The literature of a literature review refers to any collection of materials on a topic,

not necessarily the great literary texts of the world.

And a review does not necessarily mean that your reader wants you to give your
personal opinion on whether or not you liked these sources.
A literature review discusses published information in a particular subject area, and
sometimes information in a particular subject area within a certain time period.
A literature review can be just a simple summary of the sources, but it usually has an
organizational pattern and combines both summary and synthesis.

And depending on the situation, the literature review may evaluate the sources and
advise the reader on the most pertinent or relevant.

The focus of a literature review, however, is to summarize and synthesize the

arguments and ideas of others without adding new contributions.

Clarify
If your assignment is not very specific, seek clarification from your instructor:

Roughly how many sources should you include?

What types of sources (books, journal articles, websites)?

Should you summarize, synthesize, or critique your sources by discussing a

common theme or issue?

Should you evaluate your sources?

Should you provide subheadings and other background information, such as
definitions and/or a history?

Look for other literature reviews in your area of interest or in the discipline and read
them to get a sense of the types of themes you might want to look for in your own
research or ways to organize your final review. You can simply put the word review
in your search engine along with your other topic terms to find articles of this type on
the Internet or in an electronic database.

You start with some articles about the physiology of sperm whales in biology journals
written in the 1980s. But these articles refer to some British biological studies
performed on whales in the early 18th century.

Then you look up a book written in 1968 with information on how sperm whales have
been portrayed in other forms of art, such as in Alaskan poetry, in French painting, or
on whale bone, as the whale hunters in the late 19th century used to do.

This makes you wonder about American whaling methods during the time portrayed
in Moby Dick, so you find some academic articles published in the last five years on
how accurately Herman Melville portrayed the whaling scene in his novel.

What is politeness?
-sets of strategies so as to be recognized.
-face (positive/negative)
Why is politeness important for human communication.
-to avoid communication breakdown ( stippie )
-negotiate information between two interlocutors.(myself)
-to overcome cultural/social differences which are barriers when communicating.( priya)

Prof Zuraidah Mohd Don.

Do not impose intention.

Culture and politeness( Australian, Japan)
Study of politeness : Interactional data/audience that you address/address of speech.
Turn-taking for e.g claim the position of speaker.
Two ways of looking at politeness :
1. First order of politeness. (What people understand as being polite). Whtout
referring to Gricean maxis or B&N : common sense politeness.
2nd order or politeness : Theoretical views ( theories ) Different models can be used
to analyse different data.
Research : DO questionnaires of perceptions of politeness among Malaysians de.g

Linguistic Politeness ( Based on politeness theory.)

Do not look at ones perspective of Politeness only.

Must know theories in order to choose which to use to analyse.
Need to come from a particular perspective. Depending on what kind of data.

Letters received by author.(DATA) example of non- CP writer

Long, windowed to be polite.

Hedges as a sign of politeness.

Model and Approaches. (mention these 3 works of Politeness theories : lay the foundation of
Politeness : include semua ) other : Spencer Orthe?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Lakoff
Brown & Levinson
Leech 1993
Grices 1975 theory of speech act ( How to connect Politeness with Grice)
Austin & Searles Speech Act Theory

e.g.: political interviews:

Who are the participants?
Relationship?
There should be an asymmetrical relationship.( Interviewer- Interviewee)

The necessary theoretical backdrop for the development of early politeness theories.
( Reason why we do literature review: read )
CP and maxims and implicatures : Grice own definition of implicature ( not implicit meaning!)
The concept of face

The conversational-maxim view

Proposed by Lakoff and Leech

This is a complement to the Cooperative Priniciple and its related maxims.
A speaker who does not adhere to the rules, but who is still cooperative is seen ans
following another set of rules :
The rules of Politeness ( Lakoff,1973)
The Politeness Principle.

The rykes if Politeness (Lakoff 1973)

2 basic rules of pragmatic competence :
1. Be clear Rules of conversation ( = Grices CIP, Quantity, Quality, Manner and
Relevance)
2. Be polite( ADDED BY LAKOFF )
I.
Do not impose ( using passives and impersonal constructions)
II.
Give oprtions
III.
Make A Feel Good be friendly ( Like B&Ls positive politeness strategies)
Whenever speaker flouts the norms of cooperation in a context that necessitates politeness,
Heare will infer that Speaker has done this to consideration of politeness.

LEECHS POLITENESS PRINCIPLE.

Politeness Principle is a complement to the Cooperative Principles*

When the CP cannot explain why people are often so indirect in conveying what
they mean.
Observing the PP speaker conveys the impolite beliefs indirectly.

Politeness forms of behaviour that establish and maintain comity ( courtesy)

Politeness concerns a relationship between self & other )
The minimisation of the expression of impolite beliefs when these beliefs are unfavourable
or at cost to Hearer politeness is to minimise the impoliteness to the cost of hearer.
(LOOK FORM IMPOLITENESS STRATEGIES IN YOUTUBE)
Politeness Principles Leech ( positive / negative politeness ) ( B&L : positive face, negative
pace )
6 submaxims: tact generosity, approbation ( approval ), modesty, agreement, sympathy.
These are used as a way of explaining how politeness operates in conversational.

POLITENESS AND FACE

Goffmans Notion of Face (1)- if talk about face, must talk about Goffman.
Derived from two interrelated concepts
I.
II.

lien a desire to be liked and be approved of by others/

Mien-tzu a desire to secure public acknowledgment
The positive social value a person effectively claims for himself by the line others
assume he has taken during a particular contact. Face is an image of self-delineated
in terms of approved social attributes ( how people attribute towards you
). ( Goffman,1967) :
its not how you look at yourself, but how others see you.
e.g: interviewer interviewee.
How Najibs face is protected by his words.( responds )
Brown & Levinson adapted Goffmans view on politeness.
Face is (According to Goffman)
Not lodged in or on his body.
Diffusedly located in the flow of events in the encounter( 1967,p.7)

Face is

a psycho-social construct, claimed in the course of interactions with others ( maintain

face as you interact) and:
Gained through collaborative efforts between individual and social.

FTA

When praised, you claim the +ve face.

When threatened, you contest, deny with you own information. #N

*Make sure data has enough meet* bring in

Different multiple models
Hedges,politeness,indirectness, impoliteness,

Brown and Levinsons Model of Politeness.

The most influential model of politeness.

Interested in creating and maintaining social harmony and cooperation.

Politeness is a universal feature of language usage.

It is built on Goffmans 1967 notion of face,

Ties face up with notions of losing face.

The face-saving or face management view.

A linguistic theory of face work or face management to maintain and gain face.
( Watts, 2003)
Criticism, disapproval, contempt, etc are face threatening acts need to be mitigated.

DO NOT USE DCT in this course.

Negative Face
Positive Face :The desrie to be approved.
Face wants are universal.
Each redressed with specific forms of face work