ANDROID BASED PORTABLE MULTIPARAMETER

MONITORING SYSTEM
A project report submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the
award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
IN
ELECTRONICS AND INSTRUMENTATION

Submitted by
S.Mahathi Vatsal (1210611144)
LLN. Vamsi Krishna (1210611121)
V.Luke Vikas (1210611163)
G.Sai Ram Prabhu (1210611111)
Under the esteemed guidance of
Mr.L.Srinivasa Rao, M.Tech
Assistant Professor
Dept. of Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERING

GANDHI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT
GITAM UNIVERSITY
(Estd u/3 of UGC Act, 1956)
Visakhapatnam-530045
2011-2015
1

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND INSTRUMENTATION

ENGINEERING
GITAM UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
Visakhapatnam-530045

BATCH 2011-2015
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project report titled ANDROID BASED PORTABLE
MULTIPARAMETER MONITORING SYSTEM that is being submitted by the Batch
No.5 consisting of S.MAHATHI VATSAL (1210611144), LLN.VAMSI KRISHNA
(1210611121), V.LUKE VIKAS (1210611163) and G.SAI RAM PRABHU (1210611111)
is in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Award of BACHELOR OF
ENGINEERING IN ELECTRONICS AND INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERING, is a
record of bonafide work done on that under my guidance. The contents of this project
work, in full or in parts, have neither been taken from any other sources nor have been
submitted to any other institute or university for the award of any degree or diploma and
the same is certified.

Project guide:

Head of the department:

Mr.L.Srinivasa Rao, M.Tech

Dr.D.ElizabethRani,

Assistant professor

Professor , HOD

Dept. of EIE,

Dept. Of EIE,

Gitam University.

Gitam University.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to express our deep sense of gratitude towards Dr.D.Elizabeth Rani,
Professor, HOD, Department of Electronics and Instrumentation, GITAM
UNIVERSITY for her administrative support during the project work.
We would like to express our deep sense of gratitude to Mr.L.Srinivasa Rao, Assistant
Professor for his valuable guidance rendered to us in the completion of this project.
We also wish to express our sincere gratitude to Ms.M.Grace Mercy, Project
Coordinator, Department of Electronics and Instrumentation, GITAM University for
her constant support and guidance.
We are thankful to all the faculty and non-teaching staff of Department of Electronics
and Instrumentation Engineering, GITAM University, who have supported us during
the project work.
.

S. Mahathi Vatsal

1210611144

LLN. Vamsi Krishna

1210611121

V. Luke Vikas

1210611163

G. Sai Ram Prabhu

1210611111

ABSTRACT
Mobile devices (in particular Smartphones and tablets) can be used to monitor quality of
life parameters. Today mobile devices use embedded sensors such as accelerometers,
compasses, GPSs, microphones, and cameras without considering, for example, the air
quality or the pollutants of the environment. This project presents the possibility to use the
Smartphones capabilities to gather data from other phones or sensors. . In this project, a
novel interface by applying a Bluetooth-based sensor to sense monitored are light,
temperature, smoke, motion and fire for monitoring of the environmental conditions using
the android-based Smartphone is introduced.
The Bluetooth-based parameter acquisition system consists of a device comprising a
sensor and a microcontroller that wirelessly transmits these climatic parameters to a
receiver using the Bluetooth communication system. An application called a Bluetooth
SPP Tools Pro by Android is used to acquire data from the parameters that has described
before. The android application has two parts. The first part, display, illustrates the
parametric values that are read from the Bluetooth-based acquisition system from the kit,
and the second part involves the movement of the kit.
The preliminary aim in this project is to build a Mobile operated ARM7 based device,
which could be able to move in forward, backward, right and left directions. By using keys
on the Mobile. The device can be moved in all the above specified directions. And the
transmission of wireless signals can be carried by using Bluetooth communication. The
device is fitted with 2 DC geared motors and to control its operation LPC2148 is being
used as controller. In this project, LPC2148, DC Geared motors, and Bluetooth is used to
for the navigation of device. ARM7TDMI is an advanced version of microprocessors and
forms the heart of the system.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER
1

CONTENTS

PAGE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 OVERVIEW

1.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM

ARM7 MICROCONTROLLER

2.1 ARM7 LPC2148 MICROCONTROLLERS

2.1.1 POWER SUPPLY FOR ARM7 LPC2148

2.1.2CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR
2.1.3 RESET CIRCUIT
2.1.4 RTC CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR
2.1.5 UART

5
7
7
8
8

2.2 KEY FEATURES OF LPC 2148

2.3 PIN DIAGRAM OF ARM7 LPC 2148

10

2.4 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF LPC 2148

11

2.5 ARCHITURURAL OVERVIEW OF LPC 2148

12

2.6 ON CHIP FLASH MEMORY OF LPC 2148

12

2.7 ON CHIP STATIC MEMORY

12

2.8 EXCEPTIONS, INTERRUPTS AND VECTOR TABLE 12

SENSORS

14

3.1 TEMPERATURE SENSOR LM 35

15

3.1.1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF LM 35

3.1.2 FEATURES AND PRINCIPLE OF LM 35
3.1.3 DIAGRAM OF LM 35
3.1.4 IMAGE OF LM 35
5

15
15
16
17

3.1.5 WORKING OF LM 35

3.2 GAS SENSOR MQ-2

3.2.1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF MQ-2
3.2.2 FEATURES AND PRINCIPLE OF MQ-2
3.2.3 DIAGRAM OF MQ-2
3.2.4 WORKING OF MQ-2
3.2.5 APPLICATIONS OF MQ-2

4
4.1

4.2

17

18
18
18
19
20
20

3.3LIGHT SENSOR-LDR
3.3.1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF LDR
3.3.2 FEATURESAND PRINCIPLE OF LDR
3.3.3 DIAGRAM OF LDR
3.3.4 WORKING OF LDR
3.3.5 APPLICATIONS OF LDR

20
20
21
22
22
22

3.4 FIRE SENSOR-PHOTODIODE

3.4.1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF
PHOTODIODE
3.4.2 FEATURESAND PRINCIPLE OF
PHOTODIODE
3.4.3 DIAGRAM OF PHOTODIODE
3.4.4 WORKING OF PHOTODIODE
3.4.5 APPLICATIONS OF PHOTODIODE

23
23
23
25
25
25

3.5 INTRUDER SENSOR- PASSIVE INFRARED

SENSOR
3.5.1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF PIR
3.5.2 FEATURESAND PRINCIPLE OF PIR
3.5.3 DIAGRAM OF PIR
3.5.4 WORKING OF PIR
3.5.5 APPLICATIONS OF PIR

25
25
25
26
26
27

CONTROL CIRCUITORY

28

POWER SUPPLY CIRCUIT

4.1.1 STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER
4.1.2 BRIDGE RECTIFIER
4.1.3 7805 REGULATOR
4.1.4 FILTER CAPACITOR

ULN 2003 CURRENT AMPLIFIER

29
29
29
31
32
32

4.3 SUGAR CUBE RELAY SWITCH

4.4
4.5
4.6

4.7

4.3.1 RELAY SWITCH

4.3.2 BASIC DESIGN AND RELAY OPERATION
4.3.3 JQC-3FC/T73 SUGAR CUBE DISPLAY
FAN
BUZZER
BLUETOOTH MODULE
4.6.1 BLUETOOTH MODULE HC-05
4.6.2 ANDROID APP- BLUETOOTH SPP TOOLS PRO
ROBOTIC PLATFORM
4.7.1 DC GEARED MOTORS
4.7.2 IC L293D MOTOR DRIVER

34
34
34
35
36
37
37
37
38
39
39
40

5. SERIAL COMMUNICATION AND DISPLAY

43

5.1 RS 232 FOR SERIES COMMUNICATION

5.1.1 INTRODUCTION TO RS-232
5.1.2 STANDARDS OF RS-232
5.1.3 RANGE OF RS-232
5.1.4 COMMUNICATION METHODS OF RS-232
5.1.5 PIN DIAGRAM OF RS-232
5.1.6 RS-232 SPECIFICATIONS

44
44
44
45
45
45
46

5.2 16X2 CHARACTER LCD

5.2.1 INTRODUCTION TO THE 16X2 LCD
5.2.2 DESCRIPTION OF 16X2 LCD
5.2.3 PIN DIAGRAM OF LCD 16X2
5.2.4 PIN DESCRIPTION OF LCD

46
46
47
47
48

6. SOFTWARE USED

49

6.1 INTRODUCTION TO THE KEIL MICROVISION

6.2 ARM7 ADVANTAGES IN THE KEIL SOFTWARE
6.3 C COMPILER
6.4 IMPLEMENTATION OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
6.5 PROGRAM FOR THIS PROJECT IN KEIL
6.6 FLOW CHART

50
50
51
51
52
64

OBSERVATIONS
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE
REFERENCES

65
67
68

LIST OF FIGURES
Page
CHAPTER 1
1.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM USED IN THIS PROJECT

CHAPTER 2
2.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM FOR POWER SUPPLY

2.2 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR POWER SUPPLY

2.3 RESET CIRCUIT FOR LPC 2148

2.4 OSCILLATORY CIRCUIT FOR LPC 2148

2.5 RTC OPERATION CIRCUIT

2.6 UART CONNECTION DIAGRAM

2.7

LPC 2148

2.8

PIN DIAGRAM OF LPC 2148

10

2.9

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF LPC 2148

11

2.10 VECTOR TABLE

13

CHAPTER 3
3.1

IMAGE OF LM 35

16

3.2

IMAGE OF GAS SENSOR

17

3.3

IMAGE OF LDR

19

3.4

IMAGE OF PHOTODIODE

20

3.5

PASSIVE IR SENSOR

24
8

CHAPTER 4
4.1 STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER

29

4.2 BRIDGE RECTIFIER

30

4.3 7805 REGULATOR

31

4.4 PIN DESCRIPTION OF 7805

32

4.5 ULN 2003

33

4.6 PIN DIAGRAM OF ULN 2003

33

4.7 WORKING OF ULN 2003

34

4.8 JQC-3FC/T73 SUGAR CUBE RELAY

35

4.9

FAN

36

4.10 BUZZER

37

4.11 BLUETOOTH MODULE

38

4.12 DC GEARED MOTOR

40

4.13 IC 293D IMAGE

41

4.14 DIAGRAM OF H-BRIDGE

41

CHAPTER 5
5.1 PIN DIAGRAM OF RS-232

45

5.2 PIN DIAGRAM OF LCD 16X2

47

5.3 PIN DESCRIPTION OF LCD

48

CHAPTER 6
6.1 FLOW CHART OF THE PROJECT

64

6.2 OVERVIEW OF THE PROJECT

65

6.3 INITIAL LCD OUTPUT

66

6.4 FINAL LCD OUTPUT

66

6.5 INITIAL OUTPUT IN ANDROID APP

67

6.6 FINAL OUTPUT IN AMDROID APP

67

10

CHAPTER 1:
INTRODUCTION

1.1 OVERVIEW:
A wireless

sensor

network

sensors to monitor physical

or

(WSN) of
environmental

spatially
conditions,

distributed
such

as

autonomous
temperature,

sound, pressure, etc. and to cooperatively pass their data through the network to a main
location. The more modern networks are bi-directional, also enabling control of sensor
activity. The development of wireless sensor networks was motivated by military
applications such as battlefield surveillance; today such networks are used in many
industrial and consumer applications, such as industrial process monitoring and control,
machine health monitoring, and so on.
The WSN is built of "nodes" from a few to several hundreds or even thousands, where
each node is connected to one (or sometimes several) sensors. Each such sensor network
node has typically several parts: radio transceiver with an internal antenna or connection to
an external antenna, a microcontroller, an electronic circuit for interfacing with the sensors
and an energy source, usually a battery or an embedded form of energy harvesting.
A sensor node might vary in size from that of a shoebox down to the size of a grain of
dust, although functioning "motes" of genuine microscopic dimensions have yet to be
created. The cost of sensor nodes is similarly variable, ranging from a few to hundreds of
dollars, depending on the complexity of the individual sensor nodes. Size and cost
constraints on sensor nodes result in corresponding constraints on resources such as
energy, memory, computational speed and communications bandwidth. The topology of
the WSNs can vary from a simple star network to an advanced multi-hop wireless mesh
network. The propagation technique between the hops of the network can
be routing or flooding.
The main aim of this project is to monitor temperature, light, motion, fire and smoke and
control temperature and light. Using relative low cost and low power components and the
Bluetooth communication system for the transmission of the acquired data to an android
based Smartphone. A Robotic platform was developed using 2 DC geared motors of
100rpm each and an IC L293D motor driver. An application in android mobile called
Bluetooth SPP Tools Pro was used for displaying information and controlling the robotic
platform by moving it in all directions-forward, backward, right, left and stop.
2

1.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM USED IN THIS PROJECT:

Fig 1.1 Block Diagram

CHAPTER 2:
ARM7 MICROCONTROLLER

2.1 ARM7LPC2148 MICROCONTROLLERS:

ARM is one of the major options available for embedded system developer. Over the last
few years, the ARM architecture has become the most pervasive 32-bitarchitecture in the
world, with wide range of ICs available from various IC manufacturers. ARM
processors are embedded in products ranging from cell/mobile phones to automotive
braking systems. A worldwide community of ARM partners and third-party vendors has
developed among semiconductor and product design companies, including hardware
engineers, system designers, and software developers. ARM7 is one of the widely used
micro-controller family in embedded system application. A RISC-based computer design
approach means ARM processors require significantly fewer transistors than typical
processors in average computers.
LPC2148 need minimum below listed hardware to work properly:
1. Power Supply
2. Crystal Oscillator
3. Reset Circuit
4. RTC crystal oscillator (This is not necessary if you are not using RTC. However this is
considered as necessary requirement)
5. UART
2.1.1 Power Supply for ARM7LPC2148
LPC2148 works on 3.3 V power supply. LM 117 can be used for generating 3.3 V supply.
However, basic peripherals like LCD, ULN 2003 (Motor Driver IC) etc. works on 5V. So
AC mains supply is converted into 5V using below mentioned circuit and after that LM
117 is used to convert 5V into 3.3V.

Fig 2.1 Block Diagram for Power Supply

Transformer: It is used to step down 230V AC to 9V AC supply and provides isolation

between power grids and circuit.
Rectifier: It is used to convert AC supply into DC.
Filter:It is used to reduce ripple factor of DC output available from rectifier end.
Regulator:It is used to regulate DC supply output.Here, Regulator IC 7805 is used to
provide fix 5V dc supply.

Fig 2.2 Circuit Diagram for Power Supply

2.1.2 Reset Circuit

Reset button is essential in a system to avoid programming pitfalls and sometimes to
manually bring back the system to the initialization mode. MCP 130T is a special IC used
for providing stable RESET signal to LPC 2148.

Fig 2.3 Reset Circuit for LPC2148

2.1.3 Oscillator Circuit:

Oscillations, the heartbeat, are provided using a crystal and are necessary for the system to
work.

Fig 2.4 Oscillatory Circuit for LPC2148

2.1.4 RTC Oscillator Circuit

It provides clock for RTC operation.

Fig 2.5 RTC Operation Circuit

2.1.5 UART:
LPC 2148 has inbuilt ISP which means we can program it within the system using serial
communication on COM0. It has also COM1 for serial communication. MAX 232/233 IC
must be used for voltage logic conversion.

Fig 2.6 Related Connections for UART

2.2 KEY FEATURES OF LPC2148:

LPC2148 is the widely used IC from ARM-7 family. It is manufactured by Philips and it is
pre-loaded with many inbuilt peripherals making it more efficient and a reliable option for
the beginners as well as high end application developer.
1. 8 to 40 kB of on-chip static RAM and 32 to 512 kB of on-chip flash program
memory.128 bit wide interface/accelerator enables high speed 60 MHz operation.
2. In-System/In-Application Programming (ISP/IAP) via on-chip boot-loader
software.Single flash sector or full chip erase in 400 ms and programming of 256
bytes in 1ms.
3. EmbeddedICE RT and Embedded Trace interfaces offer real-time debugging with
theon-chip RealMonitor software and high speed tracing of instruction execution.
4. USB 2.0 Full Speed compliant Device Controller with 2 kB of endpoint RAM.In
addition, the LPC2146/8 provides 8 kB of on-chip RAM accessible to USB by
DMA.
5. One or two 10-bit A/D converters provide a total of 6/14analog inputs, with
conversion times as low as 2.44 us per channel.
6. Single 10-bit D/A converter provides variable analog output.
7. Two 32-bit timers/external event counters (with four capture and four
comparechannels each), PWM unit (six outputs) and watchdog.
8. Low power real-time clock with independent power and dedicated 32 kHz clock
input.
9. Multiple serial interfaces including two UARTs (16C550), two Fast I2C-bus (400
Kbit/s), SPI and SSP with buffering and variable data length capabilities.
10. Vectored interrupt controller with configurable priorities and vector addresses.

Fig 2.7 LPC2148

2.3 PIN DIAGRAM OF LPC2148

Fig 2.8 Pin Diagram of LPC2148

10

2.4 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF LPC2148

Fig 2.9 Block Diagram of LPC2148

11

2.5 ARCHITECTURAL OVERVIEW OF LPC2148:

The ARM is a 32-bit Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC) instruction set architecture
(ISA) developed by ARM Limited. It was known as the Advanced RISC Machine, and
before that as the Acorn RISC Machine. The ARM architecture is the most widely used
32-bit ISA in terms of numbers produced.The ARM processor consists of: Arithmetic
Logic Unit (32-bit), One Booth multiplier (32-bit), One Barrel shifter, One Control unit,
Register file of 37 registers each of 32 bits.In addition to this the ARM also consists of a
Program status register of 32 bits, Some special registers like the instruction register,
memory data read and write register and memory address register ,one Priority encoder
which is used in the multiple load and store instruction to indicate which register in
the register file to be loaded or stored and Multiplexers etc.

2.6 ON-CHIP FLASH MEMORY OF LPC2148:

The LPC2148 incorporates a 512 kB Flash memory system. This memory may be used for
both code and data storage. When the LPC2148 on-chip boot loader is used, 500 kB of
Flash memory is available for user code. The LPC2148 Flash memory provides minimum
of 100,000 erase/write cycles and 20 years of data-retention.

2.7 ON-CHIP STATIC RAM:

The LPC2148 provides 32 kB of static RAM which may be used for code and/or data
storage. It may be accessed as 8-bits, 16-bits, and 32-bits.

2.8 EXCEPTIONS, INTERRUPTS AND VECTOR TABLE:

Exceptions are generated by internal and external sources to cause the ARM processor to
handle an event, such as an externally generated interrupt or an attempt to execute an
undefined instruction.
Exception / Interrupt
Reset
Undefined Instruction
Software Interrupt

Name
RESET
UNDEF
SWI

Address
0X00000000
0X00000004
0X00000008

High Address
0Xffff0000
0Xffff0004
0Xffff0008

Pre-fetch Abort
Data Abort

PABT
DABT

0X0000000C
0X00000010

0Xffff000c
0Xffff0010

12

Reserved
Interrupt Request

--IRQ

0X00000014
0X00000018

0Xffff0014
0Xffff0018

Fast Interrupt Request

FIQ

0X0000001C

0Xffff001c

Fig 2.10 Vector Table

The exception Vector table shown above gives the address of the subroutine program to be
executed when the exception or interrupt occurs. Each vector table entry contains a form
of branch instruction pointing to the start of a specific routine.Reset vectoris the location
of the first instruction executed by the processor when power is applied. This instruction
branches to the initialization code.

13

CHAPTER 3:
SENSORS

3.1 TEMPERATURE SENSOR LM-35:

3.1.1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF LM-35:
14

TheLM35seriesare precisionintegrated-circuittemperature sensors,whoseoutputvoltageis

linearlyproportionaltothe Celsius (Centigrade) te mpe r a tu re . The LM35 thus hasan
advantage over linear temperature sensors calibrated in Kelvin, as the user is not
required to subtract a large constantvoltagefromitsoutputto obtainconvenientCentigrade
scaling.
The LM35 does not require a n y external calibration or trimming provide typical
accuracies of 14C at room temperature and 34Coverafull55to+150C temperature
range . Low cost is assured by trimming and calibration at
thewaterlevel.TheLM35slowoutputimpedance, linear output, andprecise
inherentcalibrationmakeinterfacing toreadoutorcontrolcircuitryespecially easy.It
canbeusedwithsingle power supplies, orwithplusand minussupplies.Asitdrawsonly60A
fromitssupply,ithas verylowself-heating,lessthan0.1Cin stillair.TheLM35is
ratedtooperateovera55to+150Ctemperature range,
whiletheLM35Cisratedfora40to+110Crange(10
withimprovedaccuracy).TheLM35seriesisavailablepackaged in hermetic TO-46
transistor packages, while the LM35C, LM35CA, and LM35D are also available in
the plasticTO-92transistorpackage.TheLM35Disalsoavail- ablein an8leadsurfacemountsmalloutlinepackageanda plasticTO-220package.
3.1.2 FEATURES AND EXPERIMENTAL PRINCIPLE OF LM-35:
1. CalibrateddirectlyinCelsius(Centigrade)
2. Linear+10.0mV/Cscalefactor
3. 0.5Caccuracyguarantee able(at+25C)
4. Ratedforfull55to+150Crange
5. Suitableforremoteapplications
6. Lowcostduetowafer-leveltrimming
7. Operatesfrom4to30volts
8. Lessthan60Acurrentdrain
9. Lowself-heating, 0.08Cinstillair
15

10. Nonlinearity only 14C typical

11. Lowimpedanceoutput,0.1

for1mAload

The voltage that is read across the diode is actually the working base for the sensor. When
the voltage increases, the temperature also rises. There is a voltage drop between the
emitter and base of the transistor which is recorded. If the voltage difference is amplified,
an analog signal is generated. This signal and the temperature are proportional. Even
though the technique has improved, this remains the basic working principle of the
temperature sensors.

3.1.3 CONNECTION DIAGRAM OF LM-35:

Fig 3.1 Connection Diagram

16

3.1.4 IMAGE OF THE LM-35

Fig 3.2 Image of LM-35

The Block Diagram of the LM-35 consists of the three pins and a plastic TO-220 package.
The three pins are associated as the Vcc, output and GND (Ground). The Vcc is the input
voltage supplied to the sensor (LM-35). It draws only 60 A from the supply. The output
is in the form of the voltage. It causes Linear +10mV/C Scale Factor. The ground is used
for the safety purpose of the sensor.

17

3.1.5 WORKING OF THE LM-35:

This project uses IC LM35 as a sensor for detecting accurate centigrade temperature.
Linearity defines how well over a range of temperature a sensors output consistently
changes. Unlike thermistor, Linearity of a precision IC Sensors are very good of 0.5C
accuracy and has wide temperature range. Its output voltage is linearly proportional to the
Celsius (Centigrade) temperature.
The LM35 is rated to operate over a -55 to +150C temperature range.It draws only 60
A from its supply, it has very low self-heating, less than 0.1C in still air. LM35 Operates
from 4 to 30 volts.
Output of IC is 10mv/degree centigrade for e.g. if the output of sensor is 280 mV then
temperature is 28 degree C. so by using a Digital multimeter we can easily calculate the
degree temperature. For trigger point you should set the voltage of pin 2 of IC 741 by
using preset or potentiometer.
Our aim of this project is not to construct a thermometer but to activate or deactivate a
device at a particular margin temperature. For simplicity we have used 2 LED for
indication of both low (Green) and high (Red) temperature.
The output of IC2 increases in proportion to the temperature by 10 mV per degree. This
varying voltage is feed to a comparator IC 741 (OP Amplifier). OP Amplifier are among
the most widely used electronic devices today.The op-amp is one type of differential
amplifier. It has two input inverting (-) and non-inverting (+) and one output pin. We have
used IC741 as non-inverting amplifier which means pin 3 is the input and the output is not
reversed. This circuit amplifies the difference between its input terminals.

3.2 GAS SENSOR-MQ-2 SENSOR:

3.2.1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF MQ-2 SENSOR:
MQ2 is a low cost semiconductor sensor which can detect smoke and flammable gases at
concentrations from 300 to 10,000 ppm. The sensitive material used for this sensor is
SnO2, whose conductivity is lower in clean air. Its conductivity increases as the
18

concentration of combustible gases increases. This sensor has high sensitivity to

Hydrogen, Propane, LPG, Methane and other combustible steams. This can be used to
detect gas leakage in industries and houses. MQ2 gas sensor can be easily interfaced with
Microcontrollers, Arduino Boards, and Raspberry Pi etc. using an Analog to Digital
Converter (ADC).
3.2.2 FEATURES AND EXPERIMENTAL PRINCIPLE OF MQ-2:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Wide detecting scope

Stable and long life
High sensitivity
Fast response
Low cost
Long Life
Simple drive circuit

Principle: Catalytic-type gas sensor consist of two elements: a detector element (D) which
contains catalytic material and is sensitive to combustible gases, and a compensator
element (C) which is inert. Combustible gases will burn only on the detector element,
causing a rise in its temperature and, as a consequence, a rise in its resistance.
Combustible gases will not burn on the compensatorits temperature and resistance
remain unchanged in the presence of combustible gases.
Normally a Wheatstone bridge circuit is formed with both elements as shown in Figure 2.
A variable resistor (VR) is adjusted to maintain a state of balance of the bridge circuit in
clean air free of combustible gases. When combustible gases are present, only the
resistance of the detector element will rise, causing an imbalance in the bridge circuit, thus
producing an output voltage signal (Vout). The output voltage signal is proportional to the
concentration of combustible gases. Gas concentration can be determined by measuring
the output voltage.
3.2.3 DIAGRAM OF MQ-2 SENSOR:

19

Fig 3.3 MQ-2 sensor

In order to manage above listed functions efficiently, the steel mesh is made into two
layers. The mesh is bound to rest of the body via a copper plated clamping ring.
3.2.4 WORKING OF MQ-2 SENSOR:
The top of the gas sensor is removed off to see the internals parts of the sensor: sensing
element and connection wiring. The hexapod structure is constituted by the sensing
element and six connecting legs that extend beyond the Bakelite base.
Image shows the hollow sensing element which is made up from Aluminum Oxide based
ceramic and has a coating of tin oxide. Using a ceramic substrate increases the heating
efficiency and tin oxide, being sensitive towards adsorbing desired gas components (in
this case methane and its products) suffices as sensing coating.
The leads responsible for heating the sensing element are connected through NickelChromium, well known conductive alloy. Leads responsible for output signals are
connected using platinum wires which convey small changes in the current that passes
through the sensing element. The platinum wires are connected to the body of the sensing
element while Nickel-Chromium wires pass through its hollow structure.
3.2.5 APPLICATIONS OF MQ-2 SENSOR:
1) Domestic gas leakage detector
20

2) Industrial Combustible gas detector

3) Portable gas detector
4) They are used in gas leakage detecting equipments in family and industry, are suitable
for detecting of LPG, I-butane, propane, methane, alcohol, Hydrogen, smoke.

3.3 LIGHT SENSOR-LIGHT DEPENDENT RESISTOR (LDR):

3.3.1 GENERAL DECSRIPTION OF LDR:
A photoresistor or light-dependent

resistor (LDR)

or photocell is

light-controlled

variable resistor. The resistance of a photoresistor decreases with increasing incident light
intensity; in other words, it exhibits photoconductivity. A photoresistor can be applied in
light-sensitive detector circuits, and light- and dark-activated switching circuits.
A photoresistor is made of a high resistance semiconductor. In the dark, a photoresistor
can have a resistance as high as a few megaohms (M), while in the light, a photoresistor
can have a resistance as low as a few hundred ohms. If incident light on a photoresistor
exceeds

certain frequency, photons absorbed

by

the

semiconductor

give

bound electrons enough energy to jump into the conduction band. The resulting free
electrons (and their hole partners) conduct electricity, thereby lowering resistance. The
resistance range and sensitivity of a photoresistor can substantially differ among dissimilar
devices. Moreover, unique photoresistors may react substantially differently to photons
within certain wavelength bands.
3.3.2 FEATURES AND EXPERIMENTAL PRINCIPAL OF LDR:
Photoresistors are less light-sensitive devices than photodiodes or phototransistors: the two
latter components are true semiconductor devices, while a photoresistor is a passive
component and does not have a PN-junction. The photo resistivity of any photoresistor
may vary widely depending on ambient temperature, making them unsuitable for
applications requiring precise measurement of or sensitivity to light.

21

Photoresistors also exhibit a certain degree of latency between exposure to light and the
subsequent decrease in resistance, usually around 10 milliseconds. The lag time when
going from lit to dark environments is even greater than, often as long as one second. This
property makes them unsuitable for sensing rapidly flashing lights, but is sometimes used
to smooth the response of audio signal compression.
LDRs are light dependent devices whose resistance decreases when light falls on them
and increases in the dark. When a light dependent resistor is kept in dark, its resistance is
very high. This resistance is called as dark resistance. It can be as high as 1012 . And if
the device is allowed to absorb light its resistance will decrease drastically. If a
constantvoltage is applied to it and intensity of light is increased the current starts
increasing.
A light dependent resistor works on the principle of photo conductivity. Photo
conductivity is an optical phenomenon in which the materials conductivity (Hence
resistivity) reduces when light is absorbed by the material.

3.3.3 DIAGRAM OF LDR:

Fig 3.4 diagram of LDR

An LDR has a zigzag cadmium sulphide track. It is a bilateral device, i.e., conducts in both
directions in same fashion.
22

3.3.4 WORKING OF LDR:

When light falls i.e. when the photons fall on the device, the electrons in the valence band
of the semiconductor material are excited to the conduction band. These photons in the
incident light should have energy greater than the band gap of the semiconductor material
to make the electrons jump from the valence band to the conduction band. Hence when
light having enough energy is incident on the device more & more electrons are excited to
the conduction band which results in large number of charge carriers. The result of this
process is more and more current starts flowing and hence it is said that theresistance of
the device has decreased.This is the most common working principle of LDR.
3.3.5 APPLICATIONS OF LDR:
They

are

also

used

in

some dynamic

compressors together

with

small incandescent or neon lamp, or light-emitting diode to control gain reduction. A

common usage of this application can be found in many guitar amplifiers that incorporate
an onboard tremolo effect, as the oscillating light patterns control the level of signal
running through the amp circuit..
LDRs have low cost and simple structure. They are often used as light sensors. They are
used when there is a need to detect absences or presences of light like in a camera light
meter. Used in street lamps, alarm clock, burglar alarm circuits, light intensity meters, for
counting the packages moving on a conveyor belt, etc.

3.4 FIRE SENSOR-PHOTODIODE:

3.4.1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF PHOTODIODE:
A photodiode is a semiconductor device that converts light into current. The current is
generated when photons are absorbed in the photodiode. A small amount of current is also
produced when no light is present. Photodiodes may contain optical filters, built-in lenses,
and may have large or small surface areas. Photodiodes usually have a slower response

23

time as their surface area increases. The common, traditional solar cell used to generate
electric solar power is a large area photodiode.
Photodiodes are similar to regular semiconductor diodes except that they may be either
exposed (to detect vacuum UV or X-rays) or packaged with a window or optical
fibre connection to allow light to reach the sensitive part of the device. Many diodes
designed for use specifically as a photodiode use a PIN junction rather than a pn junction,
to increase the speed of response. A photodiode is designed to operate in reverse bias.
3.4.2

FEATURES AND EXPERIMENTAL PRINCIPAL OF PHOTODIODE:

Responsivity: The Spectral responsivity is a ratio of the generated photocurrent to incident

light power, expressed in A/W when used in photoconductive mode. The wavelengthdependence may also be expressed as a Quantum efficiency, or the ratio of the number of
photo generated carriers to incident photons, a unit less quantity. Allows to detect flames
from 2m away. The current through the photodiode in the absence of light, when it is
operated in photoconductive mode. The dark current includes photocurrent generated by
background radiation and the saturation current of the semiconductor junction. Dark
current must be accounted for by calibration if a photodiode is used to make an accurate
optical power measurement, and it is also a source of noise when a photodiode is used in
an optical communication system.
Pn photodiodes are used in similar applications to other photodetectors, such
as photoconductors, charge-coupled devices, and photomultiplier tubes. They may be used
to generate an output which is dependent upon the illumination (analog; for measurement
and the like), or to change the state of circuitry (digital; either for control and switching, or
digital signal processing).
3.4.3 DIAGRAM OF PHOTODIODE:

24

Fig 3.5 photodiode

3.4.4 WORKING OF PHOTODIODE:

The photodiode used in infrared detectors generate a photo voltage proportional to the
incident light rays or infrared rays falling on it. Typically, 1V is produced in the
photodiode when it is forward biased by accepting the photons. Here the passive infrared
rays from the spark or fire are used to activate the photodiode to generate the photo
voltage.
The high output from IC1 is used to trigger SCR BT169 (SCR1) for activating the relay.
When the relay energises, power to the device will cut off immediately. SCR1 remains
latched until push-to-off switch S1 is pressed. When SCR1 conducts, T1 gets base bias and
it conducts to activate alarm generator UM3561 (IC2). Zener diode ZD1 keeps the supply
voltage for IC2 at a safer level of 3.1 volts. IC2 is wired to generate a fire brigade alarm by
connecting its pin 6 to ground. The output of IC2 is amplified by transistor T2 to sound the
alarm from the speaker.
3.4.5 APPLICATIONS OF PHOTODIODE:
Photodiodes are often used for accurate measurement of light intensity in science and
industry. They generally have a more linear response than photoconductors.
They are also widely used in various medical applications, such as detectors for computed
tomography (coupled with scintillators), instruments to analyse samples (immunoassay),
and pulse oximeters.

3.5 INTRUDER SENSOR-PASSIVE INFRARED SENSOR:

3.5.1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF PASSIVE INFRARED SENSOR:
25

A passive infrared sensor (PIR sensor) is an electronic sensor that measures infrared (IR)
light radiating from objects in its field of view. They are most often used in PIR-based
motion detectors.The IR Sensor-Single is a general purpose proximity sensor. Here we use
it for collision detection. The module consist of an IR emitter and IR receiver pair. The
high precision IR receiver always detects an IR signal. The module consists of 358
comparator IC. The output of sensor is high whenever it IR frequency and low otherwise.
The on-board LED indicator helps user to check status of the sensor without using any
additional hardware. The power consumption of this module is low. It gives a digital
output.

3.5.2 FEATURES AND EXPERIMENTAL PRINCIPAL OF PIR:

A PIR-based motion detector is used to sense movement of people, animals, or other
objects.

They

are

commonly

used

in burglar

alarms and

automatically-

activated lighting systems. They are commonly called simply "PIR", or sometimes "PID",
for "passive infrared detector". The PIR sensor is typically mounted on a printed circuit
board containing the necessary electronics required to interpret the signals from the sensor
itself. The complete assembly is usually contained within a housing, mounted in a location
where the sensor can cover area to be monitored.
The term passive in this instance refers to the fact that PIR devices do not generate or
radiate any energy for detection purposes. They work entirely by detecting the energy
given off by other objects.[1] PIR sensors don't detect or measure "heat"; instead they detect
the infrared radiation emitted or reflected from an object.

26

3.5.3 IMAGE OF PASSIVE INFRARED SENSOR:

fig 3.6 passive infrared sensor

Infrared radiation enters through the front of the sensor, known as the 'sensor face'. At the
core of a PIR sensor is a solid state sensor or set of sensors, made from pyroelectric
materialsmaterials which generate energy when exposed to heat. Typically, the sensors
are approximately 1/4 inch square (40 mm2), and take the form of a thin film. Materials
commonly

used

in

nitrate (CsNO3), polyvinyl

PIR

sensors

fluorides,

include gallium
derivatives

nitride (GaN), caesium

of phenyl

pyridine,

and cobalt phthalocyanine. The sensor is often manufactured as part of an integrated

circuit.

3.5.4 WORKING OF PASSIVE INFRARED SENSOR:

An individual PIR sensor detects changes in the amount of infrared radiation impinging
upon it, which varies depending on the temperature and surface characteristics of the
objects in front of the sensor. When an object, such as a human, passes in front of the
background, such as a wall, the temperature at that point in the sensor's field of view will
rise from room temperature to body temperature, and then back again. The sensor converts
the resulting change in the incoming infrared radiation into a change in the output voltage,
and this triggers the detection. Moving objects of similar temperature to the background
27

but different surface characteristics may also have a different infrared emission pattern,
and thus sometimes trigger the detector.
PIRs come in many configurations for a wide variety of applications. The most common
models have numerous Fresnel lenses or mirror segments, an effective range of about ten
meters (thirty feet), and a field of view less than 180 degrees. Models with wider fields of
view, including 360 degrees, are availabletypically designed to mount on a ceiling.
Some larger PIRs are made with single segment mirrors and can sense changes in infrared
energy over one hundred feet away from the PIR. There are also PIRs designed with
reversible orientation mirrors which allow either broad coverage (110 wide) or very
narrow "curtain" coverage, or with individually selectable segments to "shape" the
coverage.
3.5.5 APPLICATIONS OF PASSIVE INFRARED SENSOR:
When used as part of a burglar alarm, the electronics in the PIR typically control a
small relay. This relay completes the circuit across a pair of electrical contacts connected
to a detection input zone of the burglar alarm control panel. The system is usually
designed such that if no motion is being detected, the relay contact is closeda 'normally
closed' (NC) relay. If motion is detected, the relay opens, triggering the alarm.

28

CHAPTER 4:
CONTROL CIRCUITORY

4.1 POWER SUPPLY CIRCUIT:

29

4.1.1 STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER:

Fig.4.1 Step Down Transformer

Step down transformers are designed to reduce electrical voltage. Their primary voltage is
greater than their secondary voltage. This kind of transformer "steps down" the voltage
applied to it. For instance, a step down transformer is needed to use an 110v product in a
country with a 220v supply.
Step down transformers convert electrical voltage from one level or phase configuration
usually down to a lower level. They can include features for electrical isolation, power
distribution, and control and instrumentation applications. Step down transformers
typically rely on the principle of magnetic induction between coils to convert voltage
and/or current levels.
Step down transformers are made from two or more coils of insulated wire wound around
a core made of iron. When voltage is applied to one coil (frequently called the primary or
input) it magnetizes the iron core, which induces a voltage in the other coil, (frequently
called the secondary or output). The turns ratio of the two sets of windings determines the
amount of voltage transformation.
4.1.2 BRIDGE RECTIFIER:
A diode bridge is an arrangement of four (or more) diodes in a bridge circuit configuration
that provides the same polarity of output for either polarity of input.
When used in its most common application, for conversion of an alternating current (AC)
input into a direct current (DC) output, it is known as a bridge rectifier. A bridge rectifier
30

provides full-wave rectification from a two-wire AC input, resulting in lower cost and
weight as compared to a rectifier with a 3-wire input from a transformer with a centertapped secondary winding.
Basic operation:
In the diagrams below, when the input connected to the left corner of the diamond is
positive, and the input connected to the right corner is negative, current flows from the
upper supply terminal to the right along the red (positive) path to the output, and returns to
the lower supply terminal via the blue (negative) path.
When the input connected to the left corner is negative, and the input connected to the
right corner is positive, current flows from the lower supply terminal to the right along the
red (positive) path to the output, and returns to the upper supply terminal via the blue
(negative) path.

Fig.4.2 Circuit Diagram of Bridge Rectifier

When the input connected to the left corner is negative, and the input connected to the
right corner is positive, current flows from the lower supply terminal to the right along the
red (positive) path to the output, and returns to the upper supply terminal via the blue
(negative) path.
In each case, the upper right output remains positive and lower right output negative.
Since this is true whether the input is AC or DC, this circuit not only produces a DC
output from an AC input, it can also provide what is sometimes called "reverse polarity
31

protection". That is, it permits normal functioning of DC-powered equipment when

batteries have been installed backwards, or when the leads (wires) from a DC power
source have been reversed, and protects the equipment from potential damage caused by
reverse polarity.
4.1.3 7805 REGULATOR:

Fig 4.3 7805 regulator

A regulated power supply is very much essential for several electronic devices due to the
semiconductor material employed in them have a fixed rate of current as well as voltage.
The device may get damaged if there is any deviation from the fixed rate. The AC power
supply gets converted into constant DC by this circuit. By the help of a voltage regulator
DC, unregulated output will be fixed to a constant voltage. The circuit is made up of linear
voltage regulator 7805 along with capacitors and resistors with bridge rectifier made up
from diodes. From giving an unchanging voltage supply to building confident that output
reaches uninterrupted to the appliance, the diodes along with capacitors handle elevated
efficient signal conveyed.

32

Fig 4.4 pin description

4.1.4 FILTER CAPACITOR:

The capacitor-input filter, also called the pi filter due to its shape that looks like the Greek
letter , is a type of electronic filter. Filter circuits are used to remove unwanted or
undesired frequencies from a signal.
In this project, a capacitor of 1000microfarads is used to eliminate all the ripples in the
higher ranges so that the circuit works smoothly.

4.2 ULN2003 CURRENT AMPLIFIER:

ULN2003 is a high voltage and high current Darlington array IC. It contains seven open
collector Darlington pairs with common emitters. A Darlington pair is an arrangement of
two bipolar transistors.
Each channel or Darlington pair in ULN2003 is rated at 500mA and can withstand peak
current of 600mA. The inputs and outputs are provided opposite to each other in the pin
layout. Each driver also contains a suppression diode to dissipate voltage spikes while
driving inductive loads.

Fig. 4.5 Diagram of ULN2003

Features:
1. 500-mA-Rated Collector Current (Single Output)
2.

High-Voltage Outputs: 50 V

3.

Output Clamp Diodes

33

4.

Inputs Compatible With Various Types of Logic

5.

Relay-Driver Applications

Fig.4.6 Pin Diagram of ULN2003

Working:

Fig.4.7 Working of ULN2003

Applications:
1.
2.
3.

Drive Relays
Lamp and LED displays
Stepper motors

34

4.3 SUGAR CUBE RELAY SWITCH:

4.3.1 RELAY SWITCH:
A relay is

an electrically operated switch.

Many

relays

use

an electromagnet to

mechanically operate a switch, but other operating principles are also used, such as solidstate relays. Relays are used where it is necessary to control a circuit by a low-power
signal (with complete electrical isolation between control and controlled circuits), or
where several circuits must be controlled by one signal. The first relays were used in long
distance telegraph circuits as amplifiers: they repeated the signal coming in from one
circuit and re-transmitted it on another circuit. Relays were used extensively in telephone
exchanges and early computers to perform logical operations.
4.3.2 BASIC DESIGN AND RELAY OPERATION:
When an electric current is passed through the coil it generates a magnetic field that
activates the armature, and the consequent movement of the movable contact(s) either
makes or breaks (depending upon construction) a connection with a fixed contact. If the
set of contacts was closed when the relay was de-energized, then the movement opens the
contacts and breaks the connection, and vice versa if the contacts were open. When the
current to the coil is switched off, the armature is returned by a force, approximately half
as strong as the magnetic force, to its relaxed position. Usually this force is provided by a
spring, but gravity is also used commonly in industrial motor starters. Most relays are
manufactured to operate quickly. In a low-voltage application this reduces noise; in a high
voltage or current application it reduces arcing.
When the coil is energized with direct current, a diode is often placed across the coil to
dissipate the energy from the collapsing magnetic field at deactivation, which would
otherwise generate a voltage spike dangerous to semiconductor circuit components. Some
automotive relays include a diode inside the relay case. Alternatively, a contact protection
network consisting of a capacitor and resistor in series (snubbed circuit) may absorb the
surge. If the coil is designed to be energized with alternating current (AC), some method is
used to split the flux into two out-of-phase components which add together, increasing the
minimum pull on the armature during the AC cycle. Typically this is done with a small

35

copper "shading ring" crimped around a portion of the core that creates the delayed, outof-phase component.[1]
4.3.3 JQC-3FC/T73 SUGAR CUBE RELAY:

fig 4.8 T73 sugar cube relay

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

SPECIFICATIONS:
MAX. SWITCHING CURRENT:7A, 10A
MAX. SWITCHING VOLTAGE:28V DC/ 250V AC
DIELECTRIC STRENGTH VR.M.S: BETWEEN OPEN CONTACTS =750VAC;
BETWEEN COIL AND CONTACTS =1000VAC;
BETWEEN CONTACTS FORM =1000VAC;
AMBIENT TEMPERATURE: -40-+85oC;
OPERATION/RELEASE TIME:=10/8MS
CONTACT CAPACITY: 10A 125V, 7A 250V

4.4 FAN:
A fan is any fan inside, or attached to, a computer case used for active cooling, and may
refer to fans that draw cooler air into the case from the outside, expel warm air from
inside, or move air across a heat sink to cool a particular component. As processor,
sensors and other components in ARM board emit a lot of heat when overheated, these

36

components need to be kept within a specified temperature range to prevent overheating,

instability, malfunction and damage leading to a shortened component lifespan.
In this project, a fan is used as control measure for temperature. Whenever the
temperatures crosses a certain limit, the fan starts off to compensate with the raising
temperature. It is used for controlling high temperatures, it keeps temperature at the
required degrees.

Fig 4.9 fan

4.5 BUZZER
A buzzer or beeper is

an audio Signaling

device, which

may

be mechanical, electromechanical, or piezoelectric. Typical uses of buzzers and beepers

include alarm devices, timers and confirmation of user input such as a mouse click or
keystroke. In this project, the buzzer is used as an alarm Signaling device that blows when
there is an excess of any one or more parameters. The electronic symbol for buzzer is
shown below,

Fig.4.10 Electronic Symbol for Buzzer

37

They are of three kinds. Mechanical, electrical and piezoelectric respectively. In the
project, we are using an electrical buzzer. In this project, buzzer is used as an alarm when
there occurs a fire, or a thief or when smokes reaches 200mV.

4.6 BLUETOOTH MODULE:

A Bluetooth module HC-05 is used for communication between the microcontroller
system and the Android Mobile.
4.6.1 BLUETOOTH MODULE- HC-05:
HC-05 is a class-2 Bluetooth module with Serial Port Profile, which can configure as
either Master or slave. A Drop-in replacement for wired serial connections, transparent
usage. You can use it simply for a serial port replacement to establish connection between
MCU, PC to your embedded project and etc.
HC-05 Specification:
1.

Bluetooth protocol: Bluetooth Specification v2.0+EDR

2.

Frequency: 2.4GHz ISM band

3.

Modulation: GFSK(Gaussian Frequency Shift Keying)

4.

Emission power: 4dBm, Class 2

5.

Sensitivity: -84dBm at 0.1% BER

6.

Speed: Asynchronous: 2.1Mbps(Max) / 160 kbps, Synchronous: 1Mbps/1Mbps

7.

Security: Authentication and encryption

8.

Profiles: Bluetooth serial port

9.

Power supply: +3.3VDC 50mA

10. Working temperature: -20 ~ +75Centigrade

11. Dimension: 26.9mm x 13mm x 2.2 mm

38

Fig.4.11 HC-05 Bluetooth Module

4.6.2 ANDRIOD APPLICATION-BLUETOOTH SPP TOOLS PRO:

The software for the Bluetooth client communication tools (ie: Bluetooth slave mode),
Bluetooth serial communication can be tested. Can connect a Bluetooth MCU and PC
serial port.
Support android 4.0+ version of the system.
Hardware
1.Serial Port Bluetooth Module( TTL )
2.Arduino Microcontroller Board
3.MCU serial communication
4.Can search for Bluetooth low energy devices (nothing more)
Software features:
1. Search for Bluetooth devices, and displays the class and RSSI (signal strength);
2. The use of serial communication, receiving and sending data;
3. Can be set to ASCII and HEX input and output mode;
4. The data results can be saved to the SD card (sdcard/Bluetooth spp pro/...).
5. Can search for Bluetooth low energy devices (nothing more)
This tool three modules:
1. Byte stream mode: the basic input-output model;
2. Keyboard mode: Can customize the output value of 12 buttons; each button has three

39

states (respectively: Down | Long-press | Up), each state can send commands event.
3. Command Line: Set the command terminator for communication debugging.
If the connected Bluetooth device is not paired, the system will automatically prompt you
for pairing. Bluetooth pairing is successful, try to connect again.
This can only connect Bluetooth serial module devices, Bluetooth devices are generally
used for MCU serial communication.
System using the Bluetooth pairing means: [menu-> Settings -> Wireless and Network ->
Bluetooth Settings], open the Bluetooth feature, and to search for Bluetooth devices to
pair, paired with a device only once.
System Configuration (includes keyboard mode button settings) file can be found in the
SD card Bluetooth spp pro directory. You can back up the configuration file, or copy the
configuration file to another terminal equipment, covering his profile to complete
recovery.

4.7 ROBOTIC PLATFORM:

A robotic platform with wheels is built so that the system can move with the help of
controls present in Android mobile application- Bluetooth SPP Tools pro. For this purpose,
3 wheels are used with 2 DC geared motors of 100rpm each and an IC L293D Motor
Driver is used for providing power to the DC motors.
4.7.1 DC GEARED MOTORS:
100RPM 12V DC geared motors for robotics applications. It gives a massive torque of
35Kgcm. The motor comes with metal gearbox and off-centred shaft.
Features:
1.

100RPM 12V DC motors with Metal Gearbox and Metal Gears

2.

18000 RPM base motor

3.

6mm Dia shaft with M3 thread hole

4.

Gearbox diameter 37 mm.

5.

Motor Diameter 28.5 mm

40

6.

Length 63 mm without shaft

7.

Shaft length 30mm

8.

180gm weight

9.

35kgcm torque

10. No-load current = 800 mA, Load current = up to 7.5 A(Max)

Fig.4.12 DC Geared Motor

4.7.2 IC L293D MOTOR DRIVER:

L293D IC generally comes as a standard 16-pin DIP (dual-in line package). This motor
driver IC can simultaneously control two small motors in either direction; forward and
reverse with just 4 microcontroller pins. Some of the features of this IC are:
1. Output current capability is limited to 600mA per channel with peak output current
limited to 1.2A.
2. Supply voltage can be as large as 36 Volts.
3. Another major feature of L293D is its internal clamp diodes. This fly back diode
helps protect the driver IC from voltage spikes that occur when the motor coil is
turned on and off.

41

4. The logical low in the IC is set to 1.5V. This means the pin is set high only if the
voltage across the pin crosses 1.5V which makes it suitable for use in high
frequency applications like switching applications (up to 5KHz)

Fig.4.13 IC L293D

H-bridges can be built from scratch using relays, mosfets, field effect transistors
(FET), bi-polar junction transistors (BJT), etc.

Fig. 4.14 H-Bridge

As in the image, the circuit has four switches A, B, C and D. Turning these switches ON
and OFF can drive a motor in different ways.
1. Turning on Switches A and D makes the motor rotate clockwise

42

2. Turning on Switches B and C makes the motor rotate anti-clockwise

3. Turning on Switches A and B will stop the motor (Brakes)
4. Turning off all the switches gives the motor a free wheel drive
5. Lastly turning on A & C at the same time or B & D at the same time shorts your
entire circuit.

43

CHAPTER 5:
SERIAL COMMUNICATION AND DISPLAY

44

5.1 RS-232 FOR SERIES COMMUNICATION:

RS-232 is used for series communication. This project, RS-232 is used for communication
between the microcontroller and android based mobile.
5.1.1 INTRODUCTION TO RS-232:
An RS-232 serial port was once a standard feature of a personal computer, used for
connections to modems, printers, mice, data storage, uninterruptible power supplies, and
other peripheral devices. However, RS-232 is hampered by low transmission speed, large
voltage swing, and large standard connectors. In modern personal computers, USB has
displaced RS-232 from most of its peripheral interface roles. Many computers do not
come equipped with RS-232 ports and must use either an external USB-to-RS-232
converter or an internal expansion card with one or more serial ports to connect to RS-232
peripherals. RS-232 devices are widely used, especially in industrial machines, networking
equipment and scientific instruments.

5.1.2 STANDARDS OF RS-232:

In RS-232, user data is sent as a time-series of bits. Both synchronous and asynchronous
transmissions are supported by the standard. In addition to the data circuits, the standard
defines a number of control circuits used to manage the connection between the DTE and
DCE. Each data or control circuit only operates in one direction that is, signalling from a
DTE to the attached DCE or the reverse. Since transmit data and receive data are separate
circuits, the interface can operate in a full duplex manner, supporting concurrent data flow
in both directions.
RS-232 devices may be classified as Data Terminal Equipment (DTE) or Data
Communication Equipment (DCE); this defines at each device which wires will be
sending and receiving each signal. The standard recommended but did not make

45

mandatory the D-sub miniature 25-pin connector. According to the standard, male
connectors have DTE pin functions, and female connectors have DCE pin functions. Other
devices may have any combination of connector gender and pin definitions. Many
terminals were manufactured with female connectors but were sold with a cable with male
connectors at each end; the terminal with its cable satisfied the recommendations in the
standard. The standard specifies 20 different signal connections. Since most devices use
only a few signals, smaller connectors can often be used.
5.1.3 RANGE OF RS-232:
Cable length is one of the most discussed items in RS232 world. The standard has a clear
answer, the maximum cable length is 50 feet, or the cable length equal to a capacitance of
2500 pF. The latter rule is often forgotten. This means that using a cable with low
capacitance allows you to span longer distances without going beyond the limitations of
the standard.
5.1.4 COMMUNICATION METHODS OF RS-232:
To implement RS232 software handshaking, it is necessary to send codes along the lines to
establish communications and control the data flow. There are a number of control codes
used for RS232 (and other) links under these circumstances. However they are normally
used with older legacy equipment.
5.1.5 PIN DIAGRAM OF THE RS-232:

46

Figure 5.1 pin diagram of RS 232

5.1.6 RS-232 SPECIFICATIONS:

It includes specifications on voltage levels; slew rate and voltage withstand level. RS232
pin out signals are represented by voltage levels with respect to common. It specifies
maximum circuit voltage as 25v. At the transmitter side, driver output specifies
voltage +3v to +15v as high level and -3v to -15v for low level. In the same way for the
receiver output high level for voltage is +3v to +15v and low level voltage is -3v to -15v.
It should be known that the receiver logic provides the +2v noise margin. The dead area
between +3v and -3v is designed to absorb line noise. In RS232 specification low level
-3v to-15v is defined as logic 1 is ON state and referred as Marking while high level
+3v to +15v is defined as logic 0 as OFF state and known as Spacing. The RS232
standard also limits the maximum slew rate which reduces the cross-talk between the two
signals. Slew rate is defined as the rate of change of out-put voltage with respect to time.
The maximum allowable slew rate in RS232 is 30v/micro-seconds which slows down the
rise and fall time and reduces the cross-talk. Circuits driving an RS-232-compatible
interface must be able to withstand indefinite short circuit to ground or to any voltage level
47

up to 25 volts. Some computer equipment ignores the negative level and accepts a zero
voltage level as the OFF state. The output signal level usually swings between +12V and
-12V.

5.2 16X2 CHARACTER LCD:

In this project, LCD is used for the display purpose of the readings of the five sensors.
This LCD is connected to the microcontroller LPC2148 for displaying the readings of the
sensors. This LCD is of 16 characters each in 2 rows.
5.2.1 INTRODUCTION TO THE 16X2 LCD:
LCD stands for Liquid Crystal Display. It is an Output device that is used for showing and
kind of data to the user.
There are basically two kinds of LCD:
1. Alphanumeric LCD
2. Graphic LCD.
Here the 16X2 signifies 16 columns and 2 rows. Alphanumeric means it can print
Characters as well as numbers, i.e. it understands ASCII and you will be able to print any
printable ASCII characters.This 16X2 is a window of the much larger LCD which can
print 132 characters and we are only being given a window of 32 characters divided into 2
lines 16X2.

5.2.2 DESCRIPTION OF 16X2 LCD:

A 16x2 LCD means it can display 16 characters per line and there are 2 such lines. In this
LCD each character is displayed in 5x7 pixel matrix. This LCD has two registers, namely,
Command and Data.
The command register stores the command instructions given to the LCD. A command is
an instruction given to LCD to do a predefined task like initializing it, clearing its screen,
setting the cursor position, controlling display etc. The data register stores the data to be

48

displayed on the LCD. The data is the ASCII value of the character to be displayed on the
LCD. Click to learn more about internal structure of a LCD.

5.2.3 PIN DIAGRAM OF LCD 16X2:

Fig 5.2 pin diagram of LCD 16X2

5.2.4 PIN DESCRIPTION OF LCD:

Pin
No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Function

Name

Ground (0V)
Supply voltage; 5V (4.7V 5.3V)
Contrast adjustment; through a variable resistor
Selects command register when low; and data register when
high
Low to write to the register; High to read from the register
Sends data to data pins when a high to low pulse is given
8-bit data pins

Ground
Vcc
VEE

49

Register Select
Read/write
Enable
DB0
DB1
DB2
DB3

11
12
13
14
15
16

Backlight VCC (5V)

Backlight Ground (0V)
Fig 5.3 pin description of LCD

50

DB4
DB5
DB6
DB7
Led+
Led-

CHAPTER 6:
SOFTWARE USED

6.1 INTRODUCTION TO THE KEIL MICROVISION:

Keil is a German based Software development company. It provides several development
tools like:
1.

IDE (Integrated Development environment)

2.

Project Manager

3.

Simulator

4.

Debugger

5.

C Cross Compiler , Cross Assembler, Locator/Linker

Keil Software provides you with software development tools for the 8051 family of
microcontrollers. With these tools, you can generate embedded applications for the
multitude of 8051 derivatives. Keil provides following tools for 8051 development
1.

C51 Optimizing C Cross Compiler,

2.

A51 Macro Assembler,

51

3.

8051 Utilities (linker, object file converter, library manager),

4.

Source-Level Debugger/Simulator,

5.

Vision for Windows Integrated Development Environment.

6.2 ARM7 ADVANTANAGES IN KEIL SOFTWARE:

1. Complete support for Cortex-M, Cortex-R4, ARM7, and ARM9 devices
2. Industry-leading ARM C/C++ Compilation Toolchain
3. Vision4 IDE, debugger, and simulation environment
4. Keil RTX deterministic, small footprint real-time operating system (with source
code)
5. TCP/IP Networking Suite offers multiple protocols and various applications
6. USB Device and USB Host stacks are provided with standard driver classes
7. Complete GUI Library for embedded systems with graphical user interfaces
8. ULINKpro enables on-the-fly analysis of running applications and records every
executed Cortex-M instruction
9. Complete Code Coverage information about your program's execution
10. Execution Profiler and Performance Analyser enable program optimization
11. Numerous example projects help you quickly become familiar with MDK-ARM's
powerful, built-in features
12. CMSIS Cortex Microcontroller Software Interface Standard compliant

6.3 C COMPILER:
In this project a C-Compiler called Turbo C is used for compilation process.
A compiler is a computer program (or set of programs) that transforms source code written
in a programming language (the source language) into another computer language (the
target language, often having a binary form known as object code). The most common
reason for converting a source code is to create an executable program. Turbo C is
an Integrated

Development

Environment and compiler for

the C

programming

language from Borland. First introduced in 1987, it was noted for its integrated
development environment, small size, fast compile speed, comprehensive manuals and
low price.

6.4 IMPLEMENTATION OF EMBEDDED PROGRAMS:

52

CREATING AND BUILDING PROJECT FILE:

These are the simple steps to get off the mark your inning!
Step 1: After opening Keil uV4, Go to Project tab and
Create new vision project
Now Select new folder and give name to Project.
Step 2: After Creating project now Select your device model. Here, NXP-LPC2148
Step 3: so now your project is created and Message window will appear to add start-up file
of your Device click on Yes so it will be added to your project folder
Step 4: Now go to File and create new file and save it with .C extension if you will write
program in C language or save with .asm for assembly language.
i.e., Led.c
Step 5: Now write your program and save it again. You can try example given at end of
this tutorial.
Step 6: After that on left you see project window [if its not there.go to View tab and
click on project window]
Now come on Project window.
Right click on target and click on options for target
Here you can change your device also.
Click output tab here & check create Hex file if you want to generate hex file
Now click on ok so it will save changes.
Step 7: Now Expand target and you will see source group
Right click on group and click on Add files to source group
Now add your program file which you have written in C/assembly.
You can see program file added under source group.
Step 8: Now Click on Build target.You can find it under Project tab or in toolbar. It can
also be done by pressing F7 key.
Step 9: you can see Status of your program in Build output window

6.5PROGRAM FOR THIS PROJECT IN KEIL:

#include<lpc214x.h>
53

#include<string.h>
#include<stdio.h>
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
#define Fosc

12000000

#define Fcclk

(Fosc * 5)

#define Fcco

(Fcclk * 4)

#define Fpclk

(Fcclk / 4) * 1

#define UART_BPS1 9600

//Set buadrate here

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
unsigned int C [6]={0x20,0x28,0x01,0x0e,0x06,0x80};
unsigned int RS=0X01000000;
unsigned int EN=0X00400000;
unsigned int PORT=0X00003C00;
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
void LCD_INIT(void);
void LCD_CMD(unsigned char );
void LCD_DATA(unsigned char );
void LCD_DAISPLAY(unsigned char * );
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
unsigned int ADC_Data1=0;
unsigned int ADC_Data2=0;
unsigned int ADC_Data4=0;
unsigned int ADC_Data5=0;
void send_bcd1(int);
void ascii(unsigned int);
void send_bcd(int);
void ADC_Init(void);
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
void DELAY(unsigned int);
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////unsigned int aaa;
unsigned char rc;
void Init_UART0(void);
void UART0_SendByte(unsigned char data);
void UART0_SendStr(const unsigned char *str);
54

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
main()
{
PINSEL0 = 0x00050005;

// UART 1 and 0

PINSEL1=0x15440000;
IODIR0|=0X00003c00; /*(pin p0.10, 11, 12, 13 are used for LCD data line)*/
IODIR1=0XF3000000; /*(pin p1.24, p1.25 are used for reg: select and Enable)*/
/*(0/P P1.28 TO P1.31 DEVICES) */
ADC_Init();
Init_UART0();
LCD_INIT();
DELAY(100);
LCD_CMD(0x01);

//title 1line

LCD_CMD(0x80);
LCD_DISPLAY(ANDROID MULTI ");
LCD_CMD(0xC0);
LCD_DISPLAY("SENSOR MONITORING");
DELAY(1000);
DELAY(1000);
LCD_CMD (0x01);
LCD_CMD (0x80);
LCD_DISPLAY ("T: F: S: ");
LCD_CMD (0xC0);
LCD_DISPLAY ("I: L:

");

DELAY (1000);
while (1)
{
UART0_SendStr ("********************************* ");
UART0_SendByte ('\r');
UART0_SendByte ('\n');
////////////////////////TEMP////////////////////////////////////
AD0CR = (AD0CR&0xFFFFFF00)|0x02;

//Select AD0.1 for conversion //P0.28

AD0CR|= (1 << 24);

//Trigger conversion
55

while ((AD0DR1&0x80000000)==0);

//Wait for the conversion to

be completed
ADC_Data1 = AD0DR1;

//Store converted

data
ADC_Data1 = (ADC_Data1>>8) & 0x00FF;
ADC_Data5 = ADC_Data1+4;
//DELAY (2000);
LCD_CMD (0x82);
send_bcd (ADC_Data5);
//DELAY(1000);
UART0_SendStr("TEMP : ");
UART0_SendByte((ADC_Data5/10) + 0x30);
UART0_SendByte((ADC_Data5%10) + 0x30);
UART0_SendStr("deg");
UART0_SendByte('\r');
UART0_SendByte('\n');
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////
if(ADC_Data1>45)
{
UART0_SendStr("High Temperature");
UART0_SendStr("TEMP: ");
UART0_SendByte((ADC_Data5/10) + 0x30);
UART0_SendByte((ADC_Data5%10) + 0x30);
UART0_SendStr("deg");
UART0_SendByte('\r');
UART0_SendByte('\n');
DELAY(1000);
}
///////////////////////LIGHT////////////////////////////////////
/*DELAY(1000);
aaa=IOPIN0;
aaa=aaa & 0X00400000;

//p0.22 light

if(aaa==0X00400000)
{
56

LCD_CMD(0xc2);
LCD_DISPLAY("Y");
UART0_SendStr("Light: YES");
UART0_SendByte('\r');
UART0_SendByte('\n');
DELAY(100);
}
else
{
LCD_CMD(0xC2);
LCD_DISPLAY("N");
UART0_SendStr("Light: NO");
UART0_SendByte('\r');
UART0_SendByte('\n');
DELAY(100);
}
////////////////////////SMOKE//////////////////////////////////
DELAY(1000);
AD0CR = (AD0CR&0xFFFFFF00)|0x08;

//Select AD0.1 for conversion

//P0.30
AD0CR|=(1 << 24);
while((AD0DR3&0x80000000)==0);
ADC_Data2 = AD0DR3;
ADC_Data2 = (ADC_Data2>>8) & 0x03FF;
DELAY(200);
LCD_CMD(0x8c);
send_bcd1(ADC_Data2);
DELAY(100);
UART0_SendStr("SMOKE: ");
UART0_SendByte((ADC_Data2/100) + 0x30);
UART0_SendByte(((ADC_Data2/10)%10) + 0x30);
UART0_SendByte((ADC_Data2%10) + 0x30);
UART0_SendStr("mV");
UART0_SendByte('\r');
57

UART0_SendByte('\n');
if(ADC_Data2>200)
{
DELAY(100);
UART0_SendStr("Smoke Detected ");
UART0_SendByte('\r');
UART0_SendByte('\n');
UART0_SendStr("SMOKE: ");
UART0_SendByte((ADC_Data2/100) + 0x30);
UART0_SendByte(((ADC_Data2/10)%10) + 0x30);
UART0_SendByte((ADC_Data2%10) + 0x30);
UART0_SendStr("mV");
UART0_SendByte('\r');
UART0_SendByte('\n');
DELAY(100);
}
////////////////////////MOTION//////////////////////////////////
DELAY(100);
aaa=IOPIN0;
aaa=aaa & 0X00100000;

//p0.20 PIR SENSOR

if(aaa==0X00100000)
{
LCD_CMD(0xCE);
LCD_DISPLAY("Y");
DELAY(100);
UART0_SendStr("MOTION: YES");
UART0_SendByte('\r');
UART0_SendByte('\n');
DELAY(100);
}
else
{
LCD_CMD(0xCE);
LCD_DISPLAY("N");
58

DELAY(100);
UART0_SendStr("MOTION: NO");
UART0_SendByte('\r');
UART0_SendByte('\n');
DELAY(100);
} */
DELAY(1000);
AD0CR = (AD0CR&0xFFFFFF00)|0x04;

//Select AD0.1 for conversion

//P0.29
AD0CR|=(1 << 24);
while((AD0DR2&0x80000000)==0);
ADC_Data4 = AD0DR2;
ADC_Data4 = (ADC_Data4>>8) & 0x03FF;
DELAY(200);
//LCD_CMD(0xC2);
//send_bcd(ADC_Data4);
//DELAY(1000);
//UART0_SendStr("HMDTY: ");
//UART0_SendByte((ADC_Data4/10) + 0x30);
//UART0_SendByte((ADC_Data4%10) + 0x30);
//UART0_SendStr("%RH");
UART0_SendByte('\r');
UART0_SendByte('\n');
DELAY(1000);
//////////////////////////FIRE//////////////////////////////////
DELAY(1000);
aaa=IOPIN0;
aaa=aaa & 0X00200000;

//p0.21 fire

if(aaa==0X00200000)
{
LCD_CMD(0x8E);
LCD_DISPLAY("N");
DELAY(1000);
UART0_SendStr("FIRE : NO ");
59

UART0_SendByte('\r');
UART0_SendByte('\n');
DELAY(1000);
}
else
{
LCD_CMD(0x8E);
LCD_DISPLAY("Y");
DELAY(1000);
UART0_SendStr("FIRE : YES ");
UART0_SendByte('\r');
UART0_SendByte('\n');
DELAY(1000);
}
///////////////////////////////////////////////////
DELAY(1000);
DELAY(1000);
DELAY(1000);
DELAY(1000);
}
}
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
void LCD_INIT()
{
unsigned int i;
IODIR0|=PORT;
IODIR1|=0X01400000;
for(i=0;i<6;i++)
{
LCD_CMD(C[i]);
}
}
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
void LCD_CMD(unsigned char x)
60

{
unsigned int data;
IOCLR0=PORT;
data=x;
data=data & 0xf0;
data=data<<6;
IOCLR1=RS;
IOSET0=data;
IOSET1=EN;
DELAY(100);
IOCLR1=EN;
IOCLR0=PORT;
DELAY(100);
data=x;
data=data & 0x0F;
data=data<<10;
IOCLR1=RS;
IOSET0=data;
IOSET1=EN;
DELAY(100);
IOCLR1|=EN;
IOCLR0|=PORT;
}
void LCD_DATA(unsigned char x)
{
unsigned int data;
IOCLR0=PORT;
data=x;
data=data & 0xf0;
data=data<<6;
IOSET1=RS;
IOSET0=data;
IOSET1=EN;
DELAY(100);
61

DELAY(5000);
IOCLR1=EN;
IOCLR0=PORT;
DELAY(100);
data=x;
data=data & 0x0F;
data=data<<10;
IOSET1=RS;
IOSET0=data;
IOSET1=EN;
DELAY(100);
IOCLR1=EN;
IOCLR0=PORT;
}
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
void LCD_DISPLAY(unsigned char *data)
{
while(*data)
{
LCD_DATA(*data);
data++;
}
LCD_CMD(0x80);
}
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
void DELAY(unsigned int val)
{
unsigned int i;
while(val--)
for (i=0; i<200; i++);
}
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
void Init_UART0(void)

//This function setups UART1

{
62

unsigned int Baud16;

U0LCR = 0x83;

// DLAB = 1

Baud16 = (Fpclk / 16) / UART_BPS1;

U0DLM = Baud16 / 256;
U0DLL = Baud16 % 256;
U0LCR = 0x03;
}
void send_bcd(int value)
{
int d1=0,d2=0,d3=0,d4=0;
//aaa=0;
while(value>=1000)
{
value=value-1000;
d4++ ;
}
//ascii(d4);
while(value>=100)
{
value=value-100;
d3++ ;
}
//ascii(d3);
while(value>=10)
{
value=value-10;
d2++ ;
}
ascii(d2);
d1=value;
ascii(d1);
}
void ascii(unsigned int data)
{
63

data=data+0x30;
LCD_DATA(data);
DELAY(1000);
}
void send_bcd1(int value)
{
int d1=0,d2=0,d3=0,d4=0;
//aaa=0;
while(value>=1000)
{
value=value-1000;
d4++ ;
}
//ascii(d4);
while(value>=100)
{
value=value-100;
d3++ ;
}
ascii(d3);
while(value>=10)
{
value=value-10;
d2++ ;
}
ascii(d2);
d1=value;
ascii(d1);
}
void ADC_Init()

//This function inits ADC peripheral

{
AD0CR=0x00200E00;

// SEL = 1

ADC0 channel 1

Channel 1

// CLKDIV = Fpclk / 1000000 - 1; 1MHz

64

// BURST = 0 // CLKS = 0 // PDN = 1

// START = 1 // EDGE = 0 (CAP/MAT)
}
void UART0_SendByte(unsigned char data)

//A function to send a byte on

UART1
{
U0THR = data;
while( (U0LSR&0x40)==0 );
}
void UART0_SendStr(const unsigned char *str)
on UART1
{
while(1)
{
if( *str == '\0' ) break;
UART0_SendByte(*str++);
}
}

6.6 FLOW CHART:

65

//A function to send a string

Figure 6.1 flowchart

66

OBSERVATIONS:

Fig. 6.2 Overview of project

Fig.6.3 Initial LCD Output

67

Fig. 6.4 Final LCD Output

68

Fig.6.4 Initial output in android app

Fig 6.5 Final output in android app

69

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE:

Today we link modern instruments to smart phones like android to reduce human error and
automate record keeping. Here we are monitoring the 5 different sensors temperature,
fire, smoke, intruder and light. We are using temperature sensor as LM-35, fire sensor as
photodiode, smoke sensor as MQ-2, light sensor as LDR and intruder sensor as Passive
Infrared Sensor. We monitored all the above mentioned parameters and also controlled
temperature and light. We interfaced the microcontroller with the android mobile and a
communication was set up using Bluetooth module. A Robotic platform was set up and its
movement was controlled by the android application. Robotic platform was developed so
that the system can monitor all parameters at different places.
A step by step approach in designing the micro controller based system for monitor and
control of the 5 essential parameters for industrial growth (i.e.) temperature, fire, smoke,
intruder and light has been followed. The results obtained from the measurement have
shown that the system performance is quite reliable and accurate. The system has
successfully overcome quite a few shortcomings of the existing systems by reducing the
power consumption, maintenance and complexity at the same time providing a flexible
and precise form of maintaining the environment.
The continuously decreasing cost of hardware and software, the wider acceptance of
electronic systems in industries, and an emerging industrial control system in several areas
of industrial production, will result in reliable control, systems that will address several
aspects of quality and quantity of production. Further improvements will be made as less
expensive and more reliable sensors are developed for use in industrial production. Further
improvements in the sensors used can be a water sprinkler that can be used as a control for
fire, an exhaust fan can implemented for the controlling of smoke and an automatic door
locking system can be developed by using intruder sensor for controlling for thief sensor.

70

REFRENECES:
1. Codeproject.com
2. Wikipedia.com
3. Engineers garage.com
4. Microcontrollers.blogspot.com
5. https://www.sparkfun.com/datasheets/sensors
6. IIT Kharagpur study materials
7. www.arm.com
8. www.keil.com
9. www.datasheetarchive.com
10. ebooksgenius.com

71