1

1.1 INTRODUCTION TO RUBU MUJAYYAB

In the early period of Islamic glorious, Rubu 'Mujayyab is perhaps the
most famous in Astronomy. Definitely, this is origin instruments was
invented by Muslim Astronomers in the golden age of Islam. Thus ,
this instrument was used by many Islamic scholars during that
period. The most famous is Al- Biruni, Ibnu Syatir, Al-Khwrizm and
others. Rubu' Mujayyab as a adaptation instrument from the
astrolabe because there is improve and advance done in Rubu'
Mujayyab. Also, this tool has become a great tool for the ability to
observe the position and circulation of the star before the invention
of the telescope equipment.1 Absolutely, it is like a device have a
simple designed but very impressive and incredible of abilities.
Exclusively, as Muslims this tool is guidance to perform regular
worship, such as prayers and fasting. Some of them have to be
completed certain times and some to be done on specific time.
Every Muslim can consider confidently when it prayer time or when
the appearing sunset to break fast in Ramadan.

1 John Daintith & William Gould (eds), 2006.The Fact on File - Dictionary of
Astronomy,New York : Facts On File, , p. 381.

1.1.1.DEFINITIONS OF RUBU MUJAYYAB

The literal meaning of Rubu Mujayyabis combination from two
words which isRubu and Mujayyab. This is derived from the Arabic
words Rub meaning a Quarter1 and Mujayyab is context marked
with sine instrument. Another frequently names is rub al-muayyab
or rub al-uyb. In English term for it is "Sinecal Quadrant". In Latin
world, it is known as quadrans vetus tissimus, to distinguish it from
the quadrans vetus and from quadrans novus. 2 There are various
definition about Rubu' Mujayyab.

1 Dr. Rohi Baalbaki.1995. Al- Maurid A Modern Arabic- English Dictionary.

Beirut-Lubnan: Dar Elm-Ilm Lilmalayin.p.575.
2 U. Vermeulen & J. Van Steenbergen. 2001.
OrientaliaLovaniensiaAnalecta. Belgium: Peeters. p.164.

First and foremost, Rubu Mujayyab as equipment used to know the

location of ship position on the sea. Hence, it is also need to
determine the latitude distance on the sea. In additions, it is known
as a graphical device because its ability for finding the time. In
ancient times, Astrologers used Rubu' Mujayyab to observe an
eclipse of the sun or to forecast someone's destiny with help from
the stars, while surveyors make it to measure the height of a
building or a mountain and to guide aim a cannon to hit an enemy
fortress.1
Apart from that, it well-known as devices which important to
measure the height of Polaris for sailor. Polaris or commonly North
star is useful to count north direction and it makes fixed point
greatly for measurements drawing for celestial navigation.
In Islamic era, this are also known as instrument that used aim to
calculate mathematical model sphere. The outer view,

It have

ecliptic line sun, global grid for trigonometric calculations ,division

constellation for calendar, and spherical trigonometry to solve
sphere sky mathematical problem and earth and line asar prayer
time to Syafi'e and Hanafi scholar. Jamaluddeen Abdullah Maradeeni
described about the Rubu Mujayyab as a tool that to discovery of the
horizontal altitude of a celestial object and searching of latitude a
some place. According to the Ensiklopedi hisab rukyat, written by
Susiknan and Azhari explained the Rubu 'Mujayyab is a tool have a
quarter circle (900) shape that used to calculate the geometric
solving and to identify accurate calculations of celestial objects on
vertical circle.2

1 Robert Ossions.n.d.The Quadrant.

http://www.thepirateking.com/historical/quadrant.htm
2 Susiknan Azhari.2005. Ensklopedi Hisab Rukyat.( Yogyakarta : Pustaka
Pelajar), p. 129

1.2. HISTORY OF RUBU MUJAYYAB

The ability to know the time of a day and position of geographic
accurately actually has started since ancient times. Later, it
continued to spread greatly on over the time. Early astronomy
flourished on practical needs of primitive civilizations around 35,000
years ago.
Everyday life, their job heavily reliant sunlight .They will work during
sunrise and return during sunset. Eventually they realized a size
from their shadow change from time to time . Therefore, they
determine time of day by looking shadow which appears on the
some object such as trees, stones and so on. Then, they inverted a
Gnomon as tool to indicate time by using length shadow method.
Astronomers were unanimous that Gnomon is first instrument were
generated to fulfil primitive societal needs at that time. Later,
development of using sundials to determine the passing of time
which is connected by sun appearance. 1 The shadow from the sun is
moves as the sun changes position in the sky throughout the day
and directly, the dial tracks this movements. Continuosly, discovery
of astrolabe and Rubu' Mujayyab. Both are type of ancient
astronomical computer which were used to solve problems relating
to time and the position of solar system.2. An early astrolabe was
introduced by Hipparchus in 150 BC. It was started and introduced to
the Islamic world om the seventh and eighth centuries and are often
translations of earlier Greek. The Astrolabe able to locate the
latitude of ship by measuring celestial altitudes, known as the
mariner's astrolabe.

1 Chrsitopher St J.H.Daniel. 2004. Sundials. United Kingdom. Shire

Publications Ltd. p.5
2James E. Morrison. 2010. The Astrolabe: An instrument with a past and a
future. http://www.astrolabes.org/

David A King in the book is entitled ''The Astronomy of the

Mamluks'' defined that Ibnu asy Syatir is first inventor was created
Astrolabe at the beginning 14th century.1 In Islamic world, this
instrument was inherently valuable in Islam because of its ability to
determine prayer times and finding the direction to Mecca. Muslim
Astronomers developed and modified the astrolabe with many new
design and decoration . Further, the astrolabe as symbolic of
astronomy in Islamic art.
Therefore, Astrolabe has some lacking, such as the form that
complicated and only applicable at certain places. Therefore, have a
few astrolabe type that can be used at all crosses like astrolabe that
was done by Ibn al-Sarraj in 13th century. 2 As the way of solving,
Muslim Astronomers expanded uses of
Rubu' Mujayyab or it called sine quadrant in western
world.Generally, it take over from Astrolabe functions because is
more compact and flexiable. In early introduced, Rubu' Mujayyab
usage as observation heaven device and it used to calculate angles
in astronomy field.In Greek world ,the original creation of the
Quadrant by Ptolemy's Almagest which is made from wooden that
shaped quarter that

containing a graduated arc of 90 . The

Quadrant Potelemy function is able to determine time and height of

sun in summer and winter . Apart from that, it finding the latitude
and longitude of sun. Also, it helps to finding out the located of
latitude and longitude some of

place. The early exposed

in 9th

century in Baghdad by Al-Kharizmi.3

1 n.a,1 Disember 2011. Rubu' Mujayyab Dalam Lintasan

Sejarah.http://aliephzone.blogspot.com/2011/12/rubu-al-mujayyab-dalam-lintasansejarah.html

2 James Evans, Op. cit, hal. 153-155 dan David A. King, Astronomy in the Service
of Islam, London : VarioumReprint, 1986, hal.112.

In 11th, Mesir astronomers began developing this

instrumentation in conducting religious subject. The daily rotation
that seen on the sky is simulated by the movement of a taut thread
attached at the center of the instrument and provided with a beads
which moves on the thread to a position reaction to that of the sun
or certain star. Directly, that position being read according to sign
that exist on rubu surface. Much easier to perform rubu' compared
by using astrolabe. Rubu' Mujayyab at that moment used to resolve
astronomy problems related to certain latitude.Followed

by 14th

century,the Rubu' Mujayyab construction by Ibn Al-syatir, he was an

Syrian

Muslim

astronomer

conducted

muwaqqit

(religious

timekeeper) at the Umayyad mosque in Damascus who responsible

to define times of prayer. Ibn Al-syatir only modified Rubu' Mujayyab
from Al-Khawarizmi with adding ecliptic line on rubu mujayyab
surface.
At the same year in Egypt, created a Rubu Mujayyab' that
produced from the types of ivory. The inner, standard set of
markings on the front serves the latitude position of the Cairo and
the outer nonstandard grid for use in solving trigonometric problems
numerically.1 Followed in 16th century, It is decorated with beautiful
sculpture and design that is attractive. It is a standard sinecal grid
for operating trigonometric functions and the grid is the medieval
equivalent to a slide rule.2 Before introducing of usage Rubu
Mujayyab in Malay world is best knowing history of the beginning
spreaded of Astronomy field in Malay world. The first introduced is
3 Franois Charette.1970.Mathematical Instrumentation In FourteenthCentury Egypt And Syria.The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden.
p.209.
1 Howard R. Turner. 1995. Science In Medieval Islam. United States Of
America. Library Of Congress Cataloging.p.99
2 Ibid.p.100

Muhammad Tahir bin Sheikh Muhammad or known as " Sheikh

Muhammad Tahir Jalaluddin Al-Falaki Al-Azhari ". Named ''Al-Falaki
Al-Azhari'' because studied astronomy in Azhar University of Cairo.
He was born on Tuesday, 4 dates Ramadhan, year of 1286 Hijri in
Bukit Tinggi Western Sumatra.The great contribution is

producing

Natijah al-Ummi (The Almanac : Muslim and Christian Calender that

published in 1936 namely Taqwim Hijri and the equation with
Taqwim Miladi (Masehi), Qiblah direction and prayer time to
evergreen. Also, he write book that is entitled Pati Kiraan Pada
Menentukan Waktu Yang Lima (Singapore : Al-Ahmadiyyah Press,
1357 H/1938 M) namely guide to determine prayer time and
Kaabah's direction use logarithms calculation method. Lastly,
Direction of Qiblat according to Shafie Sect (Taiping, Perak :
Matbaah al-Zainiyah, 1951).1
For instance, the famous treatise is Tuan Haji Mohd. Khair Bin
Hj. Mohd Taib was birth in Kedah in date 8 September 1922. He first
learned to use Rubu' Mujayyab in Mahad Mahmud, Kedah teaches
by Tuan Guru Ku Arifin and also, Syeikh Tahir Jalaluddin's students .
With him he learn method time reckoning prayers. The teacher also
teach him use Rubu' Mujayyab, a type of equipment universe that is
famous used in tradition universe Islamic a previous occasion. He is
the only astronomer at that time that were capable of doing
calculation accurately until acknowledged by many his ability in
calculation that is amazing. By using calculator and Almanac, he
make related hilal calculation, eclipse and prayer time. his ability is
can remember number digits in calculation universe that usually
achieve 8-12 digit without having to write it in any paper. Once he
wants think overall number, he continue to can remember those
digits without one digit that left.
1 Abu Bakar Hamzah. Sheikh Tahir Jalaluddin, Medium Majalah Ilmiah
Akademi Islam Universiti Malaya, Tahun 1, Bil. 1, Muharram
1409/September 1988, h. 92.

In 1969 , he was choose by Islamic Centre of Malaysia as a

member of ruyah al-hilal committee and assigned as a trainer for
Falak Course run in 1979.The contribution writing

about this tool

continued by Umar Nurudin in ''The Guiding Light To Success

Trigonometry'' or Al-Jaibiyyah(The Trigonometrical Sine) in 1925. 1 He
di Kampung Atas Banggol, Kota Bharu in date 17 September 1867.
He life contemporary and get to be friend Pulau Pinang Falakians,
Abdullah Pahim.The Falak teachers while studying knowledge in
Mecca are Syeikh Ahmad Khatib, Syeikh Muhammad bin Yusof al
Khayyat dan Syeikh Abu Bakr Syatta.2
Haji Ab.Rahman Salleh born in year 1930, and get religious
education early in Mecca and Kelantan . He is teaching in astronomy
subject during that subject become part of curriculum subject in
religious school in Kelantan. Oustanding contribution in book writing
tiltle Qawaidul Miqat in three volumes. First volume issue year 1959
M, second year 1961 and third year 1963. All three books in Arabic
and are published by Kelantan Islamic Religious Council. The content
on miqat knowledge with focus to method calculation prayer time
and Kaabah's direction use quadrant sinus and third volume about
calculation Islamic Almanac.
After that connected by Haji Ab.Rahman Haji Hussain born on
11 September 1945, in Kg. Padang Pak Amat Pasir Putih. He pursues
Falak knowledge since year 1961 to 1980an starts in early stage
learning when in Maahad Muhammadi until enter to nature job. He
1 Mat Rosa Ismail, Kamel Ariffin Mohd Atan. 2008. Algebra In The Malay
World: A Case study Of Islamic Mathematics. Encyclopaedia Of The History
Of Science Technology And Medicine In Non-Western Cultures.v.1.
USA:Springer.
2 Dr. Baharuddin Zainal, Menggelintar Budaya Intelek Ilmuan Falak Alam
Melayu Kertas kerja dalam Seminar Penghayatan Ilmu Falak 2008M,
Auditorium Kompleks Falak al-Khawarizmi Kg. Balik Batu, Tanjung Bidara,
Melaka pada 26 Julai 2008M/23 Rejab 1429H.

obtained guidance from a few teachers that are famous in Falak field
among them is Hj. Mohd. Saleh b. Hj. Daud, Dato' Hj. Mohd. Nor b Hj.
Ibrahim (Mufti Kerajaan Kelantan), Dato' Hj. Ismail Yusof (Mufti
Kelantan), Hj. Mohd. Khair Taib and Hj. Ab Rahman Hj. SallehAmat is
skilled in usage Rubu' Mujayyab a type of tool carried out in Muslim
society once upon a time to determine prayer time fardhu, Kaabah's
direction, measured height object, knew zodiac and trigonomeric
calculation. Therefore, he often invited teach instrumentation in
Jabatan Selangor Mufti and Akademi Nilam Puri Islamic Studies.
Then, Astronomy have studied seriously in Kelantan by
religion students in Pondok Kelantan such as Kota Bharu Pondok
Masjid Muhammadi, Tapah Pasir Mas Pondok Lubuk, Pondok Kota
Bharu Bunut Payung, Pondok Tok Selihor Tumpat, Pondok Pasir
Tumboh and others more.Followed by expertise students use Rubu
Mujayyab for purpose count prayer time and determining direction
of Mecca. They uses type of Rubu' Mujayyab that created by Ibnu
Syatir. Furthermore, The astronomy subject was taught in schools
religion and it is one of the subject that is compulsory start in form
5. Major precursor to this learning Hj. Mohammad Nor bin Ibrahim
Kelantan Government's mufti.
In 1995, University Of Technology Malaysia (UTM) have put Rubu`
Mujayyab as additional subject for students of department of
Geometric Engineering who Falak Syar`i is their elective course. This
course consists of important subjects of Islamic astronomy, range
from cosmology to issues of Islamic astronomy in Malaysia, such as
prayer time calculation Islamic calendar and determination of
Qiblahs direction
As tool carrier that have popular in time once, however Rubu'
Mujayyab / Quadrant Sinus begin to disappear drowning by
technological progress. In fact inside a Rubu' Mujayyab Quadrant
Sinus that kept academic treasure that should be preserved and in

10

develop. The young generation future that will know on progress

achieved by muslim scholar

1.3. PARTS OF A RUBU' MUJAYYAB

11

1) Markaz ( )-A hole included thread which hung reach to qaus

irtifa'. The thread is use to measure angles.

2)Qaus irtifa' ( ) - The line which divide to 90 degrees at

the right and the left with. The surface have a line and degree
number which calculations beginning from the right marked with 0
degrees and ending on the left with 90 degrees. The number located
from right division to left position named by number and the
number located from left division to right position named by
number.

1Al-Malakawi Mohamad Elias.24 Mac 2010. Rubu Mujayyab

http://almalakawi.wordpress.com/2010/03/24/rubu-mujayyab-

12

(3Jaibu-tamam

straight line

) -The
started from (

)until (). There

have

12

boxes

,each

box

calculated

all

amounted

degrees

and

to

60

degrees.1
4( Sittini ( )- Namely line that begin from ( )until the end
of ().The number degree is equal to () .

5) Dairatut-tajyib () - It is semicircle initiated from

until qaus end called by , meanwhile that start from
that end up in early qaus named by .

1 Al-Malakawi Mohamad Elias.24 Mac 2010. Rubu Mujayyab

http://almalakawi.wordpress.com/2010/03/24/rubu-mujayyab-

13

6) Juyub ma'kus ) ) - The vertical axes, starting from

( sitini) declines to qaus.
(7Juyub mabsuthoh

( ) - This means

a Horizontal

axes that begin from to qaus.1

8)Dairatul al-mail( ) - A curve line like busaran arrow that

the distance from is 24 degrees.
The located at the end and another in . The curve is
divided into 90 divisions or degrees. Starting from the right marked
with zero and ending on the left with 90 degrees

1 Al-Malakawi Mohamad Elias.24 Mac 2010. Rubu Mujayyab

http://almalakawi.wordpress.com/2010/03/24/rubu-mujayyab-

14

9)
-

There

is

two

broken lines. This

(Qaus dua asar)

lines marked by
line start

from

early qaus until 42.33 degrees named early afternoon prayer

(Syafie's afternoon prayer church) A lagai to 26.5 degrees named
second afternoon prayer (Hanafi's afternoon prayer).

10) Qaimatu-zilli ( ) - Two lines with point. One of them start

from sittini to qaus irtifa named by .And that
another from jaib tamam to qaus irtifa named by .

15

11) - The place to use for measuring the shadow or target in

some objects.1
12) The small thread that entered to Markaz or known as
degree pointer.
13) - The thread that is short that binds in Khoit , that will
frictional up and down
14) (Syaqul) -It is a Bandul that used as to Khoith weight.

1 Rahman Salleh. 2012.Rubu' Mujayyab. Tinta Publishing. Ilmu Miqat p.7

16

1.4.TYPES OF RUBU MUJAYYAB IN ISLAMIC ASTRONOMY

1.1.1 THE SINE QUADRANT

The tools using for solving trigonometric problems . In physical, it
have shaped plate, which contains grid lines of the scale of
trigonometric functions, by which readings and one of way to solve
trigonometric

equations.1

This

equipment

can

also

measure

be
the

setup

to

altitude

of

object on the

sky ,measure

the

angle,

celestial

time,
the

telling

determining
time

Qiblah

of

prayer

for

Muslim.

1 Kassim Bahali. 7th March 2010.by

http://astronomyandyou.blogspot.com/2010/03/rubu-mujayyab-or-sinequadrant.html

and

17

Figure 1 :The view of Sine Quadrant by al-Khwarizmi in 9th century

in Baghdad

1.1.2

THE UNIVERSAL (SHAKKZYA) QUADRANT

The main functions is to solving latitude problems in any places.

These quadrants had either one or two sets of shakkzya grids and
were developed in the fourteenth century in Syria.

Jamal al-Din al-

Maridini defined an analog computer for solving problems of

spherical astronomy.2

1 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadrant_(instrument)
2 King, David A. (1974), "An analog computer for solving problems of
spherical astronomy: The Shakkaziya quadrant of Jamal al-Din al-Maridini",
Archives Internationales d'Histoire des Sciences (International Archives on
the History of Science) 24: 21942 </li>

18

Figure 2 :The

view of

Universal

quadrant,

Jonathan

Sisson, c.

1730.

1.1.3

THE HORARY QUADRANT

This

famous

instruments

was

opposed

as

graphical

equipments for finding the time of day in terms of the solar

longitude and the instantaneous altitude. 1

Horary quadrants

calculate the time from the altitude of the Sun. The major functions
is to finding the direction of Qibla because important direction that
1 Franois Charette.1970.Mathematical Instrumentation In FourteenthCentury Egypt And Syria.The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV,
Leiden.p.116

19

should be faced when Muslims pray. Also, it be able to determine

prayer times by guidance

locations of the Sun or stars. Horary

quadrants is markings on one side as guidance for the user to

calculate the time of day.

Figure 3 :The

view of Horary

quadrant by

Muhammad ibn

Mahmud in 10th

century in Iran,

Nishapur.

1.1.4

THE ASTROLABIC QUADRANT

The first-rate category known is the astrolabe quadrant, introduced

in Islamic world before 1100 . This is a quadrant advanced from the
astrolabe.The astronomical instrument which is compatibility

for

20

usage in any location on Earth. The lines that carved on the front
indicates the position of the Sun across the sky. According Ali ibn
Khalaf al-Shakkaz Astrolabic Quadrant able to solve problems of
spherical astronomy for any geographic latitude, though in a
somewhat more complicated fashion than the standard astrolabe.1

Figure 4 :The

view of

Astrolabic Quadrant by Muhammad al-Sakasi al-Jarkasi from

Damascus in 14th century.

1 n.n. n.a.Islamic astronomy

http://islam.wikia.com/wiki/Islamic_astronomy#cite_note-King-1983-533200

21

1.1.5 THE MURAL QUADRANT

Mural

quadrants

known

as

one

of

the

largest

astronomical

instruments which were measuring device constructed on or

completed into a wall. It permanent setup to a meridian wall and
usually used to measure meridian altitudes.1In additions, it was
performed to measure the altitude of stars above the horizon at
their transportation at the celestial meridian. This devices have the
strength to measure angles from 0 to 90 degrees.

1 http://www.hps.cam.ac.uk/starry/quadrant.html

22

Figure 5:The view of Mural Quadrant (Libna) of Taqi Al-Din

CHAPTER 2

2.1. THE FAMOUS INVERTORS OF RUBU' MUJAYYAB IN ISLAMIC

WORLD
2.1.1 IBNU SYATTIR
2.1.2 AL-KHARIZMI
2.1.3 AL-BIRUNI
2.2. THE MUSLIM TREATISES ON THE RUBU MUJAYYAB
2.3. THE NEW INSTRUMENTS REPLACEMENT OF RUBU' MUJAYYAB
2.3.1. COMPASS
2.3.2. THEODOLITE
2.3.3. PERSONAL DIGITAL ASSISTANT (PDA)
2.3.4. SOFTWARE

23

2.1. THE FAMOUS

INVERTORS OF

RUBU' MUJAYYAB IN

2.1.1

ISLAMIC WORLD

IBNU

SHATIR

Figure 6 :The potrait of Ala Al-Din Abu'l-Hasan Ali Ibn Ibrahim Ibn alShatir

Ala Al-Din Abu'l-Hasan Ali Ibn Ibrahim Ibn al-Shatir was a Syrian-born
in 1304th and he dies in year in 1375th the age is seventy third
year. He mastery in mathematics and engineering, automatically it
enabled for him to learn in field of

astronomy. In additions, Ibnu

24

Shatir work as muwaqqit or religious timekeeper at the Umayyad

Mosque in Damascus, Syria which he called Sanduk Al-Yawaqit.. Ibnu
al-Shatir divided time in the day with 12 hours, in winter brief
periods, whereas in summer time longer. It regarded as highest
achievement for creation sundial. Plus, Ibn al-Shatir attended
extensive observations which led to some of his theoretical
contributions, designed and constructed new devices, and made
contributions succesfully to Islamic astronomy in the field of
Planetary theory.1
Ibnu Shatir

contributed in astronomical instruments in produce

astrolabe that tool used to calculate star's distance more accurately.

He wrote on the ordinary planispheric astrolabe called alla al
jmia (the universal instrument). Also, described

the two most

important used quadrants, the astrolabic and the trigonometric

varieties. These designed were renovations and modifications of the
simpler more useful sine quadrant which is one astrolabe and one
universal instrument.
It produced from wood

material that in the edge have degree

measurement and in the middle of him indicator needle that can

move.Then, Ibnu Shatir continued to make astronomical tools at an
advances

age,

for

the

creation

of

Rubu'

Mujayyab.

Rubu'

Mujayyab,that possessed by Ibnu Shatir made from metal which

described as equipment which contains grid global trigonometry.
From outside view like a part of astrolabe with ecliptic circle sun but
it is replace from Astrolabe. Hence, furnished a few lines related to
find Kaabah's direction and calculate time prayers.

Also used to

measure height sun or other planet. Nowadays, Rubu mujayyab' that

generated by syatir expanded and is still used by universal society
especially in Sumatra.
1 ^ Dallal, Ahmad (2010). Islam, Science, and the Challenge of History.
Yale University Press. p. 25. ISBN 9780300159110.

25

Apart from that, he also writed 30 book are mainly in field

astronomy, there is "Zaij Ibnu Asy-Syathir","Risalah Fi Al-Hai'ah AlJadidah"

An-Nujum

As-Sahirah Fi Al-Amal

Bi Ar-Rub'i Al-Mujib

Bila

Dairah", "Risalah Fi

Al-Amal

Ikhtilaf

Mar'iah" and so on.

1.1.2

Al-Afaq

Al-

AL-KHAWARIZMI

Maryi

Wala

Bidaqaiq

26

Figure 7 : Al-Khawarizmi
Ab Abdallh Muammad ibn Ms al-Khwrizm was born in Persia
of

that

time

around

780

and

died

after

850.

He

was

mathematician, astronomer,geographer, scientist and astrologer.

Often called the "father of algebra," because was the first founder
algebra method to the world.In fact, his name appeared from the
title of his book Al Kitab Al Jabr Wa'al Muqabelah. 1 Shmith and
Karpinski characterized Khawarizmi as one of the first Muslim writers
who collect the mathematical classic of both of the east and west. 2
In mathematics, one of the most important acknowledges of alKhwarizmi in the creation of the number zero and Hindu-Arabic
numerals. In Latin translation, identified as Algoritmi de numero
Indorum and in English world namely Al-Khwarizmi on the Hindu Art
of

Reckoning

Mohaini

Mohamed.2000.

Great

Muslim

Mathematicians .
Al-Khawarizmi played a paramount role in the development of
knowledge enormously contributed to the field of Astronomy. He was
given the responsibility as the Director of Astronomy Research
Bureau at Darul Hikma (House of Wisdom) in Baghdad during the
patronage of Caliph al- Mmm. His task as translater manuscripts
of Greek scientific. While working, he successfully published book Al
Kitab

Al

Jabr

Wa'al

Muqabelah

(The

Compendious

Book

on

Calculation by the Restoration and the Opposition) which most

popular in that time. The book was a compilation and extension of
known rules for solving quadratic equations and for some other

1 Ian Stewart . 2013. The Great Mathematical Problems. Pofile Books LTD. Britain

2 Mohd Rashidi Md Razali. ed. 1. Johor: Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. Cipta

Murni Sdn. Bhd.p.17.

27

problems, and considered to

be the foundation

of

algebra,

establishing it as an independent discipline.3

Other than writing book, he also involved in produce the astronomy
instruments. There is sine quadrant which comes in 9th century
Baghdad. It is come up as a graph-paper like grid on one side that is
divided into sixty equal intervals on each axis and is also bounded
by a 90 degree graduated arc.2 For using this tools, it is involves algebra calculation which was used to measure time, angles and
latitude. Then, produced a Quadrans Vetus a types of horary
quadrant for analysing specific latitudes and used to determine time
in part of prayers times by observations of the sun or stars. Al
Khawarizmi writes many books and successfully produced much
knowledge. Among the most important books is Shuuratul Ardh
"Book on the appearance of the Earth", (Risla fi istikhrj tarkh alyahd "Extraction of the Jewish Era") and Taqwiimul Buldaan

3n.a.n.d.The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and

Balancing
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Compendious_Book_on_Calculation_by_Co
mpletion_and_Balancing
2 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadrant_(instrument)

28

1.1.3

AL-

BIRUNI

Figure 8 : Al-Biruni

His real name was probably Ab Rayn Muammad ibn Amad

Brn was born was born in the city of

Kath, Khwarezmin 1 in 5

September 973 C.E and died 13 December 1048 in Ghazni, todays

Afghanistan. Al-Biruni is greatest scholars in end century to 4 Hijri
who expert in physics, astronomy, mathematics, language, and
history.

Famous

with

title

"father

of

geodesy"

because

his

contribution in Earth sciences and geography.

Al-Biruni get a lot of knowledge from one prince Persian King namely
Abu Nasr Mansur bin AliJilani, a mathematical expert knowledge. His
life contemporary with Ibnu Sina or famous name Avecenna. Based
on his background, as someone who thirsts his knowledge did not
like to waste time. Lifelong the life concentrated on area of research
and writing. Therefore, he gain control two great civilization at that
time that is Arab civilization and Greek civilization. He has close ties
1 ^ Al-Biruni, D.J. Boilet, The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Vol. I, ed. H.A.R. Gibb,
J.H. Kramers, E. Levi-Provencal, J. Schacht, (Brill, 1986), 1236.

29

with Islamic scholars and Christian. One of from him is Christian

physicists namely Abu Sahl. He also close connect with Syrian
traders Christian that aims to study Greek names and reference and
medical terminology correctly in spelling .Between his work that
considered supreme is Rasa 'il al-Biruni, a encyclopedia astronomy
and mathematical.

Al-Biruni himself makes observation on the sky , that most first

developed in Khwarazm. He also been known had made some
observatory astronomy in several districts in Khurasan and reported
have used quadrant during 3 meters. he able to calculate ecliptic
declination and geographic coordinate.
Among his work that supreme is Qanun al-Mas'udi that is
comparable to Almagest book by Ptolemy. Also, in book titled by
Ifrad al-Maqal Amr al-Dalal's uses technique geometry to distance
between two places and determine perimeter of earth. Plus, he
wrote entitled Maqalid 'ilm al-hay'a (Keys to the Science of
Astronomy).

30

2.2. THE MUSLIM TREATISES ON THE RUBU MUJAYYAB

Names

Books

Jamal al-Din, Abi al-Hajjaj, Yusuf

ibn 'Abd al-Rahman al-Mizzi was - (The disappearance of the

an (Al-Mizz)

doubts about the use of the

sine quadrant)

Muhammad ams Ad-Dn B. Alazl

-(Treatise on the use of the

trigonometrical grid without
grid)

aml Ad-Dn Al-Mridn

. - ( Synopsis of questions about

the

use

of

1 U. Vermeulen & J. Van Steenbergen. 2001.

OrientaliaLovaniensiaAnalecta. Belgium: Peeters. p. 166

the

sinecal

31

quadrant)

'Izz

Ad-Dn

'Abd

'Al-Azz

B.

Mas'd1

- ( Treatise on the applications

of the sine quadrant)
-

Ab a'far 'Umar B. 'Abd Ar- -(

Answer

to

the

questions

Rahmn B. 'Abu Lqsim At-tnis about the use of the Sine

At-Tzar

Quadrant)

ihb Ad-Dn 'Ahmad B. 'Ibrhim

B. Hall Al-Halab2

-( Treatise on the use of Sine

Quadrant)

Haji Abdul Rahman Salleh

-
-(Method of Miqat)

Badr

Ad-Din

Abu

Abdallah -

Muhammad B. Ahmad Sibt AlMaridini3

-(Treatise on the use of the Sine
Quadrant or Inductory treatise
on the applications of the Sine
Quadrant)

1 Ibid p.167
2 Ibid. p. 168
3 U. Vermeulen & J. Van Steenbergen. 2001.
OrientaliaLovaniensiaAnalecta. Belgium: Peeters. p. 168.

32

Ibn 'Abi l-fath A-f

-(Treatise on the applications of

the sine quadrant)

Umar Nurudin

( The guiding light to success

Trigonometry).1

1 Mat Rofa Ismail & Kamel Ariffin Mohd Atan.Algebra In The Malay World: A
Case Study Of Islamic Mathematics. Encyclopaedia of the History of
Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures.p.118

33

2.3.

THE NEW INSTRUMENTS REPLACEMENT OF RUBU'

MUJAYYAB
2.3.1. COMPASS

Figure 9 : Qiblah compass

The first compass was introduced in China between the 2nd
century BC and 1st century AD

during the Han Dynasty. 1 Early

made from naturally magnetized piece of the mineral magnetite

called lodestone. In Islamic world, this tool is preeminent due to
function can help determine Qiblah direction from any place on
earth, the sacred direction of Islam. Qiblah is a direction to face for
Muslims during their daily and it is one of prerequisite to pray .
The famous treatises is the Yemeni Sultan al- Ashraf (ca. 1290)
and the Cairene astronomer Ibn Simun (ca. 1300). The Yemeni
Sultan al- Ashraf invented form of magnetic needle by using water
in bowl. Neither, the Ibn Simun illustrate a dry compass for
usage as a "Qibla (Kabba) indicator" to discover the direction to
Mecca.
The compass is showing cardinal direction, namely north,
1 Merrill, Ronald T.; McElhinny, Michael W. (1983). The Earth's magnetic
field: Its history, origin and planetary perspective (2nd printing ed.). San
Francisco: Academic press. p. 1. ISBN 0-12-491242-7

34

southern, west, and east on the surface. Basically, it is known as

navigational instruments to finding and determine direction of
destination or landmark. The direction which indicated by compass
is direct refers to direction magnetic north .The magnetic north
depends on earth magnetic field which variable from time to time
due to change geology and physical earth .Hence, it helps to
identify what we are looking for in the field or on a map. It able to
make measurement of the angle up to as accuracy of 30.
Nowadays , people need a compass for instance with hiking or
camping. In those scenes, use basic compasses such the thumb
compass that are clearly accuration and can be read over a map
are compatible.
The terms of pricing that is reasonable and it is one of reason that
influence encourage public to use it. Furthermore, The physical
form is small and compact. The simple form that does not require
a large space to keep it until could be brought any place. It does
not need battery energy for it operation because the nature
already given easier to bring in anyway and any situation. In
situation,

when someone in jungle to find way out when lost.

There are many of different types and replica of compasses, such

as thumb compass ,base plate, sighting, prismatic, and electronic.
Among of types of compass is popular used by Muslims is
kiblah compass because specially designed to determine the
precise direction of Kaabah for prayer five times each day. The
method to use the Qibla Compass to determine the direction of
Mecca, early thing to do is put that tools on the hand surface or on
the surface of object is stable. Also, make sure have no
interference from material magnetic attraction that will affect
needle in compass because will give direction sign that is less
precise. Then, look up the direction Qibla code for our location by

35

refer an instruction booklet that contain list of cities. Then make a

rotate on the compass until the compass needle named as the
red North end points to the number of our location. Finally, the
Minaret pointer that located at 0 on the Qibla Compass and that is
points display the direction of Kaabah.

2.3.2. THEODOLIT

Figure 10 : Theodolite

The beginning introduction of this devices from the Egypt. They

have been measuring used groma, an first version of a theodolite, to
help construct the pyramids. After that, there are also report that
sign the Romans used dioptra for similar functions. A dioptra is a
classical astronomical used to measure the positions of celestial

36

stars. Next, reuse of the word "theodolite" defined by Leonard

Digges in his books Pantometria (1571)1. In the Latin words known
as theodelitus. Joshua Habermel from German in 1576 built a
surveying theodolite that be equipped compass and tripod. The next
level in the transformations of the theodolite was the creation of the
Vernier that taken from name Pierre Vernier in 1631.
A modern theodolit is more precision equipment , light in
weight that are widely used for the measuring horizontal and
vertical angles. The simplest design can be used toughly and the
size described by lower graduated. The theodolite is mounted on a
tripod that can be adjusted

by a leveling system. The rule of

geometry of triangles used by surveyors for calculation distance of

angles in engineering work such as road building or aligning tunnel.
It is an instruments support very accurate readings.The accuracy of
angles can be measured up to and accuracy of 10, 20.Thus, ability
to determine direction of Qiblah is more correctly by using digital
theodolite. There are variety types of theodolite such as vernier,
optic, electronic and etc.
The preparation for setup theodolite in general is
determining the location that wish to be measured the Kaabah's
direction. The preparation of information data about the Longitude
and Latitude on place completely and readily understandable.
Later,make the calculation Kaabah's direction for that place which
use the specific mathematics formula. The data Kaabah's direction
need to be measured from point North to West and complete
astronomy data in day or year measurement. Next, bring together a
clock is has accurately indicator. Finally, setup the theodolite
properly to use.

1 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodolite

37

2.3.3.

PERSONAL

DIGITAL

ASSISTANT (PDA)

Figure 11 : Personal Digital Assistant (PDA)

The first announced the personal digital assistant by Psion

company in 1984 namely the Psion I. It is also known as personal
data assistant1 as "World's First Practical Pocket Computer".The
feautures is 8-bit Hitachi 6301-family processor, running at 0.9 MHz,
with 4kB of ROM and 2kB of static RAM, and had a single-row
monochrome LCD screen. The size in mm with the case closed is
142 x 78 x 29.3, and the weight is 225 grams.2 Followed by, Apple,
Motorola, Sharp, and Sony, started launching more PDAs. The
designing is lightweight and hand-held computer. PDA is device that
combines computing often used to organize personal information
manager

initially.

However

because

the

development,

then

increased the many usage function, like calculator, indicator hour

1 Viken, Alexander (April 10, 2009). "The History of Personal Digital
Assistants 1980 2000". Agile Mobility. Retrieved February 18, 2011.
2 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psion_Organiser#cite_note-3

38

and time, gaming, web browsing, recipient and sender electronic

mail (e-mail), radio receiver, Global Positioning System (GPS)and
video recording. Many PDAs provided a pen-like stylus to get input
information , while for input system that work based on a keyboard.
There are amazing and compatible applications for PDA user,
BeeLine GPS

and Islamic Pocket .From the PDA, we click on the

BeeLine GPS application. In that application there is menu to adding

waypoint , a point on this earth which represented by Latitude
parameter and Longitude. After entering number of coordinate
remember giving name, for example Kaabah. Beeline GPS will set up
waypoint that we included in sequence alphabet, until ease to us
seeking a new name 'Kaabah' whenever there are hundred waypoint
that reserved. The method to determine Kaabah direction, first we
should switch on the GPS signal first so that device know our
position this moment. after that, fixed and detected from Waypoint
menu we choose Go to xcsa Waypoint. The list of waypoint will
appearance and will kept. Next, we choose Kabah. In calculation
moment, BeeLine GPS will view our position and line direction that
towards Ka'bah. The line Ka'bah direction determinant from our
position the moment.

Also available application for PDA users is Islamic Pocket. 1 This

application load whatever our requirement issue on religious worship
such as reciting Quran, recognition prayer time , hadist, Hijriah
calendar and determine direction based on sun or moon.
The first acting to know prayer time, we should know our position
this moment because by deciding our position, this application will
tell to us prayer times in our place well off altogether determine
Kaabah's direction. Certainly quite difficult because we should know
1 n.a.n.d.http://www.smartnetwireless.com/PocketIslamPPC.htm

39

the Latitude and Longitude before looking where the locations sun or
well off month. Especially we need Google Earth help. We enter in
Finding box the name of city that we will need to know. After that,
Google Earth will go through and we note Latitude and Longitude.
In Islamic Pocket, we towards Setup > Settings > Adjust City
Location, and include Latitude parameter and Long that got from
Google Earth. To direction of Mecca pointer, we really include this
parameter and we find sun or moon outdoors. When saw sun or
moon , immediately open Pocket Qibla menu and directed sun
indication line to sun or moon towards moon. Then, look up on the
screen capture picture this position direction that in line with
direction of the sun. That our Kaabah's direction the moment.

2.3.4 SOFTWARE

Figure 12: Islamic software

Software familiarly known as programs is essential and vital to

a computer because it manage everything the computer does. All of

40

the software that we use to perform helpful tasks beyond the

operating of the computer itself. The terms used for process of
obtaining

software

including

executing,

running,

starting

up,

opening, and others.1

Currently, various software emergence that useful for Islamic
follower among them is determine direction of Kiblah and time for
performing prayer. Whether can install by computer or mobile phone
The easiest ways is using Google Map. This is a web services and
need to connect by internet to find out direction of Mecca

from

anywhere in the world based on shortest distance or great circle

calculation utilizing Google Map.2 The first thing we do to discovery
Mecca locations is searching the place of we interest by typing the
address or city name and the country. For example: Malaysia,
Peninsular, Kelantan. The Qiblah direction will be automatically
detected with calculations and displayed on the map.

Another kind of ways is we can also browse the map bring the place
of interest into view, zoom it in and out, to find our interested
location. Changing map or satellite version may also help. In the
end, click on the location we wish to determine its Kiblah direction,
and it will be pointed out by a red line and the compass will show
you the angle, clockwise, from geographical North.3
The outstanding software among the windows user is Athan (Azan)
allows we to listen automatic Athan (Azan) at the right time five
times a day on every prayer time without need to connect by
1 http://www.grassrootsdesign.com/intro/software. Introduction to
Computers
2 http://www.al-habib.info/qibla-pointer/
3 http://al-habib.tripod.com/qiblapointer/index.htm

41

internet. Also, most accurate daily prayer times all the five
scheduled for more than 6 Million cities Qiblah direction, Hijri Islamic
Calendar, and many amazing Azan sounds. It provided more than 10
Million Athan available to downloads in worldwide. It coincide with
technological progress with have many accessible applications For
androidians, iphoneian or windowians is helpful to perform our
obligatory duty such as Muslim Pro, Athan notify , and etc. No doubt
excuse and take granted for us to leave from doing duty particularly
prayer.

CHAPTER 3

42

3.1. FUNCTION OF RUBU' MUJAYYAB IN ISLAMIC ASTRONOMY

3.1.1. RECOGNIZE TIME OF PRAYER
3.1.2. DIRECTION OF QIBLAH
3.2. CHALLENGES
3.3. CONTRIBUTION
3.4. CONCLUSION

3.1. FUNCTION OF RUBU' MUJAYYAB IN ISLAMIC ASTRONOMY

3.1.1. RECOGNIZE TIME OF PRAYER

3.1.1.1 Zohor Time

43

Zohor time calculated equivalent to 12 p.m. to make time malaysia

increases or less time difference refer schedule 4 and difference
longitude in schedule 2.
3.1.1.2 Asar Time
Determine Asar time by calculate the end of shadow and then added
to the object shadow that called shadow afternoon prayer. After that
calculated on the other hand height shadow that called height
afternoon prayer. after that calculated time height with according to
method height westside. from there we achieve early asar prayer
time.1
3.1.1.3 Maghrib Time
The completed Maghrib time can be known by half day view radius
with make him a few hours and minute. Then added on the other
hand to him according to time malaysia that calculated early dusk.
3.1.1.4 Isyak Time
It calculated using 17 height time calculation method morning that
is contrary method practised according to difference and equation in
expansion and bud'al-qutr rate reduction. So from here we will
obtain the real time for that, make time Malaysia as early evening.
3.1.1.5 Subuh Time
It begin with calculate 19 height evening time. That time

is

different like familiar ways that used based on the equation and
difference. so from here real time is by making time Malaysia as
early at dawn
3.1.1.6 Syuruk Time

1 Rahman Salleh. 2012.Rubu' Mujayyab.. Ilmu Miqat. ed.1. Kuala Lumpur

.Tinta Publishingp. 16.

44

Syuruk Time can be found through half night view radius with make
it real time, then make it according to Malaysia time.2

3.1.1.7 Imsak Time

Deduct 10 minutes from early Subuh time.
Attentions
Definitely, to get confidence advance

on enter the any kind of

prayer time is encouraged to increase 2 minutes.

Method to calculate prayer time

days
location of sun
Declination of sun
Bu'd al-qutr
Asal mutlaq
Nisf al-fadhlah
Latitude Kota Bharu
Longitude
Longitude different

7 May
16 Thur
16 2/3 North
1 4/5

Using

Rubu'

57 1/5

Mujayyab
Using

Rubu'

1 4/5

Mujayyab
Using

Rubu'

6 7'
102 15'
1:11

Mujayyab
Schedule 2
Schedule 1

2 Rahman Salleh. 2012.Rubu' Mujayyab.. Ilmu Miqat. ed.1. Kuala Lumpur

.Tinta Publishing. p.17

45

Zuhur Time
Sun on the horizon
Different time
Wasotiah time
Kota Bharu longitude
Tamkin
Early Zuhur time

12:00
- 0:03
11:57
+ 1:11
+
0:02
13:10 (1:10 p.m)

Schedule 1

Asar Time
The end

79 2/3

Length of Object

Using
2 1/5

Rubu'

Mujayyab

12
Shadow of Asar

14 1/5

Length of Asar

40 1/4

Time Length of Asar

3.18

Different time

- 0:03

Half time

Kota Bharu Longitude

1:11

Using

Tamkin

0:02

Mujayyab

Asar time

4:28

3:15

Schedule 1

Maghrib Time

Rubu'

46

Half circle
The middle day

90

Nisf al-fadhlah

1 4/5

Using

Rubu'

Mujayyab
Half circle
The real day
Horizon

difference +

degree
The

91 4/5

1
day

circle 92 4/5

quarter

6:12

The time day circle -

0.03

Schedule 1

quarter
Different time

+ 6.09
1.11

The middle time

0.02
Kota Bharu logitude
Tamkin
Maghrib time

7.22

Isyak Time
Time achieved
For the Isyak time

+1:19

Using
Mujayyab

Rubu'

47

Half circle
The middle day

6:00

The real time

7:19

Different time

- 0:03

Middle time

Kota Bharu longitude

1:11

Tamkin
Isyak time

0:02
8:29

Schedule 1
7:16

Subuh Time
Time achieved
For the Subuh time

4:33
-

Using
0:03

Mujayyab
Schedule 1

4:30

Wasotiah time
1:11
Kota Bharu Longitude

0:02

Tamkin
Subuh time

5:43

Imsak Time
Subuh time

Imsak Time

0:10
5:33

Syuruk Time

5:43

Rubu'

48

The radius middle

night radius

180

The quarter of day

92 4/5

The quarter of night

87

The quarter of night

Different time

5:48
-

1
5
Schedule 1

0:03
5:45
1:11

Kota Bharu longitude

Syuruk
time

6:56

3.1.2. DIRECTION OF QIBLAH

The determine direction of Qiblah that started on the al-Ashl alMuthlaq and Bu'du al-Quthr using the by using longitude places and
mail kail (21 30) 38.
1. Determine the Bu'du al-Quthr
a. Put khoith at al-sittini and marking jaib longitude places with
muri (810).
b. Replacing khoith until achieve side of mail kal (21 30).
c. Value of jaib al-mabsuthah on the muri place that is the results
(3).

Longitude
Jaib
Mail kail
Bu'du al-Quthr

Qaus
Hour
7

Minute
49

21

30

Busur
Hour

sin
Minute

10

49

d. Simple formula: Bu'du al-Quthr = sin x sin mail kail. Multiply

60 to find out

value of Jaib. Whether find the side with

using formula arc sin Bu'du al-Quthr.

2. Determining al-Ashl al-Muthlaq
a. Put khoith on al-sittini and marked jaib tamam on longitude
places (90o - ) by
muri (59o 26).
b. Replace khoith until achieve tamam mail kail 68o 30 minutes.
c. Value of jaib al-mabsuthah on muri that is, 55o 12.

Qaidah
Longitude
The

Qaus
Hour
90
7
complete 82

longitude
Jaib sin
Qaidah
Mail kail
The complete

Jaib
Minute
49
11
59

90
21
Mail 68

kail
Al-Ashl al Muthlaq

55

26

30
30
12

d. Simple formula: al-Ashl al-Muthlaq = cos x cos mail kail.

Multiply 60 .
to find the value jaib. Whether find the side with using formula
arcsin al-Ashl al-Muthlaq.

50

3. Determining al-ashl al-mu'dal

a. Put khoith on al-sittini and marked jaib al-Ashl al-Muthlaq with
muri
(5512).
b. Replacing khoith until achieve contradict between longitude
(112 2)
and location of Mecca (40 8), 71 54.
c. Value of jaib al-mabsuthah on the muri is (17 9).

Longitude
Mecca
Contradict
Alashl

Qaus
Hour
112
40
71

Jaib
Minute
2
8
54

Hour

Minute

17

almudal

d. Simple formula: al-ashl al-mu'dal = ashl al-muthlaq x cos

contradict. multiply 60 to find value of Jaib.

4. Determine irtifa al-simtu, tamam irtifa al-simtu, and Jaib.

a. Decrease Bu'du al-Quthr on al-ashl al-mu'dal, the result is irtifa
al-simtu
13 38.
b. Decrease that number to 90 , results irtifa al-simtu
sempurna, 72 22. refer to

Qaus
Hour

jaib, 58 19.

Minute

Jaib
Hour

Minute

51

Al-ashl al-mu'dal

17

Bu'du al-Quthr

Jaib Irtifa Al-Simtu

14

58

19

Irtifa al-simtu

13

Qaidah

90

Irtifa al-simtu

13

38

Tamam Irtifa Al-Simtu

76

22

38

Jaib irtifa al-simtu

c. Simple formula: irtifaal-simtu = sin al-ashl al-mu'dal sin Bu'du

alQuthr. multiply 60 to find value of jaib.
5. Determining Jaib al-siah
a. Put khoith on Longitude and marking jaib kail with muri.
b. Change khoith until al-sittini. Angel between muri with markaz
is value of
Jaib al-si'ah.
Explanation :

Tamam
lintang
Kediri

Qaus
Hour
82

Minute
11

Jaib
Hour

Minute

52

Jaib kail
Jaib al-si'ah

22
22

10

c. Simple formula is Jaib al-si'ah (Js) = sin m : cos . Multiply 60

to find
value of jaib.
6. Determine hishah al-simtu and ta'dil al-simtu
a. Putting on the longitude like before.
b. Take the muri until goals to jaib al-mabsuthah from irtifa alsimtu.
c. Look out cutting between jaib al-mabsuthah with jaib almankusat. Value on jaib al-tamam is cutting result of hishah alsimtu, Completely formula is hishah al-simtu (hs) = sin Is x tan
. Lastly multiply 60 to find value of jaib.
d. Adding jaib value from hishah al-simtu with jaib al-saah that
answers is ta'dil al-simtu.
Qaus
Hour
Tamam

lintang 82

Kediri
Irtifa al-simtu

13

Jaib
Minutes

Hour

Minutes

11
38

Hishah al-simtu

Jaib al-siah

22

10

Tadil al-simtu

24

10

7. Determining direction of Qiblah

a. Putting khoith on al-sittini and marking jaib tamam irtifa al-simtu
with muri.

53

b. Adjusting khoith until muri stated on the jaib al-mabsuthah from

tadil alsimtu.
c. Angle between khoith with awal qaus is simtu al-qiblat.
d. Conclusion formula is sin simtu al-qiblat = ts : cos Irtifa alsimtu. multiply 60 to find value of jaib.

Qaus

Jaib
Hour

Hour

Minute

58

19

simtu
Tadil al-simtu

24

10

Qiblah direction

24

29

Jaib

tamam

irtifa

Minute

al-

Formula:
Based on the explanation, it can conclude as follows :
1. Determine irtifa al-simtu (Is)
Is = arc sin (cos m x cos SBMD sin Lx sin m)
2. Determine direction of Qiblah west- north
direction of Qiblah =
arc sin (

sinm
+ tan Lx tan Is ).
cos x cos I s

L: Longitude
m: Longitude makkah / mail kail/ kabah

54

Is: irtifa al-simtu

CLM : contradict with Longitude of Mecca bujur tempat dengan bujur
makkah.
(SBMD : selisih bujur tempat dengan bujur makkah)
Explanation of formula :

1. Budu al-quthur = sin L x sin m

2. Ashl al-muthlaq = cos Lx cos m
3. Ashl al-mudal = Ashl al-muthlaq x cos SBMD
4. Sin Is = ashl al-mu'dal bu'du al-quthur
Sin Is = ashl al-muthlaq x cos SBMD bu'du al-quthur
Sin Is = cos Lx cos m x cos SBMD sin Lx sin m, atau,
Is = arc sin (cos Lx cos m x cos SBMD sin Lx sin m)
5. Jaib al-siah (Js) = sin m : cos L
6. Hishah al-simtu (hs) = sin Is x tan L
7. Tadil al-simtu = js + hs
8. Simtu al-qiblat (Direction of Qiblah = arc sin (ts : cos Is)
= Arc sin ((js+hs) : cos Is)

sin m
+tan x sin I s
cos
cos I s
)

Arc sin

55

sin m
cos x cos I s
Arc sin

sinI s
cos I s

+ tan L

sin m
+ tan tan Is
cos x cos I s
Arc sin

3.2. CONTRIBUTION

In general, already know that Islamic Astronomy had given a

lot of contribution in astronomy especially in age of the glorious of
Islam in the past. This knowledge has been explored by majority of
Islamic scholar based on spirit pioneer knowledge and research
planted by Rasulullah SAW through many of hadith about this
knowledge.

Among

factor

which

encourages

this

knowledge

development that is knowledge closely related to religious worship

practice daily .It coincide with the advantages of Rubu' Mujayyab is
plays role that very superior and impressive to Islamic astronomy
once in solving inside community problem religious affair one of is
Kaabah's direction.Entire life force us to know knowledge namely
knowledge uses Rubu' Mujayyab to ensure religious worship can
fulfill condition like know the direction of Qiblah. Furthermore, it is

56

first thing must we do to perform our prayer. Qiblah is the direction

that should be faced when a Muslim perform prayers. 1 The Quran
records:
(Verily, We have seen the turning of your (Muhammad's) face
towards the heaven. Surely, We shall turn you to a Qiblah (prayer
direction) that shall please you, so turn your face in the direction of
Al-Masjid Al-Haram (at Makkah).) (2:144)2
In addition, Rubu' Mujayyab is compatible tool to signify prayer
time. Moreover, this tools not need to use battery and compact
form. Each prayer is given a specific time during which it must be
completed and are direct link between the worshipper and the
greatest of creator. Performing zuhr prayer when after midday
before the Asr time and have different formula to calculate it
between another prayer time.
Another benefit is understanding the calculation of Islamic
month calendar. Definitely, Islamic month calendar is different with
Gregorian calendar. Islamic month calendar has 12 months that are
according on a lunar cycle which consist of 354 or 355 days.
Actually, it first introduced in 638 AD by the `Umar ibn Al-Khattab'. 3
References through this calendar we able to observe the moon
accurately. such as the annual fast, to attend Hajj , and Islamic New
Year.
In conclusion, It show the various of Rubu' Mujayyab benefit for
us. Also, showed the scholars is struggle to create specific formula
to calculate each prayer and must be us to appreciate it. Among
1 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qibla
2 n.a.n.dChanging the Qiblah @ Direction of the Prayer
http://www.qtafsir.com/
3 The Twelve Months of the Islamic Lunar Calendar .http://www.ramadanislam.org/ramadan/12months.html

57

ways is understand and apply inside in our life so that not ignorance
by future generations.

3.3. FUTURE DEVELOPMENT

There are a lot of donations by scholars for development in this

knowledge. Based on this writing we can look Rubu' Mujayyab is

58

influential in term Islamic obligations and research to cultivate into a

self astronomical society. Rubu' Mujayyab should include in the
subject for all levels students especially in Islamic school because
based on the functions of Rubu' Mujayyab is majority for Islamic
purposes. Therefore, it also can use to attract another non Muslim in
term of Malaysia when we are using this instruments for public views
like outside complex or mall. They will wondering the creations of
Rubu' Mujayyab by Islamic scholars and more to learn this skill,
automatically for affairs religion. In addition, the government should
have lecture or programs for community in reveal using and
practising

Rubu'

Mujayyab.

Ignorance minority

of

community

because they not know yet anything about this tools and assume
that is important for those take subject astronomers. For that
reasons, this field not have place in our minded. The solving ways is
publishing many of simple note that list the introduction of Rubu'
Mujayyab. As parents is plays important role with spent time
preciously through practicing for their children because the children
is easy to mastery in new knowledge . Also, adding the books
knowledge in this tools. They will be continue connector knowledge
heritage.

Optimistically, all the community can be realized the

necessary and participation from all levels of community.

59

3.4. CONCLUSION

In a nutshell, outstanding in Islamic religion is depends in

greatness

of

knowledge

of

scholar.

They

leaved

completely

knowledge in Astronomy for the next generation. Therefore, that

time is really difficult life for them that different in now life. We can
see they are hard try to create some of instruments that no one
create before. Particularly in creation of Rubu' Mujayyab that given a
lot of advantages. Based on this writing, I believe there are many of
people is interesting to know about this instrument properly but not
know the best medium to find it. Honestly, thankful to God for this
opportunity for entire life.
According on the information given above, it could be said that this
RubuMujayyab plays a great role in providing an advantages for
Muslim community.It changed human living from darkness to live a
civilization life. Therefore, the government should more aware and
caring about this field such as construct more are specific place for
this instruments for the public viewing to practise it. This equipment
is necessary contribution highlighted in the present. This is because
not many of us who know concerning interest in the future e.g. in
the field of Astronomy. this area is very marginalized and not many
who want to learn and master In effect, Muslims will face problems
the computation time, the direction and the Islamic calendar. Keep
in mind the Islamic astronomers observed the development of the
community when there are differences in the initial determination of
the fasting month of Ramadan, Shawwal, and Dhulhijah. At that time
the Muslim community was also curious why the difference appear.
Therefore, should be make compulsory subject for every school not
only in undergraduate level. Indeed. so that people do not forget
and appreciation of the contributions those who contributed in the
creation of this instrument.

60

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