< >

ykwag@kau.ac.kr

Introduction
Text : RADAR-principles, technology, application
by Byron Edde, Prentice Hall, 1993
<>
Principles of Modern Radar
by Mark A Richards, Scitech, 2010

References :
1) Introduction to Radar, M. Skolink, McGraw Hill 2001
2) Radar System Design and Analysis, Mahafza, CRC 2000
3) Radar Principles, IEE

+ 20%, (40%), (40%)

(Prof. Kwag)

Korea Aerospace Univ.

Course Outline :
1 week (3/5)
2 week (3/12)
3 week (3/19)
4 week (3/26)
5 week (4/2)
6 week (4/9)
7 week (4/16)
8 week (4/23)
9 week (4/30)
10 week(5/7)
11 week(5/14)
12 week(5/21)
13 week(5/29)
14 week(6/4)
15 week(6/5)

(Prof. Kwag)

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Introduction to Radar
Radar Fundamental
Radar System
Radar System - Tx/Antenna
Radar System Rx/RSP
Radar Equations
Radar Target and Clutter
Mid-Term Exam
Radar Detection
Radar CFAR
Sampling and PRF
Radar MTI Signal Processing
Radar MTD Signal Processing
High Resolution Radar
Final Term Exam
3

Korea Aerospace Univ.

Lecture Modules
Lecture 1 : Radar Overview
Lecture 2 : Radar Fundamentals
Lecture 3 : The Radar System
Lecture 4 : Radar Equation
Lecture 5 : Targets and Clutter
Lecture 6 : Radar Detection and CFAR
Lecture 7 : Radar Signal Processing
Lecture 8: MTI/MTD Processing
Lecture 9: High Resolution Radar
Lecture 10: Radar - Experimental Demo

(Prof. Kwag)

Korea Aerospace Univ.

Lecturer : Prof. Young K Kwag

- Professor of Korea Aerospace University
- Director of Radar Research Institute at KAU

General Chair of APSAR 2011 in Seoul

Member of IEEE International Radar Conference
Chapter Chair of IEEE AESS Korea Section
Chairman of Radar Society in KIEES
Chairman of Aerospace Electronics Society in KSAS
Chairman of Korea Science Technology Policy Society in National Assembly
Visiting Professor of Oxford University, UK
Head of Radar and SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) Div, ADD
Project Manager of Spaceborne SAR Project, Matra Marconi, UK
Radar Tutorial Lecturer since 2001

(Prof. Kwag)

Korea Aerospace Univ.

Lecture 1 : Radar Overview

Objective
- ,
.

-
-
-
-
-
-
- Reference
(Prof. Kwag)

Korea Aerospace Univ.



Airborne SAR
UAV - SAR

National Defense - ISR Mission

Intelligence
Surveillance

Reconnaissance

Traffic Control
CAR ACC Radar

Space borne
SAR/ Exploration
Weather Radar
Rain Radar

Oceanography
National Disaster
Ecology

Forest Fire, Earth Quake

UWB Medical imaging
Pollution
Security & Remote Sensing
(Prof. Kwag)

Korea Aerospace Univ.

RADAR - Electronic Eye

RADAR : RAdio Detection And Ranging
: Range, Angle, Velocity, Size, Feature
: Clutter, Interference, Jamming, Noise
All Weather Environments

S/N

Pd

Clutter Model
Target Model

Pfa

(Prof. Kwag)

Korea Aerospace Univ.

 100
100 years Technology Evolution and Trends
1886
Radio Wave
DEMO,
H. Hertz

1903
Ship

Hulsmeyer

1920-30
CW
A/C
Radar

1940
Pulsed
Radar
World WarII

1950
Pulsed
Doppler
SAR

2000
SAR

LPI

1990
MultiFunction
Radar

1980
SAR

OTH

1970
MTI
SAR
Radar

1960
Phased
Array
Radar

System Trend :
, ,
, ,

(Prof. Kwag)

Technology Trend :
Multi-Freq. Multi-Polarization
Wide Bandwidth, High Resolution
Phased Array, Adaptive Processing
9

Korea Aerospace Univ.


- RANGE
: SHORT, MIDEUM, LONG RANGE
- FUNCTION
: SURVEILLANCE, TRACKING
- INFORMATION: 1D, 2D, 3D, 4D, IMAGE(SAR)
- FREQUENCY : HF, UHF, L, S, C, X, Ku, Millimeter
- PROCESSING : MTI, DOPPLER, LPI, SAR, UWB
- PRF
: LPRF, MPRF, HPRF
- OBJECT
: A/C, SHIP, MISSILE, VEHICLE,
WEATHER, Human Body
- PLATFORM
: GROUND, SHIPBORNE, AIRBORNE
SPACEBORNE, VEHICLE

(Prof. Kwag)

10

Korea Aerospace Univ.


, , ,
,

, , ,
, , ,
/ , , ,

/
/



/

/


/

/
/

/


/


UWB

(Prof. Kwag)

11

Korea Aerospace Univ.


Ground Based Radar : PAC3
(MFR)
Shipborne Radar : EGIS
Airborne Radar : AWACS
Spaceborne Radar : RadarSat SAR
Radar Equation

Rmax

(Prof. Kwag)

Pt G 22

3
4 Lsys L proS min
12

Korea Aerospace Univ.

Surveillance and Fire Control Radars

(Prof. Kwag)

13

Korea Aerospace Univ.

Airborne and Air Traffic Control Radars

(Prof. Kwag)

14

Korea Aerospace Univ.

Instrumentation Radars

(Prof. Kwag)

15

Korea Aerospace Univ.

AN/MPQ-53 :
- MFR Phased Array Radar
- Frequency : G/H-band
- Detection range :160km (90nm)
- Search Sector :
120deg(Az)/90deg(El)
- Capabilities: Surveillance,
tracking,
identification, missile guidance,
IFF
- Simultaneously tracking up to
125
targets and guide 9 missiles to
final
engagement
(Prof. Kwag)

- US Raytheon

Korea Aerospace Univ.

Shipborne Radar : CG-62 AEGIS

- Radar : AN/SPS-49(V)1(air search)
- Frequency : L-band
- Detection range : 250nm
- PRF : 280, 800, 1000 Hz

(Prof. Kwag)

Korea Aerospace Univ.

Boeing 737 AEW&C MESA radar

-Radar : MESA
Multirole Electronically Scanned
Phased Array Radar
-Detection range : >200mile (375.5km)
-Frequency : S-band /L-Band
(Prof. Kwag)

Korea Aerospace Univ.

New Challenge to Radar

Target Characteristics
- Very Low / High Altitude
- Very High Speed
- Very small RCS
Environmental Changes
- Severe Electromagnetic Density
- Hostile Smart Jamming
- High Clutter Environments

Mission Requirements
- Multi-Mission (Time Critical)
- High Speed and High Performance
(Prof. Kwag)

19

Korea Aerospace Univ.

New Requirement for Radar

Radar Developing Trend

Height

70

- Excellent Detection Performances

Local Area

- Strong ECCM Capability

Long Range

Requirements for New Radar

- Multi-Function (S/T/G)
- Flexible Multi-Beam Steering/Shaping
- Low/Ultra Low Sidelobe Beam
- Environment-Adaptive ST Processing
- Modular /Flexible Structure
- Standard Interface - OSI
(Prof. Kwag)

20

Digital Array
Radar (DAR)
Korea Aerospace Univ.

Cognitive Radar

Intelligent or Smart ?
A mental capacities for
abstract thought, understanding,
Communication,reasoning,learning,
learning from past experiences,
planning, and problem solving.

Cognitive Radar :
Knowledge-Aided Fully
Environment-Adaptive
Radar
(Prof. Kwag)

Korea Aerospace Univ.

RAR -
Real Aperture Radar (RAR)
- /(OTH) ..
UWB Medical Radar
- // MFR
SMFR
- 2 3 Passive/Active Array Adaptive Array
Digital Array Beamforming Radar
- Anti-Jamming Radar LPI Radar, MIMO Radar
Bi/Multi-Static/Site Radar, Anti-Stealth
- () (NCTR)
Automatic Target Recognition (ATR)

Emerging Radar Technology

Cognitive Radar
(Prof. Kwag)

Korea Aerospace Univ.


International Radar Conference Since 1970

2015

APSAR
2011

2011

Every Odd Year

in Asia-Pacific Region

National

Every Even Year

in European Region

EUSAR

2012
2014

IRS
IRS
Europe

Eu-Rad
2013

IEE/IEEE
International
Radar
Conference

2012

5 5 IEEE
(USA, UK, France, China, and Germany, Australia)
(Prof. Kwag)

Korea Aerospace Univ.

Successful Completion
of APSAR 2011
First International Radar/SAR Conference
in Seoul Korea

Monumental Records
- 350 Participants
from 22 Countries
- 320 Abstracts
- 270 Full Papers
- 7 Plenary Speakers
- 6 Tutorials / Short Course
- 10 Exhibitions
- 23 Financial Sponsors
- 12 Technical Sponsors
- 5 Student Paper Awards
- 5 Appreciation Awards
- 1 Technical Tour (KARI)
- IEEE Xplore Indexing
(Prof. Kwag)

24

Korea Aerospace Univ.

Successful Completion of APSAR 2011

International Committee Members and Participants

in APSAR 2011, Sept 26-30, 2011, Seoul, Korea
Organized and Co-Sponsored by
Radar Society of KIEES and IEEE AESS and GRSS

(Prof. Kwag)

Korea Aerospace Univ.

To be Prepared for
what you want to be

Wake Up !!
(Prof. Kwag)

26

Korea Aerospace Univ.

Lecture 2 : Radar Fundamentals

Objective
-
-

- Introduction Frequency Spectrum
- Radar Principles
- Target Information Extraction
- Types of Radars and Radar Functions
- Reference

(Prof. Kwag)

27

Korea Aerospace Univ.

RADAR = RAdio Detection And Ranging

(Prof. Kwag)

28

Korea Aerospace Univ.

Radar Frequency Bands

(Prof. Kwag)

29

Korea Aerospace Univ.

Radar Bands Typical Use

(Prof. Kwag)

30

Korea Aerospace Univ.

 [ITU-R]

L Band:
S Band:
C Band
X Band
Ku Band
K Band
Ka Band

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

1215 1400 MHz

2700 3400 MHz
5250 5850 MHz
8.5 10.4 GHz
13.75 14 GHz
15.7 17.3 GHz
33.4 36 GHz

185MHz
600MHz
600MHz
1.9 GHz
250 MHz
1.6 GHz
2.6 GHz

, ,
SHF 64% [ 7 GHz ]

(Prof. Kwag)

31

Korea Aerospace Univ.

Radar Environments
Radar Environments

(Prof. Kwag)

- Noise
in the receiver, ant, tx line outside
from sun random.
Random motion at all temp. above
absolute zero.
- Clutter
Unwanted signal echo from sea,
land, weather
- ECM
electromagnetic countermeasures
noise jamming
- EMI
friendly sources such as other radar
comm. sys, friendly jammer
- Spillover
mainly in CW Radar (Tx & Rx)
internal clutter
32

Korea Aerospace Univ.

Radar Block Diagram

(Prof. Kwag)

33

Korea Aerospace Univ.

Radar Concept
Pulse Radar Concept

(Prof. Kwag)

34

Korea Aerospace Univ.

Target Detection

Target

Detection

(Prof. Kwag)

Correct

error

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

No

Yes

35

Error (False Alarm)

Korea Aerospace Univ.

Target Position Information

Target Position Locating
( Range: R / Azimuth: AZ / elevation: EL )

< Azimuth Angle References >

<Spherical Coordinate>
(Prof. Kwag)

36

Korea Aerospace Univ.

Target Range Information

Ranging
R

c Tp
2

: range to target
Tp : round-trip propagation time
c : propagation velocity
R

< Radar Ranging Concept >

(Prof. Kwag)

37

Korea Aerospace Univ.

Target Resolution Information

Resolution
- Ability to separately detect multiple targets or multiple features
on the same target.
- Resolved in range, azimuth (cross-range), elevation (vertical),
Doppler shift

< Resolution in Range and Cross-Range >

(Prof. Kwag)

38

Korea Aerospace Univ.

Target Velocity Information

Velocity Measurement & Discrimination
- Radial velocity from Doppler freq. shift

target motion with respect to the radar

( transmitted signal and the received echo)
positive Doppler : in-bounded target
negative Doppler : out-bounded target

f d f R fT
fd
vR

< Velocity Geometry >

(Prof. Kwag)

39

vR
2v
2 fT

: radial velocity difference

between target & radar
Korea Aerospace Univ.

Target Range Bandwith Information

Range Resolution
- Ability to separate multiple targets at the same angular position, but in

different ranges
- Targets must be separated by at least the range equivalent of the width of
the processed echo pulse

c c
R
2

c : the processed target pulse width (second)

- without pulse compression, pulse width = tx pulse

- with pulse compression, processed pulse width is narrower than that of
the tx pulse

Effective B/W of any pulsed wave

B 1

(Prof. Kwag)

c
R
2B

where B = tx matched B/W

40

Korea Aerospace Univ.

Target Angular Information

Angular & Cross-range Resolution
- Targets at the same range separated by more than the antenna
beam width are resolution

X R ( radian ) or R 180 (deg ress ) meter

- Beamwidth of ant. Wave length

- Resolution
(Prof. Kwag)

D (rad )
eff

X R D

eff
41

Korea Aerospace Univ.

Types of Radars Mono-Bisatatic Radar

Monostatic / Bistatic radars
- Monostatic radar : same Tx & Rx ant.

separate Tx / Rx ant. in same location.

Bistatic radar : Tx ant. & Rx ant. are located in different
location with angle of target

< Bistatic Radar Simplified Block Diagram >

(Prof. Kwag)

42

Korea Aerospace Univ.

Types of Radars Search Radar

Search Radars & modes
- Detect targets and find range, angular location, velocity.

surface search : boats & land

vehicles

air search : a/c & missile

2D radar : range & azimuth

air traffic control in airport

3D radar : range, azimuth,

elevation

< Search Radar Scan Patterns >

(Prof. Kwag)

43

Korea Aerospace Univ.

Types of Radars Radar Frequency

Radar Performance vs. Frequency Band
- Bandwidth : larger B/W in the higher freq. bands
- Antennas : for a given gain, low freq. ant. larger
- Transmitter : high power gen. at low freq. devices size larger, allowing

them to handle more voltage and current.

- Receiver : less noisy at low freq. higher bandwidth receiver at high freq.
- Propagation : less atmospheric signal absorption at low freq
- Targets

if wavelength < target size, behave as an array of optical reflector

fluctuating RCS
if wavelength target extent, resonance effects cause RCS to be sensitive to freq
if wavelength > target size, Rayleigh scatterers, small, non-fluctuating target RCS

Summary : long range lower frequency (low loss / )

high resolution high frequency

(Prof. Kwag)

44

Korea Aerospace Univ.

Radars Frequency Band

(Prof. Kwag)

45

Korea Aerospace Univ.

Radar Type - Military Radar: Rule-I

Radar Equipment Designation
US military system AN (Ref: MIL-STD-196D)
AN
Three letter code in (usage+function)
serial No.
EX) A N / A P G 71 (F-14Ds radar)
71st airborne radar guidance &
airborne radar fire control
control system
1st letter environment used
A Airborne
B Underwater mobile(submarine)
D Pilotless carrier (Unmanned Vehicle)
F Fixed ground
G Ground, general
(Prof. Kwag)

46

Korea Aerospace Univ.

Mil. Radar Designation : Rule-II

K Amphibious
M Ground mobile
P Portable
S Shipboard (surface ship)
T Ground transportable
U Utility (more than one class)
V Ground vehicular, tank
W Water, surface and underwater
Z Airborne vehicle combination
2nd letter
A Infrared, invisible light
C Carrier, wire
D Radiac(Radioactive Detection,Indication, and Computation)
E Laser
F - Photographic
G Telegraph / Teletype

(Prof. Kwag)

47

Korea Aerospace Univ.

Mil. Radar Designation : Rule-III

I Interphone
K Telemetry
P - Radar
R Radio
3rd letter
A Auxiliary
B Bombing
C Communication
D Direction finding
G Fire control
N Navigation
S Search and / or detection
X Identification and recognition
Y Surveillance and control
EX) AN/SPS-48E : sixth version of AN/SPS-48
AN/FPS-16(V) : ground-based instrumentation tracking radar

(Prof. Kwag)

48

Korea Aerospace Univ.

Civilian Radar Designation

Designation Civilian Radar
ASR-xx : Airport Surveillance Radar (50-100 mile)
air traffic control radar
ex) ASR-9
ARSR-xx : Air Route Surveillance Radar(+200 mile long range)
ex) ARSR-4
ASDE : Airport Surface Detection Equipment, short range
locate aircraft on the ground at airport.
TDWR : Terminal Doppler Weather Radar, locate and identify microburst,
violent downdrafts with thunderstorms.
WSR : Weather Surveillance Radar
ex) NEXRAD (NEXt generation weather RADar)
WSR-88D : 1988 Doppler radar model

(Prof. Kwag)

49

Korea Aerospace Univ.

Reference
[1] Radar Handbook 2nd ed. by M. I. Skolink, McGraw-Hill, 1990
[2] Introduction to Airborne Radar by G. W. Stimson, Hughes Aircraft Company,
Radar Systems Group, 1983
[3] The Pulse of Radar by Sir Robert Watson-Watt, Dial Press, 1959
[4] Radar Technology by E. Brookner, Artech House, 1977
[5] Aspects of Modern Radar by E. Brookner, Artech House, 1988

(Prof. Kwag)

50

Korea Aerospace Univ.