Chapter11

1atm*
101,325Pa
760mmHg*
760torr*
1.01325bar
14.7psi
1. Describethepropertiesofgases
1) Asampleofgasassumesboththeshapeandvolumeofitscontainer
2) Gasesarecompressible.
3) Thedensitiesofgasesaremuchsmallerthanthoseofliquidsandsolids;andthedensity
ofagaseoussubstanceishighlyvariabledependingontemperatureandpressure.(g/L)
4) Gasesformhomogeneousmixtureswithoneanotherinanyproportion.
2.

Usetheassumptionsofkineticmoleculartheorytoexplainthebehaviorofgases
1) Thereisalotofemptyspacebetweenthegasparticlescomparedtothesizeofthe
particles.
2) Theattraction(orrepulsion)betweenparticlesisnegligible.
3) Theparticlesofthegasareconstantlymovingrandomly,instraightpaths.Whenthey
collideinperfectlyelasticcollisions.
4) TheaveragekineticenergyofthegasparticlesisdirectlyproportionaltotheKelvin
temperature.

3.

Understandtherelationshipbetweeneffusionandmolecularmass
Graham'slawstatesthattherateofdiffusionoreffusionofagasisinverselyproportionalto
thesquarerootofitsmolarmass:

Effusionistheescapeofgasmoleculesfromacontainertoaregionofvacuum.
Lightergaseseffuseanddiffusemorerapidlythanheaviergases

4.

Definethestandardtemperatureandpressure(STP)
StandardTemperatureandPressure1atmand273.15K(0C)
Volumeof1moleatSTP=22.4L

5.

Listfactorsthatmaycauseagastodeviatefromidealbehavior
Noattractionsbetweengasmolecules
Gasmoleculevolumeisnotsignificant.
Athighpressuremoleculesareclosetogetherandindividualvolumebecomessignificant
Atlowtemperaturesmoleculesaremovingslowerandanyintermolecularforcesbecome
significant
Molarvolumeofarealgasislargerthanpredictedbytheidealgaslawathighpressures
Molarvolumeofarealgasissmallerthanpredictedbytheidealgaslawatlowtemperatures

6.

UsetherelationshipsamongP,V,T,andnincalculations
BoylesLaw

CharlessLaw

AvogadrosLaw

7.

Usetheidealgaslawtodeterminedensityormolarmass
Density,d=g/L

Molarmass

P=atm,V=L,n=moles,R=0.08206L*atm/K*mol,T=K

8.

PerformgasmixturecalculationsusingDaltonsLawofPartialPressuresandmolefractions
Dalton'slawofpartialpressuresstatesthatthetotalpressureexertedbyagasmixtureisthe
sumofthepartialpressuresexertedbyeachcomponentofthemixture:

Themolefraction(i)ofacomponentofamixtureisthenumberofmolesofthecomponent
dividedbythetotalnumberofmolesinthemixture:

Themolefractionofamixturecomponentisalwayslessthan1.
Thesumofmolefractionsforallcomponentsofamixtureisalways1.
Molefractionisdimensionless.

9.

Performstoichiometriccalculationsforreactionswithgaseousreactantsand/orproducts.

Reactionoccurringatconstanttemperatureandpressure,andinvolvesonlygases,coefficients
inbalancedchemicalequationapplytounitsofvolume,aswellasnumbersofmoleculesor
moles.Balancedchemicalequationandidealgasequationcanbeusedtodeterminevolumes
ofgaseousreactantsand/orproductsinareaction.

Chapter12
Attractiveforcesaregreaterin:
Largermolecules>smallermolecules
Polarmolecules>nonpolarmolecules(roughlyequalsize)
Hydrogenbonds>cantformhydrogenbonds(samesize)
Ionion>othertypesofintermolecularforces
1.

Describethephysicalpropertiesofliquids(surfacetension,viscosity,vaporpressure,boiling
point)andrelatethesetothetypesofattractiveforcesexperiencedbythesampleofmatter
Surfacetensionisnetpullinwardonmoleculesatthesurfaceofaliquid.Cohesionis
attractiveforcesbetweenmoleculeswithinasubstance.Adhesionisattractiveforcesbetween
moleculesinsubstanceandtheircontainer.Cohesion>adhesionconvexmeniscus.Adhesion
>cohesionconcavemeniscus.Strongintermolecularforceshavehigersurfacetension.
Decreaseswithtemp.
Viscosityisresistancetoflow.Stongintermolecularforceshavehigherviscosities.Decreases
withtemp.
Vaporpressuremeasurehoweasilymoleculesescapetothevaporphase.Volatilesubstance
hashighvaporpressure.Weakerattractiveforces,fasterrateofevaporation.Increaseswith
temp.
Surfacetension,viscosity,andvaporpressurearealltemperaturedependent.
Boilingpointisthetemperatureatwhichitsvaporpressureequalstheexternalatmospheric
pressure
Normalboilingpointistemperaturewhenvaporpressureisequalto1atm.
Strongerintermolecularforceshigherboilingpoint.

2.

Predictthephysicalpropertiesofvarioussolids(meltingpoint,vaporpressure,andamorphousvs.
crystallinestructures)
1. Meltingpointofsolidistemperaturewhichenergiesofparticlesbreakfreefromfixed
positionsandflowpastoneanother.Strongintermolecularforcesmeltathighertemperatures.
2. Vaporpressuremagnitudeofsolidsmuchlowerthancorrespondingliquid.
3. Amorphoussolidsifsolidformsundercertainextraordinaryconditions,maynotbe
sufficienttimeformoleculestomoveintopositionsofregularcrystal.
4. Crystallinesolidpossessrigidandlongrangeorder;atomsoccupyspecificpositions.

3.

Describethebasictypesofcrystallinesolids(ionic,covalent,molecular,metallic)

4.

Identifyphasechangesandtheirassociatedenthalpies

Themolarheatofvaporization(Hvap)istheamountofheatrequiredtovaporize1moleofa
substanceatitsboilingpoint.
Themolarheatoffusion(Hfus)istheamountofheatrequiredtomelt1moleofasubstanceat
itsmeltingpoint.
Themolarheatofsublimation(Hsub)isequaltothesumofthemolarheatsoffusionand
vaporization:Hsub=Hfus+Hvap.
5.
6.

Interpretheating/coolingcurves
Calculateheat(q)changeswithtemperatureand/orphasechanges

7.

Interpretaphasediagram
Triplepointiscombinationofpressureandtemperaturewhere3phasesexistinequilibrium.
Criticaltemperature(Tc)isthetemperatureabovewhichagascannotbeliquefiedby
applyingpressure.
Criticalpressure(Pc)isthepressurenecessarytoliquefyagasatitscriticaltemperature.
Asubstanceaboveitscriticaltemperatureandpressureisasupercriticalfluidhasproperties
ofbothgasandliquid.
Supercoolingistheprocessofrapidlyloweringaliquid'stemperaturebelowitsfreezing
point.

1.

Chapter13
Describetypesofsolutions,includingallphases

2.

Saturatedsolutionscontainthemaximumpossibleamountofdissolvedsolute.
Unsaturatedsolutionscontainlessthanthemaximumpossibleamountofsolute.
Supersaturatedsolutionscontainmoresolutethanspecifiedbythesolubility.

Describechangesinentropyandenthalpywhensolutionsareformed
Enthalpychanges

Theoverallsolutionformationprocessisexothermic(
)whentheenergygiven
offinstep3isgreaterthanthesumofenergyrequiredforsteps1and2.Theoverallprocessis
endothermic(
forsteps1and2.

)whentheenergygivenoffinstep3islessthanthetotalrequired

3.

Describehowenvironmentalfactors(TandP)affectthesolubilityofagasinaliquid
Increasingthetemperaturedecreasesthesolubilityofmostgasesinwater
Increasingthepressureincreasesthesolubilityofgasesinwater

4.

UseHenryslawtocalculatesolubilityofagasinasolution
c=molarconcentration(mol/L),P=pressure(atm)

5.

Explainandcalculatedifferentphysicalpropertiesbetweensolutionsandpuresolvent(colligative
properties)
Colligativepropertiesdependonthenumberofsoluteparticlesinsolutionbutnotonthenature
ofthesoluteparticles.
vaporpressurelowering
nonvolatilesoluteisdissolvedinliquid,vaporpressureexertedbyliquiddecreases
Solventinasolutionwillalwaysexertalowervaporpressurethanthepuresolvent.
Ifbothcomponentsarevolatile

boilingpointelevationelevation
Nonvolatilesolutelowersthevaporpressureofasolution,soincreasestheboilingpointofthe
solutionrelativetothepureliquid

Tb=boilingpointelevation,Tb=boilingpointofsolution,Tb=boilingpointofpuresolvent
m=molalityofsolution(mol/kg),Kb=molalboilingpointelevationconstant(C/m)

freezingpointdepression

Tf=freezingpointdepression,Tf=freezingpointofsolution,Tf=freezingpointofpuresolvent
m=molalityofsolution(mol/kg),Kf=molalfreezingpointdepressionconstant(C/m)
osmoticpressure
osmoticpressureofasolutionispressurerequiretostoposmosis.
=osmoticpressure(atm),M=molarity(mol/L),R=gasconstant(0.08206Latm/molK),T=
absolutetemperature(K)

1.
2.

Chapter14
Distinguishbetweenaspontaneousandanonspontaneousprocess
Defineentropy(S)andGibbsfreeenergy(G)
Gibbsfreeenergy(G)isenergyavailabletodowork.

GhasunitsofenergyjustasHandTS.Freeenergyisastatefunction.

Entropyofasystemisameasureofhowspreadoutorhowdispersedthesystemsenergyis

3.

Identifytrendsinstandardentropyvalues
Foragivensubstance,thestandardentropyisgreaterintheliquidphasethaninthesolid
phase.
Foragivensubstance,thestandardentropyisgreaterinthegasphasethanintheliquidphase.
Fortwomonatomicspecies,theonewiththelargermolarmasshasthegreaterstandard
entropy.
Fortwosubstancesinthesamephase,andwithsimilarmolarmasses,thesubstancewiththe
morecomplexmolecularstructurehasthegreaterstandardentropy.
Incaseswhereanelementexistsintwoormoreallotropicforms,theforminwhichtheatoms
aremoremobilehasthegreaterentropy.

4.

Calculatethestandardentropychange(S)foragivenreaction

5.

PredictthesignofSforagivenprocessandusethesigntoindicatewhetherthesystemhas
undergoneanincreaseordecreaseinentropy
Increaseinentropy:
Melting
Vaporizationorsublimation
Temperatureincrease

Reactionresultinginagreaternumberofgasmolecules

Sfor:
DecompositionofCaCO3(s)togiveCaO(s)andCO2(g)ispositive
Heatingbrominevaporfrom45Cto80Cispositive
Condensationofwatervaporonacoldsurfaceisnegative
ReactionofNH3(g)andHCl(g)togiveNH4Cl(s)isnegative
Dissolutionofsugarinwaterispositive
6.

Stateinwordsorsymbolsthesecondlawandthirdlawofthermodynamics
Secondlawofthermodynamics,theentropyoftheuniverseincreasesinaspontaneousprocess
andremainsunchangedinanequilibriumprocess.Foraprocesstobespontaneousaswritten(in
theforwarddirection),Sunivmustbepositive.Therefore,thesystemmayundergoadecreasein
entropy,aslongasthesurroundingsundergoesalargerincreaseinentropy,andviceversa.A
processforwhichSunivisnegativeisnotspontaneousaswritten.

Thirdlawofthermodynamicstheentropyofapurecrystallinesolidis0atabsolutezero.The
significanceofthethirdlawofthermodynamicsisthatitenablesustodetermineexperimentally
theabsoluteentropiesofsubstances.Startingwiththeknowledgethattheentropyofapure
crystallinesubstanceiszeroat0K,wecanmeasuretheincreaseinentropyofthesubstanceasit
isheated.

7.

CalculateGfromtemperature,H,andS

8.

UsethesignofGtoindicateifaprocessisspontaneous

9.

PredictthesignofGgiventhesignsofHandSathighandlowtemperatures

10. Calculatethestandardfreeenergychange(G)ofagivenreaction

11. Calculatethetemperatureatwhichaprocessbecomesspontaneous
H=199.5kJ/molandS=476J/Kmol

1.

Chapter15
Writetheequilibriumconstant(K)expressionforagivenreaction

2.

CalculateKgivenequilibriumconcentrationsofreactantsandproducts

3.

Predicttherelativeamountsofreactantsandproductsatequilibriumgiventheequilibrium
constant(K)
1) LargeKc:Thereactionwillgoessentiallytocompletionandtheequilibriummixturewill
consistpredominatelyofproducts.Greaterthan1*102
2) SmallKc:Thereactionwillnotoccurtoanysignificantdegree,andtheequilibriummixture
willconsistpredominantlyofreactant.Smallerthan1*102
3) Kcbetween1*102and1*102:Thereactionwillproceedtoasignificantdegreebutwillnotgo
tocompletion,andtheequilibriummixturewillcontaincomparableamountsofbothreactants
andproducts.

4.

Calculatetheequilibriumconcentrationofreactantsorproductsgiveninitialconcentrations.

5.

Differentiatebetweenheterogeneousandhomogeneousequilibria
Homogenousequilibriumreactantsandproductsexistinsamephaseeithergaseousor
aqueous.
Heterogeneousequilibriumreversiblereactionwherespeciesarenotallinthesamephase.
Onlyaqueousandgaseousspeciesinequilibriumexpressions.

6.

Calculatethereactionquotient(Q)andpredictthedirectionofareactiongiveninitial
concentrationsofreactantsandproductsandtheequilibriumconstant(K).
PredictionsaremadebasedoncomparisonsbetweenQcandKc.Therearethreepossibilities:

7.

Q<KTheratioofinitialconcentrationsofproductstoreactantsistoosmall.Toreach
equilibrium,reactantsmustbeconvertedtoproducts.Thesystemproceedsintheforward
direction.
Q=KTheinitialconcentrationsareequilibriumconcentrations.Thesystemisatequilibrium.
Q>KTheratioofinitialconcentrationsofproductstoreactantsistoolarge.Toreach
equilibriumproductsmustbeconvertedtoreactants.Thesystemproceedsinthereverse
direction.

CalculateGandGofareactionataspecifiedtemperaturegivenQorK.
Rgasconstant8.314J/K*molor8.314*103kJ/K*mol
TabsolutetemperatureinK

8.

UseanICEtabletodetermineequilibrium,initialorfinalconcentrationsofreactantsand
products

9.

PredicttheshiftofareactionusingLeChtelier'sprinciplegivenachangeinoneofthefollowing:
removaloradditionofreactantorproduct,changeinvolumeorpressure,andtemperaturechange.

Decreasedvolume(pressureincrease)shiftstodirectionwithfewermolesofgas
Increasedvolume(pressuredecrease)shiftstodirectionwithmoremolesofgas
Increasingtemperatureaddingheat,decreasingtempremovingheat.
Exothermicheatisproduct
Endothermicheatisreactant
Equilibriumshiftsawayfromaddedheat
1.

2.

3.

Chapter16
Writebase/conjugateacidandacid/conjugatebasepairs

DefinethroughwordsandexamplesBrnstedacids/basesandLewisacids/bases
BronstedLowryacidareH+donators.Whenaciddonatesproton,whatremainsofacidis
conjugatebase.
BronstedLowrybaseareH+acceptors.Whenbaseacceptsproton,newprotonatedspeciesis
conjugateacid.
Amphotericsubstancecanbebothacidandbase.

Determinetherelativestrengthofacidsbasedontheircompositionandstructure
Strengthofacidismeasuredbytendencytodissociateorionize.
Ionization/dissociationfactors:
a) StrengthofHXbond
b) PolarityofHXbond

Hydrohalicacidstrengthbiggestfactorisbondstrength.
HF<<HCl<HBr<HI

OxoacidisH,O,andcentralnonmetalatom.
1. Differentcentralatomsfromsamegroupofperiodictableandsameoxidationnumber.
a. ThemoreelectronegativenonmetalatomgivesamorepolarOHbond,results
inhigherbondstrength.
2. Samecentralatom,differentnumberofoxygenatoms.
a. MoreOatoms,higheroxidationnumberonnonmetalatom,higherbond
strength.
CarboxylicacidsRCOOHstrengthdependsonRgroup.

4.

Writetheequilibriumexpressionforwater(Kw)anduseittodeterminewhetherasolutionis
acidic,basic,orneutral

When[H3O+]=[OH],thesolutionisneutral
When[H3O+]>[OH],thesolutionisacidic
When[H3O+]<[OH],thesolutionisbasic

5.

Classifyasolutionasbeingacidic,basic,orneutralusingthepHscale

6.

CalculatepH,pOH,concentrationofhydroxideion,orconcentrationofprotons
pH

pOH

7.

Identifyanacidorbaseasbeingstrongorweak
StrongAcid:HCl,HBr,HI,HNO3,HClO3,HClO4,H2SO4
Strongbases:LiOH,NaOH,KOH,RbOH,CsOH,Ca(OH)2,Sr(OH)2,Ba(OH)2

8.

CalculatethepHofaweakacidorbaseusinganICEtableandtheacidorbasedissociation
constant(KaorKb)

9.

UsethepHofaweakacidorbasesolutiontocalculatetheKaorKb,respectively.
0.25MHAwithpH3.47at25

10. CalculatetheKaorKbofconjugatepairsusingKw

11. IdentifypolyproticacidsandcalculatetheirpHatagivenconcentration

12. Classifyasaltasbeingbasic,acidic,orneutralbasedupontheacidandbaseusedtoformthesalt

13. CalculatethepHofasaltsolution
0.10MofNaF
KavalueforHF=7.1104

1.

Chapter17
Recognizethatasolutioncontainingaweakacidandasaltcontainingitsconjugatebaseisa
buffersolution
Asolutionthatcontainsaweakacidanditsconjugatebase(oraweakbaseanditsconjugateacid)
isabuffersolution.Inabuffersolution,though,theamountsofweakacidandconjugatebase
mustbecomparable,meaningthattheconjugatebasemustbesuppliedbyadissolvedsalt.

2.

Writethechemicalreactionsforabufferreactingwithstrongacidorstrongbase

3.

CalculatethepHofbuffersgiveninitialamountsorconcentrationsofaweakacidandasalt
containingitsconjugatebaseoraweakbaseandasaltcontainingitsconjugateacid
1.0MofCH3COOHand1.0MofCH3COO

Atequilibrium,therefore,[H+]=1.8105MandpH=4.74
4.

SelectanappropriateacidandsalttoprepareabufferofaspecificpH

5.

Predictwhethertheproductsofanacidbaseneutralization(titration)willbeacidic,basicor
neutral
ThepHattheequivalencepointofastrongacidstrongbasetitrationis7.00.
ThepHattheequivalencepointofaweakacidstrongbasetitrationisabove7.00.
ThepHattheequivalencepointofaweakbasestrongacidtitrationisbelow7.00.

6.

CalculatethepH(initially,atthemidwaypointandattheequivalencepoint)foratitration
betweenanacidandabasewhereeitherbotharestrong,oroneisstrongandtheotherweak
Strongacidorbaseanyleftatallcompletedissociation,pHofacid/base
ConjugateonlypHoftheconjugate(salt)ICETABLE
*Productsofconjugateinwater?
Weakacid/baseandconjugatepHofabuffer(HendersonHasselbalch)*HHforabasic
bufferconverttothepKafromKbandkeeptheratioasbaseoveracid[B]/[HB+]
HalfequivalencepointpKaisequaltopH,[HA]:[A]or[B]:[HB+]hasratioof1:1
Equivalencepointmolesoftitrantequaltomolesoftitratedsolution
Afterequivalencepointnomoretitratedsolution

7.

Describeoridentifythedifferentprofilesoftitrationcurvesdependingupontheacidandbase
strengths
Strongacidandstrongbase

Weakacidandstrongbase

Weakbaseandstrongacid

8.

Selectanappropriateindicator(givenachartofindicatorsandpHrange)foragivenacidbase
titration

9.

WriteKspexpressionsgiventhenameorformulaofasparinglysolublesalt
KspforCu(OH)2is2.21020.ThemolarmassofCu(OH)2is97.57g/mol

10. CalculatemolarsolubilityfromKspvaluesandviceversa

11. PredicthowfactorssuchasacommonionorpHwillaffectsolubilityofaspecificsalt
Additionofasolublesaltthatcontainsoneoftheionsoftheinsolublesalt,decreasesthe
solubilityoftheinsolublesalt
Silverchlorideinasolutionthatis6.5103Minsilvernitrate.

1.

Chapter18
Balanceoxidationreductionreactionstakingplaceinneutral,acidicorbasicsolutions
1. Separateintohalfreactions.
2. BalanceatomsotherthanOandH.
3. BalanceObyaddingH2O.
4. BalanceHbyaddingH+.
5. Balancechargebyaddinge.
6. Balancenumberofelectronstomatchbothoxidationandreductionreaction.
7. Addbalancedhalfreactions.
8. Ifinbasicsolution,foreachH+addoneOHtomakeH2O.

2.

Predictthedirectionoftheflowofelectrons,identifytheanodeandcathode,andcalculatethecell
potentialforagalvaniccell
Anodeiswhereoxidationoccurs.
Cathodeiswherereductionoccurs.
Morepositivereductionpotentialwillbecathode.
Ecell=cathodeanode(V)

3.

Uselinenotationtowritethespontaneousredoxreactionofagalvaniccell

4.

Identifythevariouscomponentsofagalvaniccellfromthelinenotation

5.

Giventwohalfcells,predictthespontaneousreaction,andcalculatethestandardcellpotential
(E),freeenergy(G)andtheequilibriumconstant(K).
Standardcellpotential(E)

Freeenergy(G)

Equilibriumconstant(K)

6.

UsetheNernstequationtocalculatecellpotentialsundernonstandardconditions

7.

Explainthedrivingforceofconcentrationcells
LeChateliersprinciple,thetendencyforthereductiontooccurincreaseswithincreasing
concentrations.Thedrivingforceintheconcentrationcellistomaketheconcentrationsineach
halfcellequal,sothesystemisinequilibrium.

1.

2.

3.

Chapter19
Describethefactors(concentration,temperature,catalyst)thataffecttherateofreactions,and
describehowthesefactorsaffectreactionrates
ReactionbetweenAandB,ifconcentrationofAweredoubled,thenumberofABcollisions
wouldalsodouble.
Amoleculeinmotionpossesskineticenergy;thefasteritismoving,thegreaterthekinetic
energy.Reactionratestypicallyincreasewithincreasingtemperature.
Expresstherateofareactionintermsofrateoflossofreactantsorrateofformationofproducts
giventhebalancedchemicalreaction

Writeratelawsforfirstorder,zeroorderandsecondorderreactions
wherex=1andy=0
Bromineconcentration,x=1,meansthatthereactionisfirstorderwithrespecttobromine.0for
theformicacidconcentrationindicatesthatthereactioniszerothorderwithrespecttoformic
acid.Thesumofxandyiscalledtheoverallreactionorder.Thus,thereactionofbromineand
formicacidisfirstorderinbromine,zerothorderinformicacid,andfirstorder(1+0=1)overall.

4.

Determinetheratelawandcalculatetherateconstantforareactionusingthemethodofinitial
rates

5.

Usegraphicaltreatmentofkineticdatatodeterminereactionorder,ratelaw,andtherateconstant
Zeroorderreactionisaconstant

Firstorderreactioncharacteristics:(a)Decreaseofreactantconcentrationwithtime.(b)Aplotof
ln[A]tversust.Theslopeofthelineisequaltokandtheyinterceptisequaltoln[A]0.

Secondorderreactioncharacteristics:(a)Decreaseofreactantconcentrationwithtime.(b)Aplot
of

6.

versust.Theslopeofthelineisequaltok,andtheyinterceptisequalto

Useintegratedratelawstocalculatetheconcentrationofreactantatagiventime
Firstorder

Secondorder

7.

Usehalflifeandreactionordertocalculatetheconcentrationofreactantatagiventime
Firstorder

Secondorder

8.

UsetheArrheniusequationoranArrheniusplot(lnkvs.1/T)todetermineactivationenergyofa
reaction

9.

Interpretreactionprofile(energyvs.reactionprogress)graphstofindtheactivationenergyof
forward,reverseorcatalyzedreactions

10. Writeratelawsforelementaryreactions
Anelementaryreaction,onethatoccursinasinglecollisionofthereactantmolecules.
Themolecularityofanelementaryreactionisessentiallythenumberofreactantmolecules
involvedinthecollision.Elementaryreactionsmaybeunimolecular(onereactantmolecule),
bimolecular(tworeactantmolecules),ortermolecular(threereactantmolecules)

Anelementaryreactionisequaltoitsstoichiometriccoefficientinthechemicalequationforthat
step.
11. Givenseveralreactionmechanisms,beabletodeterminewhichareconsistentwiththe
stoichiometryandratelawforthereaction.

12. Describehowacatalyst(oraninhibitor)affectsreactionrates
Acatalystspeedsupareactionbyprovidingasetofelementarystepswithmorefavorablekinetics
thanthosethatexistinitsabsence.

13. Identifyreactionintermediatesinagivenreactionmechanism
N2O2istheintermediate