Holy Roman Emperor

For the racehorse, see Holy Roman Emperor (horse).

From the time of Constantine I, i.e., the fourth century

A.D., the Roman emperors had, with very few exceptions, taken on a role as promoters and defenders of
Christianity. The title of Emperor became defunct in
Western Europe after the deposition of Romulus Augustulus in 476 AD; both the title and connection between
Emperor and Church continued in the Eastern Roman
Empire until 1453 A.D, when it fell to the forces of the
Ottoman Empire. In the west, the title of Emperor (Latin:
Imperator) was revived in 800 A.D, which also renewed
ideas of imperialpapal cooperation. As the papacys
power grew during the Middle Ages, popes and emperors came into conict over church administration. The
best-known and most bitter conict was that known as
the Investiture Controversy, fought during the 11th century between Henry IV and Pope Gregory VII.

The Holy Roman Emperor (German: Rmischdeutscher Kaiser, Latin: Romanorum Imperator) was the
ruler of the Holy Roman Empire. The position evolved
into an elected monarchy, but the emperor elect (imperator electus) was until the 15th century required to be
crowned by the Pope before assuming the imperial title. The title was held in conjunction with the rule of the
Kingdom of Germany and the Kingdom of Italy (Imperial
Northern Italy).[1][2][3] In theory, the Holy Roman Emperor was primus inter pares (rst among equals) among
the other Roman Catholic monarchs; in practice, a Holy
Roman Emperor was only as strong as his army and alliances made him.

After Charlemagne was crowned Emperor of the Romans

(Latin: Imperator Romanorum) by the Pope, his successors maintained the title until the death of Berengar I
of Italy in 924. No pope appointed an emperor again
until the coronation of Otto the Great in 962. Under
Otto and his successors, much of the former Carolingian
kingdom of Eastern Francia fell within the boundaries of
the Holy Roman Empire. The various German princes
elected one of their peers as King of the Germans, after
which he would be crowned as emperor by the Pope. After Charles Vs coronation, all succeeding emperors were
legally emperors-elect due to the lack of papal coronation,
but for all practical purposes they were simply called emperors.

Title

The term sacrum (i.e. holy) in connection with the

medieval Roman Empire was rst used in 1157 under
Frederick I Barbarossa.[4] Charles V was the last Holy
Roman Emperor to be crowned by the Pope (1530). The
nal Holy Roman Emperor-elect, Francis II, abdicated in
1806 during the Napoleonic Wars that saw the Empires
nal dissolution.
The standard designation of the Holy Roman Emperor
was August Emperor of the Romans (Romanorum Imperator Augustus). When Charlemagne was crowned in
800, his was styled as most serene Augustus, crowned
by God, great and pacic emperor, governing the Roman
Empire, thus constituting the elements of Holy and
Roman in the imperial title. The word Holy had never
been used as part of that title in ocial documents.[5]
Replicas of the Crown jewels

The word Roman was a reection of the translatio imperii

(transfer of rule) principle that regarded the (Germanic)
Holy Roman Emperors as the inheritors of the title of

Further information: Emperor

LIST OF EMPERORS

Emperor of the Western Roman Empire, despite the con- After 1438, the Kings remained in the house of Habsburg
tinued existence of the Eastern Roman Empire.
and Habsburg-Lorraine, with the brief exception of
Charles VII, who was a Wittelsbach. Maximilian I (Emperor 15081519) and his successors no longer travelled
Rome to be crowned as Emperor by the Pope. Max2 Succession of the Holy Roman to
imilian therefore named himself Elected Roman EmEmperors
peror (Erwhlter Rmischer Kaiser) in 1508 with papal
approval. This title was in use by all his uncrowned successors. Of his successors only Charles V, the immediate
one, received a papal coronation.

3 List of emperors
See also: List of German monarchs
This list includes all emperors of the Holy Roman Empire, whether or not they styled themselves Holy Roman
Emperor. There are some gaps in the tally. For example,
Henry the Fowler was King of Germany but not Emperor;
Emperor Henry II was numbered as his successor as German King. The Guideschi follow the numeration for the
Duchy of Spoleto.

3.1 Emperors before Otto the Great

Holy Roman Emperors of Habsburg dynasty and their families

Successions to the kingship were controlled by a variety

of complicated factors. Elections meant the kingship of
Germany was only partially hereditary, unlike the kingship of France, although sovereignty frequently remained
in a dynasty until there were no more male successors.
Some scholars suggest that the task of the elections was
really to solve conicts only when the dynastic rule was
unclear, yet the process meant that the prime candidate
had to make concessions, by which the voters were kept
on side, which were known as Wahlkapitulationen (election capitulations).

Traditional historiography claimed a continuity between

the Carolingian Empire and the Holy Roman Empire.
This is rejected by some modern historians, who date the
foundation of the Holy Roman Empire to 962. The rulers
who were crowned as Emperors in the West before 962
were as follows:

3.1.1 Carolingian dynasty

3.1.2 Guideschi dynasty
3.1.3 Carolingian dynasty
3.1.4 Bosonid dynasty

The Electoral council was set at seven princes (three arch- 3.1.5 Unruoching dynasty
bishops and four secular princes) by the Golden Bull of
1356. It remained so until 1648, when the settlement of
There was no emperor in the west between 924 and 962.
the Thirty Years War required the addition of a new elector to maintain the precarious balance between Protestant
and Catholic factions in the Empire. Another elector was
added in 1690, and the whole college was reshued in
1803, a mere three years before the dissolution of the 3.2 Holy Roman Emperors
Empire.

3
Holy Roman Empire

3.2.1

Ottonian (Saxon) dynasty

3.2.2

Salian (Frankish) dynasty

3.2.3

Supplinburg dynasty

3.2.4

Staufen (or Hohenstaufen) dynasty

3.2.5

Welf dynasty

3.2.6

Staufen (or Hohenstaufen) dynasty

3.2.7

House of Luxembourg

3.2.8

House of Wittelsbach

3.2.9

House of Luxembourg

[4] Peter Moraw, Heiliges Reich, in: Lexikon des Mittelalters,

Munich & Zurich: Artemis 19771999, vol. 4, columns
20252028.

3.2.10

House of Habsburg

[5] Bryce, James (1968). The Holy Roman Empire. Macmillan. p. 530.

3.2.11

House of Wittelsbach

[6] Egon Boshof: Ludwig der Fromme. Darmstadt 1996, p.

89

3.2.12

House of Habsburg-Lorraine

Coronation

See also: Coronation of the Holy Roman Emperor and

Papal appointment

6 References
[1] Peter Hamish Wilson, The Holy Roman Empire, 1495
1806, MacMillan Press 1999, London, page 2
[2] Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn: The Menace of the Herd or
Procrustes at Large Page: 164
[3] Robert Edwin Herzstein, Robert Edwin Herzstein: The
Holy Roman Empire in the Middle Ages: universal state
or German catastrophe?

[7] enumerated as successor of Henry I who was German

King 919936 but not Emperor.
[8] enumerated as successor of Conrad I who was German
King 911918 but not Emperor
[9] Barraclough, Georey (1984). The Origins of Modern
Germany. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0-39330153-2.

The Emperor was crowned in a special ceremony, traditionally performed by the Pope in Rome, using the [10] enumerated as successor of Lothair II, who was King of
Lotharingia 855869 but not Emperor
Imperial Regalia. Without that coronation, no king, despite exercising all powers, could call himself Emperor. [11] Emperor-Elect.
In 1508, Pope Julius II allowed Maximilian I to use the
title of Emperor without coronation in Rome, though [12] enumerated as successor of Rudolph I who was German
King 12731291.
the title was qualied as Electus Romanorum Imperator
(elected Emperor of the Romans). Maximilians successors adopted the same titulature, usually when they became the sole ruler of the Holy Roman Empire. Maximilians rst successor Charles V was the last to be crowned
Emperor.

See also
Concordat of Worms
Emperor for other uses of the title Emperor in
western Europe.
First Council of the Lateran
Holy Roman Emperors family tree
Holy Roman Empress
King of the Romans
List of German monarchs

7 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

7.1

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Holy Roman Emperor Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy%20Roman%20Emperor?oldid=656268308 Contributors: AxelBoldt,

JHK, Slrubenstein, Rgamble, SimonP, Olivier, Kwertii, MartinHarper, ArnoLagrange, Djmutex, Andres, John K, Jengod, Ntnon, Reddi,
Choster, Lord Emsworth, Fvw, Jfruh, Qertis, Robbot, Altenmann, Naddy, DocWatson42, Ferkelparade, Snowdog, Philvid2, Tagishsimon,
Fishal, Alexf, Gdr, Eregli bob, OwenBlacker, PFHLai, Pmanderson, Icairns, Picapica, Lacrimosus, Rich Farmbrough, Dbachmann, Michael
Zimmermann, SpookyMulder, SamEV, Amcalabrese, CJWilly, Smalljim, Enric Naval, StanZegel, Dark Shikari, Stephen Hodge, Deacon
of Pndapetzim, Joshbrez, Tobyc75, AlexTieing, Navneeth, Gil-Galad, Mandarax, Sin-man, Ashmoo, Kdar, Cuchullain, Ketiltrout, Koavf,
Gryndor, BlueMoonlet, MZMcBride, Olessi, EvanSeeds, Tagith, Mark J, Str1977, Choess, Alphachimp, Bgwhite, Eraserhead1, RussBot, Fabartus, Rsrikanth05, NawlinWiki, Peter Delmonte, Countakeshi, Syrthiss, Rob117, Ccgrimm, Jverkoey, Alarob, Joshmaul, Petri
Krohn, Silverhelm, Garion96, Nixer, BomBom, SmackBot, Piccadilly, Yopie, Srnec, Reza1615, Rex Germanus, Hebel, Neo-Jay, Can't
sleep, clown will eat me, Ghiraddje, Savidan, Legaleagle86, Jowston, Qmwne235, Esrever, RandomCritic, Tartessos75, Dicklyon, JRThro,
Alessandro57, CapitalR, Richard75, Ghaly, Richard Keatinge, Cydebot, Gogo Dodo, Bazzargh, DumbBOT, CSvBibra, Headbomb, Saibo,
Tapir Terric, GideonF, NERIUM, Pichote, Myanw, JAnDbot, Magioladitis, ZPM, Sam Medany, WikieWikieWikie, Mannerheim, STBot,
Way of Inquiry, Agricolae, Vortimer, Rettetast, CommonsDelinker, AlexiusHoratius, J.delanoy, DrKiernan, Hans Dunkelberg, M-le-motdit, Olegwiki, Idioma-bot, Wikieditor06, King Lopez, VolkovBot, Philip Trueman, Trasamundo, Crohnie, Eldredo, FinnWiki, Andygharvey, Hasanbay, Jacotto, Lucasbfrbot, Audioline, Apollo Augustus Koo, Emperor001, Mimihitam, Shakko, Lightmouse, A E Francis,
Ahae5d, De728631, ClueBot, Byzantine74, Jan1nad, TypoBoy, Piledhigheranddeeper, Auntof6, Bullsrock478, Mumia-w-18, Estirabot,
SoxBot, Versus22, Pirags, Sunquanliangxiuhao, Fastily, Marschner, Ruevim, Surtsicna, Luwilt, Addbot, Blethering Scot, Mnmazur, LaaknorBot, Glane23, The Quill, Tide rolls, Lightbot, Luckas-bot, Yobot, The Emperors New Spy, Washburnmav, KamikazeBot, Jean.julius,
Againme, Jcegobrain, Gabe brady, AnomieBOT, Andrewrp, Ichwan Palongengi, Floozybackloves, Ulric1313, Materialscientist, ArthurBot,
LovesMacs, Enok, I Feel Tired, Chaos50006, Mistress kristi, GrouchoBot, , Ranjithan, The real Marcoman, Doulos Christos,
Tstroege, Cochma, A Werewolf, Aymericus, Allarand Arcadia, HRoestBot, Jacobite restoration, Full-date unlinking bot, Cliniic, Jirka.h23,
FoxBot, Discographer, Lotje, Breckenheimer, Micheal Knez, Lostfan17, Jimtaip, Mackay 86, EmausBot, WikitanvirBot, Nerissa-Marie,
The Mysterious El Willstro, Jauchegrubenleerungen plus, Ida Shaw, Sundostund, Primus128, Guylifshitz, IIIraute, Franzy89, Immunmotbluescreen, , Brandmeister, Senjuto, Chewings72, ChuispastonBot, TRAJAN 117, ClueBot NG, Movses-bot, Bazuz, Widr,
Harsimaja, Helpful Pixie Bot, Choicepublic, WfJg3s2ZVE, Ernio48, Basemetal, Plumpshus, Llhnickerson, EeuHP, TheMonarchman, Barjimoa, Dripsclip, Rianmullins and Anonymous: 241

7.2

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File:Ambrogio_de_Predis_001.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/Ambrogio_de_Predis_001.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: [1] Original artist: Giovanni Ambrogio de Predis (circa 1455-after 1508)
File:Archdukerudolf.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/Archdukerudolf.jpg License: Public domain
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File:Armoiries_Henri_VII_de_Luxembourg.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Armoiries_Henri_
VII_de_Luxembourg.svg License: ? Contributors: Own Work, Custom Creation according to the description at Hraldique Europenne
Original artist: Drawing created by David Liuzzo
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Charles_IV.png License: ? Contributors: Own Work, Custom Creation according to the description at Hraldique Europenne Original
artist: Drawing created by David Liuzzo
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File:Armoiries_empereur_Sigismond_Ier.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a2/Armoiries_empereur_
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Hohenstaufen.svg License: ? Contributors: Own Work, Custom Creation according to the description at Hraldique Europenne Original
artist: Drawing created by David Liuzzo
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N3MO
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domain Contributors: Mandragore Latin 5411 Original artist: Template:Johannes Berardi (chronicon casauriense)
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Contributors:
http://www.saecula.it/saecula/immagini_ctArc.asp?AREA=&MODEIMG=CATEGORIA&ID_CATEGORIA=5&
NOMEPAGINA=IMG_CAT_Pitture%20e%20mosaici Original artist: Unknown
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por_Arias_Fern%C3%A1ndez.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.museodelprado.es/coleccion/galeria-on-line/
galeria-on-line/obra/carlos-v-y-felipe-ii/ Original artist: Antonio Arias Fernndez

7.2

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IV-John_Ocko_votive_picture-fragment.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Scanned from Bohemian art of the gothic and early
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SVG elements from <a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Blason_ville_
fr_Beaufort-en-Vall%C3%A9e_(Maine-et-Loire).svg' class='image'><img alt='Blason ville fr Beaufort-en-Valle (Maineet-Loire).svg'
src='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Blason_ville_fr_Beaufort-en-Vall%C3%A9e_
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width='50'
height='55'
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1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Blason_ville_fr_Beaufort-en-Vall%C3%A9e_%28Maine-et-Loire%29.
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2x'
data-le-width='600'
data-leheight='660' /></a> <a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Blason_Sarrewerden_France_Bas-Rhin.svg' class='image'><img
alt='Blason Sarrewerden France Bas-Rhin.svg' src='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Blason_Sarrewerden_
France_Bas-Rhin.svg/50px-Blason_Sarrewerden_France_Bas-Rhin.svg.png' width='50' height='55' srcset='//upload.wikimedia.org/
wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Blason_Sarrewerden_France_Bas-Rhin.svg/75px-Blason_Sarrewerden_France_Bas-Rhin.svg.png
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France_Bas-Rhin.svg.png 2x' data-le-width='600' data-le-height='660' /></a> Original artist: Ipankonin
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<a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Blason_duche_fr_Normandie.svg' class='image'><img alt='Blason duche fr Normandie.svg'
src='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Blason_duche_fr_Normandie.svg/109px-Blason_
duche_fr_Normandie.svg.png' width='109' height='120' srcset='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Blason_
duche_fr_Normandie.svg/164px-Blason_duche_fr_Normandie.svg.png 1.5x,
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thumb/6/6f/Blason_duche_fr_Normandie.svg/218px-Blason_duche_fr_Normandie.svg.png 2x' data-le-width='600' data-leheight='660' /></a>
<a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Escudo_de_Arganda_del_Rey.svg' class='image'><img alt='Escudo de Arganda
del Rey.svg' src='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Escudo_de_Arganda_del_Rey.svg/69px-Escudo_de_
Arganda_del_Rey.svg.png' width='69' height='120' srcset='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Escudo_
de_Arganda_del_Rey.svg/103px-Escudo_de_Arganda_del_Rey.svg.png 1.5x,
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thumb/e/e8/Escudo_de_Arganda_del_Rey.svg/137px-Escudo_de_Arganda_del_Rey.svg.png 2x' data-le-width='550' data-leheight='960' /></a>
<a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Armoiries_Royaume_Grenade.png' class='image'><img alt='' src='//upload.
wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Armoiries_Royaume_Grenade.png/108px-Armoiries_Royaume_Grenade.png'
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Pomegranate, traced
<a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_(after_1400).svg' class='image'><img
alt=''
src='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_%28after_
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width='120'
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Eagle
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org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Counts_of_Habsburg_Arms.svg/100px-Counts_of_Habsburg_Arms.svg.png'
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Lion
Original artist: Ipankonin
File:Charles_le_Chauve_denier_Bourges_after_848.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/Charles_le_
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artist: ?

7 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

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srcset='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_%28after_1400%
29.svg/180px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_%28after_1400%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
commons/thumb/3/3f/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_%28after_1400%29.svg/240px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_
Emperor_%28after_1400%29.svg.png 2x' data-le-width='600' data-le-height='400' /></a>
Eagle
<a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Austria_Bundesadler.svg' class='image'><img alt='' src='//upload.wikimedia.
org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Austria_Bundesadler.svg/113px-Austria_Bundesadler.svg.png' width='113' height='120'
srcset='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Austria_Bundesadler.svg/170px-Austria_Bundesadler.svg.png
1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Austria_Bundesadler.svg/227px-Austria_Bundesadler.svg.png 2x'
data-le-width='730' data-le-height='772' /></a>
Shield and proportions
Original artist: Ipankonin
File:Emperor_Louis_IV_Arms.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/Emperor_Louis_IV_Arms.svg License: ? Contributors: Own Work, Custom Creation according to the description at Hraldique Europenne Original artist: Drawing
created by David Liuzzo
File:Emperor_Otto_IV_Arms.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Emperor_Otto_IV_Arms.svg License: ? Contributors: Please edit this les description and provide a proper source.
HELP: (1) The picture claims to show an original insignia. Own work is therefor no proper source. The provided source doesn't show an original depiction
nor an original description and is probably POV (point of view). (2) For coat of arms please use the blazon and/or the picture of an original interpretation of
the blazon to provide an adequate source, but at least one or more references to literature. (3) If this depiction is a derivative please use the template Template:
Derived from to avoid sequence errors to make this work more transparent for other users and to avoid an infringement of the copyright licence. In some
cases it also might be advisable to name the author of those pictures. Thank you for your great work. Original artist: Drawing created by David Liuzzo

File:Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg License: Cc-bysa-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

File:Francis_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor_at_age_25,_1792.png Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/
Francis_II%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor_at_age_25%2C_1792.png License: Public domain Contributors: Transfered from de.wikipedia,
Zesarewitsch Original artist: Unknown
File:Francis_I_Arms-imperial.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/Francis_I_Arms-imperial.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: SVG elements from
<a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Blason_d%C3%A9partement_fr_Meuse.svg' class='image'><img alt='Blason dpartement fr Meuse.svg' src='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Blason_d%C3%A9partement_fr_Meuse.
svg/109px-Blason_d%C3%A9partement_fr_Meuse.svg.png' width='109' height='120' srcset='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
commons/thumb/1/14/Blason_d%C3%A9partement_fr_Meuse.svg/164px-Blason_d%C3%A9partement_fr_Meuse.svg.png
1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Blason_d%C3%A9partement_fr_Meuse.svg/218px-Blason_d%
C3%A9partement_fr_Meuse.svg.png 2x' data-le-width='600' data-le-height='660' /></a>
<a
href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Armoiries_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg'
class='image'><img
alt='Armoiries
de
Jrusalem.svg'
src='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Armoiries_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/
109px-Armoiries_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png' width='109' height='120' srcset='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/
thumb/b/b5/Armoiries_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/164px-Armoiries_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.
org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Armoiries_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/218px-Armoiries_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png 2x'
data-le-width='600' data-le-height='660' /></a>
<a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Blason_Lorraine.svg' class='image'><img alt='Blason Lorraine.svg' src='//upload.
wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Blason_Lorraine.svg/109px-Blason_Lorraine.svg.png' width='109' height='120'
srcset='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Blason_Lorraine.svg/164px-Blason_Lorraine.svg.png
1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Blason_Lorraine.svg/218px-Blason_Lorraine.svg.png 2x' data-lewidth='600' data-le-height='660' /></a>

7.2

Images

<a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Leopold_I_Arms-imperial.svg' class='image'><img alt='Leopold I Armsimperial.svg'

src='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Leopold_I_Arms-imperial.svg/100px-Leopold_I_
Arms-imperial.svg.png' width='100' height='120' srcset='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Leopold_I_
Arms-imperial.svg/150px-Leopold_I_Arms-imperial.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/
Leopold_I_Arms-imperial.svg/200px-Leopold_I_Arms-imperial.svg.png 2x' data-le-width='550' data-le-height='659' /></a>
<a
href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Arms_of_Francis_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor-Or_shield_variant.svg'
class='image'><img alt='Arms of Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor-Or shield variant.svg' src='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
commons/thumb/e/e1/Arms_of_Francis_I%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor-Or_shield_variant.svg/100px-Arms_of_Francis_I%
2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor-Or_shield_variant.svg.png' width='100' height='120' srcset='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
commons/thumb/e/e1/Arms_of_Francis_I%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor-Or_shield_variant.svg/150px-Arms_of_Francis_I%
2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor-Or_shield_variant.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Arms_
of_Francis_I%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor-Or_shield_variant.svg/200px-Arms_of_Francis_I%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor-Or_
shield_variant.svg.png 2x' data-le-width='769' data-le-height='924' /></a>
Original artist: Ipankonin
File:Frans_I_von_Habsburg.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d8/Frans_I_von_Habsburg.jpg License:
Public domain Contributors: Unknown Original artist: Unknown (probably Mytens)
File:Frans_Luycx_002.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Frans_Luycx_002.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: [1] Original artist: Frans Luycx
File:Frederick_II_and_eagle.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Frederick_II_and_eagle.jpg License:
Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:George_Desmares_002.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/George_Desmar%C3%A9es_002.jpg
License: Public domain Contributors: [1] Original artist: Workshop of Georg Desmares
File:Hans_Bocksberger_(I)_-_Emperor_Ferdinand_I_-_WGA02326.jpg
Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
commons/7/7d/Hans_Bocksberger_%28I%29_-_Emperor_Ferdinand_I_-_WGA02326.jpg License:
Public domain Contributors: Web Gallery of Art: <a href='http://www.wga.hu/art/b/bocksber/ferdinan.jpg' data-x-rel='nofollow'><img alt='Inkscape.svg'
src='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Inkscape.svg/20px-Inkscape.svg.png'
width='20'
height='20'
srcset='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Inkscape.svg/30px-Inkscape.svg.png
1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.
org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Inkscape.svg/40px-Inkscape.svg.png 2x' data-le-width='60' data-le-height='60' /></a>
Image <a href='http://www.wga.hu/html/b/bocksber/ferdinan.html' data-x-rel='nofollow'><img alt='Information icon.svg'
src='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Information_icon.svg/20px-Information_icon.svg.png'
width='20'
height='20' srcset='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Information_icon.svg/30px-Information_icon.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Information_icon.svg/40px-Information_icon.svg.png 2x' data-le-width='620'
data-le-height='620' /></a> Info about artwork Original artist: Hans Bocksberger the Elder
File:Hans_Burgkmair_d._._005.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/Hans_Burgkmair_d._%C3%84.
_005.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Bilddatenbank KHM Original artist: Hans Burgkmair
File:Heinrich_IV._1089.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Heinrich_IV._1089.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Wolfgang Sauber
File:Henry7Luc.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cd/Henry7Luc.jpg License: CC BY 3.0 Contributors:
Own work Original artist: Acoma
File:Historisches-Museum-Frankfurt-2013-Reichsinsignien-Ffm-667.jpg Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
commons/8/87/Historisches-Museum-Frankfurt-2013-Reichsinsignien-Ffm-667.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work
Original artist: Simsalabimbam
File:Image-Charlemagne-by-Durer.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/Charlemagne-by-Durer.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: The Yorck Project: 10.000 Meisterwerke der Malerei. DVD-ROM, 2002. ISBN 3936122202. Distributed by DIRECTMEDIA Publishing GmbH. Original artist: Albrecht Drer
File:Jan_Thomas_001.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/Jan_Thomas_001.jpg License: Public domain
Contributors: [1] Original artist: Jan Thomas
File:Jean_Dassier_-_Louis_II._roy_de_France.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/Jean_Dassier_-_
Louis_II._roy_de_France.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: http://gallica.bnf.fr/ Original artist: Jean Dassier
File:Jindra2_cisar.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Jindra2_cisar.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:StammtafelOttonen0002.jpg Original artist: Anonymous
File:Jindra4Salsky.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/Jindra4Salsky.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.mittelalter.uni-tuebingen.de/files/images/022_salier1.preview.jpg Original artist: Ekkehard von Aura
File:Jindra5Salsky.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Jindra5Salsky.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.mittelalter.uni-tuebingen.de/files/images/022_salier1.preview.jpg Original artist: Ekkehard von Aura
File:JindrichVIStauf_trun.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/JindrichVIStauf_trun.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.renfroana.150m.com/history/liberadhonoremaugusti/139r.jpg Original artist: Peter of Eboli
File:Jindich3Slsk.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Jind%C5%99ich3S%C3%A1lsk%C3%BD.
jpg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.mittelalter.uni-tuebingen.de/files/images/022_salier1.preview.jpg Original artist:
Ekkehard von Aura
File:Joseph_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor.jpg Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Joseph_I%2C_Holy_
Roman_Emperor.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Originally from en.wikipedia; description page is (was) here Original artist: ?

7 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

File:Kaiser_Ferdinand_II._1614.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Kaiser_Ferdinand_II._1614.jpg

License: Public domain Contributors: [1] Original artist: English: Unknown from Upper Austria
File:Kaiser_Franz_II_um_1800.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/Kaiser_Franz_II_um_1800.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.dorotheum.com Original artist: Anonymous Austrian painter
File:Kaiser_Joseph_II_in_Uniform_mit_Ordensschmuck_c1780_2.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/
92/Kaiser_Joseph_II_in_Uniform_mit_Ordensschmuck_c1780_2.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Dorotheum Original artist:
Anonymous
File:Kaiser_Leopold_II_in_Feldmarschallsuniform_c1790.jpg Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/
Kaiser_Leopold_II_in_Feldmarschallsuniform_c1790.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Dorotheum Original artist: Anonymous
File:Konrd2.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Konr%C3%A1d2.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.mittelalter.uni-tuebingen.de/files/images/022_salier1.preview.jpg Original artist: Ekkehard von Aura
File:Leopold_II_Arms-imperial.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/Leopold_II_Arms-imperial.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: SVG elements from
<a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Blason_d%C3%A9partement_fr_Meuse.svg' class='image'><img alt='Blason dpartement fr Meuse.svg' src='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Blason_d%C3%A9partement_fr_Meuse.
svg/109px-Blason_d%C3%A9partement_fr_Meuse.svg.png' width='109' height='120' srcset='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
commons/thumb/1/14/Blason_d%C3%A9partement_fr_Meuse.svg/164px-Blason_d%C3%A9partement_fr_Meuse.svg.png
1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Blason_d%C3%A9partement_fr_Meuse.svg/218px-Blason_d%
C3%A9partement_fr_Meuse.svg.png 2x' data-le-width='600' data-le-height='660' /></a>
<a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Blason_Beaumont_sur_Sarthe_72.svg' class='image'><img alt='Blason Beaumont sur Sarthe 72.svg' src='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Blason_Beaumont_sur_Sarthe_72.svg/
109px-Blason_Beaumont_sur_Sarthe_72.svg.png' width='109' height='120' srcset='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/
thumb/9/93/Blason_Beaumont_sur_Sarthe_72.svg/164px-Blason_Beaumont_sur_Sarthe_72.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.
org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Blason_Beaumont_sur_Sarthe_72.svg/218px-Blason_Beaumont_sur_Sarthe_72.svg.png 2x'
data-le-width='600' data-le-height='660' /></a>
<a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Blason_Lorraine.svg' class='image'><img alt='Blason Lorraine.svg' src='//upload.
wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Blason_Lorraine.svg/109px-Blason_Lorraine.svg.png' width='109' height='120'
srcset='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Blason_Lorraine.svg/164px-Blason_Lorraine.svg.png
1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Blason_Lorraine.svg/218px-Blason_Lorraine.svg.png 2x' data-lewidth='600' data-le-height='660' /></a>
<a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Charles_V_Arms-imperial.svg' class='image'><img alt='Charles V Armsimperial.svg'
src='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Charles_V_Arms-imperial.svg/100px-Charles_V_
Arms-imperial.svg.png' width='100' height='120' srcset='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Charles_V_
Arms-imperial.svg/150px-Charles_V_Arms-imperial.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/
Charles_V_Arms-imperial.svg/200px-Charles_V_Arms-imperial.svg.png 2x' data-le-width='550' data-le-height='659' /></a>
Original artist: Ipankonin
File:Lothaire_1er_denier_840_855.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/Lothaire_1er_denier_840_855.
jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work by uploader, photographed at Cabinet des Medailles, Paris Original artist: PHGCOM
File:Lothaire_III_crop.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/Lothaire_III_crop.jpg License: Public domain Contributors:
Lothaire_III.jpg Original artist: Lothaire_III.jpg: Furmeyer
File:Lothar_I.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fb/Lothar_I.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: ?
Original artist: ?
File:Louis_2.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/Louis_2.png License: Public domain Contributors: http:
//visualiseur.bnf.fr/Visualiseur?Destination=Mandragore&O=07844018&E=1&I=65603&M=imageseule Original artist: Johannes Berardi (chronicon casauriense)
File:Louis_le_Pieu_denier_Sens_818_823.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/Louis_le_Pieu_denier_
Sens_818_823.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work by uploader, photographed at Cabinet des Mdailles, Paris Original
artist: PHGCOM
File:Lucas_van_Valckenborch_003.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lucas_van_Valckenborch_
003.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: [1] Original artist: Lucas van Valckenborch (1535 or later1597)
File:Ludwig_der_Bayer.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/Ludwig_der_Bayer.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Gemlde im Mhldorfer Rathaus, painting in the City Hall of Mhldorf Original artist: uploaded by User:Tafkas, Maler
unbekannt, painter is unknown
File:Ludwik_I_Pobony.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/Ludwik_I_Pobo%C5%BCny.jpg License:
Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Maximilian_I_Arms.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/Maximilian_I_Arms.svg License: Public
domain Contributors:

7.3

Content license

<a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_(after_1400).svg' class='image'><img

alt=''
src='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_%28after_
1400%29.svg/120px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_%28after_1400%29.svg.png'
width='120'
height='80'
srcset='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_%28after_1400%
29.svg/180px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_%28after_1400%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
commons/thumb/3/3f/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_%28after_1400%29.svg/240px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_
Emperor_%28after_1400%29.svg.png 2x' data-le-width='600' data-le-height='400' /></a>
Eagle
<a
href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Austria-Burgundy_Arms.svg'
class='image'><img
alt=''
src='//upload.
wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Austria-Burgundy_Arms.svg/109px-Austria-Burgundy_Arms.svg.png'
width='109'
height='120'
srcset='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Austria-Burgundy_Arms.svg/
164px-Austria-Burgundy_Arms.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Austria-Burgundy_
Arms.svg/218px-Austria-Burgundy_Arms.svg.png 2x' data-le-width='600' data-le-height='660' /></a>
Shield
Original artist: Of this picture, Roland Geider (Ogre), of the two sources, the respective authors
File:Nicolas_Neufchtel_002.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Nicolas_Neufch%C3%A2tel_002.jpg
License: Public domain Contributors: [1][2] Original artist: Nicolas Neufchtel (. 15391567)
File:Office-book.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/Office-book.svg License: Public domain Contributors: This and myself. Original artist: Chris Down/Tango project
File:Ota3.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/Ota3.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: http://
commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:StammtafelOttonen0002.jpg Original artist: Anonymous
File:Ota3_cisar.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/de/Ota3_cisar.jpg License: Public domain Contributors:
http://mek.oszk.hu/00800/00893/html/img/nagy/178d.jpg Original artist: Szilgyi Sndor
File:Ota4Brunsvik.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Ota4Brunsvik.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.oronoz.com/imagenes/marcadas/imagenes05/051168.jpg Original artist: Giovanni Villani
File:Otto_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/Otto_I%2C_Holy_Roman_
Emperor.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Chronica regia Coloniensis Original artist: Anonymous
File:Otto_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/13/Otto_II%2C_Holy_Roman_
Emperor.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:StammtafelOttonen0002.jpg Original artist:
Anonymous
File:Pisanello_024b.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Pisanello_024b.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: [1] Original artist: Pisanello
File:Quaterionenadler_David_de_Negker.svg Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Quaterionenadler_
David_de_Negker.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: I created this work entirely by myself.
Vectorised from
Image:Quaterionenadler David de Negker.jpg Original artist: Martin23230 and Ssolbergj
File:Question_book-new.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/99/Question_book-new.svg License: Cc-by-sa-3.0
Contributors:
Created from scratch in Adobe Illustrator. Based on Image:Question book.png created by User:Equazcion Original artist:
Tkgd2007
File:Sceau_de_Charles_le_gros.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ec/Sceau_de_Charles_le_gros.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/106899/Charles-III Original artist: Unknown
File:Siegel_Heinrich_V.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Siegel_Heinrich_V.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Siegel_Otto_I_968.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Siegel_Otto_I_968.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Siegel_kaiser_heinrich_iii.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/Siegel_kaiser_heinrich_iii.png License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Sin_foto.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/Sin_foto.svg License: CC BY-SA 2.5 Contributors: ?
Original artist: ?
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7.3

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