Cleo Madeline B.

Lorque
David Ian D. de Sagun
BS Chemical Engineering III
Principles of Transport Processes

1. Problem 2.B.3 Laminar flow in a narrow slit

Fig. 2B.3 Flow through a slit, with B <<W<<L

a. A Newtonian fluid is in laminar flow in a narrow slit formed by two parallel walls a distance 2B apart. It is
understood that B<<W, so that edge effects are unimportant. Make a differential momentum balance, and
obtain the following expressions for the momentum-flux and velocity distributions:

x
( P P
L )

xz =

v z=

( Po P L ) B2
2 L

In these expressions

[ ( )]
1

x
B

P= p+ gh=pgz

b. What is the ratio of the average velocity to the maximum velocity for this flow?
c. Obtain the slit analog of the Hagen- Poiseuille equation.
d. Draw a meaningful sketch to show why the above analysis is inapplicable if B=W.
e. How can the result in (b) be obtained from the results of

chapter 2.5 .

SOLUTION
Assume that:

density and viscosity are constant

the flow of the fluid is in steady state
the fluid flow is laminar
Newtons Law of Viscosity is applicable
The slit is very narrow (B<<W<<L);
a.

v x =0

v y =0
v z=v z (x )

vz vx
+
x z )
xz =

v v
zx =( x + z )
z x

Therefore,

xz = zx

zx =

yx=0

xx =0

zy =0

yy=0

xy =0

zz =0

d vz
dx

MOMENTUM BALANCE IN z-DIRECTION

Convective momentum entering at z=0 is

W x v z v z|z=0

Convective momentum leaving at z=L is

W x v z v z|z= L

Momentum entering by viscous transport at x=x

LW xz|x=x

Momentum leaving by viscous transport at x=x+x

LW xz|x=x + x

Gravity force

LW x g

Pressure force at z=0

P0 W x

Pressure force at z=L

PL W x

W x v z v z|z=0 W x v z v z|z= L + LW xz|x= x LW xz|x=x + x + LW xgP L W x + P0 W x=0

LW xz|x=x LW xz|x= x+ x + LW xgPL W x+ P0 W x=0
LW xz|x= x LW xz|x=x + x + LW xgP L W x + P0 W x=0
LW x
P0 P

+ g =0
L
xz |x=x xz|x=x + x
+
x
L

P L P
g
L
xz |x=x xz|x=x + x
=
x
0

P L P
g
L
xz|x= x xz|x=x + x
lim
=
x
x 0
0

P=P+ gh=Pgz
P0=P0 gz
PL =P L gz
at z=0

atz=-L

P0=P0 + g ( 0 )

PL =P L gz

P0=P0

PL =P L g(L)

0 PL
P
g
(
] =0
L

d xz

dx

d xz P0 PL gL

g=0
dx
L
d xz P0 PL gL
=
+ g
dx
L
d xz P0P L gL+ gL
=
dx
L
d xz P0P L
=
dx
L

d xz
P PL
= 0
dx
L

d xz =
xz =

P0 P L
dx
L

P0 P L
x+C 1
L

To solve for C1 set boundary conditions.

x=0 xz =0 v z=0

0=

Solid-liquid interface

P0 P L
(0)+C 1
L

0=C1
Substitute C1 in the original equation

xz =

P0 P L
x+C 1
L

 xz =

P0 P L
x+0
L

xz =

P0 P L
x
L

xz =

d vz
dx

d vz
P P L
= o
x +C1
dx
L

d vz
P PL
C
=[ o
x+ 1 ]
dx
L

( P LP ) x] C dx

d v z=

v z=

Po PL x 2 C1
+ x +C 2
L
2

Set boundary conditions to solve for C2

0=

x=B v z =0

P oP L B2
+ 0+c 2
L
2

B
( P2P
L )
o

C2 =

v z=

Po PL x 2 P oP L 2
+
B
L
2
2 L

) (

v z=

b. At

) [ ( )]

P oP L 2
x
B 1
2 L
B

x=0 , we can obtain the maximum velocity

) [ ( )]
P P
0
=(
B 1( )
)
[ B]
2 L

v z=
v max

P oP L 2
x
B 1
2 L
B

v max =

B
( P2P
L )
o

[ ( )]
2

x
B

v z=v max 1

v z >

The average velocity=

v z ( x ) dxdy
v z

0 B
w B

dxdy
0 B

0 B

[ ( )]
x
1
B

dxdy

w B

dxdy
0 B

1
= B v z dx
0
B

[ ( )]

1
x
= B v max 1 B
0

v z=

dx

v max B
x
1

B 0
B

[ ( )]

dx

] [ ]

v max
( B )3 v max
B
v z=
B 2 =
B
B
B
3
3B

v z=

v max 2 B
B 3

[ ]

2
v max
3
vz 2
=
v max 3

c. Hagen-Poiseuille
Mass Flowrate =

v z > A

A = 2BW
=

v z > 2BW

2 P oP
B 22 BW
3
2 L

2 P oP 3
B W
3
L

P oP
B3
L
W]
2

( )
L

( )
L

( )
L

d. The analysis is inapplicable if B = W. In the case of B <<< W, the velocity at z-direction ( v z ) exists as
function of x, while if B = W the presence of wall at y=0 and y=B makes ( v z ) a function of x and y.
vz = vz (x,y)
Fluid
in

W
B
Fluid out

e. Using Flow of Two Adjacent Immiscible Fluids we can get the ratio of average velocity < v z > to maximum

velocity ).

1
v z = v z I dx
b b
I

p
( o p L )b 2 7 I + II
12 I L
I + II

)
b

v zII =

let b=B
since, it is a single phase

I =II =

p
2

o
p
(
7 +
L) B
12 L
+
v z=

p
2

o
p
(
8
L )B
12 L
2

( )

p
( o p L )B2 8
12 L
2

()

o
p L )b 2
(
12 II L

I +7 II
I + II

1
v II dx
b0 z

p
( o p L ) B2
3 L

p
( o p L )B2 2
3 L
2

()

p
( o p L ) B2
2 L
2

()

since , vmax isequal

v z=

( 23 ) v

max

vz 2
=
v max 3

2.
a. Obtain Equation 2.6-9 from Equation 2.6-7
b. Obtain Equation 2.6-12 from Equation 2.6-10
SOLUTION
a.
Equation 2.6-7
2

F(n)= ( ( p+ rr ) r =R cos ) R 2 sindd

0 0

Equation 2.6-9

p
( o p L ) B2
2 L

4
F(n)= R 3 g+ 2 Rv
3
In the equation 2.6-5, the normal stress

rr is equal to zero at r=R so,

rr r =R =0
Equation 2.6-4, the pressure distribution at the surface sphere is

p r= R= p0 gRcos

3 v
cos
2 R

p0 will be zero if we integrate Equation 2.6-7

The term

p r= R=gRcos

3 v
cos
2 R

3 v
cos
2 R
gRcos + R

2 sin dd
cos

0
2

gR +

2
3 v 2
R cos2 sin dd
2 R
0 0

( gR +

3 v 2
) R d
2 R
2

3 v

` 3 ( 2 ) gR+ 2 R

)R

4
(n)
3
F = R g+ 2 Rv
3

b.
Equation 2.6-10
2

F = ( r r= R sin ) R2 sin dd
(t)

Equation 2.6-12
(t)

F =4 R v

since,

r r= R=

3 v
sin
2 R

(t)

F =

32
0

F(t)

v
sin ( sin ) R2 sin dd
R

sin

2
3 R dd
3 v

2
R
=

0
2

(t)

sin

3 dd

3
v R
2 0

(t)

4 3
= 3 2 v R d
0

2
F(t) = 2 v R
0
F

(t)

4 R v