Professional Documents
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Handout
Handout
Handout
CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT
GEN CHEM LAB1 SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS
The Lab Instructor is the first to enter and the last one to leave the Lab Room.
The students are not allowed to enter the lab room without the Lab Instructor or to stay beyond the lab period in
the absence of the Faculty in-charge.
During the First Meeting, each group is asked to check in a set of glassware and equipment for the entire term.
The group fills up a Check in Form to confirm the contents of the cabinet assigned to them.
The members of the group are responsible for all items issued under their names and any breakage or loss will be
charged to the group.
The integrity of the items issued to the group is the sole responsibility of the group members. Be sure that the
cabinet is securely locked. Bring your own padlock and key on the Second Meeting.
The group may borrow other items from the Stock Room on an as need basis.
A member of the group fills up a Borrowers Slip and presents his/her ID Card. At the end of the lab period, the
group returns all borrowed items listed in the Borrowers Slip to the Lab Technician. The student, in turn, receives
his/her ID card and Borrowers Slip from the Technician.
The group will be assigned a specific work area and it is their responsibility to keep it clean and orderly.
Dont forget to return all used items (those that were issued to the group for the entire term) inside the locker.
Throw paper and matchsticks in the trash bin. Verify with your Lab Instructor which chemical wastes can be
flushed down the sink with running water and which ones are to be disposed in chemical wastes containers.
Check the water faucet and gas outlet after using. Report leaks to the Lab Instructor or Technician.
Submit your updated Pre-Lab Report Notebook (also referred to as the Journal) on time.
Students will not be allowed to perform the experiment without the updated Pre-Lab Journal.
Always wear the appropriate laboratory attire. Students not wearing the appropriate lab attire will automatically
get an absence mark and will be prohibited to perform the experiment.
Sleeveless shirts, shorts, skirts and open-toed footwear are not allowed. Wear shoes that shed or repel liquids. Always
secure long hair with a clip, hair clamp or band. Remove necktie or scarf when performing experiments.
NO UNAUTHORIZED EXPERIMENTATION!
Students are not allowed to perform experiments other than the one that is indicated in the procedure of the
experiment scheduled for the Day. Irresponsible mixing of solutions, esp. without proper supervision, may result
in serious accidents.
Report all accidents, no matter how minor it may appear, to the Lab Instructor.
All accidents must be recorded and students who need/require immediate medical attention must be sent to the
University Clinic.
During the Check-out Week (13th week of the Term), the students will return all the glassware and equipment
issued to the group.
The integrity of the contents of the locker is determined by comparing the contents of the locker with the items
indicated in the Check-in Form. The group will be charged for any loss or breakages and the payment is done at
the Accounting Office. The receipt is presented to the Technician in-charge and a clearance slip will be issued to
each student. The clearance must be presented to the Proctor during the Final Exams for the Laboratory.
The Pre-Lab Journal, the Compilation of the Exercises/Assignments, ASA, Data and Calculations Sheet and/or
Final Report Sheet are submitted to the Lab Instructor during the Final Exam Week.
This confirms that the undersigned has read the Laboratory Guidelines & Policies and will abide by it.
PRINT (Family Name, Given Name, M.I.)
ID No.
Signature of Student
Date Signed
Page 1
DE LA SALLE UNIVERSITY
CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT
GEN CHEM LAB1 SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS
MATERIALS
EXPERIMENTAL
PROCEDURE
500 mL of 50:50 Ethanol-water Red Cabbage Extract (To be prepared by the Technician)
Buffers solutions as standards, 0.5 M HCl, 0.5 M H3PO4, 0.5 M CH3COOH, 0.5 M NaCl, 0.5
M KNO3, 0.5 M NH3, 0.5 M NaOH
One commercial product per group: calamansi juice, guyabano juice, orange juice, white
vinegar, spirit of ammonia, Sprite, 7-Up, Liquid Sosa ( or Zosa), any liquid commercial
product with reported pH value (e.g. facial wash, feminine wash)
Extraction of Juice from Red Cabbage (Note: To be Prepared Ahead by Technician)
Cut the red cabbage into small pieces with the use of a food blender. Add 500 mL of
the ethanol-water mixture (50:50) and securely cover the blender. Continue blending for 2
more minutes. Filter the mixture with a strainer or cheesecloth. Label the liquid portion as
extract.
A. Setting the Standards: Buffers as Reference Solutions
Place 4 mL of distilled water in a test tube and label. Add 1 mL of the extract solution
and observe the color.
The class will be provided seven kinds of buffer solutions whose pH range from 1 to 13.
Obtain seven (7) test tubes and label each one with letters A to G. Measure 4 mL of the
buffer solution and transfer into the corresponding test tube. Add 1 mL of the extract to
each test tube and take note of the color of the resulting mixture. Discard the mixture by
flushing it down the drain while the tap /faucet is open. Write your observations in Table 1.
B. Classifying the Known Solutions as Acidic, Basic or Neutral Solutions
Repeat the procedure with each of the following solutions:
0.5 M HCl
hydrochloric acid
0.5 M KNO3
potassium nitrate
0.5 M H3PO4
Phosphoric acid
0.5 M NH3
ammonia
0.5 M CH3COOH
acetic acid
0.5 M NaOH
sodium hydroxide
0.5 M NaCl
sodium chloride
Page 2
DE LA SALLE UNIVERSITY
CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT
GEN CHEM LAB1 SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS
Name: ______________________________________________
PRINT: FAMILY NAME
GIVEN NAME
M.I.
SKILLS DEVELOPMENT 1:
Advance Study Assignment: Noting Details
The colors exhibited by an alcoholic leaf extract were noted and summarized in the table below:
Test tube
Color of Extract
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
1.0
3.0
5.0
7.0
9.0
11.0
13.0
Red
Pink
Purple
Lavender
Blue
Blue-green
Yellow green
Classification of Solution
(Acidic, Basic, or Neutral)
Acidic
Acidic
Acidic
Neutral
Basic
Basic
Basic
1. A 1.0 mL portion of a popular commercial brand of vinegar was transferred to a 6-inch test tube and
diluted with 4 mL of distilled water. The alcoholic leaf extract was added to the test tube and it
exhibited a pink color.
a. The approximate pH of the vinegar is _______________.
b. The vinegar is considered as a/an ______________________ solution.
2. Liquid Zosa, a common drain cleaner, is a concentrated solution of a strong base, sodium hydroxide
(NaOH). A 1.0 mL portion of this product was transferred to a 6-inch test tube and diluted with 4 mL of
distilled water. After adding the alcoholic leaf extract to the diluted portion of Liquid Zosa, the
observed color of the mixture is _____________________.
3. Read the labels of the following household products and list down the one major component/chemical
substancepresent.
Household Product
Brand
Major Component
Antacid
Window Cleaner
Bathroom Cleaner
Page 3
DE LA SALLE UNIVERSITY
CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT
GEN CHEM LAB1 SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS
Name: ______________________________________________
PRINT: FAMILY NAME
GIVEN NAME
M.I.
SKILLS DEVELOPMENT 1:
Data and Calculations: Noting Details
A. Reference Solutions: Buffers
Table 1. Colors Exhibited by the Extract Using the Buffers as Reference Solutions
Color of Extract with Distilled Water (H2O): _____________________________
Test tube
Color of Extract
Classification of Solution
(Acidic, Basic, or Neutral)
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
Known Solutions
Estimated
pH
Classification of Solution
(Acidic, Basic, or Neutral)
Commercial Product
Color of Extract
Estimated pH
Classification of Solution
(Acidic, Basic, or Neutral)
8
Page 4
DE LA SALLE UNIVERSITY
CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT
GEN CHEM LAB1 SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS
http://www.ic.sunysb.edu/Class/che133/techniques/gravfilt/
http://orgchem.colorado.edu/hndbksupport/filt/filtration.html
EXPERIMENTAL
PROCEDURE
LAB SAFETY
1. Measure about 0.4 g of the sodium chloride naphthalene- congo red mixture and transfer into a clean
250 mL beaker. Describe the appearance of the mixture.
2. Heat the beaker slightly with the use of the Bunsen burner. Put the Erlenmeyer flask over the mouth
of the beaker. Add a few chunks of ice and observe the appearance of white crystals at the bottom of
the flask.
3. Turn off the flame of the Bunsen burner and allow the beaker to cool. Add about 20 mL of distilled
water, stir and observe the color of the solution. Add a pinch of activated carbon and stir the mixture
again. Take note of the change in the appearance of the mixture.
4. Cover the beaker with a watch glass and boil the mixture for 3 to 5 minutes. With the use of a pair of
crucible tongs, remove the watch glass and allow the mixture to cool. Be careful! Remember, hot
objects appear the same as cold ones. Prepare the set-up for filtration.
5. Filter the mixture. Describe the solid material that is left on the filter paper and the appearance of the
filtrate (liquid portion)
6. Transfer about 2 mL of the filtrate into an evaporating dish. Heat the solution until it is dry and a solid
residue is obtained. Describe the residue obtained and compare it with the pure substances provided
for the class. Can you identify the solid residue?
Page 5
DE LA SALLE UNIVERSITY
CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT
GEN CHEM LAB1 SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS
Name: ______________________________________________
PRINT: FAMILY NAME
GIVEN NAME
M.I.
SKILLS DEVELOPMENT 2:
Advance Study Assignment: Laboratory Techniques and Operations
1. What is a Bunsen burner?
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
2. How does the amount of gas and air affect the type of flame?
________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
3. Define the following terms:
a. FILTRATION - _______________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
b. ADSORPTION - ______________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
c. ABSORPTION - ______________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
d. SUBLIMATION - _____________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
e. EVAPORATION - ____________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
Page 6
DE LA SALLE UNIVERSITY
CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT
GEN CHEM LAB1 SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS
Name: _______________________________________
PRINT: FAMILY NAME
GIVEN NAME
M.I.
SKILLS DEVELOPMENT 2
Data and Calculations: Laboratory Techniques and Operations
Match each part of the Bunsen burner (Column I) with the function it performs (Column II).
Answer
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Column I
gas inlet
barrel
air regulator
air holes
gas regulator
mouth of barrel
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
Column II
portion where the gas and air mix
it controls the amount of air that enters the barrel
the gas enters the burner through this portion
part where the air enters
part where the gas and air burns
controls or regulates the amount of gas that enter the barrel
DE LA SALLE UNIVERSITY
CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT
GEN CHEM LAB1 SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS
Observations
Page 8
DE LA SALLE UNIVERSITY
CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT
GEN CHEM LAB1 SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS
Draw a schematic diagram illustrating the process involved in the separation of the sodium chloride
naphthalene-congo red mixture. Indicate the materials that were added and the physical process that accompany
the separation.
Page 9
DE LA SALLE UNIVERSITY
CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT
GEN CHEM LAB1 SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS
SKILLS DEVELOPMENT 3:
Measurements and Evaluation of Data
OBJECTIVES:
MATERIALS
EXPERIMENTAL
PROCEDURE
WEBSITES
With the use of a marking pen, label each one of the three 5-peso coins with the numbers 1 to 3.
Be sure to set the platform balance to zero point before every measurement.
Put the 3 coins into a dry watch glass and record the total mass.
Remove coin 1 and measure the total mass of the watch glass and the 2 remaining coins. Record
the data.
5. Remove coin 2 and record the total mass of the watch glass and coin 3.
6. Remove the last coin (i.e. coin 3) and weigh the empty watch glass. Record the data.
http://genchem.rutgers.edu/balance3b.html
http://www.explorelearning.com/index.cfm?method=cResource.dspExpGuide&ResourceID=385
MATERIALS
EXPERIMENTAL
PROCEDURE
Page 10
DE LA SALLE UNIVERSITY
CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT
GEN CHEM LAB1 SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS
Name: ______________________________________________
PRINT: FAMILY NAME
GIVEN NAME
M.I.
SKILLS DEVELOPMENT 3:
Advance Study Assignment: Measurements and Evaluation of Data
1. Define accuracy.
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
2. Define precision.
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
3. A 5-peso coin was placed on top of a watch glass and their mass was recorded as 45.68 g. The mass of the
empty watch glass was found to be 39.86 g.
The mass (g) of the 5-peso coin is ____________________
SOLUTION:
4. The results of the analysis of a metal alloy were reported in terms of percent Cu (%Cu). The values
obtained are 17.34%, 17.33%, 17.28%, 17.29%, 17.36%.
The expression of the central value significant to chemists is the arithmetic mean (or average) is the sum of
the measured values, xi, divided by the n, number of replicate measurements.
x x2 x3 ... xn xi
x 1
n
n
b. The deviation from the mean, di, is the difference (regardless of sign) between the experimental
value and the arithmetic mean. The deviation is always the absolute value of the difference between
the experimental data and the mean.
d i xi x
The deviation of the experimental data 17.29% from the mean is _____________.
SOLUTION:
Page 11
DE LA SALLE UNIVERSITY
CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT
GEN CHEM LAB1 SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS
c. The relative deviation (dr) of a measurement or experimental data is the deviation divided by the
mean. The relative deviation may be expressed in percent.
dr
xi x
di
100
100
x
x
The relative deviation may also be expressed in parts per thousand or ppt (by changing the factor
100 to 1000) or in terms of parts per million or ppm (by changing the factor 100 to 1,000,000). The
choice of factor to use depends on the magnitude of the ratio.
The relative deviation (ppt) of 17.29%Cu is _________________.
SOLUTION:
d. The standard deviation, s, measures how closely the data are clustered about the mean. The smaller
the standard deviation, the more closely the data are clustered about the mean, the more precise is
the measurement. For a finite number of measurements, the standard deviation, s is
x
n
( n 1)
2
i
(n 1)
IMPORTANT: The average and the standard deviation should end at the same decimal place.
The standard deviation, s, of the results of the %Cu present in the metal alloy is _____________.
SOLUTION:
5. The error (sometimes referred to as absolute error) of a measurement is the difference between the measured
value and the true value, . The sign of the error indicates whether the experimental value is higher or
lower than the true value (or accepted true value).
If the accepted true value is 17.27%Cu, then the error of the measurement, 17.36%Cu, is ___________
SOLUTION:
Page 12
DE LA SALLE UNIVERSITY
CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT
GEN CHEM LAB1 SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS
Name: _______________________________________
PRINT: FAMILY NAME
GIVEN NAME
SKILLS DEVELOPMENT 3:
Data and Calculations: The Measurements and Evaluation of Data
PART A. The Use of the Platform Balance
Table 1. Measurement of Mass With the Use of a Platform Balance
Details
Mass (g) of Watch
Glass plus 3 Coins
Mass (g) of Watch
Glass plus 2 Coins
Mass (g) of Coin
Removed
Average Mass
Deviation
Relative Deviation
Standard Deviation
Trial 1
Details
Mass (g) of Watch
Glass plus 2 Coins
Mass (g) of Watch
Glass plus 1 Coin
Mass (g) of Coin
Removed
Deviation
Relative Deviation
Trial 2
Details
Mass (g) of Watch
Glass plus 1 Coin
Mass (g) of Watch
Glass
Mass (g) of Coin
Removed
Trial 3
Deviation
Relative Deviation
Page 13
DE LA SALLE UNIVERSITY
CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT
GEN CHEM LAB1 SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS
Of the three glassware used, which one has the highest precision? Support your answer.
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
When will it be more advantageous to use a 100-mL graduated cylinder over a 10 mL graduated cylinder?
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
When will it be more advantageous to use a 10-mL graduated cylinder over a 100 mL graduated cylinder?
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
REMEMBER: The last digit that must be reported (or written) represents 1/10th of the smallest known division.
For a 100 mL graduated cylinder, there are 10 lines that divide each 10 mL volume. Each line represents the
smallest known division and this is equivalent to 1 mL.
The volume of a liquid measured with the use of a 100-mL graduated cylinder must be reported until 0.1 mL
or until ________ digit(s) after the decimal point.
For a 10 mL graduated cylinder, there are 10 lines that divide each 1 mL volume. Each line represents the
smallest known division and this is equivalent to 0.1 mL.
The volume of a liquid measured with the use of a 10-mL graduated cylinder must be reported until 0.01 mL
or until ________ digits after the decimal point.
Page 14
DE LA SALLE UNIVERSITY
CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT
GEN CHEM LAB1 SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS
Experiment 9
Molar Volume of Carbon Dioxide (Adaptation)
Introduction
The volume of the gaseous product obtained from some chemical reactions can be measured by using the water
displacement method. The gas generated by the reaction pushes the water downward and the space above the
water level is the volume of the gas that is saturated with water vapor. The term molar volume refers to the
volume occupied by one mole of the gas at a given temperature and pressure.
Materials and Equipment
Ignition tube, graduated cylinder, 2 iron stands, 2 clamps, small test tube, medicine dropper, thermometer
Small pack of CaCO3,
Experimental Procedure
Page 15
DE LA SALLE UNIVERSITY
CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT
GEN CHEM LAB1 SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS
Part D. Determination of the Temperature, Pressure and Volume of the CO2 gas
1. When the evolution of the gas ceases, pinch the rubber tubing with your fingers and detach the ignition tube.
Remove the rubber tubing inside the inverted graduated cylinder.
2. Equalize the pressure of gas inside the graduated cylinder to the atmospheric pressure by raising or lowering
it until the water levels inside and out of the graduated cylinder are equal.
3. Record the volume of the space above the water as the volume of the CO2 gas collected.
Page 16
DE LA SALLE UNIVERSITY
CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT
GEN CHEM LAB1 SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS
Name: ______________________________________________
PRINT: FAMILY NAME
GIVEN NAME
M.I.
Experiment 9
Advance Study Assignment: Molar Volume of Carbon Dioxide (Adaptation)
A foil pack containing pure zinc was transferred into a dry ignition tube. A vial containing 8 mL of 6M HCl was
carefully introduced into the tube. The ignition tube was fitted with a rubber stopper that was connected to the gas
collector. The ignition tube was agitated slowly to allow the acid to flow out of the vial and react with the Zn metal.
When evidence of reaction ceases, the height of the water level inside the inverted graduated cylinder was adjusted so
that it will be equal to the height of the water level outside of the graduated cylinder.
The data is summarized in the table below:
Details
Mass of Zn metal (g)
Molar Mass of Zinc
Temperature of Water (C)
Vapor Pressure of Water (mm Hg)
Barometric Pressure (mm Hg)
Volume of Gas Collected (mL)
0.2073
65.39
31.0
33.7
758.4
82.2
1. Write the balanced chemical reaction that will represent the chemical reaction between zinc metal and the
aqueous solution of hydrochloric acid to produce hydrogen gas and an aqueous solution of zinc chloride.
ANSWER:
2. Calculate the number of moles of zinc present in 0.2073g Zn.
SOLUTION:
3. Based on the balanced chemical equation given in number 1, how many moles of H2 that will be produced when
0.2073 g Zn reacts with an excess of HCl (aq)?
ANSWER: _____________ moles H2
4. The heights of the water level inside the inverted graduated cylinder is equalized with the water level outside of
the graduated cylinder to that the atmospheric pressure (or barometric pressure) is equal to the total pressure of the
gas collected over water.
Patm = PTOTAL
The total pressure of the gas collected over water is ___________________ mmHg.
5. The gas collected over water is referred to as a wet gas because it also contains water vapor.
Therefore,
OR
PTOTAL ( PGAS PH 2O )
PTOTAL ( PGAS VPH2O )
The vapor pressure of water at 31.0C is ____________ mm Hg.
The partial pressure of the hydrogen gas generated is equal to _____________________ mm Hg.
Page 17
DE LA SALLE UNIVERSITY
CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT
GEN CHEM LAB1 SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS
6. List down the physical properties of the H2 gas that was collected.
Details
Number of Moles of H2 gas collected, n
Volume of H2 gas collected, liters
Temperature at which the gas was collected, C
Pressure of dry H2 gas collected, atm
Initial State
7. If the hydrogen gas was collected at STP conditions, what is the volume of the H2 gas?
SOLUTION:
9. Calculate the experimental value of the molar volume of the H2 gas at STP. Refer to number 3 to determine
moles H2 gas.
SOLUTION:
Page 18
DE LA SALLE UNIVERSITY
CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT
GEN CHEM LAB1 SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS
Name: ______________________________________________
PRINT: FAMILY NAME
GIVEN NAME
M.I.
Experiment 9
Data and Calculations: Molar Volume of Carbon Dioxide (Adaptation)
Data
Details
Trial 1
Trial 2
Trial 1
Trial 2
PCO VPH O
2
Page 19
DE LA SALLE UNIVERSITY
CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT
GEN CHEM LAB1 SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS
Guide Questions
1. Why is it necessary to balance the water levels inside and out of the graduated cylinder?
2. Explain briefly how the following poor laboratory techniques will affect the results of the experiment.
(a) A small crack in the rubber stopper is present. How will this affect the measured volume of the CO2
gas, too high, too low or unaffected?
(b) The water level in the graduated cylinder is higher than the water level outside. Will the pressure of the
wet CO2 gas be greater than, less than or will be unaffected the atmospheric pressure?
(c) After the water levels were equalized, water entered into the graduated cylinder as it was returned to its
upright position. How will this poor lab technique affect the volume of the CO2 gas collected?
(d) How will the poor lab technique described in letter (c) affect the reported moles of CO2 gas collected?
Page 20
DE LA SALLE UNIVERSITY
CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT
GEN CHEM LAB1 SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS
Experiment 19:
Molar Mass Determination by Depression of the Freezing Point (Handout)
Introduction
Colligative properties of solutions depend upon the concentration of solute particles. The freezing points of water
solutions are always lower than that of pure water. The change in freezing point caused by the presence of a solute
dissolved in water can be calculated from the equation,
T = (Kf)(m)(i),
where Kf is the molal freezing point depression constant (1.86C/m for water), m is the molality of the solution, and i is
the number of particles produced per formula unit.
Molality = moles of solute/kg solvent
Since colligative properties depend upon the number of particles in solution, a one molal solution of an electrolyte (NaCl),
which dissociates in water, lowers the freezing point more than a one molal solution of a non-electrolyte (sucrose). The
freezing point of a one molal solution of NaCl is actually -3.37C, only 1.81 times that of a non-electrolyte, not the 3.62C that would be expected if NaCl were completely dissociated. This difference is believed to be due to the interionic
attractions that prevent the ions from behaving as totally independent particles. The activity or effective concentration of
the ions is less than would be indicated by the actual concentration. Some of the ions may exist as solvated units called an
ion pairs. The more dilute the solution of an electrolyte, the more widely separated the ions, the less the interionic
attractions, and the closer the effective concentration of the ions approaches the actual concentration.
Objective:
The purpose of this experiment is to demonstrate the effect of solutes on the freezing point of water.
Materials and Equipment
Chemicals: Ice, sucrose (C12H22O11, M.M. = 342.34), sodium chloride (NaCl, M.M. = 58.44)
Equipment: test tubes, thermometer (until -10C or lower), 400-mL beaker, three (3) 100-mL beakers, 100-mL
graduated cylinder, stirring rod
Experimental Procedure
Preparation of Ice Bath
1. Fill the large beaker 3/4 full with ice.
2. Cover the ice with 1/4 to 1/2 inches of table salt.
3. Stir this ice-salt mixture with a stirring rod and make sure the temperature drops to at least -10C.
Determination of Freezing Points of Pure Water: Solutions:
1. Place a test tube that is 1/2 full of water in the ice bath.
2. Stir the water in the test tube gently with a thermometer while keeping track of the temperature.
3. When the first ice crystals appear on the inside wall of the test tube, record the temperature. This should be the
freezing point of the liquid. (In this step water is the pure solvent).
Page 21
DE LA SALLE UNIVERSITY
CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT
GEN CHEM LAB1 SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS
Reference:
http://www.woodrow.org/teachers/chemistry/institutes/1986/exp9.html
Page 22
DE LA SALLE UNIVERSITY
CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT
GEN CHEM LAB1 SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS
Name: ______________________________________________
PRINT: FAMILY NAME
GIVEN NAME
M.I.
Experiment 19
Advance Study Assignment: Molar Mass Determination by Depression of the
Freezing Point (Handout)
1. An aqueous solution of sucrose was prepared by dissolving 34.58 g of C12H22O11 (M.M. = 342.34) in 100.0
mL of distilled water.
a. How many moles of sucrose were dissolved in water?
ANSWER: ___________________
SOLUTION:
ANSWER:
___________________
ANSWER:
___________________
SOLUTION:
2. The freezing point of the solution prepared in number 1 was found to be 1.9C.
a. If the freezing point of pure water is 0.0C, what is the freezing depression for this solution?
SOLUTION:
ANSWER: ___________________
b. Using the freezing point depression constant, Kf, for water as 1.86C/molal and the molality of the
solution calculated in number 1 letter d, what is the vant Hoff factor, i, for sucrose?
SOLUTION:
ANSWER: ___________________
c. Based on the observed value of the vant Hoff factor, i, for sucrose, what does this tell us about the
number of particles produced when sucrose is dissolved in water compared to the number of particles
when sucrose is in the pure state?
d. Is sucrose an electrolyte or nonelectrolyte?
Page 23
DE LA SALLE UNIVERSITY
CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT
GEN CHEM LAB1 SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS
Name: ______________________________________________
PRINT: FAMILY NAME
GIVEN NAME
M.I.
Experiment 19
Data and Calculations Sheet: Molar Mass Determination by Depression of the
Freezing Point (Handout)
Details
Trial 1
Trial 2
1.86
Page 24
DE LA SALLE UNIVERSITY
CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT
GEN CHEM LAB1 SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS
Details
Trial 1
Trial 2
Guide Questions:
1. How does ionization affect the colligative properties of solutions?
2. How does the existence of ion pairs cause the experimental value of the vant Hoff factor to differ from the calculated
value?
Page 25
DE LA SALLE UNIVERSITY
CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT
GEN CHEM LAB1 SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS
Name: ______________________________________________
PRINT: FAMILY NAME
GIVEN NAME
M.I.
Solid
Vitamin C or Ascorbic Acid
Antacid
Liquid
Rubbing Alcohol
Vinegar
Liquid
Household Bleaching Agent
Facial or Feminine Wash
2. Obtain 50 mL of each of the following solutions 0.1 M KNO3, 0.1 M NaOH, 0.1 M CaCl2, 0.1 M sugar
(C12H22O11), 0.1 M Na2CO3 and 0.1 M C2H5OH.
3. For commercial products that are solid or those liquid samples that viscous (thick):
Using a small beaker, dissolve the sample in 50 mL of distilled water. Label the beaker and set aside.
4. Test each known solution and commercial product if it will conduct electricity or not. Classify the solutions
based on their ability to illuminate the bulb.
No
Distilled H2O
KNO3 Solution
NaOH, Solution
CaCl2 Solution
Sugar (C12H22O11), Solution
Na2CO3 Solution
C2H5OH Solution
Commercial Product
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Page 26
DE LA SALLE UNIVERSITY
CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT
GEN CHEM LAB1 SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS
H
M
M M
M Si NM NM NM
M M
M
T RA N S I T I ON
Metals
NM NM NM NM
M Ge As NM NM
M M Sb Te NM
o
b
l
e
M M M Po At Gas
M M
The oxidation state is the charge that an atom would carry if the compound were composed of ions. Elements are considered
free or uncombined with respect to another element. The oxidation state of all elements is zero.
Elements occur in nature in any of the following forms:
a. monatomic form - All metals and noble gases exist in the monatomic form or simply as atoms.
b. diatomic molecules - Elements that exist as diatomic molecules are H2, O2, N2, F2, Cl2, Br2 and I2.
c. polyatomic molecules - Some elements exist as discrete units of molecules containing more than two atoms.
Examples of these elements are phosphorus (P4) and sulfur (S8).
At ordinary room conditions (25C and 1 atmospheric pressure) the elements that exist in the gaseous state are H2, O2, N2, F2, Cl2 and
the Noble gases. The only elements that exist in the liquid state are mercury, Hg and the bromine molecule, Br2. All the other
elements exist in the solid state including P4, S8 and I2.
H2
B
N
N2 O2 F2 O
Si P4 S8 Cl2 B
L
Ge As
Br2
E
Sb Te I2 gas
Page 27
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2. Compounds
Compounds are formed when atoms of 2 or more different elements chemically combine in ratios of whole numbers. When an
element chemically combines with atoms of other elements, its oxidation state changes from zero to a certain value (which may either
be positive or negative). The rules to following in writing the formulas for ionic compounds are:
a. Write the positive ion first followed by the negative ion. (Note: The same sequence is followed when the formula
is read. The formula is read from left to right, i.e., the positive ion is read first followed by the anion.)
b. Adjust the subscript to produce an electrically neutral formula unit. (Note: The algebraic sum of the oxidation
states of all elements in a compound is always equal to zero.)
c. Use the smallest set of whole numbers.
The types of compounds that are easiest to name and write are the inorganic compounds because they follow a systematic method of
nomenclature. Most inorganic compounds are made up of ions (metals and nonmetals) and are referred to as ionic compounds while
there are a few covalent compounds (hydrogen and nonmetals or 2 different nonmetals) as well. At this point, the systematic
nomenclature of compounds will be discussed based on the general formula of the compound and the location of the elements on the
Periodic Table.
Li
2+
Na Mg
+
K Ca2+
+
Rb Sr
N
N O
B
O
33+
2Al Si P S Cl B
L
Ge As Se2- BrE
Sb Te I gas
C
2+
Transi ti on Metals
(Variable Oxidation States)
Zn
2+
2+
Cd
4-
3-
2-
Cs Ba2+
2.1. BINARY COMPOUNDS contain 2 elements only. However their ratio varies depending on the composition of the
compound.
A. Metal (cation) + Nonmetal (anion)
Cations are ions with positive charge and are formed when metals give up or lose electrons. Anions are ions with
negative charge and are formed when nonmetals gain electrons.
a. Cations with fixed oxidation state + Anions derived from nonmetals
The cation takes or retains the name of the parent element. The list of the elements that form cations with fixed or
definite oxidation states is given below:
Elements
Alkali Metals (Group IA)
Alkaline Earth Metals (Group IIA)
Ag (most stable)
Zn, Cd and Pb (most stable)
Al
Symbol of Cations
Li+, Na+, K+, Cs+
Mg2+, Ca2+, Ba2+, Sr2+
Ag+
Zn2+, Cd2+, Pb2+
Al3+
Oxidation State
1+
2+
1+
2+
3+
Page 28
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The name of the anion is obtained by modifying the element from which it is derived by adding the suffix - ide to the root word of the
element. The common anions, their names, formulas and oxidation states are:
Element
Name of Anion
Formula of Anion
Oxidation State of Anion
Fluorine
fluoride
F
1Chlorine
chloride
Cl1Bromine
bromide
Br1Iodine
iodide
I
1Oxygen
oxide
O22Sulfur
sulfide
S223Nitrogen
nitride
N
3Phosphorus
phosphide
P33Note: These oxidation states are limited to binary compounds where the nonmetal is the only anion in the formula.
Rules in Formula Writing
Rule 1. The formula of the positive ion (the
cation) is written on the left side while the
negative ion (the anion) is written on the right
side.
Rule 2. When reading the name of the
compound, the cation is read first followed by
the name of the anion.
Example
1. For the formula, NaCl, the element Na belongs to
Group 1A while the element Cl belongs to Group
7A. The cation is Na+ while the anion is ClThe formula is read as sodium chloride.
Examples:
Copper forms two cations. The symbol for copper(I)
is Cu+ while the symbol for copper(II) is Cu2+.
The compound formed is CuCl.
The compound formed is CuCl2.
name of the compound CuCl2 is as copper(II)
chloride (read as copper-two-chloride)
For the compound CuCl, the name of the
compound is copper(I) chloride (read as copperone--chloride)
The name of the compound CuCl2 is copper(II)
chloride (read as copper-two-chloride)
Page 29
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C. Nonmetal + Nonmetal
Molecular compounds have a different nomenclature system compared to ionic compounds. Binary molecular compounds (with the
exception of the hydrogen containing covalent compounds) that contain 2 different nonmetals follow the convention illustrated below:
Rules
Rule 1. The name of the element on the left is written
first followed by the name of the element on the right.
FORMAT: ( Prefix + first element) + (Prefix + root of
second element + ide)
Example
Example1. CO ___ carbon ____ oxide
Subscript
Prefix
Subscript
Prefix
mono
penta
1
5
di
hexa
2
6
tri
hepta
3
7
tetra
octa
4
8
Rule 3. A prefix is written before the name of the
second element to identify its subscript. This time,
the prefix mono must be written to refer to the
subscript one (1). Aside from this, the same list of
prefix - subscript equivalence as the first element is
used. Refer to Rule 2 for the list.
Page 30
DE LA SALLE UNIVERSITY
Chemical Formula
CCl4
CBr4
NO2
CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT
GEN CHEM LAB1 SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS
Chemical Name
Carbon tetrachloride
Chemical Formula
CO
Chemical Name
Carbon monoxide
Dinitrogen monoxide
Phosphorus pentachloride
II. TERNARY COMPOUNDS contain 3 elements only. Most inorganic compounds that fall under this classification contain
polyatomic ions. Polyatomic ions behave as a group with the net charge distributed evenly. The ammonium ion is the only positive
polyatomic ion. The rest of the polyatomic ions contain oxygen and are referred to as oxyanions.
List of common polyatomic ions: (Note: This list can be expanded to include the polyatomic ions formed from the H-oxyanions.)
Name of Polyatomic Ion
Formula of Polyatomic Ion Charge of Polyatomic Ion
ammonium
NH4+
1+
2carbonate
CO3
2chlorate
ClO31hydrogen carbonate (or bicarbonate)
HCO31Hydrogen sulfate (or bisulfate)
HSO4
1Hydroxide
OH1nitrate
NO3
1phosphate
PO433sulfate
SO4222sulfite
SO3
2Group A. Ternary Compounds that contain Metal (cation) + Polyatomic ion (anion)
Polyatomic ion (cation) + Monoatomic Anion
Polyatomic ion (cation) + Polyatomic Anion
Formula
NaNO3
KOH
Ca3(PO4)2
(NH4)2SO4
Chemical Name
Sodium nitrate
Potassium Hydroxide
Calcium phosphate
Ammonium sulfate
Formula
FeSO4
Mg(OH)2
NH4Br
NH4NO3
Chemical Name
iron(II) sulfate
Magnesium hydroxide
Ammonium bromide
Ammonium nitrate
Naming of Oxoacids
(In Aqueous Solutions)
Perchloric acid
Chloric acid
Chlorous acid
Hypochlorous acid
Nitric acid
Nitrous acid
Formula of Oxoanion
(Polyatomic Anion)
ClO4ClO3ClO2ClONO3NO2-
Name of Oxoanion
(Polyatomic Anion)
perchlorate
chlorate
chlorite
hypochlorite
nitrate
nitrite
Page 31
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Writing chemical formulas becomes easier once we become familiar with the symbols of the elements and ions. For all
compounds the sum of the oxidation states of the elements in the compound must be equal to zero.
For ionic compounds, there must be a balance between the oppositely charged ions.
sum of the positive charge (cations) = sum of the negative charge (anions)
Rules
Group 1. If the magnitude of the charge of the
cation and anion are equal to each other.
Rule 1. In order to balance the opposite charges
of the ions, the ratio of the cation to the anion is
1:1. There is no need to write a subscript one (1).
Group 2. If the magnitude of the charge of the
cation and anion are not equal to each other.
Rule 2. In order to balance the opposite charges
of the ions, use the absolute value of the charge of
the cation as the subscript of the anion. Similarly,
use the absolute value of the charge of the anion
as the subscript of the cation.
This is called the criss-cross method.
Example
The charge of potassium ion (K+) is 1+ and the charge of
bromide ion (Br-) is 1-.
The formula for potassium bromide is KBr.
The formula for calcium oxide is CaO
Consider the compound, magnesium nitride. The charge
of the magnesium ion (Mg2+) is 2+ and the charge of
nitride ion (N3-) is 3-.
To balance the charge between Mg2+ and N3Ion
Mg2+
N3-
Oxidation No.
2+
3-
Absolute Value
2
3
Rule 3. For ionic compounds that contain polyatomic ions, consider the polyatomic ion as one unit or entity. If
more than one unit of the polyatomic ion is present, enclose the polyatomic ion in parenthesis and write the
subscript outside of the parenthesis.
For example, calcium phosphate is Ca3(PO4)2
Schematic Diagram for Naming Compounds:
Ionic Compounds
Hydrogen-Nonmetal
A1. Cation has fixed
oxidation state
A2. One of the ions is
a polyatomic ion
FORMAT:
cation + anion
C Cation with variable
oxidation state
FORMAT:
cation (Roman
numeral) + anion
Pure Substance
FORMAT:
hydrogen + (root of
nonmetal) + ide
Nonmetal Nonmetal
Hydrogen-+ Oxoanion
FORMAT:
(Prefix + first element ) +
(Prefix + root of second
element) + ide
The prefix mono is used
for the subscript one.
If the subscript of the first
element is one, omit the
prefix mono.
Prefix
Di
Tri
Tetra
Penta
Subscript of
Nonmetal
Two
Three
Four
Five
Per___ic acid
___ic acid
___ous acid
hypo ___ous acid
Page 32
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Name: ______________________________________________
PRINT: FAMILY NAME
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M.I.
Formula of
Anion
Cl-
Al3+
Cl-
Mg2+
Br -
LiBr
K2O
Mg2+
N3Li3N
Na+
Na2S
O
Formula of
Cation
Cu2+
2-
Formula of
Anion
Cl-
SrO
CuCl
Fe3+
Br-
2+
FeBr2
Ni
Br
CoCl2
Cr2O3
PbO
Page 33
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Name: ______________________________________________
PRINT: FAMILY NAME
GIVEN NAME
M.I.
Name of Anion
I-
iodide
1-
O2-
2-
S2-
sulfide
nitride
3-
Binary Compounds:
Formula of
Cation
Formula of
Anion
K+
Cl-
Mg2+
Cl-
Ca2+
Br-
Chemical Formula
of Compound
Name of Compound
Aluminum bromide
Na2S
Li3N
Calcium fluoride
Page 34
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Name: ______________________________________________
PRINT: FAMILY NAME
GIVEN NAME
M.I.
Name of Cation
Iron(III)
Fe2+
Hg22+
Hg2+
Ni
Mercury(I)
Mecury(II)
Cobalt(II)
2+
Vanadium(III)
Formula of
Cation
Cu2+
Formula of
Anion
Cl-
Cu+
Cl-
Fe3+
Br-
Chemical Formula of
Binary Compound
Name of Compound
Fe2+
Cl-
Page 35
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Name: ______________________________________________
PRINT: FAMILY NAME
GIVEN NAME
M.I.
Name
Dinitrogen monoxide
Sulfur trioxide
N2O4
NO2
NO
PCl5
PCl3
Sulfur dioxide
CBr4
Carbon tetrachloride
OF2
XeF4
Cl2O7
Diphosphorus pentoxide
Tetraphosphorus decaoxide
Page 36
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Name: ______________________________________________
PRINT: FAMILY NAME
GIVEN NAME
M.I.
_____ MgO
_____ KCl + _____ O2
______ Fe2O3
_____ MgCl2 + ______ H2
_____ NaOH + _____ H2
_____ HNO3
_____ H3PO4 + _____ HCl
_____ CBr4 + ______ HBr
_____ CO2 + _____ H2O
____ Cr2O3 + ____N2 + ____ H2O
Write the Balanced Chemical Equation for the following reactions. Use the space below each number.
1. sulfur + oxygen
Answer:
Sulfur dioxide
2. carbon + oxygen
Answer:
Carbon dioxide
4. nitrogen + hydrogen
Answer:
ammonia
5. aluminum + oxygen
Answer:
Aluminum oxide
Page 37
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Name: ______________________________________________
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M.I.
C. Single Displacement
D. Double Displacement
Type of
Reaction
Chemical Equations
1. ____ K + ____ Cl2
__________
2. ____ Zn + ____O2
__________
________ + ________
________ + Ag
5. _________ + ______CuSO4
_____ ZnSO4
7. _____ Al2O3
_____ O2 + _____ Al
8. _____ VCl3
____Cl2
9. _____ NH4NO3
___________ + 2NaCl
+ _______
+ _____ V
Page 38
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Name: ______________________________________________
PRINT: FAMILY NAME
GIVEN NAME
M.I.
Name
Nitric acid
Sulfuric acid
Phosphoric acid
HNO2
HClO4
HClO3
Chlorous acid
Hypochlorous acid
HBrO3
HIO3
Common Polyatomic Anions (Formed when the acidic hydrogen is removed from the oxoacids)
Formula of Oxoacid
HNO3
NO3
H2SO4
SO42
H3PO4
PO43
HNO2
perchlorate
ClO3
ClO2
HClO
HBrO3
HIO3
nitrate
nitrite
HClO4
HClO3
chlorite
hypochlorite
BrO3
iodate
Page 39
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NO3CO32NH4+
Formula of
Cation
Cu2+
Formula of
Anion
NO3-
Fe2+
NO3OH
OH
Chemical Formula of
Binary Compound
Name of Compound
Copper(II) nitrate
Iron(II) nitrate
Fe(OH)3
Lead(II) hydroxide
Mg2+
OH-
Ca2+
PO43-
Calcium phosphate
Na+
PO43-
Sodium phosphate
2-
Mg(OH)2
CaSO4
Li
NH4+
CO3
Li2CO3
SO42-
(NH4)2SO4
Calcium sulfate
Ammonium chloride
Page 40
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CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT
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90
99
80
88
Cylinder A
Cylinder B
For cylinder A, the volume must be reported to a precision of 0.1 mL while the volume measured
using cylinder B must be reported to a precision of 0.01 mL.
Page 41
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Significant Figures
Significant figures are meaningful or important digits in a measured quantity. Not all numbers or digits
are significant or important. Some digits merely indicate the decimal point. The rules listed below summarize
which digits are significant and which are not.
RULES
MORE EXAMPLES
A. 74536
B. 14.87362
Five
Seven
Five
Seven
Five
B. 0.0250678
Six
C. 0.00834400
Six
A. 105.6302
Seven
B. 15.2500
Six
A. 965000
B. 8100
Six
Four
Page 42
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Scientific Notation
The scientific notation or numbers in powers of ten is a shorthand method of writing very large or very small
numbers.
Rule: To write a number in scientific notation, the
decimal point is moved either to the left of to the
right until only one digit remains to the left of the
decimal point.
Example: For large numbers (greater than 10), the
decimal point is moved to the left until only one (1) digit to
the left of the decimal point. The exponent is positive
12354 becomes 1.2354 x 104
Example: For small numbers (less than 1), the decimal
point is moved to the right until only one (1) digit to the left
of the decimal point. The exponent is negative.
0.0000076584 becomes 7.6584 x 10-6
5.432003 x 104
7.656843 x 104
C. 0.000056892
5.6892 x 10-5
D. 0.0001456
1.456 x 10-4
When a number is rounded off, the numbers that are affected are the last digit to be retained and the first
digit to be dropped. For example, to round off the number 15.784739 to the thousandths place, the number 4
is the last digit to be retained and the number 7 is the first digit to be dropped.
15.784739
Last Digit to be RETAINED is (4)
Rule 1. If the first digit to be dropped is less than 5 (0-4),
then the last digit to be retained remains the
same.
Example: When the number 123.456 is rounded off to the
ones place, it becomes 123
Rule 2. If the first digit to be dropped is greater than 4 (59), then the last digit to be retained increased by a
value of one.
Example: When the number 17.45689 is rounded off to
the hundredths place, it becomes 17.46.
456.4
456.43
19.0
18.988
Page 43
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Mathematical Operations
In quantitative analysis, the experiment does not end with the measurement. The measured value is
substituted into a mathematical equation, the mathematical operation is performed and then the final numerical
answer is then reported. The result of the calculation must contain the appropriate number of significant
figures that reflects the accuracy and precision of the measurement. At present, calculators and computers
are used to aid in the processing of the data. These computing devices do not recognize the number of
significant figures or the precision of a value and assume that all numbers that are entered are exact.
Exact numbers have infinite (very large number) number of significant figures. Exact numbers are
obtained from
Counting numbers
Number of data or experimental
measurements
Result of conversions
Definition of calculated values
10 marbles
Average = (3.25 + 3.20 + 3.22)
3
1.025 g/mL is written as
1.025 g = 1 mL
Percent ratio is multiplied by 100
5 dozens of eggs
Mean = (0.1044 + 0.1058)
2
44.01 g = 1 mole
Parts per million involves
the factor of 106
The number of digits to be retained depends on the limiting number and on the mathematical
operation involved.
1. Addition and Subtraction
The limiting or key number is the
measurement with the least number of decimal
places (or least number of digits specified after
the decimal point). This indicates the
measurement obtained with the least degree of
precision.
After performing the indicated mathematical
operation, the final answer must be rounded off
to contain the same number of digits after the
decimal point as the key number.
Note: For addition and subtraction, there may be
an increase, decrease or no change in the
number of significant figures of the key number.
91.25480 + 11.28 =
102.53480
11.297 - 9.47249 =
1.82451
Page 44
DE LA SALLE UNIVERSITY
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123.11.00078
145.98 1245.672
42.67 x 0.0697 =
Final answer is 2.97
2.974099
10.0 x 14.125 =
Final answer is
1.41 x 102
141.25
The final answer must have the same number of
significant figures as the quantity with the least
number of significant figures
3. Logarithms:
Let log a = b
Note: The number of significant figures in a must be the same as the number of figures (or
digits) that appear in the mantissa in b.
Final
Answer
1.393
28.6
4. pH other Related p-Values (Note: The symbol p refers to the mathematical operation log)
pH = -log [H3O+]
pOH = - log [OH-]
log (AxB) =
log A + log B
log 6.854 x 10 - 4 =
log 6.854 + log 10 -4
log 3.45 x 10 4 =
log 3.45 + log 10 4
log 3.45 x 10 4 =
0.537819095 + 4
4.538
0.8359441 + (-4) =
-3.1640559
Final answer is -3.1641
Page 45
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Name: ______________________________________________
PRINT: FAMILY NAME
GIVEN NAME
M.I.
6.24
0.074
2.8
3.40
e. 0.1750
f. 26.70
g. 42, 000
h. 10.0380
d. 14, 200
e. 0.176
f. 172.50
3. Perform the mathematical operation and round off the final answer to the correct number of
significant figures.
a. 17.25 + 0.0718
b. 57.826 - 49.3
c. 12.8 x 0.11874
d. 16.2 28.875
Page 46
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Concentration Units:
Molarity refers to the ratio of the number of moles of the solute dissolved per liter of the solution. Its symbol is
M and is read as molar. The significant equations are listed below:
Molarity
Equation 1.1
Equation 1.2.
1 mole of solute
MM of solute (g)
Equation 1.3.
MM of solute ( g )
1 mole of solute
Equation 1.4
Molarity
weight of solute ( g )
1 mole of solute
Volume ( L)
MM of solute ( g )
MM of solute ( g )
1 mole of solute
Equation 1.5
Equation 1.6
A flask contains an aqueous solution that bears the label 0.252 M Na2CO3.
The label is read as zero point two five two molar sodium carbonate. It can also be read as 0.252 mole of Na2CO3 per liter of solution.
In 1 L of the solution, there are 0.252 mole of Na2CO3.
In 1000 mL of the solution, there are 0.252 mole of Na2CO3.
In 1000 mL of the solution, there are 252 millimoles Na2CO3.
In 1 mL of the solution, there are 0.252 millimoles Na2CO3.
Page 47
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Molality
(2.1)
1 mole of solute
MM of solute ( g )
M .M . g
1mole
(2.2)
(2.3)
(2.3)
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Name: ______________________________________________
PRINT: FAMILY NAME
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Step 3. Use equation 2.2 to solve for the molar mass of the compound.
1 mole of solute
Molality Mass(kg) solvent weight of solute ( g )
MM of solute ( g )
(2.2)
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(2.2)
Step 4. Determine the molecular formula of the compound by comparing the empirical formula mass with the
molar mass.
3. Osmotic Pressure
A solution contains 1.0 g of hemoglobin dissolved in enough water to form 0.100 L solution. The osmotic
pressure at 20C is found to be 2.75 mm Hg. Calculate the molar mass of the hemoglobin.
= MRT
where M is the molarity of the solution, R is 0.0821 L-atm/(K-mol) and T is the Absolute Temperature in
Kelvin.
Step 1. Convert the osmotic pressure to atm using the conversion factor 1 atm = 760 mm Hg.
Step 2. Calculate the molarity of the hemoglobin solution, using = MRT
Step 3. Calculate the molar mass of the hemoglobin by substituting the values into equation 1.2.
1 mole of solute
Molarity Volume ( L) weight of solute ( g )
(1.2)
MM of solute ( g )
Page 50
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Name: ______________________________________________
PRINT: FAMILY NAME
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M.I.
Name of Compound
1. NaBr
2. K2O
3. BaCl2
4. Al2O3
5. ZnBr2
6. CdCl2
7. Li3N
8. Li2S
9. SrO
10. CaCl2
11. ZnI2
12. KI
13. LiF
14. CaF2
15. BaO
Page 51
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Chemical Formula
1. sodium iodide
2. calcium oxide
3. sodium fluoride
4. strontium bromide
5. Zinc sulfide
6. potassium sulfide
7. lithium oxide
8. magnesium nitride
9. calcium bromide
10. cadmium oxide
11. strontium sulfide
12. sodium oxide
13. zinc chloride
14. strontium oxide
15. magnesium bromide
Page 52
DE LA SALLE UNIVERSITY
CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT
GEN CHEM LAB1 SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS
Name: ______________________________________________
PRINT: FAMILY NAME
GIVEN NAME
M.I.
Name of Compound
1. CuCl
2. CuCl2
3. FeO
4. Fe2O3
5. NiO
6. Cr2O3
7. PbO
8. VCl3
9. V2O3
10. TiO2
11. CoCl2
12. FeCl3
13. FeCl2
14. CrBr3
15. MnCl2
Page 53
DE LA SALLE UNIVERSITY
CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT
GEN CHEM LAB1 SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS
Chemical Formula
1. iron(II) bromide
2. iron (III) bromide
3. cobalt(II) bromide
4. copper (I) iodide
5. copper (II) iodide
6. copper (II) sulfide
7. lead(II) sulfide
8. iron(III) sulfide
9. manganese (II) sulfide
10. manganese (IV) oxide
11. nickel(II) bromide
12. titanium (IV) chloride
13. mercury (I) bromide
14. mercury (II) chloride
15. copper (I) oxide
Page 54
DE LA SALLE UNIVERSITY
CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT
GEN CHEM LAB1 SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS
Name: ______________________________________________
PRINT: FAMILY NAME
GIVEN NAME
M.I.
Name of Compound
1. CO2
2. CO
3. NO2
4. N2O
5. NO
6. N2O4
7. P2O5
8. PCl5
9. IF7
10. CCl4
Chemical Formula
1. hydrogen sulfide
2. dichlorine heptoxide
3. bromine trichloride
4. sulfur dioxide
5. sulfur trioxide
6. boron trifluoride
7. xenon trifluoride
8. diselenium dichloride
9. bromine pentafluoride
10. phosphorus trichloride
Page 55
DE LA SALLE UNIVERSITY
CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT
GEN CHEM LAB1 SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS
Name: ______________________________________________
PRINT: FAMILY NAME
GIVEN NAME
M.I.
Name of Compound
1. HClO4
2. HNO3
3. H2SO4
4. H3PO4
5. H3PO3
6. H2CO3
7. HClO2
8. HClO3
9. HClO
10. H2SO3
Chemical Formula
1. sodium perchlorate
2. copper(II) nitrate
3. barium carbonate
4. calcium hypochlorite
5. sodium dihydrogen phosphate
6. potassium phosphate
7. barium sulfate
8. strontium nitrate
9. silver carbonate
10. sodium carbonate
Page 56
DE LA SALLE UNIVERSITY
CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT
GEN CHEM LAB1 SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS
Name: ______________________________________________
PRINT: FAMILY NAME
GIVEN NAME
M.I.
Unit 2
= Required Measurement Unit 2
Unit1
Round off the final answer to the correct number of significant figures and identify the unit of the final answer after
performing the indicated mathematical operations.
12 in 2.54 cm
5. 7.25 ft x
= ______________________ ______
1 ft 1 in
3
3
1000 mL 1 cm 1 m 10 dm
6. 15.3 L x
1 L 1 mL 100 cm 1 m
= ______________________ ______
100 cm 1 in
7. 0.74 m x
= ______________________ ______
1 m 2.54 cm
Perform the following mathematical operations and expressed your final answer in terms of the specified unit.
1 kg
1 kg
+ 10.7432 g x
= _____________________ kg
9. 0.725 kg + 154.3 g x
1000 g
1000 g
2.54 cm 1 mL 1 L
x
x
3
1 in 1 cm 1000 mL
3
2.54 cm
11. (4.25 in) (10.0 in)
1 in
2
= _______________ liters
1 mL
= _____________________ milliliters.
x
3
1 cm
Page 57