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Mats A Selen-Phys111-Lec9
Mats A Selen-Phys111-Lec9
Todays Agenda
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Forms of Energy
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Particle Physics:
E = 1010 eV
(a)
e+
e+ 5,000,000,000 V
(b)
(c)
- 5,000,000,000 V
M
E = MC2
( poof ! )
Wilberforce
Energy Conservation
Returning
Can
Doing work
work on an isolated system will change its energy
energy...
Definition of Work:
Ingredients: Force (F
F), displacement (Drr)
Work, W, of a constant force F
acting through a displacement Drr
is:
W = Fi Drr = F Drr cos q = Fr Drr
F
q
Fr
Drr
Dot Product
Definition of Work...
Hairdryer
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F
q
Dr
F cos q
Definition:
a b = ab cos q
= a[b cos q] = aba
ba
q
b
a
q
b
ab
(q is a scalar)
(c
c is a vector)
.i=j.j=k.k=1
i.j=j.k=k.i=0
i
Suppose
a=1i+2j+3k
b=4i -5j+6k
Then
.
.
.
Magnitude:
a2 = |a|2
=a a
= (ax i + ay j) (ax i + ay j)
= ax 2(ii i) + ay 2(jj j) + 2ax ay (ii
= ax 2 + ay 2
. j)
ay
Pythagorean Theorem!!
ax
j
i
Components:
a = ax i + ay j + az k = (ax , ay , az) = (a
a
Derivatives:
. i, a . j, a . k)
d
da
db
( a b ) =
b + a
dt
dt
dt
Apply to velocity
d 2 d
dv
dv
v = ( v v ) =
v + v = 2 v a
dt
dt
dt
dt
d 2
v = 2 v a = 0
dt
F
Dr
Lecture 9, Act 1
Work & Energy
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Lecture 9, Act 1
Solution
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Consider direction of
motion of the box
3 forces
do work
mg
Dx
x
Work done by F on box :
WF = Fi Dxx = F Dx
(since F is parallel to Dx
x)
WF = (10 N) x (5 m) = 50 Joules (J)
Units:
Force x Distance = Work
Newton x
[M][L] / [T]2
mks
N-m (Joule)
Meter = Joule
[L]
[M][L]2 / [T]2
cgs
Dyne-cm (erg)
= 10-7 J
other
BTU
calorie
foot-lb
eV
= 1054 J
= 4.184 J
= 1.356 J
= 1.6x10-19 J
v1
v2
F
m
i
Dx
x
Physics 111: Lecture 9, Pg 17
v1
v2
F
a
i
Dx
x
Physics 111: Lecture 9, Pg 18
So we find that
1/2mv22 - 1/2mv12 = FDx = WF
v1
F
a
i
Dx
x
Physics 111: Lecture 9, Pg 19
Wnet = DK
= K 2 - K1
1
1
2
2
mv 2 - mv1
2
2
Lecture 9, Act 2
Work & Energy
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Two blocks have masses m1 and m2, where m1 > m2. They
are sliding on a frictionless floor and have the same kinetic
energy when they encounter a long rough stretch (i.e. m > 0)
which slows them down to a stop.
Which one will go farther before stopping?
(a) m1 (b) m2
m1
m2
Lecture 9, Act 2
Solution
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N
f
mg
Lecture 9, Act 2
Solution
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This work removes the kinetic energy that the box had:
WNET = K2 - K1 = 0 - K1
Lecture 9, Act 2
Solution
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m2D2 = m1D1
D2 > D1
m1
D1
m2
D2
Physics 111: Lecture 9, Pg 24
A simple application:
Work done by gravity on a falling object
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Drr
mg
g
H
Work/Kinetic Energy Theorem:
Wg = mgH = 1/2mv2
v = 2 gH
W2 = F2 i Drr
F1
FNET
Drr
WTOT = W1 + W2
= F1i Drr + F2i Drr
= (F
F1 + F2 )i Drr
F2
Comments:
Since W = Fi Dr
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Comments...
W = Fi D r
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v
N
No work done by N.
Lecture 9, Act 3
Work & Energy
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(a) 1
(b) 2
(c) 3
Physics 111: Lecture 9, Pg 29
Lecture 9, Act 3
Solution
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FS
a
mg
Lecture 9, Act 3
Solution
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FS
a
mg
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Review of Work
Work done by gravity near the Earths surface
Examples:
pendulum, inclined plane, free fall
Work done by variable force
Spring
Problem involving spring & friction
F
q
Fr
Drr
F1
FTOT
Drr
F2
No work done by T.
v
N
No work done by N.
v2
F
m
WF = FDx
Dx
x
Physics 111: Lecture 9, Pg 37
mg
g
Wg = -mg Dy
Drr q
-Dy
Depends only on Dy !
W NET = W1 + W2 + . . .+ Wn
= Fi Drr 1+ Fi Drr2 + . . . + Fi Drrn
= Fi (Drr1 + Drr 2+ . . .+ Drrn)
= Fi Dr
= F Dy
m
Drr1
Dy
Drr3
Wg = -mg Dy
Depends only on Dy,
not on path taken!
Dr
mg
g
Drr2
Drrn
Falling
objects
v=0
v=0
H
vf
Free Fall
(a) Vf > Vi > Vp
vi
Frictionless incline
(b) Vf > Vp > Vi
vp
Pendulum
(c) Vf = Vp = Vi
Physics 111: Lecture 9, Pg 40
v=0
v=0
H
vf
Free Fall
vi
vp
Frictionless incline
Pendulum
Only gravity will do work: Wg = mgH = 1/2 mv22 - 1/2 mv12 = 1/2 mv22
vf = v i = v p = 2gH
Drr
FHAND
v = const
a=0
mg
g
Textbook
FHAND
v = const
a=0
= WHAND + Wg
= FHAND Drr - mg Drr
= (FHAND - mg) Drr
mg
g
= 0 since K = 0 (v = const)
So WTOT = 0!!
Drr
FHAND
v = const
a=0
mg
g
Physics 111: Lecture 9, Pg 44
F
Wg
x
Dx
W = F ( x )dx
x1
x1
dx
x2
W = F dx
x1
x2
= m dv dx
x dt
1
v2
= m v
v1
F = ma = m dv
dt
dv dx dv
dv
=
= v dx (chain rule)
dt
dt dx
dv
dx
dx
v2
= m v dv
v1
1
1
1
= m (v22 -v12 ) = m v22 - m v12 = KE
2
2
2
x1
x2
x
relaxed position
-kx
F = - k x1
F = - k x2
Physics 111: Lecture 9, Pg 47
Spring...
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x1
x2
x
relaxed position
Ws
-kx
Spring...
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Spring
F(x)
x1
Ws = F ( x )dx
x1
x2
x2
x
Ws
-kx
= ( -kx )dx
x1
1
= - kx 2
2
x2
x1
1
Ws = - k (x22 - x12 )
2
Physics 111: Lecture 9, Pg 49
x2 = x1
(b) x2 = 2 x1
(c)
x2 = 2 x1
In this case,
and
so
kx2 =
mv2
v1
In the case of x1
x1 = v1
m1
k
x1
m1
m1
Physics 111: Lecture 9, Pg 51
x =v
m
k
x2 = 2v1
m1 2
k
= v1
2m1
k
x2 = 2x1
v2
x2
m2
m2
Physics 111: Lecture 9, Pg 52
relaxed position
after release
v
m
vr
Physics 111: Lecture 9, Pg 53
First find the net work done on the mass during the motion
from x = d to x = 0 (only due to the spring):
1
1
1
Ws = - k (x22 - x12 )= - k (0 2 - d 2 )= kd 2
2
2
2
relaxed position
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Physics 111: Lecture 9, Pg 54
relaxed position
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Physics 111: Lecture 9, Pg 55
vr = d
k
m
relaxed position
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Physics 111: Lecture 9, Pg 56
Wf = f r = - mmg d
Drr
m stretched position (at rest)
d
m
vr
f = mmg
relaxed position
i
Physics 111: Lecture 9, Pg 57
DK =
vr =
1
2
mv r
2
k 2
d - 2 gd
m
Drr
m stretched position (at rest)
d
m
vr
f = mmg
relaxed position
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Physics 111: Lecture 9, Pg 58
Review
Work done by gravity near the Earths surface
Examples:
pendulum, inclined plane, free fall
Work done by variable force
Spring
Problem involving spring & friction