ngustic expos bu emo te Sey Dioceses by which dominant ideologes ae reproduced, rans Sind potty change nw: 107 Inher wes a spoken or wren fen mover fost the rrmuation a hnguiste mode, Du always Iman ot pital od hry antes rca "Thre area numer of was i Which aeology might be explored so a tnt The analysis may sat by looking ata muro I the text ‘and move fom there to explanation alliteration of {te analyse This may include tncing derlying idoloses rom the Ingots eatues of text, npc particular bass and solo ‘al prespposiions underlying the fext aad relating th fox o other text and to raders and spake wn oxparioncs ond eles (Clark si ‘One aspect that night be considered inthis Kind of ana tho {framing Gee 2008: Dane 25) of tx at x. how the co tent ofthe tox is prosnted. ad tho oe of ang or perspective the serior rsp, king, uly lated fo Framing he notion at [ongronndng tal ie whet eoacopte avd Sine ara amphasined, a ouiPas what concepts or tee tx plage far Barked Uiuekin Yon inthe tothe fllewing scene rom Sow and the tye fn enample ot tle Cari had just icdavred on engngemnnt ign es ytonds Aldona; ovrnigh hg. She thon want nto the chon ‘tod ome Sho ling hoe one out tie aint caso: You gt Ger Lee ap ‘Samant: Tha my ection to malage fa te tng and how up. Thats aot ‘Mimndae What da you think you might 2 be ass Grote: {Gisela ea asgh po nom Samant: Cars dw ‘Santa: So might wt be ght ‘Aly ctrl elie foregrounded in tis conversation: fa man ask san rma hc shoul "at es he te ofthe gp oda) Othoe van a frond ater ofited, such ws Car te view oa Aiden’ epetin ei background and sci clas Jocdbly boone the audionne othe show atesdy knows this (nok ‘eemuce im thi care they arena lar) uly import wat tos panto view and ae te text prevopgsns A precupposiion prevent in ths comvesation ist |51sea wil lormally propor to Care (hich hla dws). further Jremuppostion fo that Aiden wil ak hor thie Aiesly and that she ‘oul gives direct sponse. This ie vory maul an (aglish clare ‘ion eevuruplion, Sevileroike (2002), for swample,diecweans mar- Sige propurts nfapanese showing tht, In Japanese, a ering Drape ant lage diesty state nd 1 te aot alge [imtaly espaol Ansa of tis won ho fopanevs Crowe ‘atnce Naruto proposal Wu tis brideto-be Masako fon o hunting fp) Masako di aot accept the proposal immediatly tut took monly tige months to gve a op, Wher ab di she sad il oll do” find can bof any Bp 9 you, wall busy accep The Gaowe Prince plied" wil protect you Wrought your life (ashi News paper 1983, “A tuther example of presupposition ithe view wnpaas in the ‘Sex and the ly scone of areage beng base emony ties hig) romantic love and deste This is also very cUlttespecQe view of Tnarvags, Furor (2002) describes how this is only a recent phen tuo ip Ching, for example, where marvage was, uni Teeny, Emily business, ranged by parents in accordance wits social ier tries. as Zane in her (1886) Book Love Must Not be Rorgtten says. Dartof a mind-aol passed down fom feudal times, Arranged marrages [opposed to love marrage are tl surprising poplar on Japan. Tr alee times, in fapans asin China, mariage as » community: foteed rather than 4 ptson-atred matter. Even today thor Isa ‘Xramgat Nowra Astacation in span which promotes the beneis St this Kid of musage Davies and Theao 2002) Racal hme hn aoa oman evasion in Chine (Rarer 2002) with young shan people now expecting 19 be a (Hevea dots own mariage parore ano matey for lve. The eward (Gust Soy You 2:12) 46 Dien nl sry owen of Fling Daggers ty tha Chinas Almmabee pins), tor weap, tem gantctin af mantic he ie the tary af three people who sterfee everything for non The nunrging thom of this lms suggerts a change inthe atta! ‘imtavie of desne ia present day Chinece ciety. im Boker» (2002: lop) wert. "the moe pou for in tho manta 9 pdr "A father pruppocition underlying the Sox and the City eam ‘oretion the tna of wha wl propane to whom that a he agency of the ection boing diauasod. in the conversation, Ut is a cleat ‘coumption hore that Ue ma el propos to the woman, ott oer “oyun 0 Indpendet oy Chie and he lone en ikcly thet thoy would propose tom a(n that Uy mul tuo Mi should he ash. Even though de fang lotr Y ‘ston and who has station. Cans ate or Aldon to prose, a te ‘ie mayo. "Tas of curso, ts usta single reading of Sex onthe iy ope som one eur ant wah dent seca cau an pute ‘Poin of vow wal of ensrae read Sex and he lyin gute reat fenys fom how Ihave rea i here. or sor poop, show such 3+ Sex end the Cy miros tele social idetles and idevlogies. For iors however, st challongys cil doves and ideologies. The xtc traming of txts, where we stand ck and Took at thom in Felton to thi seca and elu vluos, can help ws unpack some of {ho esutmtion undriing thee of language and wht the tons iming to 8o- alsa helps remind usa he smportance of constering tcl poiiel underoninas of poken nnd wnt scours vwellasBelping us unpack the doolgial true of eemnely ordinary, voray sont tute forthcoming! "An salves of this Kinds then. takes us beyond the love of description an deeper ndsstanding of ets and provide, a ar 32 ‘night be poss. scene Kind of explanation af why toc! might eet Ie and what I ie aiming to don I lake otha latinchip hte, rpg sal norm sh eaos a my to-devrb,intepee and spn te vltonship th Asin so inst provide way a loving and. perhaps challenging. namo oft don and out fight fella polar hand tsan oe a7Discuse ont 2.9. Conclusion “This ehuptos Is looked at discourse analyte frm a mmber of sora tnd alr prev. fs sion eral motions he am nportan fr diccasctons of langage fom 2 dlcousse perspective It aka ated oso some theo nos ve change ince they were fet traced (owe a lengua and gondoe and language nd lenuty) and how thew mais are curren(ly viowe in diecur- ‘Slons ofthe uso of spoken sel ston discourse, Te chapter which follows looks at discourse from a pragantie pevspectve and providos Further dead on Bow language doos was dix, and means sore than {sayin the cotent of gr Ab 0-day connaaiatons 2.10 Discussion questions 1. What discourso communities are you a member uf Des of these communities overlap? How sul, ot diferent yuue lise of language in each these vommunites? Complete the chart below aa you cary out your discussion Diacne cnnunaniey| Uae of fanguase 2 What tacors nfusnce the ay you use language when you For example, is Your Usb of language tiuenced by Sour ethnic identity, your love (or kind) vf education, your Ugo, your gender or your Occupation? How do you thiuh your Ae of language mets these sors of categortes? Gone the chat below ax you carry out your discussion. Ravn ee of ln thie Meatity ducati Age 2a Dhciee and ce lender [Becupation Biker ionity “Think of ways i which yor Mantity has hw consort Agi ways af ning things and ways of longing fo 8 sr Yay a ty ty in ee laos oF ar member of abather social group that $04 be {or Complete th chart bolow pat youtelang (Group [Ways of belonging Ways of doing hinge Data analysis projects ‘Think of ways in which how your use of language rats the Ihave of youreel. Ta ‘cngersaton rad mame en “Avaigen yr ennveration sa ei apt fh comoeation which ye tink oct the way you ae preventing pourra! tothe her par on. These migit. for example, inclade the uso of particlar ‘ocabulary the wo of parialar voice quality, or through {Ro way which you npec a pavtioular pal af slow. Can you think of situstions in which tho way/s you intoract fnfluenoad by your gender? Tape-ecord. a conversation between you and someone alse where you think this is el vant, Analyse your conversation and identify aspects ofthe ‘ouversition which you think reflect your ‘pondered iden- Uy Ths might. foe example. be through tho use ofa part falar voice quality. or the ways in which yeu interact ingltetty with the para gr ae spain toDeco ono ‘conversations trees you tn! souteone ela whore you think {hls is telovant Atuigoe your vinvorsation ond ideaty ‘spect ofthe conversion wes yuu dink lst your most ‘romingat idem Inthe Conversion 4 Chon a spk of written text which you think reflects fconsin stermtyped (or atherwise) views of bow people Interct and tho vinare mrt fine Anal the 12x scoring tothe fllowing rategeen forgroun teclpounding presuppositions Teeny ‘To what extent do you thnk tho font rats cortain pee ‘ppontions ond tdsloglest 2.12. Directions for further reading Bor, (2009), ‘Key eoncopts in H Journal, 57, (4), 398-40. Ja tis ates Bong provides an accostbe introduction to he notion of Aiscoures community. He suggests ways in which the notion of dis: ‘ove community i useful one fr language teachers, especially for people working in the area of English for spacitic purposes ‘cameron, . (21), Working wth Spoken Dewan: talon. Sag “Chap 1 ideny, etfs and over: cng socal iain “Tis chapter of Cameron's book dscussos sdonty and power tnd Cours Shore he ee soci cma see at he stays in which people continually consruct and reconstruct tele sty tough their encountrs with ter people and thet use of Gigcouee, Camotoa aso. discusses the notion of “emeonsteucted Selves. pointing out that commonication, and infesd identity con ction sate way roco Klavalvs ot onthe constuction of {Turis ienty, Bt aot ocopon of tat oti by other. becker, P. and MeConnell-Ginet, . (2003), Language wut! Gender ‘Cambridge: Lamadge Univorsity Press. ‘hile largely about language and grader, this book sans fom a vy broed base, elaborating on many of te socl aspects of spoken anc ‘writin dlcourge that have ben presented un this chapter, Eckert and MeConaellCinetdacuss in tal tye social construcwonrst Mew of Discourse community. ELT 50 incoursoy that tho way in whlch what wo aay ond do contrite to ‘the eonstraction af particular (a hls ease gendered deme, Sunderland, |. and Litosselit, L. (2002), “Gender identity and dis ‘course analysis: Theorstical and empirical consideration.” inf ‘Sandorland and 1, Litossli (ods), Gender Identity and Discourse “Analysis. Amsterdam: Joba Bonjamins, pp.1- ‘This chapter ls a clear and ecesible intedoction tothe topics of Aiscourse and identity and discourse and gender. Sundeland. and Uitoseliti discuss identity as Something thats botk multiple and fluid fd ov identities are both realized and constrcin st ppl "de [entity work’ isthe us af spoken and writnndisenire a