1

AA20803 DEVELOPMENT AND ENVIRONMENT

Semester 2, Year: 2014-2015
Course Outline

Lecturer: Fadzilah Majid Cooke

School of Social Sciences
Universiti Malaysia Sabah
Tel: 320 000 ext. 1836
Email: fadzilah@ums.edu.my

LECTURES
TUTORIALS
OFFICE HOURS (for meeting with
students)

Wednesday, 4-6 p.m..

Room BS 1.6
Friday 10-11 a.m.; 11-12 noon; 2-3 p.m.; 3-4 p.m. 5-6
p.m.
Thursday, 2 - 6 p.m.. OR by appointment

COURSE DESCRIPTION
There are many ways to develop at the societal and individual level. However, many people think that
development is the same as modernization; and modernization is progress. Progress is often equated with
economic growth. The course is concerned with the many different understandings of development and
different types of development at the country, community and individual levels. Understandings of
development refer to development theories that attempt to explain development. Types of development refer
to development based on the capitalist model as well as variations advanced by the alternative development
model. Some alternative development models include self reliance (Gandhi and Schumacher), development
of quality of life and national happiness. The course will examine:
top down, bottom up development approaches;
dependency, uneven development and development aid;
the effects of development on: socio economic and environmental change, natural resource use rural and
indigenous peoples; gender relations;
development and quality of life
the role of civil society in drafting development options
development at different scales (national, local),
development in different countries (Malaysia and outside Malaysia especially Southeast and South Asia),
at different levels ( policy, programme , project).
Using the approach of political economy students will:
acquire a good grasp of the social importance of natural resources in the development policies of
southeast Asia;
become competent in evaluating development approaches and trends in terms of who benefit and
who lose out in development;

able to evaluate development planning and policies for its social and environmental effects;
understand that there are different paths or alternatives for achieving sustainable alternatives.

TEACHING OBJECTIVES

To equip students with the analytical skills for evaluating development approaches, planning, and
strategies.
To provide students with communication skills through an emphasis on English language
communication in a significant part of the overall teaching and evaluation procedures.

ASSESSMENT

Tutorial group discussion (3 per group)

Workshop (based on fieldwork: oral presentation and GROUP REPORT)
Peer assessment
Quiz (Iindividual)
Final Exam

20
20
10
10
40

TOTAL

100

WEEK 1 and 2 INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION to the course.

What is development?
Different understandings of how to develop ; different ways of measuring;

WEEK 3: MODERNISATION THEORY

1. Why is the wrong to say that Rostow is only interested in economic development and not social or
political development?
2. Explain the role of the state in development under crony capitalism in Malaysia.
CASE STUDY Students can research the case of: energy (electricity) production in Malaysia.
3. Despite recognition of Native Customary rights to land in the the Sarawak Land Code of 1958 and the
Sabah Land Ordinance of 1930, power remains in the hands of the State. Explain.
Case study :Sarawak Land Code 1958 and Sabah Land Ordinance 1930 and their implications for
indigenous access to natural resources
Readings
1. Willis (2005) (sila baca section berkenaan W.W. Rostow
Week 4: THE NEWLY INDUSTRIALISING COUNTRIES (NIC) AND DEPENDENCY
Questions:

1) According to Andre Gunder Frank developing countries are not able to develop independently
because of historical links of exploitation with industrialised countries who were their colonisers.
Explain what these historical links were and their effects on developing countries.?

3
2) What are the characteristics of the NIC that enable them to be called miracle economies by the
3)

World Bank?
According to dependency theory the presence of crony capitalism in many developing countries is
an example of dependent capitalism.
CASE STUDY: The Green Revolution. Who benefit from the Green Revolution in Developing
countries. Students can research the example of any one country: India, or Philippines or
Malaysia. .

Week 5: MODERNISATION & AGRICULTURE IN MALAYSIA

High modernism in agriculture Top Down approach in development planning.

Malaysias rural development policy.

Case study FELDA as a high modernist project
Case study SALCRA in Sarawak: as an attempt to be less high modernist (more participatory)
Questions:
1) Explain what Scott (1989) meant by high modernism as ideology?
Case Study: FELDA AND FELDA AND FELDA GLOBAL VENTURES.
How is the ideology of high modernism reflected in the historical development of FELDA.
And how is high modernism as an ideology still alive in the establishment of Felda Global Ventures (FGV).
.
3) To what extent was the establishment of SALCRA in Sarawak able to encourage a relatively more
participatory approach of Iban farmers in Saribas, but what are its problems.
Readings:
Cramb, R. (2007) Chapter (cari sendiri chapter chapter yang relevan di dalam Cramb berkenaan
FELDA, SALCRA. ) ?? FGV (dari internet)
WEEK 6: FEMINIST CRITiQUE OF DEVELOPMENT
GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT: The GAD framework suggests that at work and at home women's
labour are not visible and therefore, not appreciated (underpaid or unpaid).
Readings on gender and development: TO BE SUPPLIED
WEEK 7 FIELDWORK AT DOGONGON: PACOS,
* EVALUATE THE EXTENT THE GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT DEBATE ABOUT WOMEN'S WORK
ARE APPLICABLE TO RURAL WOMEN IN SABAH.
**(HURAIKAN SETAKAT MANA DEBAT BERKENAAN PERANAN WANITA YANG DI KETENGAHKAN
OLEH LITERATUR BERKENAAN 'GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT' ITU BOLEH DI APPLIKASIKAN
ATAU TIDAK DI SABAH.
8.,CRITIQUE OF DEVELOPMENT: FROM ECOLOGY
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND SOCIAL JUSTICE
- sustainable development.
- ecological development
Questions:
Readings:
Burkey, S. (1993)

WEEK 9 MODERNISATION, URBANISATION AND ITS IMPICATION ON URBAN ENVIRONMENT (2

HOURS)
Menjelaskan tentang Modernisasi dan implikasinya terhadap urbanisasi dari segi konseptual dan
kontekstual. Kursus juga mengemukakan kritik-kritik terhadap urbanisasi dengan memaparkan implikasi
urbanisasi dengan wujudnya ketidakseimbangan (inequality) di kalangan penduduk bandar dan
fenomena-fenomena lainnya yang berkaitan. Huraian dalam bahagian ini juga akan berkait dengan
kesan urbanisasi terhadap kemerosotan kualiti alam sekitar dengan berlakunya pelbagai bentuk
pencemaran alam sekitar meliputi pencemaran sisa pepejal, pencemaran air, pencemaran udara dan
bunyi bising. Dalam hal ini teori ekosistem bandar akan diperkenalkan
Soalan

1. Bagaimanakah modernisasi mendorong berlakunya proses perbandaran yang pesat di bandar?

2. Sejauhmanakah proses perbandaran memberi kesan terhadap wujudnya fenomena sosial dan
kemerosotan kualiti alam sekitar yang mengganggu keseimbangan ekosistem bandar?
Rujukan
Aiken, R.S., Coli, H.L., Thomas, R.L. & Michael, R.M. 1982. Development and Environment in Peninsular
Malaysia. Singapore : McGraw-Hill.
Robert, B and T, Kanely. 2006. Urbanization and sustainability in Asia: Case of Good Practice. Asian
Development Bank
Jamaluddin Md. Jahi. 1996. Impak Pembangunan Terhadap Alam Sekitar. Bangi: Penerbit Universiti
Kebangsaan Malaysia
Marcus, M.G. & Detwyler, T. 1985. Perbandaran dan Persekitaran: Suatu Perspektif. Dlm Markus,M.G &
Detwyler, T., (pnyt.). Perbandaran dan Persekitaran : Geografi Fizikal Bandar. Hlm 1-27. Terj.
Sulong Muhammad. Kuala Lumpur : Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
WEEK 10 MANAGING URBAN ECOSYSTEM I ( 2 HOURS)
Mengemukakan kritik ekologi terhadap urbanisasi dan mencari alternative bagi pengurusan ekosistem
bandar berasaskan frame work pembangunan lestari dan Local Agenda 21 sebagai action plan. Kuliah
memperkenalkan konsep pembangunan lestari, agenda tempatan 21, bandar lestari, pembangunan
bandar lestari dan bandar berdayahuni.
Soalan

1. Berasaskan kerangka pembangunan lestari dan agenda tempatan 21 sebagai plan tindakannya,
Apakah alternative model yang bersesuaian bagi
berintegrasi?

pengurusan ekosistem bandar secara

Rujukan
WCED.1987. Our Common Future. London: Oxford.
Abdul dan Samad Hadi. 2005. Pembandaran Lestari: Membina Kehidupan di Bandar. Syarahan
Pemikiran Bangi Siri Alam Sekitar Pembangunan, Institut Alam Sekitar dan Pembangunan.
Bangi : Percetakan Watan SDN.BHD.

WEEK 11 MANAGING URBAN ECOSYSTEM II (2 HOURS)

Dalam konteks ini diperkenalkan konsep pengurusan ekosistem bandar secara berkolobratif melalui
penglibatan pelbagai stakeholder terutamanya diperingkat mikro melalui penglibatan komuniti tempatan.
Beberapa konsep dan kes-kes studi berkenaan akan diperkenalkan dalam kuliah ini.
Soalan

1. Bagaimanakah self reliant community menjadi fondasi kepada pengurusan ekosistem bandar
secara menyeluruh, dan bagaimanakah modal sosial berperanan dalam proses terbentuknya
self reliant community
Rujukan
Burkey, S. (1993)
Giddens, A. 1984. The Constitution of Society: Outline on the Theory of Structuration. Los Angeles:
University of California Press.
Teuku Afrizal dan Abdul Rahman Embong.2013. Komuniti dan Pengurusan Persekitaran: Beberapa
Pengalaman Malaysia, Vietnam, Bangladesh dan Zambia. Kajian Malaysia, Vol. 31, No.2, 2013,
6586
Field, Jhon. 2008. Social Capital: Key Ideas. Roudlegde
Sinha, Kazal.1993. Partnership in solid waste collection: Malaysia experience. Regional Development
Dialogue, 14(3) : 38-52.

Rujukan Tambahan
Adam, W.M. 2001. Green Development: Environment and Sustainability in the Third World. London and
New York: Routledge.
Savas, E.S. 1987. Privatization:
Publishers, Inc.

The Key to Better Government. New Jersey: Chattham House

OECD.1996. Cities for 21st Centuy. Paris: OECD.

Minggu ke 12 Field Work

Week 13 NGOS: ALTERNATIVE DEVELOPMENT AND EMPOWERMENT; CASE STUDY: ENERGY

Gandhi and Swaraj, Schumacher and Small is Beautiful, Freire and education and empowerment
Case study: Energy Development: the Sarawak Corridor for Renewable Energy (SCORE): the Lahad
Datu Coal Fired power plant as alternative vision for energy development,the role of civil society ;
Mini Hydro or micro hydro: bottom up development?
Questions:
1) How do the ideas of Gandhi, Schumacher and Freire differ from top down approaches in economic
and social (educational) development.

6
2)) what are the advantages and disadvantages of micro or mini hydro as an alternative energy system
for rural areas?
3) What was the significance of public participation in the campaign against the Lahad Datu Coal Fired
power plant?
Readings:
Burkey, Stan (1993)

WEEK 14 CONCLUSION/REVISION

READINGS
**Burkey, Stan (1997) People First, A guide to self-reliant, participatory rural development, London, Zed
Books.
Government of Malaysia, 10TH Malaysia Plan.(read sections on agricultural development, civil society,
environment).
On Reserve (Red Spot):
Chambers, Robert 1983 Rural Development. Putting the Last First, Longman, Harlow, U.K.
Cramb , Robert 2007 Land and Longhouse. Copenhagen, NIAS Press.
* Elliot, J 2006 An Introduction to Sustainable Development. Abingdon, Oxon, and New York
Routledge.
Gomez,Terence and Jomo , K.S. (1999) Malaysia's political economy, patronage and profits, Cambridge ,
Cambridge University Press..
**Majid Cook and Toh SuMei (2011) Community investor business models: Lessons from the oil palm
sector in East Malayia.
Majid Cooke, Fadzilah (ed.) 2006 State, Communities and Forests in Contemporary Borneo.
Canberra, Australian National University, Resource Management Asia and the Pacific
Programme, Asia Pacific Environmental Monograph Series No.1.
Willis, K. 2005 Theories and Practices of Development. Abingdon, Oxon, and New York,
Routledge.
World Bank 2008 Poverty and the Environment. Washington, D.C. The International Bank for
Reconstruction and Development /the World Bank.
ASEANA COLLECTION
Abdul Rahman Embong 2000 Negara Pasaran dan Pemodenan Malaysia, Banggi, Universiti
Kebangsaan Malaysia.

7
Gomez,Terence and Jomo , K.S. (1999) Malaysia's political economy, patronage and profits, Cambridge ,
Cambridge University Press..
Junaenah Sulehan, Nor Azizan Idris, Nik Hairi Omar, Mohd. Yusof Hussain 2005 Masyarakat
Perubahan dan Pembagunan. Bangi, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
Rigg, Jonathan ( ed)
1, 2, 3.

2008 Southeast Asian Development . Abingdon and New York, Routhledge, Vol.

USEFUL JOURNALS
Journal of Southeast Asian Studies
Borneo Research Bulletin
Journal of Development Studies
Jurnal Antropologi & Sociologi

Borneo Review
Akademika
Kinabalu

________________________________________