DMV 4343

JAN ~ JUN `07

INFORMATION SHEET

DEPARTMENT MANUFACTURING / PRODUCT DESIGN / SEMESTER 4

MOULD / TOOL AND DIE
COURSE MECHANICS OF MATERIALS DURATION 8 hrs
COURSE CODE DMV 4343 / DMV 5343 REF. NO.
VTO’S NAME MISS AFZAN BINTI ROZALI PAGE 13
MR RIDHWAN BIN RAMELI

TOPIC
COMBINED LOADINGS

SUB TOPIC
7.1 Stress Elements for Axially Loaded Bar, Shaft in Torsion, and Beam in Bending
7.2 Combined Loadings and Complex Stresses

REF NO. :
PAGE :
13

Chapter 7 COMBINED LOADINGS p1

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Chapter 7 COMBINED LOADINGS p2

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7.1 Stress Elements for Axially Loaded Bar, Shaft in Torsion, and Beam in Bending

In previous chapters we developed methods for determining the stress distributions in a

member subjected to either an internal axial force, a shear force, a bending moment, or a
torsional moment. Most often, however, the cross section of a member is subjected to
several of these types of loadings simultaneously, and as a result, the method of
superposition, if it applies, can be used to determine the resultant stress distribution caused
by the loads. For application, the stress distribution due to each loading is first determined,
and then these distributions are superimposed to determine the resultant stress distribution.
The principle of superposition can be used for this purpose provided a linear relationship
exists between the stress and the loads. Also, the geometry of the member should not
undergo significant change when the loads are applied. This is necessary in order to ensure
that the stress produced by one load is not related to the stress produced by any other load.
The discussion will be confined to meet these two criteria.

FIGURE 7.1 This chimney is subjected

to the combined loading of wind and
weight. It is important in investigate the
tensile stress in the chimney since
masonry it weak in tension

PROCEDURE FOR ANALYSIS

The following procedure provides a general means for establishing the normal and shear
stress components at a point in a member when the member is subjected to several different
types of loadings simultaneously. It is assumed that the material is homogeneous and
behaves in a linear-elastic manner. Also, Saint-Venant's principles require that the point
where the stress is to be determined is far removed from any discontinuities in the cross
section or points of applied load.

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 Internal Resultants.
• Section the member perpendicular to its axis at the point where the stress is to be
determined and obtain the resultant internal normal and shear force components and
the bending and torsional moment components.
• The force components should act through the centroid of the cross section, and the
moment components should be computed about centroidal axes, which represent the
principal axes of inertia for the cross section.
• This, of course, involves drawing free-body diagrams and writing equilibrium
equations.

 Average Normal Stress

1. Compute the stress component associated with each internal loading. For each case,
represent the effect either as a distribution of stress acting over the entire cross-
sectional area, or show the stress on an element of the material located at a
specified point on the cross section.

TABLE 7.1 FORMULA FOR STRESSES

FORCE, LOADINGS FORMULA
The internal normal force is developed by a uniform σ = P I A.
NORMAL FORCE
normal-stress distribution
The internal shear force in a member that is subjected to τ = VQ/It
SHEAR FORCE
bending is developed by a shear-stress distribution
For straight members the internal bending moment is σ = - My/I
BENDING developed by a normal-stress distribution that varies
MOMENT linearly from zero at the neutral axis to a maximum at the
outer boundary of the member
For circular shafts and tubes the internal torsional τ = Tp/J
moment is developed by a shear-stress distribution that
TORSIONAL
varies linearly from the central axis of the shaft to a
MOMENT
maximum at the shaft's outer boundary
If the member is a closed thin-walled tube τ = T/2Amt
If the vessel is a thin-walled cylinder, the internal σ2 = pr/2t
THIN-WALLED pressure p will cause a biaxial state of stress in the
PRESSURE material
VESSELS If the vessel is a thin-walled sphere, then the biaxial state σ2 = pr/2t
of stress is represented by two equivalent components

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EXAMPLE 7.1
An axial compressive load of 800 kN is applied eccentrically to a short rectangular
compression member, as shown below.

An eccentrically loaded short compression member.

Determine
(a) Individual normal stress for the axially loaded member, and
(b) Sketch the stress distribution of each individual normal stress.

Plan the Solution

The eccentric load P produces axial deformation plus bending
about the y and z axes. Therefore, this problem involves a
superposition of the stresses due to F, My, and Mz.
Solution
Stress Resultants: Figure 2 shows the stress resultants on
cross section ABCD. Applying equilibrium to a free-body
diagram of the member above section ABCD we get the
following expressions for the stress resultants:
F = - P
My = - P dz
Mz = - P dy

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Individual Normal Stresses: Combining all the above equations for the normal stress due to
the axial force F, for the normal stress due to the bending-moment components, we have:
F M yz Mzy
σx = + -
A Iy Iz

Substitute individual stress into the previous resultant

stress equation, we obtain the following:

-P - 800 kN
(σx)F = = (40m) = -1000 Pa
A
(20m)

The stress contributions as in Figure (a) (a)

(-Pdz)z (-800 kN)(5m)z
(σx)My = = = -150 z kN/m3
Iy (1/12)(40m)(20m)3

Maximum stress occurs at the farthest point along y-axis

that is at z = 10;
Hence
(σx)My = -150 z kN/m3 = ±1500 kN/m3

The stress contributions as in Figure (b) (b)

(-Pdy)y (-800 kN)(10m)z
(σx)Mz = = = -75 y kN/m3
Iy (1/12)(20m)(40m)3

Maximum stress occurs at the farthest point along z-axis

that is at y = 20;
Hence
(σx)My = -75 y kN/m3 = ±1500 kN/m3

The stress contributions as in Figure (c)

(c)

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7.2 Combined Loadings and Complex Stresses

The actual stresses of sectioned area of a member can be determined by combining latter
individual stress.

 Combine the individual stresses (Superposition)

1. Once the normal and shear stress components for each loading have been
calculated, use the principle of superposition and determine the resultant normal and
shear stress components.
2. Represent the results on an element of material located at the point, or show the
results as a distribution of stress acting over the member's cross-sectional area.
3. This step involves algebraically summing like stresses (e.g., two σ’s on the same
face), or using Mohr's circle when the stresses are dissimilar (e.g., σx, and σy). In
most cases, the principal stresses and the maximum shear stress are required, and
these can be obtained from Mohr's circle for stress.

7.2.1 Combined Axial Loading and Bending.

Figure 7.2 shows a member with cross section at x on which are acting the stress resultants
F, My, and Mz.

FIGURE 7.2 A member subjected to axial loading and biaxial flexure

The axial force resultant acts at the centroid of the cross section and the sign conventions
for the axial force and the bending moment components are consistent with those in
previous chapters. On any cross section where the y and z axes are principal axes that pass
through the centroid of the cross section, the normal stress σx, at point (y, z) in the cross
section is given by a combination of previous equation (Table 7.1), that is, by the equation

F Myz Mzy Normal Stress at point (y,z)

σx = + -
A Iy Iz For axial loading

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EXAMPLE 7.2 (Continuation of Example 7.1)

Refer Example 7.1.
Determine
(a) The distribution of normal stress on a cross section, say ABCD, that is far enough
from the point of load application that concentration effects may be neglected.
(b) Sketch the stress distribution, and
(c) Identify the location of the neutral axis in cross section ABCD

Superposition of Stresses:
(a) Using Figure (a) through (c) from solution of Example 7.1, we can combine, algebraically,
the individual stress contributions at four corners to get
(σx)A = - 1000 + 1500 - 1500 = - 1000 N/m2
(σx)B = - 1000 - 1500 - 1500 = - 4000 N/m2
(σx)C = - 1000 - 1500 + 1500 = - 1000 N/m2
(σx)D = - 1000 + 1500 + 1500 = + 2000 N/m2

(b)

+ +
(a) (b) (c)

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(c) The location of point R and S can be determined from

σx (y,z) = - 1000 - 75y - 150z = 0

To find R (we know y = -20)

σx (y,z) = - 1000 - 75(-20) - 150z = 0
-500
z = = 3.33
-150

To find S (we know z = -10)

- 150(-
σx (y,z) = - 1000 - 75y = 0
10)
-500
y = = 6.67
-75

So;
R (-20m, 3.33m)
S (6.67m, -10m)

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7.2.2 Combined Axial Loading and Torsion.

The next example problem illustrates the superposition of stresses due to combined axial
and torsional loading. The solution involves application of Mohr’s circle. Following is the
procedure for constructing and using Mohr’s circle of stress

 Draw Mohr's Circle

1. Establish a set of (σ, τ) axes, with the same scale on both axes. Remember, the
+ τ axis points downward. It is good idea to use paper that has a grid, like graph
paper or '"engineering paper." Use a scale that will result in a circle of reasonable
size.
2. Assuming that σx, σy, and τxy are given (or can be determined from a given stress
element), locate point X at (σx, τxy) and point Y at (σy, -τxy),
3. Connect points X and Y with a straight line, and locate the center of the circle
where this line crosses the σ axis at (σavg, 0).
4. Draw a circle with center at (σavg, 0) and passing through points X and Y. It is best
to use a compass to draw the circle.

 Compute the required information

5. Form the triangle with sides τxy and (σx - σy)/2, and compute
√ (σx - σy)2
R = + τxy2
2
6. If the stresses on a particular face, call it face n, are required, locate point N on
the circle by turning an angle 2θ counterclockwise (or clockwise) on the circle,
corresponding to rotating an angle θ counterclockwise (clockwise) from some
reference face on the stress element. Using trigonometry, calculate σn and τnt
7. If the principal stresses and the orientation of the principal planes are required,
use to calculate the principal stresses, and use trigonometry to determine some
angle, such as 2θxp1 that can be used to locate a principal plane, say p1, with
respect to some known face, say the x face.
8. Use a procedure similar to Step 7 if the maximum in-plane shear stress and the
planes of maximum shear stress are required.

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EXAMPLE 7.3
During the drilling of an oil well, the section of drill pipe at A
(above ground level) is under combined loading due to a tensile
force P = 70 kN and a torque T = 6 kN.m, as illustrated. The drill
pipe has an outside diameter of 40cm and inside diameter of
25cm. Determine the maximum shear stress at point A on the
outer surface of the drill pipe if the radial stress at this point is
zero. The yield strength in tension of this drill pipe is 95 MPa.

Plan the Solution

We can use Mohr’s circle to combine the normal stress σ due to
force P and the shear stress τ due to T, but we may also need to
consider the three-dimensional aspect of the stress at A to
determine the absolute maximum shear stress.
Solution
Individual stress
Normal stress
F 70 (103) N
σx = = = 914 kPa
A (0.2m)2 – (0.125m)2
Torsional shear stress
Tc 6 (103) N.m (0.2m)
τmax = = = 563.4 kPa
J (π/2) (0.2m)4 – (0.125m)4

(a) In-plane stress at A

Superposition
σx = 914 kPa; σy = 0
σavg = (σx + σy)/2 = (914 kPa + 0)/2 = 457 kPa

R = [(σavg)2 + (τmax)2]½
= [((σx - σy)/2)2 + (τmax)2]½
= [((914 kpa - 0)/2)2 + (563 kPa)2]½ = 725 kPa
(b) Mohr’s circle
σ1 = σavg + R = 457 kPa + 7.25 kPa = 1.182 MPa
σ2 = σavg - R = 457 kPa – 7.25 kPa = -268 kPa

σ1 - σ2 1.182 MPa – (-268 kPa)

(τabs) max = = = 725 kPa
2 2

7.2.3 General Combined Loading.

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In this section we will discussed an example which combined more than two types of
loadings. Following example combined normal stress, bending stress and torsional stress on
a member.

EXAMPLE 7.4
Wind blowing on a sign produces a pressure whose resultant,
P, acts in the -y direction at point C, as shown. The weight of
the sign, Ws, acts vertically through point C, and the thin-wall
pipe that supports the sign has a weight Wp.
Determine the principal stresses at points A and B, where the
pipe column is attached to its base. Use the following
numerical data.
Pipe OD = 3.5 m, A = 2.23 m2, Iy = Iz = 3.02m4, Ip = 6.03m4
Ws = 125 N, Wp = 160 N, P = 75 N, b = 40 m L = 220 m

Plan the Solution

It will be a good idea to tabulate the stress resultants, stress
Figure (a)
formulas, and so forth, so that no stress contribution will be
missed. The weight Ws contributes to the axial force, and it also
produces a moment about the y axis. The wind force P
produces a transverse shear force in the y direction, and it also
causes a torque about the x axis and a moment about the z
axis. A correct free-body diagram is essential.
Solution
Stress Resultants: All six stress resultants on the cross section at the base of the pipe are
shown in Figure (a). The upper portion of Figure (a) can serve as a free-body diagram for
determining these six stress resultants. Let us tabulate the equilibrium equations and indicate
what stress is produced by each stress resultant and label each individual stress.
Individual Stresses: Using the formulas from Table 7.1, we can compute the numerical value of
each of the nonzero stresses listed in Table 1.
- (125N) –
F
σA1 = σB1 = = (160N) = -128 Pa (1)
A 2.23 m2

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The shear stress TB2 is due to the transverse shear force Vy.
The basic shear stress formula is

Vy Q
τB2 = (2)
Iz t

where Q has to be calculated for the shaded area in Fig. 2. In

Example Problem 6.16, it was shown that the shear stress in Figure (b)
this case (stress at the neutral axis of a thin-wall pipe) is given
by
2V
τ = (3)
A

TABLE 1 A Table of Stress Resultants and the Stresses Produced

Eq. No. Equilibrium Equation Stress at A Stress at B
(1) Σ Fx = 0 F = -Ws - Wp σA1 σB1
(2) Σ Fy = 0 Vy = -P - τB2
(3) Σ Fz = 0 Vz = 0 - -
(4) Σ Mx = 0 T = Pb τA4 τB4
(5) Σ My = 0 My = - Wsb - σB5
(6) Σ Mz = 0 Mz = -PL σA6 -

Therefore,
2(75 N)
τB2 = = 67 Pa
2.23m2

Tc (Pb) c
τA4 = τB4 = =
ρ Ip

So
(75 N) (40m)
τA4 = τB4 = (1.75m) = 871 Pa
6.03m4

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The flexural stresses due to My and Mz are given by

My (-Wsb) r0 (-125N)(40m)(1.75m)
σB5 = = = = -2897 Pa
Iy Iy 3.02m4
-Mz y - (-PL) r0 (75N)(220m)(1.75m)
σA6 = = = = 9561 Pa
Iz Iz 3.02m4

Superposition of Stresses: Using the

above values, and taking proper note of
the physical significance of the sign of
each term by referring to Figure 1, we get
the stresses shown in Figure 3.

Figure 3 The state of stress at points A and B

Using the stresses shown in Figure 3, we can construct a Mohr's circle for the states of plane
stress at points A and B on the pipe surface. The radial normal stress is σr = 0 at both places.

(a) (b)
Figure 4 Mohr’s circles for in-plane stress at points A and B
From Figure 4a.
RA = [((σx + σy)/2)2 + (τmax)2]½
= [(9433/2 Pa)2 + (871 Pa)2]½ = 4796 Pa

(σ1)A = σavg + R = (9433 / 2) Pa + 4796 Pa = 9513 Pa

(σ3)A = σavg - R = (9433 / 2) Pa - 4796 Pa = -80 Pa
And from Figure 4b.
RB = [((σx + σy)/2)2 + (τmax)2]½
= [(-3025/2 Pa)2 + (938 Pa)2]½ = 1780 Pa
(σ1)B = σavg + R = (-3025 / 2) Pa + 1780 Pa = 267 Pa
(σ3)B = σavg - R = (-3025 / 2) Pa – 1780 Pa = -3292 Pa

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In summary, the principal stresses at points A and B, rounded to three significant figures are:
9510
(σ1)A = ; (σ2)A = 0 ; (σ3)A = - 80 Pa
Pa
(σ1)B = 267 Pa ; (σ2)B = 0 ; (σ3)B = -3290 Pa

Review the Solution

By showing all six possible internal resultants at the cross section where stresses are to be
calculated, by writing down and solving all six possible equilibrium equations, and by
carefully considering what stress(es) is (are) produced by each stress resultant, we have
accounted for the effects of all loads on the structure. As noted earlier, we have been careful
to make sure that each stress component acts in the direction that "makes sense." For
example, the force P bends the pipe in the direction that produces tension at point A, and so
forth.
The maximum flexural stress at the base occurs at neither A nor B.

Chapter 7 COMBINED LOADINGS p15