Class Amphibia

Start of tetrapods
Anamniotes (adaptations to land
environment)
Anthracosaurs- ancestors of
amniotes (mississipian to Triassic
period)
Cold blooded
Can live both in land and water
With lungs (frim air bladders)
Can respire thru skin, mouth,
pharynx, lungs
Pelvic girdle attached to a single
sacral vertebra
Subclasses:
Labyrinthodontia
Lepospondyli
Lissamphibia
Subclass Labyrinthodontia
Oldest known amphibian
(extinct)- Devonian period
Small bony scales in the skin
Fin-rays in the tail (for
swimming)
A skull similar to that of some
Crossopterygians
A sensory canal system (like the
lateral line system) that indicates a
primarily aquatic existence
Representative: Ichthyostega
Subclass Lepospondyli
Extinct amphibians
(Carboniferous period)
Diverse number os species
Small size (as big as common
lizards)
Aquatic
Triangular skull (Diploceraspis)

Lacked limbs; species resembling

modern urodeles

Subclass Lissamphians
Modern amphibians
Order Anura (Saluentia)
o frogs & toads
o elongated urostyle
Fanged Frogs (Limnonectes spp.)
- the largest frogs in the Philippines
Platymantis pygmaeus
- the smallest frog in the
Philippines thus far.

Order Urodela (Caudata)

o tailed amphibians
o salamander
o retain larval gills
o neotenous
Order Apoda (Gymnophiona)
o wormlike, burrowing
amphibians
o Caecilians
o Short tail- 30 cm long

Amniotia
- Evolution of three membranes that
surrounds embryo: amnion,
allantois and chorion
- Amniotes 1st appear in fossil
record 310 million yrs ago
- Amnion- protects embryo in
amniotic cavity
- Yolk sac- yolk
- Allantois- disposal of wastes
- Chorion- with allantois for gas
exchange
Class Reptalia
1st amniotes
Scaly

 clawed
large, yolk-laden, shell covered
eggs laid on land
stem reptiles= Cotylosaurs (300
mya)
cold blodded (aquatic, terrestrial)
breathe thru lungs
developed long nec (cervical
vertebrae)
pelvic girdle articulates with 2
sacral vertebrae
internal fertilization
paired limbs usuallu with 5 toes
(pentadactyl)
heart with right and left atria
Anapsida
O. Cotylosauria
o Stem reptiles
O. Chelonia
o Turtles and tortoises
- Absence of temporal
arch
- Identified by bony
dermal plates to which
ribs & trunk vertebreae
are fused
- Cuora ambionensis (land
turtle)
> Jaws lacks teeth
> Covered w/ hard
horny beaks
- Tortoise
> Enormous size
> Large head shield
- Chelonia sp. (sea turtle)
- Gopherus sp. (desert
turtle)
- Eretmochelis imbricata
(hawksbill turtle)
Lepidosauria

O. Rhynchicephalia
o Tuatara (only
representative)
O. Squamata
o Lizards, geckos & snakes
o 2 temporal fossae
o powerful jaw suspension
o most recent reptiles
Suborder Lacertilia
> 2 pairs of pentadactyl
limbs
> upper and lower eyelids
> nictitation membrane
> Hemiphylodactylus sp.
(house lizard)
> - expanded digits for
climbing walls & trees
> Gecko gecko (tree lizard)
- nocturnal
- eyes are large, pupils
vertical
- eyelids are lost
- adhesive tpe pads
- capable of loud
vocalization
> Varanus sp. (giant or
monitor lizard)
- large lizard w/ tail longer
than head and body
> Draco omatus (flying
lizard)
- lateral folds of trunk
Suborder Ophidia
> Limbs are absent
> Eyelids are immovably
fused
> Eyes are covered by
transparent scales
> Some have fangs connected
to poison sacs

> Crawl by bending into a

series of S-shaped curves
> Cobra
- Long cervical ribs that
can be rotated outward
- Has hollow non folding
fangs connected to a
poison sacs
Archosauria
O. Thecodontia
o Stem archosaurs
O. Pterosauria
O. Saurischia
o 2 major groups: sauropods
& theropods
O. Ornuthischia
o Like iguanodon
O. Crocodilia
o Modified descendants of a
group bipedal archosaurs
o Giants of the living
reptiles
o Crocodylus sp.
(crocodiles)
> Infest rivers and lakes in
tropical region
> Snout is narrow and
pointed
> 4th tooth of the jaw is
exposed when the mouth
is closed
> aggressive
o Alligator sp. (alligators)
> Most abundant in the
costal regions of the
southern US
> Snout is broad and blunt
> 4th tooth of the lower jaw
fits into a pit in the upper
jaw

> Passive
Amniota: Synapsida
Early synapsids resembled
contemporary reptiles more than
mammals
More derived (i.e advanced)
synapsids resembled mammals
quite closely
Secondary aquatic reptiles
Repeated examples of linage of
terrestrial reptiles evolving into
aquatic forms
Excellent examples of convergent
evolution (ex. Wings of birds &
bats)
Evolution of powered flight
Powered flight evolved
independently three times in
vertebrates ( bats, birds &
pterosaurs)
Birds are Dinosaurs!
Birds are more closely related to
theropod dinosaurs than reptiles

Class Aves
Endothermic with feathers
Bipedal locomotion
Scales are on their beak, legs and
feet
Single occipital condyle and
diapsid skull
Reduced body weight
o Slender bones with air cavities
o No teeth
o Has a large sternal keel, carina
for attachment of massive
flight muscle

o Presence of air sacs

o Reduced wrist bones, palm
digits
o Fusion of bones (synsacrum)
o Absence of urinary bladder
Uropygial gland
Forelimbs for flying
Has a crop for storage of seeds
and grains
Females with left ovary and left
oviduct only
External incubation

Subclass Archeornithes
Archeopteryx sp.
- Oldest known bird has a long
reptilian tail, foreard nostril,
smaller wings
Subclass Neornithes (modern birds)
Superorder Odontognathae
Superorder Neognathae
o w/o teeth
o ratites- cant fly
o carinates- can fly
Class Mammalia
w/ mammary glands (except
monotremes)
with hairs
synapsid skull
1 dentary bone articulating w/
squamosal bone
3 middle ear bones
w/ diaphragm (separates thoracic
from abdominal cavities
sweat glans
absence of cloaca (except
oviparous mammals)
heterodont dentition
2 sets of teeth

biconcave, non- nucleated RBC

ear w/ pinna
specialized voice box
developed cerebral cortex

Major Divisions
Oviparous
o Protheris (monotremes)
- Lays eg and with cloaca
Viviparous
o Metatheria (marsupials)
- Yolk sac as placenta
o Eutheria (placentals)
- w/ chorioallontic
Monotremes
Platypus (Ductbill), Echidna
(spiny anteater)
Lay eggs
Absence of nipples (modified
sweat glans sucked by young
With cloaca
Testes w/n abdomen (absence of
scrotal sac)
No pinna of ear
Marsupials
Yolk sac serve as placenta
You nursed in marsupim
Geogreaphically isolated in
Australia
Repesentatives: Kangaroo, Koala,
Wallaby, Opossum, Phalanger,
Tasmanian Wolf
Insectivora
Subsist on insects
Plantigrade (flat footed)
Absence of sacotal sac
w/ shallow cloaca

 Sharp pointed teeth with incisors

Premolars poorly developed
Representatives: Tree shrew, moles
Chiroptera
Ability to fly
Prescence of patagium
Hind limb digits with claws
(clinging)
With keel (sternum)
With pinna
Primates
Primarily arboreal mammals
grasping hand
Opposable thumb
Presence of nails (instead of
claws)
Large cerebreal hemisphere
Duplex uterus
One pair of nipples (thoracic
region)
Plantigrade
Higher primates
o Platyrrhine-nostrils open
on sides
o Catarrhines- nostrils open
anteriorly
Carnivora
Flesh eaters
Terrestrial
Long sharp canines
Powerful jaws
Foot with tori
Representatives: lions, tigers, jaguars
Pinnipedia
Marine flesh-eaters
No pinna of ears
With flippers

Anadromous organisms
Represntatives: sea lion, walrus
Cetacea
Aquatic marine mammals
With tail fin similar to fishes (2
lobes)
With flippers)
One nostril (dorsal side)
Representatives: dol[phin, whale,
propoise
Edentata
Advance insectivorous
Toothless
Armored mammals (bony plates)
Can roll into a ball (defense
mechanism)
Nocturnal
Representative: Armadillos
Tubulidentata
20 columnar permanent teeth with
tube-like pulp cavity
anteaters
last surviving ancient line of
hoofed mammals
derived from ancestral ungulate
lineage
digitigrade
Representative: aadvark
Pholidota
Toothless scaly anteaters
overlapping horn scale
manus and pes with long curved
claws
jaw muscles are weak
tongue sticky & long
muscular stomach wall

grinding of food assisted by

pebbles (similar to gizzard of
birds)
Representative Pangolin

Ruminants (chew cud)

Representatives: pigs
Hippopotamuses, cattles, camels,
peccary, deer, antelopes, giraffe

Rodentia
Largest group of mammals
A pair of long incisors
No canines
With diastema
can digest cellulose (due to
commensals)
with long coiled caecum
cellulose eaters
plantigrade gait
clawed feet
Representatives: mouse, hamster,
guinea pig, squirrel

Proboscidea
With proboscis
Incisor from tusks
Scanty hair on thick, wrinkled
skin
5 toes ending hooflike nails
molar are grinders
bulky animals
subungulates
Representatives: elephants and
Mastodons

Lagomorpha
Hervibores
2 pairs of incisors (on upper jaw)
split upper lip
strong hind legs
Representatives: rabbits, hares, pikas
Perissodactyla
unguligrades (walks in the hoofed
tips)
most of the body weight is borne
in a single digit
has a mexasonic foot-walk on a
single digit (rhino and horses)
Representatives: horses, tapirs, zebras
and Rhinoceros
Artiodactyla
Ungulates (walk using 2 toesparaxonic foot)
Most diverse
Chambered stomach (at least 3)

Hyracoidea
Hunchback when at rest
Harelip
Plantigrade
4 digits on forefeet and 3 digits on
the hind feet
with small flat hoofs (except 1
digit)
crowned teeth (similar to
ungulates)
Representative: Hyrax
Sirenia
Freshwater or marine
Strictly vegetarians
Few hairs
Paddle-like forelimbs hind lim
absent (vestiges present internallyattached pelviv girdle)
Naked skin
Vestigial nails on flippers
(manatee)
Representatives: Manatees, Dugongs
(sea cows)