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H2 Cell Structure Questions
H2 Cell Structure Questions
H2 Cell Structure Questions
Which of the following is/are the most likely direct consequence(s) for a cell lacking functional Golgi
complexes?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
The cell dies because it is unable to make glycoproteins to detect stimuli from its environment.
The cell dies from a lack of enzymes to digest food taken in by endocytosis.
The cell dies from the accumulation of worn-out organelles within itself.
The cell is unable to reproduce itself.
The cell is unable to export its enzymes or peptide hormones.
1 and 5
2 and 3
1, 2, 3 and 4
1, 2, 3 and 5
Which observation indicated that facilitated diffusion of a substance was taking place?
A
The substance was moving down its concentration gradient much faster than expected.
The substance was moving against its concentration gradient only when ATP was present.
The substance was moving down its concentration gradient at a decreasing rate.
The substance was moving against its concentration gradient only when certain proteins were
present in the cell membrane.
The diagram shows the structure of a typical plant cell. Which cell component is also present in
prokaryotes?
Which of the following correctly identifies organelles containing phospholipids, RNA and DNA?
phospholipids
DNA
RNA
ribosome
chloroplast
nucleus
nucleus
mitochondrion
ribosome
ribosome
nucleus
lysosome
ribosome
nucleus
Which of the following is not part of the endomembrane system of eukaryotic cells?
i
ii
iii
iv
v
vi
vii
ii, iv and v
ii, v and vi
The table gives the descriptions of four membranous structures in a cell. Which structure is correctly
matched to its function?
Function
Structure
Packing of proteins
Aerobic respiration
Protein synthesis
Lipid synthesis
Which of the following pathways is MOST likely taken by newly synthesized histones?
A
Cytoplasm nucleus
10
The diagram below represents an electron micrograph of a secretory cell from a mammal. If the cell
was supplied with certain amino acids containing radioactive sulphur atoms, in which of the following
structures would the earliest concentration of radioactivity appear?
11
Cells can be ruptured and their contents collected after a series of centrifugation at different speeds.
The largest components sediment and form a pellet at a relatively slow speed. The supernatant is
then centrifuged at a greater speed than previously and more sedimentation into pellets occurs. The
process is repeated as outlined in the following diagram.
12
Some organisms change the composition of their membranes to maintain membrane fluidity when
temperature changes.
Which changes occur in the composition of membranes following a change to low temperature?
13
Fig. 20 shows the fusion of cell membranes containing rat antigens and human antigens. The
distribution of the antigens from the resulting cell is also shown.
Rat antigen
Human
antigen
Fig. 13
Which of the following features of cell membrane does this experiment illustrate?
14
Membranes form effective barriers between the internal and the external surroundings.
A strain of African Clawed Toad, Xenopus laevis, exists in which there is only one nucleolus in the
nucleus of each cell instead of the usual two. When such animals are mated, approximately one
quarter of the offspring have two nucleoli per nucleus, one half have one nucleolus per nucleus, and
one quarter have no nucleoli at all.
Tadpoles without nucleoli die about four days after hatching because they lack
15
Which process would allow the movement of large protein molecules out of the cell?
A
Active Transport
Exocytosis
Facilitated Diffusion
Phagocytosis
16
regulates
membrane fluidity
17
18
The cells of the marine algae Halicystis ovalis have large central vacuoles. The table shows the
concentrations of certain ions in sea-water and in these vacuoles.
Ions
Sea-water concentration /
mM
488
12
523
12
34
Na+
K+
ClCa2+
Mg2+
Vacuole concentration /
mM
257
337
543
2
Trace
19
B
A
C
Which of the following statements are correct?
I
Structure A is found only on the extracellular surface of the membrane.
II
Structure B may contain a channel that is hydrophobic to allow ions to move across the
membrane.
III
Structure B is able to bind to certain substances and change its conformation to
transport these substances into the cell.
IV Structure C is able to change the structure of substances such that the substance can
now diffuse across the membrane.
V
Structure D is found only on one surface of the membrane.
A
I and V only
20
Membranous sacs containing products of metabolism are formed by the endoplasmic reticulum in
cells. Where are these products used?
A
Structured Questions
1
Fig 1.1
(a)
(b)
Suggest why plant cells with chloroplasts also contain mitochondria. [3]
(c)
[Total:10 ]
(a)
Fig 2.1 is an electron micrograph of an organelle. This organelle is present in large numbers in
muscle cells.
Fig. 2.1
(i) The scale bar represents an actual length of 2 m. Calculate the magnification of the
drawing and show your working. [2]
(ii) Explain why muscle cells contain large numbers of this organelle. [2]
(b)
Muscle cells are examples of eukaryotic cells. Bacterial cells are examples of prokaryotic cells.
State four ways in which the structure of muscle cells differ from bacterial cells. [4]
[Total:8]
Fig 3.1 shows part of an animal cell as seen through an electron microscope.
Fig 3.1
(a)
(b)
(ii) Explain how the membranes differ in structure for A, C and X to perform different functions.
[2]
[Total: 11]
10
Fig 4.1
(a)
(b)
(c)
Explain the function of organelle A and B with relation to the synthesis of a protein found on the
plasma membrane. [4]
11
(d)
The passage of most molecules through membranes is regulated by proteins. Fig. 4.2 shows
four main steps in the release of insulin from beta cells, which involves three types of
transmembrane proteins.
Fig 4.2
Explain why transmembrane proteins are necessary for glucose, postassium ions and calcium
ions to pass through the cell surface membrane. [2]
(iii) Explain why a Na+/K+ pump requires a catalytic site for its function. [3]
[Total: 9]
12
5 (a) Glycoproteins are found in cell surface membranes. In human circulatory system, old red blood
cells are removed and taken in by liver cells. This is facilitated by glycoproteins found on the cell
surface membrane of red blood cells. Fig 5.1 shows the structure of glycoproteins found in
membranes of new and old red blood cells.
Fig. 5.1
(i) With reference too Fig 5.1, suggest how liver cells are able to identify old red blood cells and
remove them from circulation. [2]
(ii) Suggest how glycoproteins like this are embedded in the cell surface membrane. [2]
13
(iii)Suggest why molecules involved in cell-cell recognition are made of sugar units instead of
amino acids. [2]
(b)
L
M
Fig. 5.2
(i)
(ii)
Name structure N and explain its role in the cell surface membrane. [3]
[Total: 11]
14
Essays
1
(a)
Explain how the molecular structure of phospholipids is related to their function in the
membrane.
[6]
(b)
Relate the structure of the following organelles to the synthesis and secretion of proteins out of
the cell:
(i)
(ii)
[8]
(c)
Describe how the structure of the membrane affects the movement of substances into and out
of a cell.
[6]
(a)
(b)
Describe the main structural features of rough endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondrion and
ribosomes.
[6]
(b)
[6]
[8]
15