Fasilitas Permukaan

Bagian Pertama
dari Kuliah Transmigas
RS. Trijana Kartoatmodjo
trijana52@gmail.com

Universitas Trisakti
Departemen Teknik Perminyakan

References
Surface Production Operations, Vol. 1 and
Vol. 2, Arnold, K., Stuart M.I., Gulf Publishing
Company, Houston, Texas
Oil Field Processing Volume One: Natural
Gas, Manning F.S., Thompson, R.E., Buthod,
P., PenWells Publishing Company, Tulsa,
Oklahoma

References
Oil Field Processing Volume One: Crude Oil,
Manning, F.S., Thompson, R.E., Buthod, P.,
Sublette, K.L., PenWells Publishing Company,
Tulsa, Oklahoma.
GPSA Engineering Data Book, Gas Processors
Suppliers Association, Tulsa, Oklahoma.

Grading
Attendance
10%
(sesuai peraturan minimum 70%)
Assignments
20%
Mid Semester
30%
Final Exam
40%

Surface Production Facilities

Introduction

Surface Treatment of Fluids

Production
from
Wells

Separation
and
Treatment
Water
De-Oiling

Gas
Oil

Dew Point
Conditioning

Degassing
Dehydration

Containment
Removal
Compression

Disposal

Evacuation
Evacuation

Oil Well Surface Treating System

Free-Water Knockout
or Separator

Oil storage

(Eliminates free
water and gas)

Heater-Treater
Wellhead

(Separates oil, gas

and emulsified
water)

To pipeline

Lease Automatic Custody Transfer

LACT Unit
(Meters oil, measures
impurities, sends
impure oil back to
heater-treater)

Well Components
Angel
Wellhead monitors
and controls well
pressures

Christmas tree

Tubing

Packers

Casing
Perforations

Wellhead

Tubing head
Suspend
casing and
tubing in well
Casing head

Wellhead
Wing valve
Controls
production
line

To production
equipment

Master valve
Stops fluid flow,
shutting in well

Casing valve

Wellhead
Choke

Pressure gauges
Tee

To production
equipment

Basic Separator
Gas
Gas
Gas/oil
Mixture

Float

Oil

Oil level
control
If oil level
drops, float
closes oil outlet
Oil

Vertical Separator

Primarily used for

high gas content wells

Three-Phase Separator
Gas

Demister

Feed

Gas

Oil
Water
Weir
Water

Oil

Horizontal Separator
Primarily used for high liquid content wells

Courtesy of Expro Group

Horizontal Separator

Offshore Oil Storage

Oil storage
platform
Oil
Sales

Production platform
(Oil processing only)

Wells

Floating Production, Storage, and

Offloading System (FPSO)

Shuttle tanker
(transfers oil
from moored
tanker to
refinery)

Storage and
treating tanker
(moored to sea
floor)
Flexible risers

Anchor chains

Floating
Production,
Storage, and
Offloading
System
(FPSO)

Nodal Analysis
and Artificial Lift

Artificial Lift
Psurf = surface pressure
psurf

Ph = hydrostatic
pressure

Pwf = flowing well

pressure

ph

pwf

Uses alternate sources

to lift or lighten fluid
column
Artificial lift is required
when reservoir pressure
is not sufficient to lift
fluids to surface.

Artificial Lift
psurf

Ph = hydrostatic
pressure

+
ph

Pwf = flowing well

pressure
pwf

Psurf = surface pressure

Neglecting
frictional forces,
the well:
Flows if pwf > ph + psurf

Artificial Lift
Psurf = surface pressure
psurf

Ph = hydrostatic
pressure

Pwf = flowing well

pressure

+
ph

pwf

Neglecting
frictional forces,
the well:
Flows if pwf > ph + psurf
Dies if pwf ph + psurf
Artificial lift
needed

Artificial Lift

Decreases
backpressure
against
reservoir

Increases pressure
difference
(drawdown) between
reservoir and
wellbore.

Common Artificial Lift Types

Sucker rod pump (or beam pump)
Gas lift
Electric submersible pump (ESP)
Hydraulic pump
PCP

Sucker Rod Pumping

Most common artificial lift method.
Used mostly in shallow to mediumdepth oil fields (< 10,000 ft).
Identified by characteristic pump unit.
Surface pumping unit is connected via
sucker rods to a downhole pump.

Conventional Rod Pumping System

Walking Beam
Equalizer
Bearing

Strong enough to resist bending

under weights at both ends
Horsehead

Transfer rotary motion

from cranks to walking
beam
Pitman

Holds polished rod

on vertical

Samson Posts
Must support load on
polished rod
Polished Rod
Flow Line

Base

Downhole Pump

Gas Lift Installations

Production
Gas
Gas injected at depth
lightens density of
the liquid column
Added gas decreases
hydrostatic pressure

Injection is performed in
stages from top to bottom
via gas lift valves until all
liquid is removed and well
is flowing

Conventional
valves

Fluid seal

Open installation

Gas Lift Installations

Production
Gas

Conventional
valves
Packer
Standing
valve

Closed installation

GAS LIFT
PRODUCTIO
N FLOW
CHART

Gas Lift Requirements

Careful design
Surface gas compression and a
supply of gas
No reciprocating rods
Less damaging to tubing
No special wellhead equipment

Surface power
enters through
wellhead

Electric
Submersible
Pump (ESP)
Fluid Level

Power Cable
Run with tubing string
Banded to tubing

Pump
Hung below fluid level
by discharge head

Pump intake
Fluids enter system

Protector
Equalizes pressures
Isolates motor from fluids

Perforations

Motor
Mounted above
perforations for cooling

ESPs
Designed to pump at very high flow rates
(100 to 10,000 BPD)
Sensitive to solids and free gas
Under favorable conditions, can run
several years
Less efficient than other methods
Expensive

Progressive
Cavity Pump

Cross Section
of PCP

Principals of hydraulic
lift operation.

Operation of
positive
displacement

Jet or Venturi Pump

Beam pumping (BP)

Natural flow (NF)

Gas lift (GL)

Electric submersible
pumping (ESP)

Pressure

qNF
qBP

qGL

Rate
qEP

Pressure Losses in Well System

P4 = (Pwh - Psep)

Gas

Sales line
Pwh

Psep

Liquid

Stock tank

P3 = Pwf - Pwh

Pwf

P1 = Pr - Pwfs

= Loss in reservoir

P2 = Pwfs - Pwf

= Loss across completion

P3 = Pwf - Pwh

= Loss in tubing

P4 = Pwh - Psep

= Loss in flowline

PT = Pr - Psep

= Total pressure loss

Pwfs

Pr

Pe

P1 = (Pr - Pwfs)
P2 = (Pwfs - Pwf)
Adapted from Mach et al, SPE 8025, 1979.

Nodal Analysis
P4 = (Pwh - Psep)

Gas

Sales line
Pwh

Psep

Liquid

Stock tank

P3 = Pwf - Pwh

Pwf

P1 = Pr - Pwfs

= Loss in reservoir

P2 = Pwfs - Pwf

= Loss across completion

P3 = Pwf - Pwh

= Loss in tubing

P4 = Pwh - Psep

= Loss in flowline

PT = Pr - Psep

= Total pressure loss

Pwfs

Pr

Pe

P1 = (Pr - Pwfs)
P2 = (Pwfs - Pwf)
Adapted from Mach et al, SPE 8025, 1979.

Inflow Performance Curve

3500

Flowing bottomhole pressure, psi

Inflow (Reservoir) Curve

3000

2500

2000

1500

1000

500

0
0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

Production rate, STB/D

3500

4000

4500

Outflow Performance Curve

Flowing bottomhole pressure, psi

3500

Outflow (Tubing) Curve

3000

2500

2000

1500

1000

500

0
0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

Production rate, STB/D

3500

4000

4500

System Graph
Flowing bottomhole pressure, psi

3500

Inflow (Reservoir) Curve

Outflow (Tubing) Curve

3000

2500

1957.1 psi
2000

1500

1000

500

2111 STB/D

0
0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

Production rate, STB/D

3500

4000

4500

Solution Node At Wellhead

P4 = (Pwh - Psep)

Gas

Sales line
Pwh

Psep

Liquid

Stock tank

P3 = Pwf - Pwh

Pwf

P1 = Pr - Pwfs

= Loss in reservoir

P2 = Pwfs - Pwf

= Loss across completion

P3 = Pwf - Pwh

= Loss in tubing

P4 = Pwh - Psep

= Loss in flowline

PT = Pr - Psep

= Total pressure loss

Pwfs

Pr

Pe

P1 = (Pr - Pwfs)
P2 = (Pwfs - Pwf)
Adapted from Mach et al, SPE 8025, 1979.

System Graph - Wellhead Node

1600

Inflow Curve
Outflow Curve

Flowing wellhead pressure, psi

1400
1200
1000
800

500 psi
600
400
200

2050 STB/D

0
0

500

1000

1500

2000

Production rate, STB/D

2500

3000

Beam pumping (BP)

Natural flow (NF)

Gas lift (GL)

Electric submersible
pumping (ESP)

Pressure

qNF
qBP

qGL

Rate
qEP

Basic Process Scheme

Process Overview

Oil and Gas Production

Oil and gas is produced in almost every part of
the world.
Production from 100 bbl/day to 4000 bbl/day
per well.
Depth of production from 20 m to 3000 m,
and more.
Current trend of petroleum production:
Explore reservoirs at ultra high water depth.
Develop subsea production system

Production System

1. Onshore well
2. Offshore, fixed,
muiltiplatforms
3. Offshore, fixed, self
contained platforms
4. Offshore, self contained,
concrete gravity platforms

5. Offshore, floating, singlepoint mooring

6. Storage/shuttle tanker
7. Offshore, floating, tension
leg platforms
8. Subsea manifolds

Onshore
Production from a few tens barrels a day
upward.
Worldwide, there are several millions oil and gas
production wells.
Production system:
sucker rod pump
(donkey pump).

Onshore (Cont.)
Heavy crude, tar sands and
oil shales have become
economically extractible.
Heavy crude may need
heating and diluent.
Tar sands have lost their
volatile compounds and are
strip mined or could be
extracted with steam.

These unconventional of
reserves may contain more
than double the
hydrocarbons found in
conventional reservoirs.

Subsea FPSO Development

Heli-deck
Power genaration
Shuttle tanker Process facilities

Accomodation

Thurett
Offloading
Riser
Subsea Systems

Thruster
Mooring Chain/Wire

Offshore Production System

Type of Offshore Platform

to 400 ft)

(to 1500 ft)

(1500 to 3000 ft)

(2000 to 10000 ft)
(1500 to 7000 ft)

Type of Offshore Platform (Cont.)

in relation with water depth

Shallow Water Complex

Water depth up to 100 m.
Several independent platforms with different parts of
the process and utilities linked with gangway bridges.
Individual platforms will be described as:

-Wellhead Platform

-Riser Platform
-Processing Platform
-Accommodations
-Platform and Power
-Generation Platform

Integrated Steel Jacket Platform