Introduction To Sustainable Construction: Module 4. Energy Efficiency and Environmental Certification in Construction

Introduction to Sustainable Construction
Module 4. Energy Efficiency and Environmental Certification in Construction

Master in European Construction Engineering
Pablo Pascual Muoz

This lesson is published under the License:
Creative Commons BY-NC-SA 4.0

MODULE CONTENTS
1. The energy crisis
2. Energy efficiency
3. Environmental Certification

1. The energy crisis

I.
Energy sources
II. Relevant factors

III. Energy consumption
IV. Energy crisis: causes and consequences
V. Energy crisis in the 20th century
VI. Solutions

I. Energy sources: renewable and non-renewable
Conventional
Alternative
Non-renewable
Renewable
Oil
Coal
Gas
Nuclear (fission)
Wood
Hydraulic
Geothermal (H.E.)
Shale Gas
Nuclear (Fusion)
Oil shale
Solar
Wind
Biomass
Ocean
Geothermal (L.E.)

I. Energy sources
Currently (2015), energy that powers the world is mainly produced

from the combustion of fossil fuels as gas, oil, coal or nuclear fission.
However, in some countries of the world including Sweden, Denmark,

Spain or the US, the progress of renewable energy is very relevant.
In general, energy sources are as valuable to humans that their

search has led wars throughout history.
Actually, the development of a country might largely depend on the

lack of essential energy sources.
Furthermore, mismanagement of these sources can ruin the benefits

associated to the possession of essential sources of energy, as it can
be seen today in some countries.

I. Energy sources
The total transition from the fossil to the alternative and renewable
energies will take decades due to the exisiting oil and gas reservoirs.
To date:
-
The energy wind keeps on growing considerably every day.
The infrastructure for solar energy is cheapear as time goes by.
The geothermal heat pumps are much more efficient nowadays.
The development of biofuels at commercial level fosters the

development of greener engines for cars and trucks.
The nuclear fusion keeps on growing very slowly. Another 20-30

years of research are still needed for its proper development.
The energy efficiency policies are more active every day, yet their
promotion is still necessary.


1) SUFFICIENCY:
-
The existence of energy reserves is of vital importance in a world that

depends on non-renewable energy sources.
The EU possesses less than 0.5% of global oil reserves and less than
1% of the gas reserves.
Renewable and nuclear are world's fastest-growing energy sources by

2.5 percent / year; however, fossil fuels continue to supply almost 80
percent of world energy use through 2040 (Source: EIA, Outlook 2013).
2) SAFETY:
-
The safety of energy supply is essential since most of the countries in

the world are not producers and, therefore, depend on the reliability
of the distribution.
Recent confrontation in Europe between Russia, one of the largest gas

producers, and Ukraine, highlights the importance of this factor.


3) COST AND COMPETITIVENESS:
-
The global energy consumption will grow by 56% between 2010 and
2040. Most of this increase will occur in non-OECD countries, in which
a pronounced economic progress is expected.
It is estimated that the average global GDP growth between 2010 and
2040 will be 3.6%, while in non-OECD countries it is estimated that the
average growth will be 4.7%.
China and India (and other countries like Mexico or Brazil to a lesser
extent) will play a very important role in this increase of consumption,
by buying from the same suppliers and thereby increasing prices.
Sources: U.S. Energy Information Administration - International Energy Outlook 2013.
4) SUSTAINABILITY:
-
The increased use of renewable energy and energy efficiency policies

will reduce emissions of CO2 and global warming.

III. Primary energy consumption in the world
World energy consumption

(X 1015 Btu)
World energy consumption by fuel type

(X 1015 Btu)
** Sources: U.S. Energy Information Administration - International Energy Outlook 2013.


III. Final energy consumption in the world (By sector)
** Sources: US Energy Information Administration - International Energy Outlook 2013.

http://www.eia.gov/oiaf/aeo/tablebrowser/#release = IEO2013 & subject = 0-IEO2013 & table = 15-IEO2013 & region = 4-0 & cases = Referenced041117

III. Energy consumption in construction (Spain)

Total Energy Consumptions (2011) *
Coal Consumptions (2011) *
0% 3%
6% 4% 2%
15%
38%
35%
97%
Timber structures and carpentry materials for construction
Manufacturing of ceramic products for construction
Manufacturing of cement, lime and gypsum
Manufacuring of concrete, cement and gypsum elements
Cutting, carving and polishing of stone
Manufacturing of steel structures and components
* Published in 2013

III. Energy consumption in construction (Spain)

Oil Consumptions (2011) *
Gas Consumptions (2011) *
0% 1%
5%
9%
7% 3% 8%
15%
0%
20%
84%
46%
* Published in 2013

According to the previous diagrams:
Almost three quarters of the energy consumed in Spain in the

construction sector is employed in the manufacture of gypsum,
cement, lime, and ceramic materials.
All theses processes require high temperatures and, therefore,

large amounts of energy.
In the construction sector, coal is employed almost exclusively

in the manufacture of cement, lime and plaster.
Two thirds of the oil used in the construction sector is intended

for the production of cement, lime, gypsum and derivatived
materials such as concrete.
Most of the gas is used in the manufacture of ceramic elements

for construction.

IV. What is an energy crisis?

An ENERGY CRISIS is a deficit in the supply of an energy
source essential for the development of a specific region.
These crucial energy sources are responsible for providing
electricity to the streets and buildings and fuel to the cars,
heating and domestic hot water systems.
Inevitably, limiting the supply will result in an exorbitant
increase of the energy prices.
In some severe cases, the scarcity means that the supply of
the energy demanded by the area/region/country is totally
impossible.

IV. What are the causes of an energy crisis?

POLICIES:
- Excessive market control that can result in a lack of incentives and
hence a decrease in the production.
- Total lack of regulation that ends up in the formation of oligopolies
and/or monopolies that leave people at the mercy of the market.
GEOSTRATEGIC: rivalry between two regions or countries, one of which
is source of scarce energy resources, can lead the other to a reduction
in the supply.
INSTABILITIES OR CONFLICTS: the outbreak of a conflict on a country
that possesses energy resources reduces the extraction capacity of that
country and thus its ability to supply energy to other countries.
NATURAL PHENOMENA: earthquakes, tsunamis or hurricanes seriously
affect too the generation and subsequent supply of energy.

IV. What are the consequences of an energy crisis?

The shortage of energy sources or the exorbitant rise of prices
have always important consequences:
For industrial and commercial activity:
- Decrease of the production capacity.
- Decline in business activity.
Regarding social issues:
- Decline in health standards.
- Absence of basic services: heating, electricity, etc.
- Inadequate hygienic conditions.

V. Energy crisis in the 20th century

In 1973, Arabian oil countries embargoed oil shipments to
the West because of their support to Israel in the Six-Day
War against Egypt. Arab oil embargo finished in 1974.
In 1979-80, a second oil crisis occurred in the USA due to
the Iranian Revolution and the Iran-Iraq War.
In 1990, the oil price spike occurred in response to the
Iraqi invasion of Kuwait.
In 2000-01, the electricity crisis in California was caused by
market manipulations and business corruption.
Oil prices increase in 2004-2005 due to: natural disasters,
terrorism, speculation (demand bubble), etc.

VI. Any solution to future energy crisis?

a) Development of alternative/renewable energies
that contribute to ensuring a continuous supply
of the energy while impacts associated with the
generation, transmission and use are minimized.
b) Promotion of Energy Efficiency instruments and
policies in order to optimize the use of energy,
and hence reduce the required resources and the
impact on the environment.
Introduccin a la Construccin Sostenible

Mdulo 4. Eficiencia Energtica y Certificados Ambientales en Construccin
Pablo Pascual Muoz

Este tema se publica bajo Licencia:
Creative Commons BY-NC-SA 4.0
Introducccin a la Construccin Sostenible

MODULE CONTENTS
1. La crisis energtica
2. Eficiencia energtica
3. Certificacin ambiental

1. La crisis energtica
I.
Fuentes de energa
II. Factores determinantes

III. Consumo actual de energa
IV. Crisis energtica: causas y consecuencias
V. Crisis energtica en el siglo XX
VI. Soluciones

I. Fuentes de energa: renovables y no renovables
Convencional
Alternativa
No renovable
Renovable
Petrleo
Carbn
Gas
Nuclear (fisin)
Madera
Hidrulica
Geotermia (A.E.)
Gas de esquisto
Nuclear (fusin)
Petrleo de esquisto
Solar
Elica
Biomasa
Ocano
Geotermia (B.E.)

I. Fuentes de energa
Actualmente (2015), la energa que alimenta el mundo se obtiene

principalmente de la combustin de combustibles fsiles como el gas,
el petrleo y el carbn o de la fisin nuclear.
No obstante, en algunos pases del mundo como Suecia, Alemania,

Dinamarca, Espaa o EE.UU., el avance de las energas renovables es
muy relevante.
En general, las fuentes de energa son tan valiosas para el ser humano
que su bsqueda ha provocado guerras a lo largo de la historia.
De hecho, el desarrollo de un pas puede depender en gran medida

de la falta de fuentes de energa esenciales.
Por otra parte, una mala gestin de esas fuentes puede arruinar los
beneficios asociados a la posesin de fuentes de energa esenciales,
tal y como puede verse hoy en da en algunos pases.

I. Fuentes de energa
La transicin total desde las energas fsiles hasta las alternativas y

renovables llevar dcadas todava gracias a las reservas de petrleo
y gas existentes. Hasta ese momento:
-
La energa elica continua creciendo considerablemente.
La infraestructura para la energa solar es cada vez ms barata.
Las bombas de calor geotrmicas son mucho ms eficientes.
El desarrollo de los biocombustibles a nivel comercial fomenta el

desarrollo de motores ms verdes para coches y camiones.
La fusion nuclear sigue su lento crecimiento, tratndose todava

de una tecnologa en paales con al menos otros 20-30 aos de
investigacin necesaria.
Las polticas de eficiencia energtica son cada vez ms activas, si

bien se hace todava necesario el fomento de esta.


1) SUFICIENCIA:
-
La existencia de reservas energticas es de vital importancia en un

mundo que depende de fuentes de energa no renovables.
La UE posee menos del 0,5% de las reservas mundiales de petrleo y

menos del 1% de las reservas de gas.
Renewable and nuclear are worlds fastest-growing energy sources by

2.5 percent/year; however, fossil fuels continue to supply almost 80
percent of world energy use through 2040 (Fuente: EIA, Outlook 2013).
2) SEGURIDAD:
-
La seguridad en el suministro de la energa es de vital importancia ya

que la mayora de los pases del mundo no son productores y, por
tanto, dependen de la fiabilidad de su transporte.
Los recientes acontecimientos surgidos en Europa entre Rusia, uno de

los mayores productores mundiales de gas, y Ucrania ponen de
manifiesto la importancia de este factor.


3) COSTE Y COMPETITIVIDAD:
-
El consumo de energa mundial crecer un 56% entre los aos 2010 y

2040. La mayor parte de este aumento tendr lugar en pases fuera de
la OCDE, en los cuales se prevee un desarrollo econmico acusado.
Se estima que el crecimiento medio del PIB mundial entre los aos
2010 y 2040 ser del 3.6%, mientras que en pases no pertenecientes
a la OCDE se estima que el crecimiento medio ser del 4.7%.
China e India (y otros pases como Mexico o Brasil en menor medida)

sern protagonistas de este incremento de consumo, comprando a los
mismos proveedores y aumentando con ello los precios.
Fuentes: U.S. Energy Information Administration - International Energy Outlook 2013.
4) SOSTENIBILIDAD:
-
El aumento del uso de energas renovables y las polticas de eficiencia

energtica reducirn las emisiones de CO2 y el calentamiento global.

III. Consumo de energa primaria en el mundo
Consumo mundial de energa

(x 1015 Btu)
Consumo mundial de energa por tipo de combustible

(x 1015 Btu)
** Fuentes: U.S. Energy Information Administration - International Energy Outlook 2013.


III. Consumo de energa final en el mundo (por sectores)
** Sources: U.S. Energy Information Administration - International Energy Outlook 2013.

http://www.eia.gov/oiaf/aeo/tablebrowser/#release=IEO2013&subject=0-IEO2013&table=15-IEO2013&region=4-0&cases=Reference-d041117

III. Consumo de energa en la construccin (Spain)

Total Energy Consumptions (2011) *
Coal Consumptions (2011) *
0% 3%
6% 4% 2%
15%
38%
35%
97%
* Publicado en 2013

III. Consumo de energa en la construccin (Spain)

Oil Consumptions (2011) *
Gas Consumptions (2011) *
0% 1%
5%
9%
7% 3% 8%
15%
0%
20%
84%
46%
* Publicado en 2013

De las grficas anteriores se desprende que:
Casi tres cuartas partes de la energa consumida en Espaa en

el sector de la construccin se emplea en la fabricacin de
yesos, cementos, cales, y materiales cermicos.
Se trata en todos los casos de procesos que demandan altas

temperaturas y, por tanto, grandes cantidades de energa.
En el sector de la construccin en Espaa, el carbn se utiliza

casi exclusivamente en la fabricacin de cemento, cal y yeso.
Dos terceras partes del petrleo utilizado en la construccin se

destina a la produccin de cementos, cales, yesos y materiales
derivados como el hormign.
La mayor parte del consumo de gas se utiliza en la fabricacin

de elementos cermicos para la construccin.

IV. Qu es una crisis energtica?

Una crisis energtica es un dficit en el suministro de una
fuente de energa esencial para el desarrollo de una regin
determinada.
Estas fuentes de energa son las encargadas de proveer de
electricidad a las calles y edificios, y de combustible a los
automviles y a los sistemas de calefaccin y agua caliente.
Inevitablemente, la limitacin del suministro traer consigo
un aumento desorbitado del precio de la energa.
En algunos casos, la caresta supone la imposibilidad total
de abastecimiento de la demanda energtica.

IV. Cules son las causas de una crisis energtica?

POLTICAS:
- Excesivo control del mercado que pueda traer consigo una falta de
incentivos y por ende, una disminucin de la produccin.
- Falta total de regulacin que acabe en la formacin de oligopolios
y/o monopolios que dejen a la poblacin a merced del mercado.
GEOESTRATGICAS: la rivalidad entre dos regiones o pases, uno de los
cuales es fuente de recursos energticos escasos, puede llevar al otro
a una reduccin del suministro.
INESTABILIDADES Y/O CONFLICTOS: la explosin de un conflicto en un
pas poseedor de recursos energticos limitar su capacidad extractiva
y con ello su capacidad de suministro de energa a otros pases.
FENMENOS NATURALES: terremotos, tsunamis o huracanes afectan
tambin gravemente a la generacin y posterior suministro de energa.

IV. Qu consecuencias tiene una crisis energtica?

La caresta de fuentes energticas o el aumento desorbitado
de su precio acarrea importantes consencuecias:
A nivel industrial y comercial:
- Disminucin de la capacidad productiva.
- Disminucin de la actividad comercial.
A nivel social:
- Dficit de atencin sanitaria.
- Ausencia de servicios bsicos: calefaccin, luz, etc.
- Salubridad.

V. Crisis energtica en el siglo XX

In 1973, Arabian oil countries embargoed oil shipments to
the West because of their support to Israel in the Six-Day
War against Egypt. Arab oil embargo finished in 1974.
In 1979-80, a second oil crisis occurred in the USA due to
the Iranian Revolution and the Iran-Iraq War.
In 1990, the oil price spike occurred in response to the
Iraqi invasion of Kuwait.
In 2000-01, the electricity crisis in California was caused by
market manipulations and business corruption.
Oil prices increase in 2004-2005 due to: natural disasters,
terrorism, speculation (demand bubble), etc.

VI. Soluciones a las crisis energticas futuras?

a) Desarrollo de energas alternativas y renovables
que contribuyan al aseguramiento del suministro
contnuo de energa al tiempo que minimizan los
impactos asociados a su generacin, transporte y
uso.
b) Favorecimiento de las polticas e instrumentos de
eficiencia energtica que permitan optimizar el
uso de la energa, disminuyendo as los recursos
necesarios y el impacto sobre el medio ambiente.

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Introduction to Sustainable Construction

Module 4. Energy Efficiency and Environmental Certification in Construction

Pablo Pascual Muoz