BIBLE SURVEY

The Structure of This Notes:

Introduction
PART I:

THE WORLD OF THE BIBLE

PART II:

GREAT BIBLE SUMMARIES AND INTERNAL OVERVIEWS/REVIEWS

PART III:

OVERVIEW OF OT

PART IV:

SURVEY OF OT BOOKS.

PART V:

OVERVIEW OF INTERTESTAMENTAL PERIOD.

PART VI:

OVERVIEW OF NT

PART VII:

SURVEY OF NT BOOKS.

PART VIII

REFERENCES.

Note: The material given here is liberally adopted and compiled from the References given at the
end. Participants are encouraged to refer the original works and do further detailed study .

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Introduction
Here is an extract from the introductory chapter from Exploring Old testament By. W.T.Purkiser et.el
on the importance of studying Bible.
The average student approaches the study of the Bible with one of the several different attitudes.
Unfamiliar with its contents, may wonder if he will be able to understand its meaning. Others may feel
that long familiarity with Bible at home and in church makes further study of its pages an unnecessary
task. Some have always held the Bible in a certain degree of awe, but have not devoted much time or
care to its systematic study. The expectations to find the treasures in it with systematic search gives
extraordinary results.
a) The Bible as a great Literature:
It is the best seller of all ages. It has become the virtual standard of literary expression. The world
literature is full of biblical allusions. All the works of literary masters works are full of biblical references.
There are hundreds of instances where consciously or unconsciously ,literature and modern writing
makes use of Bible.
b) The Bible as History.
Bible preserves historical data of untold values and it stimulates unceasing inquiry into the backgrounds
of the earliest human culture. Discovery after discovery has established the accuracy of innumerable
biblical details and has brought increased recognition to the value of the Bible as a source of history .
c) The influence of Bible on Civilisation.
For more than 1000 years ,the Bible collectively has gone hand in hand with civilisation ,science, law
etc. The influence of the Scriptures in civil law is often unrecognized but very real. The first great recodification of Roman Law was made by Justinian and is the basis of constitution of practically every
modern European and American states and other democracies. This law was shaped on the norm of
biblical institutions .
The passion of social righteousness, democracy, industrial liberty, universal education, equal suffrage,
child welfare, civic purity and international brotherhood are all inspired by the Bible. The reformatory
movements which have removed much of the blight of inhumanity to children ,women, convicts and
animals owe their inception and progress to the Bible .
Dr.Howard A.Kelly one of the leading medical scientists says Where Bible is dishonoured , life
becomes cheap and science an early victim or it survives in destructive form
The greatest artists have always been interpreters of normal life. No one can be really great artist who
lacks the fundamental quality of moral and religious earnestness .Such men have always have found
the best material for their messages in biblical narratives.
Daniel Webster says If we abide by the principles taught in the Bible our country will go on prospering
and to proper, but if we and our posterity neglect its instruction and authority , no man can tell how
sudden a catastrophe may overwhelm us and bury our glory in profound obscurity
d) The Bible as a norm for Philosophy and Ethics.
Wilbur Wilberforce the great English social reformer says I never knew the real happiness until I found
Christ as Saviour. Read the Bible. Through all my perplexities and distresses , I never read any other
book , I never knew the want of any other
Woodrow Wilson in a transmission to servicemen during world war I The Bible is the word of life. I beg
that you will read it and find out for yourself .Read , not little snatches here and there , but long
passages that will readily be the road the heart of it .You will find it full of things you have wondered
about and been troubled about all your life..

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e) The Bible and general education.

General education seeks to discover those elements in culture which should be part of the experience
of every educated person, regardless of his calling or profession. It is a healthy antidote for the disease
of overspecialisation which has afflicted higher education during the last half century. The need for a
broad base of culture , as well as technical skills is becoming clear as modern inventions give us more
and more leisure time.
General education stresses the need for educating young people as men and women , as well as
educating them as ministers, doctors , lawyers, engineers ,teachers and business people . Here,
knowledge of Bible becomes of greatest importance . A serious study of Scriptures acts across all
departmental lines . It enlists the aid and contributes to the understanding of history, literature ,art,
ethics ,psychology, philosophy, societology, geography and many other areas of learning.
Dr. William Lyon Philips Faculty of Yale for 41 years says Everyone who has a thorough knowledge of
the Bible may be truly called educated.... Knowledge of the Bible without a college course is more
valuable than a college course without Bible.
In Bible we have profound thoughts beautifully expressed .It is a revelation of divinity and humanity, it
contains the loftiest religious aspirations along with a candid representation of all that is of earthly .
f) The Bible and Religion.
Changing opinion about Bible do not change it. The spiritual value of Bible lies in its unique place as the
historic record of Gods redemptive love for man accomplished through Christ and conveyed to the
hearts of men through all the ages by The Holy Spirit , the Sprrit of Truth. It is the word of the living God
, and nothing could be more vital than knowing the Word of the Lord .Every capacity of mind is
challenged by the Bible: the intellect by its truths for understanding any doctrine, the emotions by its
unparalleled insights for devotion and inspiration ,and the will by its ethical guidance for the conduct of
life. Books born in the minds of men come and go .The Bible is the book for all ages , always timely
because timelessness in its eternal varieties.
John Wesly Oh! Give me the book! At any price, give me the Book of God! I have it: here is the
knowledge for me Let me be a man of one Book...

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Part I
THE WORLD OF THE BIBLE
1.0 Fertile Crescent
World of the Bible stretches from Spain on the west to the Persian Gulf on the east, from the black and
Caspian Sea on the north to the southern end of the Red sea. Palestine is the center around which the
whole drama revolves around. The key area is called the 'Fertile Crescent', a semi circle from Egypt and
Sinai (east and south east) to Mesopotamia (west), from the Nile valley to the alluvial plain near Euphrates
and Tigris (south west), to the north is the Mediterranean shore.

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2.0 Palestine (Canaan)

Territory of 150 miles long and 80 miles wide (see map)
The Coastal strip - ancient land of Philistines, Marshy and beautiful known for woods
The Central Highlands - mountain range, Galilee, Nazareth and Jerusalem lie here.
The Jordan Valley - Valley, Gennesaret lake and Dead Sea
The Eastern Tableland - Plateau where 2 and 1/2 tribes inherited, Gilead.
It was a buffer state between three major dynasties Assyrians, Babylonians and Egyptians.

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3.0 Israel and Neighboring Countries.

4.0 The NT Period Palestine Region

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5.0 The Good news of Salvation Spreads

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Part II
Great Bible Summaries and Internal Overviews/Reviews
1.0

Summary of OT and NT.

God Has Spoken Fully and Finally in His Son: Hebrews 1:1-3
After God spoke long ago in various portions and in various ways to our ancestors through
the prophets, in these last days he has spoken to us in a son, whom he appointed heir of
all things, and through whom he created the world. The Son is the radiance of his glory
and the representation of his essence, and he sustains all things by his powerful word,
and so when he had accomplished cleansing for sins, he sat down at the right hand of the
Majesty on high.

2.0

Summary Of OT by Our Lord. Mt.22:37-40

This is all the Law, Prophesies (and writings)

Jesus said to him, Love the Lord your God with all your heart, with all your soul, and with
all your mind. This is the first and greatest commandment. The second is like it: Love
your neighbor as yourself. All the law and the prophets depend on these two
commandments.

3.0

Summary of NT By John The Apostle.Jn.3:16-19

God so.. Loved the World

For this is the way God loved the world: He gave his one and only Son, so that everyone
who believes in him will not perish but have eternal life. For God did not send his Son into
the world to condemn the world, but that the world should be saved through him. The one
who believes in him is not condemned. The one who does not believe has been
condemned already, because he has not believed in the name of the one and only Son of
God. Now this is the basis for judging: that the light has come into the world and people
loved the darkness rather than the light, because their deeds were evil.

4.0

One simple Summary of OT&NT.

Genesis 1-11
Need For Redemption

Genesis 12-Malachi
Redemption Of Israel Nation

Matthew-Revelation
Redemption Of all Nations

5.0 Some Internal Overviews/Reviews.

Deutronomy:1-4
Joshua 24
Ps 78, 105,106
Jn.1:1-17
Acts7, 13:16-41
Heb.1-12
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PART III

OVERVIEW OF OLD TESTAMENT

1.0 General Overview.
1.1 Preamble
1
2
3
4
5
1.2

Scripture Intersects our lives.

1
2

1.3

Scripture is having authority over the ongoing life of community as well individuals
The narrative history/ law/prophesy/Poetry of the Scriptures intersect our contemporary lives in
away to inform and transform lives of individuals, communities and nations.
The influence of the Biblical witness.

1
2
3
4
5.
1.0

Bible mainly covers Gods dealing with The Mankind, The Nation Israel , The Nations and The
Church
Bible is the faith testimony of Israel and that of the Church
The main purpose of the Bible is to lead the readers to Salvation. This is far more than merely
forgiveness of sin. It includes the whole sweep of Gods purpose to redeem and restore mankind ,
indeed all creation. Bible unfolds Gods total plan.
The salvation is conceived in the Eternity past, Achieved at a point in time, Worked out historically in
human experience, Will reach its consummation in the eternity future.
Bible as a whole is having Pattern, Progression and Unity around the great theme of Salvation.

The witness takes many forms such as History, language, Story,Song and Prophesies. When we
read , we are invited to see and hear the witness and respond appropriately.
We enter the literary world of Israel and have the impact of them on us. We share, learn, mourn
along with the experiences of God and His chosen people.
The surprising stories, unflinching involvement with the moral issues, willingness to face human
ambiguity and constant testimony of Israel to a demanding and caring God makes impact on us so
that we are challenged to re look the way we look at ourselves, others and public issues of our time.
The boldness of the people who experienced Gods presence, fellowship& power and their powerful
expressions in various forms pull us into such experience in our life context.
There is coherence and continuity of : Gods presence, Gods World ,Gods People
&Gods work
Overview of OT
Total No. of books: Thirty nine
Author: God the Holy Spirit and many human authors from different backgrounds and different
periods
Divisions (in English Bible): History (Genesis to Esther - 17), Poetry (Job to Song of Solomon - 5),
Prophecy (Isaiah to Malachi - 17).
Divisions (in Hebrew Bible): Law, Prophets and Writings.
Law / Pentateuch: The First Five Books
Prophets :Joshua,Judges,Samuel,Kings,Isaiah,Jeremiah,Ezekiel,12Minor Prophets
Writings: Psalms, Proverbs, Job, Song of Solomon, Ruth, Lamentations, Eccleastes, Esther,
Daniel, Ezra, Chronicles.

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2.1

OT Period and Books- Simple Overview.

Time

Beginning

Major Themes Creation

Fall of Man
Flood
Foundational
Books
Complementing
Books
Prophetical
Books

Genesis

B
C
2
0
9
0
A
b
r
a
h
a
m

Era of formation
715 Years
1.People
2.Law
3.Land
Genesis
Exodus
Numbers
Leviticus
Deuteronomy

B Era of Theocracy
C
332 Years
1.Priests
1
2.Judges
3
7
5
J
o
s
h
u
a

Joshua
Judges
Ruth

B
C
1
0
4
3
S
a
u
l

Era Of Monarchy
457 Years
1.United
2.Divided
3.Single
I Samuel
I Kings
II Samuel
II Kings
I Chronicles
II Chronicles
North:
Amos
Joel
Hosea
Micah

South:

Isaiah
Zephaniah
Habakkuk
Jeremiah
Lamentations
Foreign Nations:
Jonah
Nahum
Obadiah
Wisdom Books Job

Psalms
Proverbs
Ecclesiastes
Song Of Solomon

B
C
5
8
6
J
e
r
e
m
i
a
h

Captivity Ear Of Restoration

70 Years
1.Captivity

86 Years
1.Return

Ezra
Nehemiah
Esther
Daniel
Ezekiel

Haggai
Zechariah
Malachi

B
C
4
3
0
N
e
h
e
m
i
a
h

2.2 OT Broad Stages Broad Overview

Sl No

Stages

Major OT
Portion/Books

When & Where

Creation

Gen.1:1-11

Patriarchal

Gen.12-50
Job

Probably Around 40002000.

Ancient Lands
360 years
Call of Abraham
2160
Hebrews in Egypt. 1880
End of Genesis
1800
Ur-Haran-Canaan-EgyptCanaan-Egypt
275 Years

Exodus

Exodus,
Leviticus,
Numbers,
Deuteronomy

80+40 years
Moses Aaron:1525

What Happened
Events/People
Significances
Creation ,Fall,
Flood, Dispersion

Probable
Author

Abraham, Isaac,
Jacob, Joseph

Moses

Moses

Individuals FamiliesPeople Groups- in

Formative years of Israel.
Revelation opens up

70 people to about 20
lakhs people
Revelations takes shape

Moses

People part of Nation

shaped

Exodus:1445
Arrival of Canan:1405
Egypt-Mt Sinai:250kM
Sinai Kadesh:250kM
Kadesh-Moab:400kM

Deliverance of the People

of the Nation from Egypt.
Constitution of the Nation
Given.
Preparation of the people
to enter their Promised
land.

Conquest

Joshua

1405-1380
25Years
East of Jordon&
Gilgal based campaigns
in Canaan

Judges
Theocracy
God ruling
through
Leaders

Judges, Ruth,
I Sam.1-7

1380-1050
330 Years
Settling Problems in the
promised Land
Canaan and neighboring
lands

Revelations continues.

Joshua/
Elders

People of Nation entering

the promised Land with
constitution
Entry, Victory,
Category, Agree,
Memory
Revelations blurred.
A cycle of obedience&
peace, sin , unbelief
,idolatry, repentance and
again obedience& peace
Deliverance through 6
major and other minor
Judges.

Samuel/
Nathan,
Gad the
Prophets

Monarchy:
United
Kingdom

ISam.8-31
II Samuel
I Kings 1-11

120 Years
Saul:1050-1010
David:1010-970
Solomon:970-930

I Chronicles
II Chronicles 1-9

Revelation revived
Three Typical kings.
All had good start but one
finished properly

UK and surrounding
nations
Psalms,
Proverbs,
Ecclesiastes,
Song of
Solomon
7

Monarchy:
Divided
Kingdom

I Kings 12-22
II Kings
II Chronicles 1036

Israel in Picture:210 years

Then Fall To Assyria in
BC722

Contempt of revelation
and consequences.
The Divided Kingdom.

Judah in Picture:
210+140Years

The Kings , people and

politics of their time.

Daniel Exile :605

Ezekiel:597
Destruction of
Jerusalem:586
Obadiah,Joel,Jo
nah,Amos,Hose
a,
Isaiah,Micah,Na
hm.
Zephania,Jerem
iah,
Lamentations ,
Habbakuk

DK and surrounding
nations, Super Powers
Egypt, Assyria,
Babylonia

605-535: 70Years
Foreign Lands
Three returns:
Zerubabel:536
Ezra:458
Nehemiah:430

Exile

Daniel, Ezekiel

Return

Ezra,
Nehemiah,
Esther

Haggai,
Zachariah,
Malachi

Around 100 Years by BC

400 The OT revelation
Ends
Foreign lands to Back to
the Promised Land but
without independence

The Voice of the Lord

Through Prophets to the
Nation

I&II Samuel
Prophet(s)
who lived
shortly after
Solomons
death who
had access
to Samuel
and 3 UK
kings
records.
Poetical
books .
Multiple
Authors
Prophetic
perspective
I&II
Kings .Two
outlooks.
Pre-exilic
author/Post
exilic author
for people
in exile
Priestly
perspective
I&II
Chronicle.
Ezra,
Nehemiah
team for
returned
people

Judgment and emergence

of synagogue
Return of Revelation.
Non temple based , nation
based spiritual movement
based on revelation takes
root

Ezra&
Nehemiah
team,
Persian
Jew

2.3 Social settings of the Old Testament

Central place of family in society, inferior status of women and sharp cleavage between Hebrews
and the rest
Occupation
Shepherds - Nomadic life style from Ur to Egypt as shepherds looking for pasture Patriarchal
society with no friendly dealings with neighboring clans - From Egypt they marched out as a
unified nation with a destiny - livestock mainly of sheep and goats (milk, meat and wool)
Warriors - In order to conquer the land they were forced to become warlike people -judges as
warlords.
Farmers - having entered Canaan from nomads, they became Agriculturalists - adapted from
Canaanites - got introduced to Fertility cults - main products were grain (wheat and barley), Olive
oil and wine -ancient fruits figs and Pomegranates
Tradesmen - Although agriculture was the main occupation, there were small number of smiths,
traders and priesthood - after dispersion they went to the ends of the world as traders.
Government
Israel till the period of Judges - Theocracy
Monarchy existed from Samuel's period - the lineage of twelve tribal clans held this together after Solomon's period two Monarchies existed - rich became rich and poor became poor internal weakness and external attack led to the fall of both kingdoms - the ten northern tribes
were deported by Assyrians - mixed breed replaced -a few escaped to Egypt - In South
Babylonians siege and take them as captives -later a small number return from Babylon exile.
Exile - faithful Israelites still worshipped Yahweh in exile - synagogue emergedcultural influence they were treated well in exile - Jewish Diaspora emerged
Return-After return priests got more respect and prophetic ministry was sidelined - adjustment
problems for those who returned - temple rebuilt - Judea became semi autonomous city under
Persians

Part IV.
1.0

Survey of OT Books.

1.1

Beginning & Gods dealing with the mankind. Gen Chapter 1 - 11about 2000 years
Genealogies: 10 in Genesis , 6 in chapter 1 11 (This is the account of is the refrain)
2:4
5:1
6:9
10:1
11:10

Heaven & Earth

Adam
Noah
Noah's sons
Shem

11:27
25:12
25:19
36:1,6
37:2

Torah
Ishmael
Isaac
Esau
Jacob

Chapter 10 gives Table of Nations .

Genealogies show that every person- chosen & non Chosen is kin to every other- even
more human & non human are linked together in one large extended family
They stress God's ongoing essential authority- Bringing new life in to being and ordering
them into families

1.2

Major themes- creation, fall, flood and division of mankind

The fellowship of individuals with God - Enoch, Noah
People Groups development - Nomads/ Tribal groups / city groups
God creates, blesses, gives laws, judges, grieves, saves, elects, promises, makes
covenant, provides counsel ,protects confers responsibility to human beings and holds
them accountable
He is actually engaged with individuals, families, nations & world . Makes the Covenant
with Noah
God has created every thing good
The entry of sin affected all relationship
God has rejected annihilation as a means to accomplish his reformation . Has
graciously chosen more vulnerable , long term engagement working from within the very
life .
The world continues to live and breath and to establish families and nations because
God makes a gracious, unconditional commitment to stay with the world , come what
may be in the wake of human sinfulness
The commitment made evident in a new divine strategy to work through one family to
save and bless all families
God forms the People of Israel
Forming the people from Abraham. The family stories Gen .12 36 & the story of
Joseph Gen. 17 -50 covering Promises made , threatened and fulfilled

The Descendants of Terah (Gen 12 - 25)

The Abrahamic promise, covenant as well as demand on him
The movement of Abraham: Negev - Egypt- Palestine- Mamre- Gerer- Palestine - Mamre
Righteousness of Abraham Gen 15:6 . Prayer & Justice Gen.18
The seal of the covenant on His fear God, Obedience& Walking before God.

II

The descendents of Isaac- Gen 25 - 37

Places: Abraham was moving about in the South- Beersheba, Hebron, Mamre but Jacob
is located in / near Bethel, Peniel , Shecham further North to Abraham stories
Theme: Conflict occurring within the household and the extended family.
Jacob / Esau: Condition to remain in part of covenant is by circumcision & natural
choice
Isaac / Rebecca: Rebeccas plan for Jacob becomes god's plan for Israel. More over it
becomes the plan that Isaac accepts 28: 24. The human plan & divine plan merge in
Jacobs
Jacob- Laban: Both are clever and engage one another
Rachel & Leah:
Deceit is playing its role in all these conflicts. But God overrules.Promises & covenant
face problems. But God is at work from all sides.
Jacob & God
The divine encounter after all the conflicts leads to transformation .In the human conflicts
and accommodation & moving ahead as the Lord leads matter. In the encounter with
God , total submission & transformation matters.
III

The decedents of Jacob (37:2- 50: 26)

Joseph A man with dream is pushed into the pit. God lifted him up from the pit to high
rank in Egypt. On positioning Joseph , the story returns to the journeys.
Alienation & reconciliation
People confront God through each other and the circumstances. Multiple human
dynamics involving favoritism, bragging, jealousy ,hidden plotting, all are at work in the
chosen families and the extended families. The Lord is with his people and work in their
lives. He works through people for his purpose .He brings reconciliation .He is not just
interested in the prosperity of Joseph but to larger purposes of the Nation Israel. Joseph
acknowledges the provider for higher purpose than his personal life.

1.3

God Gives deliverance , Gives Law with his presence to the Nation Israel.
I Bondage, exodus , wilderness
Exodus:1-18
Genesis 12-50 records how God began to populate this new nation. When Genesis ends
the nation has grown to about 70people. During the 275 years between Genesis and
exodus a population explosion took place and the nations population has grown to more
than 20 lakhs the people element of the nation has taken root.
People formed but they are in bondage. People with promise are under the heavy yoke of
bondage.
The preparation of Moses ,The confrontation with Pharaoh and the Great deliverance
are the acts of self disclosure of God to Moses , Israel , Pharaoh & to the whole world
God is the liberates and leads the Nation through the wilderness. The major theme of
Exodus are
1-13 Birth of Israel
14-15 Deliverance
16- 18 Struggle in the wilderness & way to Sinai
19- 24 Covenant at Sinai
25: 40 Planning & building the Tabernacle

Exodus begins with almost full absence Gods presence as it appears to the Full

presence amidst Israel.

We move from a slave community building cities for others to a liberated community
walking with freedom to a covenant community which builds tabernacle
We move from oppression to liberation & then to Worship
Life comes as a gift of God when there is no life through the sufferings of God Himself in
Passover.
Role of human agency in Moses lays the human lay foundation for deliverance
II The Struggles of covenant life
Exodus 19- 40, Leviticus , Number, Deuteronomy.
Slaves are being transformed into a nation with written constitution and express
Presence of God.
In Exo 19: 1 Israel arrives Sinai . Nearly a year and 48 chapter later Israel departs
from Sinai in Numbers 10:11.The in between text is hardly a years coverage.
The law is not standalone. It is inter related with the ongoing journey from slavery to new
life.
God prepares the people for divine appearance
Teaching them the Ten commandments & Book of covenant
Enters the covenant with Them
Gives them instruction for building Tabernacle
God forgives their Apostasy
The sanctuary is designed , constructed and commissioned

-Chap 19
-Chap 20-23
- Chap.24
-Chap25 -31
-Chap/32 39
-Chap.35 -40

Book of Leviticus.
The book of Exodus ends with the sanctuary is place. In Leviticus it becomes operational
on behalf of the sinful community with sacrifices and the services of the Priests.Leviticus
at centre of Pentateuch comes up with the importance of worship for the well being of
community. The first 16 Chapters of Leviticus provides instructions in the way of access
to God through various sacrifices . The last 11 chapters are concerned with the way to
maintain fellowship with God .
Ch 1 16 Focus on Priests & sacrifices
1 -7 Sacrifices & offering
8 -10 Ordination
11- 15 Discernment regarding clean and unclean
16 Day of atonement
17-26 Holiness code for community life which also include Sabbath and 7 annual
Holy days.
19:2, 21 23(I AM THE LORD. HOLY GOD, MAKES YOU HOLY)
Book of Numbers
Israel as a long oppressed community, had a deeply engraved identity as slave. It does
not have the resources quickly to move to a slave no more mentality. God must be at
work to enable them to walk erect.Period of wandering is in part shaping the identity as
Gods people. Not Egyptian slaves.People were taken out of Egypt but it was more
difficult to take Egypt out of the people
Ch. 1:1 10: 10 Preparation for the Journey.

Ch. 10 :11-13:33 From Sinai to kadesh

Ch 14:1-20:13 The failure at Kadesh & 40 years of wandering
Ch 20:14-21:35 The Approach to Canaan.
Ch. 22-36 to 36:13 On the banks of Jordan /In the plains of Moab East of Jordan
Two census are recorded one at the beginning and the other at Ch. 26 Coping with
teenagers is not an easy task even if the Parent is God explains Numbers.
Book of Deuteronomy.
a)
b)
c)
d)

Law which follows upon that given at Sinai

Recalls various stories regarding Sinai and wandering as well as laws from
Exodus
Understands that the law is not given ones for all. It is integrated to life before
Sinai & after Sinai in view of needs of new times & places
Has an authoritative role in how the first law is interpreted

Two Broad Outlines.

Ch 1 to 4
First address remembering Israels journey from Sinai to
Trans Jordan
Ch 5 - 11
Exhortation on the centrality of the first commandment.
Intense fidelity to God and no other.
Ch 12-30
Various statutes. They are introduced & concluded with
matters of worship. The relationship with god is king to all
other relationships
Ch31-34
Mosess departure Address .

1:1-4.43
Introducing the Covenant
4:44-11:32
Expounding the Covenant
12:1-26:19
Applying the Covenant
27:1-30:20
Confirming the Covenant
31:1-34:12
Sharing the Covenant

For establishing the Nation Israel, Moses was trained and equipped by his family
members and University of Egypt as a Prince and 40 years. Next 40 year he was
given the field training with handful of people like Jethro his father in law . After 80
years of equipping and training he was given access to the Very Presence of Gods
continuously for the next 40 years to lead the people of God. Moses lead from the
front with the team of people God gave him .
1.4

God leads the Nation to Posses the promised land.

The people of the land- Joshua & Judges
The faith of Israel is that it is the Lord who Makes Israel possible in the world
Pentateuch is organized in anticipation of the land of promise. It is a literature of
anticipation of the land. Joshua to Kings is the literature of possession of the Lord
The two together constitute a single presentation of Israel as the people to whom God
has given the land of promiseTo receive the promise , Israel must either engage in
military conflict with the other constituents or accommodate and compromise
JOSHUA

Seizing of the land

Ch 1:1-2:24
On The Border of the Promised Land.
Ch 3-6
Entrance into Canaan
Ch 7-8
Completion of central campaign
Ch 9-10
The Southern campaign
Ch 11 1-15
The Northerner campaign
Ch 11:16-12:24 Quick overview
Division of the land
Ch 13-21
Inheritance in the promised Land
Ch 22
Return of Trans Jordan Tribes
Concluding narrations
Ch 23- 24
Joshuas departure Address
21: 43-45 Not one of all good promises that the Lord made to the house of Israel
had failed , all came to pass. 1:2-9 Vs 23:2-6.The book begins with the a death and
ends with another death. Between the deaths, Israel begins a buoyant assurance
from Joshua but it ends with a stern warning and threat from the same Joshua.
The vision moved from assurance to warning. This is the problem with
possessions with improper perspectives and attitudes.
Judges.
In Judges , the Nation is in the path of departure from God and jeopardizes the promise
of the land. Since Israel has not obeyed the Canaanites remain as traps to seduce Israel.
(2:2-3,2:20;2:22-23&3:1-6)
Judges:
Ch 1-3:6
Joshua to a generation that dint know Gods mighty acts for Israel
Ch 3:7-16:31 Six cycle of Judges
Ch 17-21
The fruits of Anarchy

The land is a gift .God intends those without land to receive a safe place to live.
The land is a summon. Those who live in the land must respond to the gift of God.
The land is a seduction. The safety of the land is an invitation to trust the land as
property and not as a gift which is a risk.

The books of Joshua and Judges celebrate the capacity of Yahweh to work revolutionary
newness in the life of the world. The great quarrels of our time as in every time is about
the land. Our obedience and approach to the land only as a gift keeps us safe in Him.
Ruth:
A bright Candle of God from Moab in the Period of Israels darkness
Ch 1:1-13 Sojourn in Moab
Ch 1:14-22 Ruths loyalty and commitment to Naomi and God
Ch 2:1-23 Ruth Gleans in the Field of Boaz
Ch 3:1-18 Boaz the Kinsman
Ch 4:1-12 Boaz the Redeemer
Ch 4:13-22 Ruth becomes an ancestor of David and Son of David

1.5

On becoming a Nation
# The rise of Monarchy- I& II Samuel, I Kings 1-11
When Joshua died, Israel entered a new era in its national life. God did not replace
Joshua with a new leader for His people. It was Gods intention for the newly formed
nation to be a theocracy (God ruling) with no single human leader with priests as
interpreters and enforcers of Law. But , the theocracy turned out to be a failure because
Israel would not obey its own constitution. During more than 300years of theocracy God
raised judges again and again in the time of failure. They went through a cycle of
obedience& peace, sin , unbelief ,idolatry, repentance and again obedience& peace.
After three centuries of repeated failure , Israel demanded a human king.
The conflicts with Philistines, Moabites, Canaanites, Ammonites forced them to ask for
monarchy.
With Sauls coronation Israel entered a third era in history- the period of kings or
monarchy. Prophet Samuel bridged the two eras theocracy and monarchy .The period of
monarchy was about 450 years of Israels history. Saul, David and Solomon reigned as
great kings.
# The Kingship perspectives.
God will not tolerate the faithlessness of the house of a priest.(I Sam 2:25). God will not
also allow the victory of Philistines to prevail over His own people.( I Sam. 5:7-7:1)
I Sam 1-15
Samuel: When Israel is facing the uncertain future , Gods remembrance of Hannah
gives hope for her as well as Israel .People who depend on God fully for their personal
needs are used to meet the needs of the Nation and to bring transformation.
Saul: The threat, promise and tragedy of kingship.
Demand for the king like other nations is a rebellion against God. It is the reversal of
exodus. People who came out of slavery were willingly entering into another slavery.
In the selection of Saul there was promise, sign, anointment and transformation.
Saul was outwardly pious but was unable to in the Trust on God and go forward.
His kingship was in peoples terms. He took God for granted. Since Israels future is not
the future of Saul in his choices and ways God has to remove him from the kingship.
I Sam. 16 - II Sam 24.
David. The man after Gods own heart. II Sam 5:12. David perceived that the Lord had
established him king over Israel , and that he had exalted the kingdom for the sake of
people of Israel.
David attained the most when he received and gave things as gifts. When he attempted
to grasp things with his own power, disaster followed.
Kingdom life is a gift to be received thank fully .It cannot be grasped.

I Ki 1-11
Solomon. Thoughhe stated with prayer asking for wisdom. He became an Idolatry king.
In his period, the concern for equitable distribution of economic resources reflected in the
Covenant is displaced by an economics of the privileged.

Israel misused the gift of Land

Solomon misused the gift of wisdom given for governance on all other things except
governance.
Without land Israel hoped for the land passionately. With the land , Israel possessed it
precariously. Outside the land , they were hoping for the land.In the land they were
about to loose it.
The land was divided and then lost.

# Kings and Prophets in the Divided kingdom.

I Ki 12- II Ki 17
Divided Israel fell. First there were two. (922BC). Then ther was one (721BC).Finally
there was none(587) BC.
This segment sketch a coherent history of divided kingdom with the narrative focus on
the Word of god and work of God through the prophets Elijah and Elisha
Unfortunately the apostasy shaped the Israels history. I Ki. 9:8-9. Why has the Lord done
such things because they have forsaken the Lord their God.
Israel sold its privileged relationships with God for cheap things and faced punishment (II
KI. 17-7-20)
Elijah & Elisa (Parallel)
I Ki.17-II Ki10 focus on their ministry.
Elijah is an interruption in the monarchial history. A new Moses who bursts upon from
outside the normal channel. Gilead is east of Jordan and away from the centre of power
Elijah lives deeply embedded in Israels memory, so much so that the last words of OT
Mal.4: 5-6 are expectant of his return in the day of the Lord.
Elisa represents the Word and Work of the Lord who is active in every sphere of life. God
works through the prophets in giving shape to the Israels history amidst the swirl of the
events
# Kings and Prophets in the Judah

II Ki 18-25

Typical Coverage of Books

I Samuel

I Chronicles
II Samuel

II Chronicles
I Kings

II Kings

Men God used

Samuel

Eli

Samuel

Saul

David

Kings

Chronicles

Solomon

19 kings of
Judah

19 kings of Israel

Elijah

Elisha

I&II Kings Some Details (Adopted from ESV Literary Study Bible )
I Kings
Together, 1 and 2 Kings record the history of Gods people from the death of King David
to the Babylonian captivitya span of roughly four hundred years. These books focus on
the kings of Israel and Judah, although the prophets Elijah and Elisha also play a
prominent role. The book of 1 Kings divides neatly into two halves. The first eleven
chapters tell the story of the rise and fall of King Solomon.The last eleven chapters tell
the story of the divided kingdom. Solomons sons and their rivals wage civil war, splitting
the nation in two. Many of the same events are also recounted in 1 and 2 Chronicles,
which offer a somewhat more positive portrayal of Solomon and the kings of Judah. The
two books of Kings fully expose royal sin as a warning not to worship any other gods.
II Kings
The history in 2 Kings picks up where 1 Kings left offin the middle of the account of the
two kingdoms (Israel and Judah) that were formed when the united kingdom was divided
after Solomon died. If 1 Kings was the decline of the divided kingdom, then 2 Kings is the
fall, because by the end of the book both Israel and Judah are in captivity (to Assyria and
Babylon, respectively). The four main characters are the mighty prophet Elisha and three
noble kings: Joash, Hezekiah, and Josiah. The spiritual leadership of these godly men
alerts us to a recurring pattern in 1 and 2 Kings: formation, deformation, and reformation.
The holy kingdom that was formed on the basis of Gods covenant with David and the
rest of his royal line is constantly deformed by wicked kings who lead the people of God
into idolatrythe worship of other gods. From time to time, however, there is a
countermovement in the direction of spiritual renewal, under the ministry of Gods word
and through the initiative of godly rulers who lead the people in faith and repentance.
Nevertheless, the general movement of the book is a downward spiral toward spiritual
decline, as the historian reports two national disasters

I Kings
Passage

Content

Royal
Succession

1:12:46

Solomon takes Davids throne Solomon

3:14:34

Solomons wisdom and wealth

Political
Situation
United
Kingdom

Capital
Jerusalem

5:18:66

Solomon builds and dedicates

Gods temple

9:110:29

Solomons rule and reputation

11:143

Solomons folly

12:115

Rehoboams folly

12:1613:34

Jeroboams rebellion

14:131

The death of Jeroboam and

Rehoboam

15:124

The decline of Judah

Abijam, Asa

15:2516:34

The decline of Israel

Nadab, Baasha,
Elah, Zimri, Omri, Divided
Ahab
Kingdom

17:124

Elijah and the famine

18:146

Elijah on the mountaintop

19:121

Elijah in the wilderness

20:122:40

The end of Ahab

22:4153

Two more kings

I Kings
Passage

Content

1:118

Elijah prophesies against Ahaziah

2:125

Elijah rides up into heaven

3:127

Moab rebels against Israel

4:18:15

Elisha works wonders

8:1629

Jehoram and Ahaziah (Judah)

9:110:36

Jehus bloody reign (Israel)

11:112:21

Joash repairs the temple (Judah)

13:116:20

Twelve kings of Israel and Judah

17:141

Assyria captures Israel

18:120:21

Hezekiahs rescue and recovery

21:126

The worst kings of Judah

22:123:30

Josiahs reformation

23:3124:20

The last free kings of Judah

25:126

Babylon captures Judah

25:2730

Epilogue: Davids son survives

Rehoboam,
Jeroboam

Jerusalem
and Samaria

Ahab and
Jezebel
Jehoshaphat,
Ahazia

Political Situation

Prophetic
Ministry

Divided Kingdom:
Israel

Elisha succeeds
Elijah

Divided Kingdom:
Israel and Judah

Elisha

Continuing
Kingdom: Judah

Isaiah and other

prophets, as well
as Huldah the
prophetess

List Of kings and Prophets Given in Appendix I

1.6

Collapse/exile/ Hope of the Nation.

I Collapse
Assyrian empire rose from 745 and brought an end to Israel in 722. In 633

Assyria extended its influence to the fertile Crescent. Within 50years Assyria
fell down
Demise of Assyria lead to Judean independence during king Josiah 639-609

In 626 Nebopollassar established Babylonian kingdom. By 605 Assyria is not

in power. Nebuchadnezzar defeated Egypt in 605. His general Nebezaradan
forcibly invaded into Judah in 598,587&581.they followed the policy of
depotation.

During the first deportation that Daniel would have been taken, along with
other royal personages (Daniel 1:1-4). In the second deportation King
Jehoiachin and others, including Ezekiel, were taken away (2 Kings 24:1416). During the third one , the city and temple were destroyed (2 Kings 25:910).
By the end of 540 the Babylonian empire ran out of steam.The power of
Babylon was dislodged and displaced by the rise of Persia a non Semitic
power from the east lead by Cyrus.
In Brief when God punished Israel and Judah along with their collapse
Assyria came and Gone
Babylonia rose and fell
Persia rose to power

II Exile.
The profound loss of formal existence in 587 did not lead to despair. rather this
became a remarkable moment in the life of Jewish community.
Exile raised questions. Is not God powerful? Faithful?
How do we have hope in exile ? and move beyond?
They voiced out their grief vocally to God directly. They drew God into their
trouble through their prayers like Nehemiah and Daniel.
III Hope .
One of the most remarkable features of faith of OT is that , the exile forming part
of OT characteristically asserts a new historical possibility that are rooted in God
and His Goodness who fulfils His covenant.
The voices of Hope is heard from Jeremiah ,Ezekiel ,Isaiah and others.
Amidst suffering and difficulties there is hope for us in the Lord. HE IS LORD.
1.7

New life , renewed community and New Crisis.

This is a life after the return from exile. It is partial restoration of Israel. Finally, in
fulfillment of His promise, God restored many of the people to their own land. The final
period of the history of Israel is recorded in the final two foundational books Ezra and
Nehemiah. This 150 year period focuses the spiritual restoration of Judah , and on
several great men who were used in that great restoration.
The Book Of Esther:
Gods continued providence over His people in exile is coved in this book . The setting is
later than the return under Zerubbabel

Books of Ezra and Nehemiah: Restoration of Judah

As the captivity had occurred in three stages (606,597 and 586BC ) so the return .
Ezra 1-6: The return under Zerubbabel (in 536 BC) and rebuilding of Temple
Ezra 7-10, Nehemiah : The completion of restoration .
Return under Ezra in 458 BC

- Religious reformation

Return under Nehemiah 444 BC Rebuilding of Jerusalem wall and rehabilitation of the
city
Reforms under Ezra and Nehemiah
1.8

Prophetical Books
God not only lead the affairs of the nation Israel by Priests, Judges and Kings but spoke
to the people at many times and in various ways through the prophets. The people and
the kings of Israel were reproved, corrected, consoled by the prophets. They brought
special messages to the nearby nations also. While being conscience keeper of the
nation Israel, they also brought revelations from the Lord about distant future also.
Broadly prophetical books addresses both the Announcements of Judgment and
Oracles of salvation related to the period of prophets as well as future from a historical
context . They are not given in separate compartments but with one overlapping the
other. Prophetical books contain poetry as well as narratives .In these books we see God
pouring out His heart through His chosen men of God .
The prophets did announce the future, but it was usually the immediate future of Israel,
Judah, and other nations that surrounded them, rather than our own future. The purpose
of the prophets was to speak to their own contemporaries, not just us. In the prophetical
books we hear from God via the prophets and very little about the prophets themselves.
The Dual Emphasis on Orthodoxy and Orthopraxy are found in prophetical books .
Orthodoxy is correct belief. Orthopraxy is correct action. Through the prophets God calls
the ancient Israelites and Judah to a balance of right belief and right action.
This is the same thing the New Testament calls us to. Because God basically wants the
same thing from us as he did of Israel and Judah we can use the Prophets as a constant
reminder of Gods determination to enforce his covenant.
There are 17 prophetical books in the OT. They are to be read in the context of various
historical settings recorded from I Samuel to Esther.

Prophets:
To Israel

To Judah
Samuel
Nathan

Other Nations

Elijah
Elisha
Writing Prophets:
Amos
Hosea

Joel
Isaiah
Michah

Jonah
obadiah
Nahum

Fall Of Samaria
Pre Exilic-

Zephaniah
Hababakuk
Jeremiah
Lamentations
Daniel
Ezekiel
Haggai
Zachariah
Malachi

At Fall of Jerusalam
In Exile
Post Exilic

1.9

Wisdom ,order and Protest.

Israels self understanding:

What happens socially, politically, economically and militarily is the real stuff of
life and real agenda of faith.

The Lord is decisively at work in the historical process of the world.God is deeply
involved in the rise and fall of great powers.

Israel held together the realities of public life and public power along with the
realities of God in their midst.
The Horizons of Wisdom teaching.

Wisdom literature is a reflection upon lived experiences of quite

mundane kinds

Wisdom literature insists that the mundane matters have ethical

significance and ethical outcome. A network of givens , choices and consequences.

Wisdom reflection is a deep intellectual exercise. It is undertaken with a

deep trusting curiosity about how things work with a patience matching curiosity.

Wisdom teaching is the Liturgical witness to God. e.g How much Ps 23

bears witness to God is known to all of us

Wisdom literature speaks about routine daily life , links it with the eternal
reality, expresses it with literal beauty with the celebration of the witness to God.
Knowledge ,Understanding and Wisdom
Wisdom is often equated with intelligence (likewise, wisdoms contrastfoolishnessis
often equated with a lack of intelligence). However, rather than mental ability, wisdom has
more to do with moral ability (likewise, foolishness is more descriptive of moral deficiency,
as opposed to mental deficiency). Wisdom, therefore, is more ethical than
intellectual. However, wisdom is rooted in knowledge.
Knowledge
(accumulation of facts)

Understanding
(apprehension of facts)

Wisdom
(application of facts)

Derek Kidner comparison of three major wisdom books to houses:

Proverbsthe seven-pillared house of Wisdom (9:1)

Jobthe wrecked house struck by the wind (1:19)

Ecclesiastesa great house in the grip decay (12:34).
Proverbs: The practical path to wisdom.
Ecclesiastes: The reflective path to wisdom.
Poetical Books are not for Structured Study. They are for study and reflection with
intense emotions. However, the outline here is only for appreciation of the breadth
and depth
Proverbs. General Background
Proverbs are short sentences drawn from long experience. They are powerful tools of
communication. They move with an air of trustworthiness , presenting traditional wisdom
that has been tried and found true. Proverbs originated and were used in four principal
cultural settings : family, schools, royal court and scribal circles .The notable omission
from the Book of Proverbs is reference to significant aspects of faith of Hebrews:
sacrifices, prayer, temple worship and salvation history.
Proverbs have an agenda to think , speak and live in the world according to the given but
demanding mystery of God. Adherence to known realities is emphasized.The purpose of
proverbs is given in the beginning verses of the book
Proverbs convey practical wisdom in the form of Instruction, Admonition, Numerical
sayings, Better than sayings, Comparative sayings, Abomination sayings, Beatitude,
Paradoxical sayings, Acrostics, Popular/folk saysings and pairs
Broad Structural Outline.
Collection 1: Discourses on wisdom chs. 19
Collection 2: Solomon's couplets expressing wisdom 10:122:16
Collection 3: Thirty sayings of the wise 22:1724:22
Collection 4: Six more sayings of the wise 24:23-34
Collection 5: Solomon's maxims expressing wisdom chs. 2529
Collection 6: The wisdom of Agurch. 30
Collection 7: The wisdom of Lemuelch. 31
Ecclesiastes General Background
Job ,Ecclesiastes ,and Song of Songs are non proverbial wisdom books .If proverbial
wisdom sets truth on table openly visible and within easy reach of all, then by analogy
non-proverbial wisdom ties truth securely in a wrapped package and places it on high
shelf well out of reach and out of sight for many. Non proverbial wisdom springs from the
same three sources of Hebrew wisdom tradition: tribal wisdom geared toward taming life,
royal wisdom designed as type of leadership training for the Hebrew elite, and theological
wisdom instilling the entire society with religious and ethical goals. It takes many forms
like riddle, allegory, poem, dialogue and disputation, wisdom narrative ,fableetc, in OT
Most of the non proverbial wisdom forms are both clue and snare because they reveal
and conceal spiritual truth. They invite penitent seekers into the divine mystery and
confirm arrogant rebels in their godless foolishness
Ecclesiastes Some Insights on Themes.
Ecclesiastes compels us to continually evaluate and correct our understanding of God
and our teaching about God in the light of the whole Biblical revelation. It unmasks the
myth of human autonomy and self sufficiency and drive us all our frailty and inability to
find meaning in a crooked world in the Creator creature relationship which the supreme .
Ecclesiastes espouses the most basic theme of the Bible-that life lived by purely earthly

or human values ,without faith in God and supernatural values is meaningless and futile.
The author demonstrates at length the inadequacy of any world view other than the God
centered one ,and he combines with this demonstration a series of affirmations of an
alternate world view.
The book is structured on a dialectical principle in which opposites are contrasted to each
other. The negative passages are generally with under the sun or equivalent
motives .They are showing the inadequacy of money ,sex ,work ,material things, power
etc. to give meaning of life. Whereas, positive passages with God centric perspectives
such as :God has given ,He has made, it is Gods gift, whatever God does, God has
made it so.
Prof.Leland Ryken terms them as above the sun passages . He lists fifteen negative
passages , thirteen positive passages and three mixed ones .
In line with this, this book brings a supernatural perspective down into the earthly sphere
where life seems to be negative instead of seeking to escape to another world .
One Outline:
1:1-3 Prologue
1:4-11 Meaningless Cycles
1:12-18 Futile Attempt of Human wisdom
to find meaning of life
2:1-11 Futile quest to find satisfaction in
pleasures and wealth
2:12-23 Futility of human work and labour
2:24-26 Enjoyment of Life is a gift from
God
3:1-8 In His time there is time for
everything
3:9-22 He has done everything wonderful
and mysterious
4:1-6 Oppressions ,sufferings and envy
4:7-12 Together with God we can stand up
4:13-16 Mysterious reversals and support
to future leadership
5:1-7 Give Careful to fearful honor to God
5:8-17 Futility of Wealth and it will lead to
health troubles
5:18-20 God centered enjoyably life
6:1-12 Recap of life under the sun

7:1-22 Call to correct thinking and careful

living
7:23-29 How Men handle Wisdom
8:1-9 Living under authorities and Authority
8:10-14 Understand the background of
injustice
8:15-17 Unsearchable depth of Gods work
9:1-10 God is with the righteous so live a
righteous life with His strength
9:11-18 Seek to Know Gods wisdom, time
and His adequacy amidst human
inadequacy
10:1-20 Proverbs in Ecclesiastes
11:1-10 Amidst uncertainties sow, till the
land and labor . God will be with you till the
Harvest
12:1-7 Before it is time Be in Time to
Seek , Find and serve Him
12:8-14 You are accountable for your
life .So Fear God and Follow His
Commandments

Song of Songs.
Subtle and wonderful presentation of human love that participates in the divine love.
Difficult to interpret and structure it . One possible outlook as God and His Church as the
Groom and Bride
1:1-8 Introductary Lyric
5:2-8 Sadness in Separation
1:9- 2:2 The Dialogue of Lovers
5:9-6:3 Groom in His Beloveds eyes.
2:3-17 The meditation of Lady love and
6:4-13 The Beloveds praise for His lady
her Excitement over Grooms arrival for
love
Wedding
7:1-9 The Beloved praises His brides
3:1-5 Dream of Anticipation
beauty and His joy in her presence
3:6-11 King in his splendor in Rest and in
7:10-13 Brides longing to be with Groom
Procession
8:1-5 Wish for Beloveds acceptance at

4:1-15 The Beloved praising the beauty

and Virtue of His Bride
4:16- 5:1 Bride and Groom in their garden

Home
8:6-7 The power of Love
8:8-10 Guarding the feeble together
8:11-14 Let the Bride and Groom be in their
Vineyard.

Job. General Background .

It is a protest against the conventional settlements. Job is not only an ethically good man
but theologically serious man. No friend could win him in his suffering only God alone
could do that.
The book revolves around the suffering of Job, the arguments of his friend against Job
and Jobs arguments against them and God, and when God speaks the scene changes
dramatically for Job and friends.
The friends argue from the their inadequate religious perspective not relevant to the
context of and try to apply them to Job and accuse him . Job already under unimaginable
physical, family, social suffering is unable to accept their counsel seeks the face of God
with questions arising out of his personal situations . But in the battle between despair
and faith he moves on closer to God. When God confronts Job and his friends , all that
can happen is repentance, silence ,submission restoration .
The main problem around which the book revolves is why the righteous suffer. A second
question is whether disinterested religion possible. That is, can a person remain faithful in
allegiance to God without any guarantee of the personal benefit as a reward?. A third
question that lurks in the background is , What is God like.
Job Outline.
Prologue: 1-2
Dialogue, Debate and Lamet:3
First Cycle of speeches: 4-14
Second Cycle of Speeches :15-21
The Third Cycle of Seeechs:22-27
Jobs concluding monologue:28-31
Elihu speaks:32-37
God speaks and Job Replies:38-42:6
Epilogue:42:7-17
Book of Psalms General Background
The attitude of trust provided Israelites the theological resources to deal with illness,
personal attacks, family crisis and the national issues squarely .Psalms give the
theological context of full range of human experience in both the directions. Sorrow to Joy
as well as Joy to Sorrow. Hence it is the resource for reflection and meditation throughout
centuries.
As we read the Psalms, we are entering into the sanctuary, the place where God meets
men and women in a special way. The conversation between God and his people is
direct, intense, intimate and, above all, honest.
Probably the following organization efforts brought Psalms together( We can see similar
efforts recoded in Tamil Pamalai /Keerthanai compilation)

The organization under David.I Chr. 15:16-28, 16:4-43, 23:1-5, 25:1-31

Execution under Solomon.II Chr. 5:11-14, 7:6, see II Chr. 9:11, Ec 2:8
Re-organization/restoration by Jehoshaphat.II Chr. 20:21-22 and Jehoiada the priest
II Chr. 23:18
Re-institution in the reform of Hezekiah.II Chr. 29:25-30, 30:27-31:2
Re-institution in the reform of Josiah.II Chr. 35:15 Note: in this verse,David, Asaph,
Heman and Jeduthun (i.e. Ethan) are all (cf. II Chr. 5:12,35:25). Women as well as men
were employed in professional music (II Ch35:15, Ez 2:65, Neh 7:67)
It will be very difficult to establish guideline for interpretation of Psalms since the variety
baffles us. Yet some very general tips on grouping, movement, characteristics will help us
to enjoy them more and more and reflect on them .
Some Broad Grouping of the Psalms.
# Psalms with historical references:
Ps. 3 II Sam 15:1-18:33
Ps. 7 The specific incident is obscure, but see I Sam 23:24-29
Ps. 18 I Sam 19:1ff, 24:1ff, II Sam 5:17ff,8:1ff,10:1ff,15:1-18:33,21:15ff, ch. 23
Ps. 30 possibly I Chr. 21:1-22:1 or 21:10-22:2
Ps. 34 I Sam 19:1ff possibly
Ps. 51 II Sam 11-12
Ps. 52 I Sam 22:6ff
Ps. 54 I Sam 23:14ff
Ps. 56 I Sam 21:11ff, 22:1, 27:1ff or similar incident
Ps. 57 I Sam 22:1ff or 24:1ff
Ps. 59 I Sam 19:8ff
Ps. 60 II Sam 8:3ff, 10:15, I Chr. 18:9-12
Ps. 63 I Sam 24:1ff, II Sam 15:1ff
Ps. 142 I Sam 22:1ff or 24:1ff
# Five books.
The oldest classification is to group psalms into five books, each of which ends in a
doxology (extended praise concerning Gods glory) with Ps. 150 serving as a doxology
for the whole Psalter. Some believe the five fold structure mirrors the five books of Moses
(Pentateuch).
Book I Psalms 1-41Book II Psalms 42-72Book III Psalms 73-89Book IV Psalms 90-106
Book V Psalms 107-150
# Groupings According to Author.
Moses: Ps. 90.
David: 73 psalms mostly found in the first two sections of the book.
Asaph: Ps. 50, 73-83 (see I Chr. 16:5, II Chr 29:30).
Heman, the Ezrahite: Ps. 88 (see I Chr. 2:6, 6:33).
Ethan, the Ezrahite: Ps. 89, same as Jeduthun I Chr 15:19, II Chr 5:12.
Solomon: Ps. 72, 127.
Sons of Korah: Ps. 42-49, 84-85, 87-88 (descendants of Korah who died of
wicked rebellion, see Num. 26:10f, I Chr. 9:17ff, 6:31,33,39,44).
# Groupings According to Themes
The Psalms are above all else, poetry. They are intended to be read and sung out loud,
as is the case with all good poetry.They appear to be straightforward and obvious. They
are not obscure, technical, or complicated. Yet, when one leaves off study of them, one is
aware that the unresolved fascination endures. Any comment upon them is inevitably
partial and provisional.
Creation Psalms 8,19,29,33,104,148
Exodus or Salvation History Psalms 44,66,68,74,77,78,80,81,83,
95,105, 106,114,135,136

Imprecatory Psalms about psalmists hatred for wicked.

7,35,55,58,69,79,83,109, 137,139
Innocence Psalms proclaim the psalmist innocence
7,15,17,26
Penitential Psalms confession of sin
6,32,38,51,102,130,143
Pilgrim Psalms sung on way up to Jerusalem
15?,24?,42,43, 50?, 78?, 81?,
84,87?,91?,95?,100?, 120-134
Alphabetic Psalms written in acrostic fashion
9,10,25,34, 37,111,112, 119,145
Torah Psalms, speak about the Law 1,15?,19,24,119,134?
# Some more thematic Grouping
Wisdom (instructional) psalms (e.g., Ps 1; 34; 37; 73; 112; 119; 128; 133).
The Lament, begins with a complaint, but often conclude with praise. Within a lament
you mayfind several of the following elements: (a) invocation, (2) plea to God for help, (3)
complaints, (4)confession of sin or assertion of innocence, (5) curse of enemies
(imprecation), (6) confidence inGod's response, and (7) hymn or blessing. Examples
include: Psalm 3, 7, 13, 25, 22, 42-43, 44, 51, 74,79, 80 and many others.
Thanksgiving Psalms. These are similar to hymns, but particularly recount what God
has done.There are three main aspects to Thanksgiving Psalms: 1) praise for a deed
God has done or anexperience of God by the Psalmist; 2) it is an immediate response
evoked by Gods action; 3) thetone is one of joy. Examples include: Psalms 18, 30, 32, 34
Psalms of Confidence, an expression of the psalmist's trust in God's goodness and
power.Examples include Psalms 11, 16, 23, 27, 62, 91, 121, 125, 131.
Psalms of Remembrance make reference to the great redemptive acts of the past,
particularly theExodus (Psalm 77:16) and the establishment of the Davidic covenant and
dynasty (Psalms 89, 132).Examples are found in Psalms 78, 105, 106, 135, 136.
Kingship Psalms focus on two kings: (1) the human king of Israel (Psalms 18, 20, 21,
45, 72, 101,132) and (2) God as king (Psalms 47, 98). There is also a messianic theme
throughout the Psalmscollection that looks forward to the coming Davidic king, especially
in Psalms 2 and 110.
Hymns are to praise God because He is God, and we know He is because we have cried
to Him andHe has acted. (e.g., Ps 8; 19; 29; 65; Ps 47; 9399)
Imprecatory Psalms or Cursing Psalms are a more radical version of the lament. In
these psalms,there are curses pronounced on those who have caused the crisis.
Sometimes these are peoplewithin the community who have committed injustice, and
sometimes people outside who, like theBabylonians, have invaded the country and
brought destruction on the nations (Psalm 137)
Penitential Psalms prayers specifically for forgiveness from sins committed (6,32,
38,51,102,130,143).
Songs of Zion, the city of God (Ps 46; 48; 76; 84; 122; 126; 129; 137);
Royal psalms, concern the king, the Lords anointed (e.g., Ps 2; 18; 20; 45; 72; 89; 110)
Another Movement in Psalms. ( Orientataion , Disorientataion and Reorientataion)
# First Movement- Orientation
Created by faithful people
Serene about faith, know God as trustworthy
Things are settled and beyond doubt
Happy, in a well-ordered world
No surprise, no fear
Express a creation faith- the world is a well-ordered, reliable and life-giving
system . Profound trust in God as one who makes this so.
No space for chaos.
Thanksgiving a major element
Social function: provides sacred canopy where faithful live without anxiety.

 Psalms help to keep this reality in place, not just remind us of it. They assist an ongoing
creation.
Probably comes from the secure and the well-off (Ps 16:6).
Danger- can be used to assert status quo and right of privilege
May be used for social control- to inculcate behaviour based on rewards
May be used to imply that those who do not know this reality have somehow gone
wrong.
That said, these Psalms have been used and affirmed not just by the privileged, for
whom they offerhope that God has yet brought creation to fulfilment.
Four Kinds:
Songs of Creation about regularity which is Gods gift (Ps 8, 33,104,145)
Songs of Torah, in which the Law is not just about moral values, but Gods will and
purpose. Coherence goes hand in hand with obedience (Ps 1, 15, 19, 24, 119)
Wisdom. (Ps 14, 37)
Occasions of Well-Being. The system works. There is a correspondence between Gods
will and what society does. What is Gods will in heaven may be experienced on earth.
Often seen in the cycle of life events. Stress goodness of God in creation (Ps 131, 133).
# Second Movement- Disorientation
The church continues to sing of orientation in face of disorientation
It may be from hope, but it could be from denial
Use of psalms of disorientation is not denial of faith, but its affirmation
Demands we do not pretend the world is other than it really is
Demands we do not withhold anything from God
Demands a God who is present in the dark times of life
Fidelity not immutability
In the dark places, God gives new life
Psalms evoke reality and ask us to accept this is what it is like (precede experience)
Take us from safety and control
Expressing which matches experience, not religious sensitivity or facades
No matter how crude- always to God, ready to hear as things are.
Common Pattern:
Plea [ address to God/ complaint/petition/motivations*/imprecation (genuine not
pretended communication].Then Praise [assurance of being heard/payment of
vows/doxology and
praise] * Motives vary: innocence, guilt, Gods goodness, valued by God, nature of God
Plea to praise a liturgical movement? Cf Deliverance oracles where God promises to
intervene for petitioner (Jer 30: 10-11; Isaiah 41:8-13, 43:1-7.)
Airing grievance sets us free.
Personal complaint songs: 13, 35, 86
Communal:74,79, 137
Disorientation as dialogue. Need to listen as well as speak.
Trouble in relationship. Who is to blame? God, for not ensuringstability- and so urged
to act in new waySome acknowledge fault is Israels (more like prophecy- and
complaint in mouth of God) Even ifGod not blamed, the only one who can resolve the
situation.
# Third Movement: Re-Orientation
Not simply a return to the old order, follows on from disorientation and often starts
there.
Never a natural solution or outcome, but a transformation brought about by God.
Personal Thanksgivings- rescue from real distress or problem (30,34, 40, 138)
Communal Thanksgivings- celebrate the salvation of the people as a group- may evolve
in individual form or become general praise (65, 66, 124, 129)

 Kingly psalms stress the liturgical new kingship of God. Similar to vistory songs
(Exodus 15).Similar to ANE victory songs, strong historical/remembering element. Often
draw on covenantSinai rather than temple traditions. Often include Davidic kingship authorizes the shape of
Israel. Christians may use to reflect on the kingdom of God. (29, 47, 93, 97, 98, 99, 114)
Hymns of praise- public songs sung in abandonment in praise of God: tend to declare
new order rather than describe the old. Life handed over to God (100, 103, 113, 117, 135,
146, 147, 148, 149, 150)

Part V.

1.0 OVERVIEW OF INTERTESTAMENTAL PERIOD.

1.1 History
With Babylonian captivity ,Israel ceased to be an independent nation came a minor
territory in a succession of large empires.
The Persian Period 450-330BC
For about 200years after Nehemiahs time the Persians controlled Judah, but the Jews
were allowed to carry on their religious observances .During this time Judah was ruled by high
priests who were responsible to the Jewish government.
The Hellenistic Period 330-166BC
In 333BC the Persian army stationed at Macedonia were defeated by Alexander the
great. He was convinced that Greek language and culture was the one force that could unify the
world which is called Hellenism . Alexander permitted the Jews their laws, and even granted
exemption from tribute or tax during their Sabbath years. When he built Alexandria in Egypt he
encouraged Jews to live there and gave them the same privileges of Greek subjects. The Greek
conquest prepared the way for translation of OT into Greek (Septuagint Version ) around 250BC.
On Alexanders death the empire he won was divided by his generals Ptolemy in Egypt
and Seleucid in Syria and Mesopotamia. They contented to control Palestine. Initially Ptolemy
dynasty controlled them and in 198DC Seleucid rulers took over the control. The Ptolemy rulers
had been tolerant to their religious practices but the Seleucid rulers were determined to thrust
Hellenism on them. Copies of Scripture were destroyed and laws on Jews were enforced with
extreme cruelty
The Hasmonean period 166-63
When this historical period began, the Jews were greatly oppressed. The oppressed
Jews revolted led by the Judas the Maccabee. His dynasty is Hasmonean dynasty but his
descendents slowly become supporters of Hellenism
The Roman Period 63 BC
In the year 63 BC Pompey , the Roman general captured Jerusalem in the dynastic clash
of Hasmoneans . The provinces of Palestine became his subjects. The local government was
entrusted part of the time to princes and rest of the time to procurators who were appointed by
Emperors. Herod, the great was the procurator who ruled Palestine at the time of Birth of Jesus
Christ.
1.2 Society
Jews were dispersed in many countries. Most of them kept their religious identities .Cut
off from their temple they concentrated their religious lives in the study of Torah and the life of
synagogue. This they brought into the Palestine when they returned .
Sadducees made up of aristocrats mainly became the temple control party. They
rejected all religious writings except Torah ,the first five books. Relatively few in number but
wielded the political power and controlled the high priesthood.
Pharisees as a party of synagogue strove to interpret the law. Although they were a
small group they enjoyed the public support and influenced the popular opinion. (They were the
only party to survive the destruction of the Temple in 70AD later and spiritual progenitors of the
present day Judaism.)

1.3 Stage set for NT

In this background only, the years of silence was broken by an angelic messenger
Gabriel who announced the birth of John the Baptist and the birth of Jesus the Messiah. God had
not forgotten or gone back on His covenant promises to Abraham and his descendents by flesh
and by faith.
The Social setting of the New Testament
Palestine in the time of Jesus consisted of small farmers, a few fishermen near the sea,
carpenters and tanners and with enough Shepherds and small town merchants - most of the
wealth was in the hands of tax collectors and foreigners - priests and high priests had power Sadducees, aristocrats were influential and controlled temple worship and its riches - Pharisees
and Scribes had ecclesiastical authority - people hated publicans and tax collectors - Zealots
wanted to overthrow Roman government by agitation - Slavery was common - no dealings with
Samaritans - debt and harsh collecting methods were adapted.

Part VI

1.0 OVERVIEW OF NT
Total number of books: 27
Gospels: 4 Matthew, Mark and Luke are called synoptic gospels
Historical (1): Acts of the Apostles
Apocalyptic (1): Revelation
Epistles (21): Pauline (13), Johannine (3), Petrine (2), James (1), Jude (1), Hebrews (author
unknown) Pauline Epistles: Prison epistles (4): Ephesians, Colossians, Philemon, and
Philippians. Pastoral Epistles (3): I & II Timothy, Titus
Note: It is important to realize that almost all of the epistles were written before any of the
gospels.
1.1 The New Covenant .
The story of the NT is like a fast moving drama. There are scarcely sixty years between
its earliest and the latest recorded events. , and bulk of the action is packed into a period of about
20 years. Compared with the long journey in time through centuries of OT , this is like a short
sprint. Yet these were the events that changed the world. The NT is the centre of the story of God
and mankind.
The covenant relationship God had with Abraham and the nation of Israel gives the
background for the comprehensive New Covenant He made with the mankind. Gods dealing with
mankind does not end at the Call of Abraham and the formation of the nation Israel. Actually this
set the stage for the Lord to make The New Covenant through the Lord Jesus Christ.
God made the New Covenant available to all the nations, people groups and individuals.
To make this The Lord took the route of Incarnation so that all can understand Him in Christ
Jesus in full human terms and make commitment to this New Covenant.
The New Testament sets out how the birth, life ,death and resurrection of the Lord made
and sealed the New Covenant .It also presents how the message of the New Covenant was
taken from Jerusalem to Judea , Samaria and the whole world. These are covered in the Gospels
and the Acts of apostles.
The new covenant brought in the new institution called Church which covers all nations
in place of one nation. The formation of the Church, the work of God in and through the Church
and the problems faced by the Church as it took shape amidst the different social, political and
religious climates involving open doors, suspicions, persecutions, dramatic deliverances etc. are
recorded in the book of Acts and the epistles written by the Apostles.
The culmination of everything in Christ Jesus and the judgment of the every individual
and the author of all evil who set the motion of Sin in the lives of the First man and all the lives
and the creation of New Heaven and New Earth are presented in the Book of Revelation.
The Living God testifies to OT and NT and says I am coming Soon
We are called to anticipate His return and fully prepared in our lives to stand before
Him as His beloved

Part VII
1.0 Survey of NT Books.

1.1 The Gospels

Introduction to the gospels:
Pencils scribble , cameras click and the whirr as pressmen write their own angle on a story. The
Gospels give us different angles on the life of Christ. Matthew , Mark and Luke are like a series of
photographs of Jesus .Johns Gospel is more like an artists portrait.
The photographs and portrait make us to sing
Meekness and Majesty
Manhood and Deity,
In perfect Harmony
The Man Who is God
Lord of eternity
Dwells in humanity
Kneels in humility
And washes our feet
O What a mystery
Meekness and majesty
Bow down and worship
For this is your God
The gospels are not complete biographies of Jesus Christ. Rather, they are well written
testimonies. Moreover, they have presented the edited versions of traditions that have been in
existence at least for 30-40 years. All the gospels are distinct in their focus and audience. The
first three are called synoptic gospels as they have a lot of material in common, whereas the
gospel of John is very much distinct from the three.

Matthew presents Christ as King and the Messiah who fulfills the requirements of the OT.
Contains many sermons. Probably written for the benefit of Jews.
Mark is the earliest one to be written. Presents Christ as the servant. Focus is more on
what Christ did miracles. Probably written for Gentiles, especially Romans.
Luke gives a very clear and detailed account. Presents Christ as a perfect human being.
More parables are accounted. Probably written for a Greek audience. All the synoptic
gospels focus on Jesus ministry in Galilee.
John gives a lofty and theological perspective on Jesus and his ministry. Deity of Christ is
the focus. Contains more doctrines. Written probably for a Christian audience.
Emphasizes that belief in Christ is essential for salvation.

1.2 THE LIFE OF CHRIST (Following the synoptic account)

The First Thirty Years:
Born in Bethlehem, six miles south of Jerusalem (Lk.2:1-7)
Family moved to Egypt to escape the anger of Herod.
On return, take settlement in Nazareth. He spent his childhood and youth there.
The next thirty years of his life is hidden from the readers except a mention of him when
he was twelve.
The Last three Years:
At the age of thirty, Jesus came into public when John the Baptist was preaching and
baptizing people in Jordon river.
Jesus also was baptized by John. Divine declaration (Mk.1:11)
Quiet preparation in the wilderness, tempted by Satan (Matt.4:1-10)
Began preaching around the lake of Galilee. Not recognized at Nazareth
Galilean ministry comprised of Public teaching, doing miracles and private teaching of
disciples.
Kingdom of God concept was Christs theme of preaching. He used a lot of parables.

Jesus claimed himself to be the inaugurator of this kingdom and supported his claims by
his miracles and signs (Lk.11:20)
Alongside his public appearance, Jesus chose twelve men to be his disciples in his
ministry (Mk.3:13-19)
By the third year of his public appearance, he had become popular among the masses.
This caused opposition to rise from Scribes, Pharisees, Herod Antipas, and later from
Sadducees.
For a short time, Jesus withdrew from public to the borders of Israel (Mk.7:24)
Probably nearing the end of second year of his ministry, Jesus began to reveal himself as
the messiah to his disciples more and more clearly.
At Caesarea Philippi, the great confession happened followed by the transfiguration
event. However, the disciples did not realize the meaning of what Christ told them until all
happened. With this the Galilean ministry episode came to an end.
Jesus then went up to Jerusalem to face his destiny (Mk.10:1)
On the way to Jerusalem, Jesus involved in the Judean ministry only for a brief period.

The Last Week:

When they reached Jerusalem, he receives a royal welcome Triumphal entry (Mk.11:110) this happened on the first day of Jesus last week. Jesus and his disciples stayed in
Bethany during the night that week and came to the city during day time to preach.
On Monday, Jesus went to the temple and involved in temple-cleansing. Opposition
intensifies.
Jesus enemies consult together and plot during the week.
On Thursday night, Jesus had supper with his disciples and later left to the garden of
Gethsemane. Arrested there and taken to the Jewish court first. After condemning, they
took him to Pilate for the final consent on Friday morning.
He was crucified on the cross on Friday by mid-day.
Forty Days before Ascension:
On Sunday of the following week, Jesus rose from the dead as he promised.
He appeared to his disciples, followers on many occasions.
After a final discourse with his disciples, Jesus ascended to the heaven (Acts 1:8).
Another overview of Gospels Given as Annexure II
1.3 THE EXPANSION OF THE EARLY CHURCH (Acts of the Apostles)
Acts of Apostles
Without Acts the NT leaps from an orderly history of one Man, Jesus to a collection of
unexplained personal correspondences . With Acts everything fits into place .the book
gives transition from the life of Christ to the new Church. It introduces the transformation
of fearful disciples as fearless witnesses of the Living God. Saul the oppressor of
witnesses becomes a key witness and takes the good news to almost all the known
territories .The new movement built on the New Covenant is on the move in the Acts. In
one sense the story of Acts goes on and on and on....
The Church at Jerusalem (Acts 1-7)
Ten days after Ascension, the followers (120) were filled with the Holy Spirit on the day of
Pentecost
The Church began to grow rapidly among Jews. Peter and John were involved in
preaching and doing miracles
Persecution against the apostles (3-4) but courageous stand by them
Problems within the Church Lying (Acts 5) and complaints (Acts 6) appointment of
deacons

The Martyrdom of Stephen and following persecution which resulted in the scattering of
believers from the Jerusalem Church.
The Scattering of Believers and early expansions (Acts 8-11) Approx. 48-50 AD
Philip went to Samaria (met an Ethiopian on the way)
The big story Conversion of Saul
Peter met the first the gentile convert (Cornelius)
Some believers took the gospel to Antioch to the Greeks. The first Gentile church was
formed here. Barnabas and Paul taught the converts here for about a year.
The first missionary Journey (Acts 13-14)
Paul and Barnabas were sent by the church of Antioch for missionary work
Mark (Barnabas cousin) also accompanied them, he left in the middle of the journey
They moved towards the Galatian towns (see the map)
Strategy: first to Jews, and when opposition arouse, he moved to the gentiles
On return, they reported to the church at Antioch
Problem caused by Judaisers and Pauls refutation (Epistle to Galatians)
The Church council at Jerusalem (Acts 15) Approx.50 AD
Key issue: Conduct of Jewish and Gentile Christians
James, the brother of Jesus preceded the meeting Perhaps the epistle to James at this
time
Practical solutions for the problems letter dispatched to every church
The Second missionary Journey (Acts 15:36-18:22)
Paul and Barnabas disagreed on Mark dissension.
Paul left with Silas moved to Galatia, fro Lystra picks up Timothy
Barnabas went with Mark to Cyprus we dont hear much about their work. But Paul
corrected his opinion of Mark later.
We have what Paul and co did accounted in the rest of ACTS, perhaps because of Luke
who accompanied Paul
Paul was prohibited by the Spirit from going to either Bithynia or to Ephesus
Macedonian call Gospel taken to Europe
Good churches formed in Macedonian area
Paul then moved to Greece Athens and Corinth
Persecution at the Thessalonian church Timothy sent
Wrote I & II Thessalonian epistles from Corinth where he stayed for about two years

The Third Missionary Journey (18:22 21:16)

Paul moved to Ephesus a strategic city Hired Tyrannus hall and ministered for about
two years regularly.
He wrote the epistles to Corinthians from here
Paul left Ephesus following a riot. He moved to Macedonian region and then to Greece.
He stayed with Gaius for about three months and at that he wrote the epistle to Romans.
From Corinth, they left to Jerusalem.

Pauls days in the Prison (Acts 21-28)

Paul was arrested at Jerusalem on accusation that he had undermined Moses law
Underwent trials in Caesarea and Jerusalem
Stood before great men and witnessed for Christ
Later he was sent to Rome for final trial ship wreck

ACTS account comes to an end with this

At Rome Paul spent the next two years - He was held as a house prisoner.
The prison epistles were written during this time

1.4 Epistles
The new covenant had the people element in the Apostles and believers. Innumerable
people from variety of nations and cultures entered the new covenant. Systematic
guidance becomes necessary to lead the people. Paul and Apostles rose up to the
occasion. With the guidance of the Lord they exposed OT Scripture and the Person Jesus
to them in many letters for faithful following and practical living. Thus came 21 epistles to
guide the Church through centuries till the return of the Lord.
1.5 The Last days of the Apostles
From the epistles, we come to know that Paul was released from Rome and traveled for
about two more years
Left Titus at Crete and Timothy at Ephesus for appointing elders. I Timothy and Titus
were written sometime during this.
Nicopolis (Titus 3:12) is the last known destination visited by Paul
Paul was arrested somewhere during this time and was put in Rome in dungeon
He wrote to Timothy from there.
Persecution and opposition to Christians broke out during Roman emperor Neros regime
64 AD
Tradition claims that Paul and Peter were martyred during this period.
The epistles by Peter belong to this period
Apostle John was the last one to remain He wrote his epistles on the occasion of rising
heresies within the church.
Persecutions increased AD 80-90 under Domitian
Apostle John was the elder at Ephesus He was put in Patmos to die
The book of Revelation was written from there.
1.6

Revelation
Written in the context of suffering of the Church which was crying how long
Lord?
Revelation gives the unique picture of Jesus Christ. The Gospels describe
Jesus life on earth from different view points. The letters describe the deep significance
the resurrected Christ and what He accomplished. But, the revelation shows Jesus Christ
from a new perspective: as a mighty ruler of the cosmic forces. All powerful God in the
standing as a Judge. Although Revelation does not remove the mystery surrounding the
return of Jesus and the end of the world, it does throw light on those events.
Revelation tells of Christs future triumph over all the evil in the universe.

The Bible Ends with the glorious hope of Christs return for his children and to judge the world
(Rev 20:20-21) MARANATHA. AMEN.
HAVING FOUND GOD
IS NOT THE END OF OUR SEARCH
BUT ONLY A BEGINNING

PART VIII
References.
1.0
2.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
1.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
11.0
12.0
13.0
14.0
15.0
16.0
17.0
18.0
19.0

Bible Atlas, Access Foundation, Zaine Ridling, Editor

Survey of Old Testament by Paul N .Benware (Moody Press)
The NIV Study Bible- The Zondervan Corporation
The Family Devotional Study Bible IBL Madras
Users Guide to the Bible by Chris Wright (A lion Manual)
The Bible users manual The complete do it yourself guide edited by John F
Balchin, David. H. Field, Tremper Longman (IVP and SU)
A Theological Introduction to the old Testament Bruce C. Birch et.el
Abingdon Press Nashville
Understanding the Bible John Stott GLS publishing
Bible Survey Material for BS 2007 Sam K John
The World of the Bible Material for BS 2004 Roji
UESI Study Centre-2010 Dr Godwin Nickelson OT survey Notes
Exploring Old testament By. W.T.Purkiser et.el, Beacon Hill Press
The Message of Deuteronomy, Raymond Brown, Bible Speaks Today, IVP
Cracking Old Testament Codes, D.Brent Sandy and Ronald L.Giese,Jr
Words of Delight, A literary introduction to the Bible, Leland Ryken
Ecclesiastes: The Philippians of the Old Testament,William D. Barrick (Net
Sourced)
The Book of Psalms, Danielakin(Net sourced
The Book of Psalms-Gods handbook of Doctrine Emotions and responses
Chuck Gianotti (Net Sourced )
Expository Outline Series- Book Of Psalms (Net Sourced)
Notes on Proverbs, Dr.Thomas L.Constable(Net Sourced)

Annexure I
Kings and Prophets of Judah and Israel
The kingdoms of Judah and Israel began as one kingdom under the rule of Saul (10481009 BC).
They were divided briefly when David reigned in Hebron (10091002 BC) and Sauls son Ishbosheth (10091008 BC) reigned in Mahanaim. Some years after Ish-bosheth was murdered by
rivals, David became ruler of all Israel from Jerusalem; he subdued Israels traditional enemies
(1002970 BC). Davids son Solomon succeeded him and further expanded the kingdom (970
931 BC). But Solomons son Rehoboam did not manage the kingdom well, and it split into Judah
and Israel (also called Ephraim in the Old Testament). The chart below presents an overview of
the kings of Judah and Israel along with the prophets who served in these kingdoms.
(Overlapping dates within a kingdom indicate co-regencies; see shaded areas. Prophets whose
names appear in italic have written books of Scripture. Pious kings who introduced reforms are
marked with an asterisk.)
Prophets of Kings of Judah Reigns in
Judah
Judah (BC)
Shemaiah

Azariah
Hanani
Jehu

Rehoboam

931914

Abijam

914911

Asa*

911870

10th century BC

9th century BC

Jahaziel
Eliezer

Obadiah

Jehoshaphat*

873848

Reigns in
Israel (BC)

Kings of Israel Prophets

of Israel

931910

Jeroboam

910909

Nadab

909887

Baasha

886885

Elah

885

Zimri

885880

Tibni

885874

Omri

874853

Ahab

Elijah
Micaiah

853852

Ahaziah

Elisha

852841

J(eh)oram

Jehoram

853841

Ahaziah

841

Priest
Jehoiada

Athaliah

841835

841814

Jehu

Zechariah

Joash*

835796

814796

Jehoahaz

Ahijah

Joel
Amaziah

796767

Isaiah

Azariah
(Uzziah)

Micah

Jotham

Ahaz

Nahum

8th century BC

798782

Jehoash

Jonah

792740

793753

Jeroboam II

Amos

750735

753

Zechariah

752

Shallum

752742

Menahem

742732

Pekah

742740

Pekahiah

Oded

732722

Hoshea

Hosea

722

Fall of Samaria

735715

Hezekiah*

715686

Manasseh

696642

Habakkuk

Amon

642640

Zephaniah
Huldah
Jeremiah

Josiah*

640609

Jehoahaz

609

Daniel

Jehoiakim

609598

Ezekiel

Jehoiachin

598597

7th century BC

The Assyrians deported people from Galilee

and Transjordan as early as 733 BC. They
crushed Syria in 732 BC. God permitted
Assyria finally to destroy idolatrous Israel in
722 BC. Much of the Israelite population was
deported and assimilated into upper
Mesopotamia (2Ki 15:817:23). Assyria
resettled other peoples in Israel (2Ki 17:24
41).

6th century BC

Nebuchadnezzar became king of Babylon in

605 BC. He deported Jehoiachin of Judah
and others in 597 BC (2Ki 24:817; 2Ch
36:910). More deportations occurred in 587
BC after Jerusalem was destroyed (2Ki
25:125; 2Ch 36:1121). Other Judeans
escaped to Egypt after further unrest (2Ki
25:2226), which resulted in a further
deportation c 582 BC. The Judeans lived in
refugee colonies in the vicinity of Babylon
and were not assimilated. In 539 BC, Cyrus
of Persia triumphed over the Babylonians. In
538 BC, he approved the return of the
Judeans to their homeland.

From Edward A. Engelbrecht, The Lutheran Study Bible (St. Louis, MO: Concordia
Publishing House, 2009), 529
c