Geoquími Artícula Moran

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Thermomechanical maturation of the continental crust

and its effects on the late Eoceneearly Oligocene
volcanic record of the Sierra Madre del Sur Province,
southern Mexico
a
Laura Mori , Dante J. Morn-Zenteno , Barbara M. Martiny , Enrique A. Gonzlez-Torres

a
, Mara Chapela-Lara , Beatriz A. Daz-Bravo & Julie Roberge
Instituto de Geologa, Universidad Nacional Autnoma de Mxico, 04510, Mexico City,

Mexico
Version of record first published: 22 Dec 2011.
To cite this article: Laura Mori , Dante J. Morn-Zenteno , Barbara M. Martiny , Enrique A. Gonzlez-Torres , Mara ChapelaLara , Beatriz A. Daz-Bravo & Julie Roberge (2012): Thermomechanical maturation of the continental crust and its effects on
the late Eoceneearly Oligocene volcanic record of the Sierra Madre del Sur Province, southern Mexico, International Geology
Review, 54:13, 1475-1496
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Vol. 54, No. 13, 10 October 2012, 14751496
Thermomechanical maturation of the continental crust and its effects on the late Eoceneearly
Oligocene volcanic record of the Sierra Madre del Sur Province, southern Mexico
Laura Mori*, Dante J. Morn-Zenteno, Barbara M. Martiny, Enrique A. Gonzlez-Torres, Mara Chapela-Lara,
Beatriz A. Daz-Bravo and Julie Roberge
Instituto de Geologa, Universidad Nacional Autnoma de Mxico, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
Downloaded by [UNAM Ciudad Universitaria] at 12:45 07 January 2013
(Accepted 21 November 2011)

We interpret the voluminous late Eoceneearly Oligocene volcanic successions of the north-central Sierra Madre del Sur as
the eruptive manifestation of a progressive thermomechanical maturation of the crust, driven by sustained igneous activity
that affected the region since the early Eocene. Widespread Eocene magmatism and injection of mantle-derived melts into
the crust beneath the Michoacn-Puebla area promoted the development of a hot zone extending to upper crustal levels, and
the formation of a mature intracrustal magmatic system. Within this context, the intermediate siliceous compositions of the
Tilzapotla, Mueca, and Goleta explosive centres were generated through fractional crystallization, crustal contamination,
and anatexis. In particular, decreasing bulk-rock Sr and Eu concentrations and Nd isotopes with increasing silica in the
Tilzapotla and Mueca suites document an evolution through low-pressure fractional crystallization of plagioclase-dominated assemblages, simultaneous with the assimilation of middleupper crustal materials. In contrast, marked Eu, Sr, and
Ba depletions coupled with high and variable Rb/Nd at constant 143 Nd/144 Nd in the Goleta rhyolites suggest their derivation
from partial melting of biotite-bearing quartz-feldspathic lithologies. Ascent of the thermal anomaly induced by magma
emplacement and accumulation at shallow depths shifted the brittleductile crustal transition close to the surface, and produced an ignimbrite are-up through caldera-forming eruptions. A different petrogeneticvolcanologic scenario developed in
north-western Oaxaca, where less profuse earlymiddle Eocene igneous activity and an ancient lower crustal basement made
up of refractory granulitic lithologies inhibited the expansion of the hot zone to shallow levels, and constrained magmatic
evolution at depth. Here, composite and monogenetic volcanoes with intermediate compositions were produced through
high-pressure fractional crystallization and crustal contamination. Specically, increasing La/Yb and Sm/Yb with increasing silica in the Oaxaca suite, and negative correlations of Nd isotopes with SiO2 at low Rb/Nd, suggest garnet fractionation
from parental basalts, coupled with the assimilation of Rb-depleted lower crustal materials.
Keywords: southern Mexico; Sierra Madre del Sur; mantle; thermomechanical maturation of the continental crust; silicic
are-up
Introduction
Identifying the origin of the intermediate-silicic products
that dominate the plutonic and volcanic record of continental arcs worldwide is essential to comprehend the
mechanisms of magma generation and evolution at convergent margins, and has important implications for understanding how andesitic-dacitic continents grow (Brown and
Rushmer 2006).
A major proportion of evolved igneous rocks emplaced
at continental margins display bulk-rock geochemical characteristics that are consistent with a derivation from
intracrustal processing of basaltic precursors (Annen
et al. 2006a). Indeed, during ascent, mantle-derived
magmas can undergo fractional crystallization at variable crustal depths, contamination with different basement lithologies, and might also induce crustal melting,
*Corresponding author. Email: lmori@geologia.unam.mx
ISSN 0020-6814 print/ISSN 1938-2839 online
2012 Taylor & Francis
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00206814.2011.644745
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promoting the formation of a variety of residual and anatectic liquids (Annen et al. 2006a and references therein).
Recent works consider that intracrustal processing of
mac magmas in order to form evolved compositions
within subduction settings mainly takes place in deep,
hot crustal zones, which develop in response to the constant injection of mantle-derived basalts into the lower
crust (Annen et al. 2006a, 2006b). Starting from this
idea, other studies propose that the propagation of a hot
thermal anomaly from the deep crust to upper crustal levels might be responsible for the generation of massive
events of silicic volcanism and ignimbrite are-ups (de
Silva et al. 2006; Bachmann et al. 2007). This model
envisages the development of an extensive mantle-sourcedriven crustal magmatic system that advects heat through
the entire crustal section. Abundant intrusion of mac
1476
L. Mori et al.
arc magmas into the lower crust would develop a deep,

hot zone, in which intermediate compositions are produced through incomplete crystallization of mantle-derived
basalts, crustal contamination, and anatexis (Annen et al.
2006a). As the crustal magmatic system evolves, fuelled
by continuous heat and mass input from the mantle, propagation of the thermal anomaly to shallower levels would
result in progressive thermal softening of crustal rocks,
thus inhibiting the ascent of arc magmas, and instead
favouring the accumulation of progressively larger magma
batches in the middleupper crust (de Silva et al. 2006;
de Silva and Gosnold 2007). At these levels, magmas
would interact with more felsic and radiogenic lithologies,
and undergo further crystallizationassimilation processes,
forming more evolved compositions. Magma emplacement into the upper crust would elevate the brittle
ductile transition to very shallow levels and trigger faultcontrolled caldera-forming eruptions, thus producing massive ignimbrite outbursts as the climatic expressions of
the progressive thermomechanical maturation of the continental crust (de Silva et al. 2006; Bachmann et al.
2007).
In this contribution, we present a geochemical study
of the Late EoceneEarly Oligocene volcanic sequences
emplaced in the north-central sector of the Sierra Madre
del Sur (SMS) of southern Mexico (Figure 1). Magmatic
activity in this region produced two volcanic districts
with contrasting geochemical and volcanological characteristics: a siliceous are-up province represented
in this study by the Mueca, Goleta, and Tilzapotla
explosive centres that emitted voluminous ignimbrite

units and intermediate-silicic lava ows; and the Oaxaca
volcanic eld, made of composite and monogenetic
volcanoes with dominant mac-intermediate compositions. Our geochemical data and geological-volcanological
observations reveal two contrasting petrogenetic scenarios
for these coeval magmatic episodes, which appear to be
related to different stages of thermomechanical maturation of the continental crust beneath the two areas. These
volcanic successions therefore offer an excellent opportunity to examine how variable heat and mass inputs from
the mantle to the upper plate, as well as differences in
basement lithology, affect the intracrustal processes that
produce evolved compositions in a region of long-lived
continental magmatism.
Geologic framework
Subduction-related Cenozoic magmatic activity along
the Mexican convergent margin produced two extensive
provinces of silicic volcanism, represented by the Sierra
Madre Occidental and the SMS (Figure 1A; Ferrari et al.
2007; Morn-Zenteno et al. 2007). These continental arcs
are characterized by similar eruptive styles and magmatic
compositions, but show some differences in terms of
spacetime distribution of magmatism (Ferrari et al. 2007;
Morn-Zenteno et al. 2007) and tectonic regime active at
the time of magmatic activity (e.g. Nieto-Samaniego et al.
1999; Alaniz-lvarez et al. 2002).
Figure 1. (A) Sketch map of the Mexican Pacic margin, showing the distribution of the subduction-related volcanic provinces of the
Sierra Madre Occidental (SMO), Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt (TMVB), and Sierra Madre del Sur (SMS). (B) Schematic map of southern
Mexico, showing the distribution of the TMVB, and the volcanic and plutonic belts of the SMS magmatic province (modied from MornZenteno et al. 1999). The studied volcanic centres are located in the north-central sector of the SMS, and are bordered in black. Important
cities, state names (in italics), and their limits (dotted lines) are included as reference.

The SMS igneous province
The SMS is a broad magmatic province that extends for
1100 km from the Puerto Vallarta area to the Isthmus
of Tehuantepec, being delimited by the Miocene to recent
Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt (TMVB) to the north, and by
the Pacic coast to the south (Figure 1). It is composed
of two WNW-trending belts with contrasting petrologic
characteristics (Figure 1B): an inland series of volcanic
centres that produced mac to rhyolitic lava sequences
and hypabyssal intrusions, as well as voluminous silicic
ignimbrite deposits; and a chain of granitic-granodioritictonalitic batholiths and smaller intrusive bodies distributed
along the truncated and exhumed continental margin
(Morn-Zenteno et al. 2007). The truncation and uplift of
the Mexican Pacic margin have traditionally been related
to the detachment and south-eastward displacement of the
Chortis block (Ross and Scotese 1988; Schaaf et al. 1995);
more recently, it has been proposed that a process of
subduction erosion may have caused rapid tectonic removal
of a wide fore-arc, and induced the landward migration of
the trench up to its modern location (Keppie et al. 2009).
1477
The magmatic activity of the SMS took place over a

long period of time spanning from the Late Cretaceous
to the late Oligoceneearly Miocene (Figure 2; MornZenteno et al. 2007). Based on early geochronological
results, some authors considered that the SMS was a
NNW-oriented magmatic arc that migrated from west
to east between the Late Cretaceous and the Oligocene
(e.g. Schaaf et al. 1995). Nevertheless, a growing body
of isotopic ages documents that, during the Paleocene,
magmatic activity was distributed in both the JaliscoColima region and central Guerrero (Figure 2A; Ducea
et al. 2004; Cerca et al. 2007; Valencia et al. 2009).
Moreover, the more comprehensive database now available
for the SMS (Nelson et al. 2009 and references therein)
indicates that, in Eocene and early Oligocene times, continental magmatism formed a >200 km wide belt oriented parallel to the present-day Pacic coast, distributed
between longitudes 102 and 97 (Figure 2B and 2C;
Ducea et al. 2004; Morn-Zenteno et al. 2007; Keppie et al.
2009). During the Late Oligocene, the igneous activity of
the SMS was restricted to modest magmatic manifestations
Figure 2. Spacetime distribution of the SMS magmatic activity (modied from Morn-Zenteno et al. 2007), obtained using available
U-Pb ages for the plutonic rocks, and K-Ar, 40 Ar/39 Ar, and U-Pb ages for the volcanic sequences (data from Nelson et al. 2009). Stars represent isotopic ages from the literature; shaded elds represent the inferred areal extent of magmatism at different times. Important cities,
state names (in italics), and their limits (dotted lines) are included as reference. (A) Late Cretaceous igneous activity was concentrated in
the state of Jalisco, whereas it affected both Jalisco-Colima and central Guerrero in Palaeocene times; (B) during the earlymiddle Eocene,
magmatism had a broad distribution and formed a belt oriented almost parallel to the modern Pacic margin; (C) in late Eoceneearly
Oligocene times, magmatism reached a broader distribution, and produced a belt of explosive silicic volcanic centres in the northcentral
sector of the SMS (see inset); (D) late Oligocene activity of the SMS was limited to modest magmatic manifestations and ceased in early
Miocene times.
1478
L. Mori et al.
in Morelos, Guerrero, and southern Oaxaca (Figure 2D),

and subsequently ceased in the early Miocene (MartnezSerrano et al. 2008 and references therein), marking the
inception of the TMVB (Morn-Zenteno et al. 1999;
Gmez-Tuena et al. 2007).
Late Eoceneearly Oligocene volcanism in the SMS

During the late Eocene and early Oligocene, intense
magmatic activity developed in Michoacn, State of
Mxico, Morelos, Guerrero, and Puebla (Figure 2C), producing one of the major pulses of explosive siliceous
volcanism in southern Mexico. Between 38 Ma and
30 Ma, caldera-forming and ssure eruptions generated
a WNW-trending belt of collapse structures, pyroclastic
dike complexes, rhyolitic domes, small hypabyssal bodies, and intermediate-silicic lavas, which make up the
Nanchititla, San Vicente, Valle de Bravo, Mueca, Paredes,
Goleta, Taxco, Tilzapotla, and Huautla volcanic centres
(Figure 2C; Alaniz-lvarez et al. 2002; Morn-Zenteno
et al. 2004; Gonzlez-Cervantes 2007; Gonzlez et al.
2009; Martini et al. 2009; Daz-Bravo and Morn-Zenteno
2011). This magmatic outburst produced ignimbrite successions with a total preserved volume of 2500 km3
(Gonzlez-Torres et al. 2011); yet, considering that the
region has experienced deep erosion, these pyroclastic
deposits likely represent the vestiges of a much more extensive ignimbrite cover, which might have originally been
twice as large (Morn-Zenteno et al. 2007; Daz-Bravo
and Morn-Zenteno 2011). In the state of Michoacn,
Serrano-Durn (2005) and Gonzlez-Cervantes (2007) also
document the emplacement of mac dike swarms prior
to and coeval with the ignimbrite are-up. According to
Alaniz-lvarez et al. (2002), Morn-Zenteno et al. (2004),
and Martini et al. (2009), the emplacement of the siliceous
successions and mac hypabyssal intrusions was favoured
and controlled by a NW-trending left-lateral fault system
that affected the region at that time.
Early Oligocene magmatism also developed in the
north-western sector of the state of Oaxaca (3329 Ma;
Martiny et al. 2000; Cerca et al. 2007; Figures 1B and 2C),
but with very different volcanological and geochemical
features. Here, igneous activity mainly generated composite volcanoes and monogenetic centres with dominant
mac-intermediate compositions (Martiny et al. 2000).
Volcanism in north-western Oaxaca was also associated
with episodes of left-lateral strike-slip tectonics, which
continued after the cessation of magmatism (Martiny et al.
2012).
Basement geology and volcanic stratigraphy of the

study area
The late Eoceneearly Oligocene magmatic sequences of
the north-central SMS are emplaced on two distinct crustal
blocks with contrasting ages, lithologies, and tectonic histories, whose boundaries are dened by major fault systems
(Campa and Coney 1983; Sedlock et al. 1993).
The Mueca and Goleta volcanic elds rest over
the Mesozoic Guerrero terrane, recently recognized as
a parautochthonous arc built on the thinned continental
margin of North America, which was drifted in the palaeoPacic domain during episodes of back-arc extension, and
subsequently accreted back to the Mexican craton (CabralCano et al. 2000; Elas-Herrera et al. 2000; Martini et al.
2009, 2011). The Guerrero terrane is locally represented
by the Early Cretaceous Tejupilco Schist and the Late
Cretaceous Arcelia-Palmar Chico Group (Elas-Herrera
et al. 2000, 2009): the former is a polydeformed sequence
of phyllites, micaschists, and volcanic rocks intruded by
siliceous plutonic bodies; the latter is a succession of limestones, sandstones, and mac lavas that overthrust the
Tejupilco Schist. Ortho- and paragneiss xenoliths found
within a pyroclastic dike of the Goleta volcanic eld also
document the existence of granulite-facies lithologies of
Early Jurassic age at deep levels of the middle crust (ElasHerrera and Ortega-Gutirrez 1997; Elas-Herrera et al.
2009).
The Guerrero terrane is not exposed in proximity of
the Tilzapotla caldera (Morn-Zenteno et al. 2004); yet, the
occurrence of high-grade metapelite and quartz-feldspathic
gneiss xenoliths hosted within the rhyolitic domes of
Chalcatzingo in the TMVB, 50 km ENE of Tilzapotla,
document the existence of deep granulitic lithologies petrologically similar to those recognized beneath the Goleta
volcanic eld (Ortega-Gutirrez et al. 2008), and thus
support that the Tilzapotla, Goleta, and Mueca volcanic
centres are built on the same basement.
In contrast, the Oaxaca volcanic eld rests over the
Palaeozoic Acatln complex, which represents the exposed
crystalline basement of the Mixteco terrane, as well as
one of the largest blocks of pre-Mesozoic metamorphic
rocks in southern Mexico. The Acatln complex is a
volcanosedimentary succession of oceanic and continental afnity affected by greenschist-, amphibolite-,
and eclogite-facies metamorphism, later intruded by
granites and affected by migmatization (Ortega-Gutirrez
1981). According to Ortega-Gutirrez et al. (2008), the
Acatln complex extends to a structural depth of 20 km,
corresponding to the base of the middle crust; and is
underlain by granulite-facies lower crustal rocks, similar
to those of the Grenvillian Oaxacan complex that crops
out in south-eastern Oaxaca (Ortega-Gutirrez et al. 1995;
Keppie et al. 2003).
The Mueca volcanic centre

The Mueca volcanic centre (Figure 3A) has a preserved
volume of 25 km3 . Its western boundary is marked by an
array of subvertical pyroclastic dikes made of pumiceous
1479
Figure 3. Geologic maps of the studied volcanic centres. (A) Mueca; (B) Goleta (modied from Daz-Bravo and Morn-Zenteno 2011);
(C) Tilzapotla caldera (modied from Morn-Zenteno et al. 2004); (D) Oaxaca volcanic eld (modied from Martiny et al. 2012). Main
villages are shown as reference.
ignimbrites with quartz, sanidine, minor plagioclase, and

biotite. Peripheral fracturing of the roof of a shallow
magma chamber probably triggered the explosive event
that led to the emplacement of these dikes, and to the eruption of El Suz Tuff, which represents the basal unit of the
Mueca volcanic succession. The 420 m thick El Suz
Tuff (U-Pb age on zircon of 34.0 0.6 Ma; ChapelaLara 2008) is composed of pumice-rich ignimbrites that
were fed by the pyroclastic dike complex, as suggested by
their textural and compositional similarities. El Suz Tuff is
overlain by El Potrero Andesite, a 500 m thick sequence
of andesitic-dacitic lava ows with phenocrysts of plagioclase and pyroxene; and by the 400 m thick Mueca
Autobreccia. Lava blocks from the Mueca Autobreccia
have intermediate compositions and display porphyritic
textures with plagioclase, amphibole, and orthopyroxene
phenocrysts. This unit is capped by the 250 m thick
Pea Larga Rhyolite, a succession of rhyolitic lava ows
with plagioclase, amphibole, and pyroxene phenocrysts,
intercalated with thin vitrophyric layers. In the southern
sector of the volcanic centre, El Suz Tuff is intruded by the
Tonatilco porphyry, a rhyolitic body with large phenocrysts
of plagioclase, sanidine, and scarce biotite, with an exposed
area of 3 km2 . Smaller andesitic to rhyolitic intrusions are
also exposed (not shown in Figure 3A). These subvolcanic
bodies likely represent the conduits through which the
effusive units of the Mueca volcanic eld were emitted.
The Goleta volcanic eld
The Goleta volcanic eld (Figure 3B) encompasses an area
of 400 km2 , and has a preserved volume of 200 km3
(Daz-Bravo and Morn-Zenteno 2011). Its most spectacular feature is the presence of huge pyroclastic dike
complexes that extend almost continuously along its western and southern anks, and which acted as feeder conduits
for the ignimbrite units deposited in the area. The main
unit is the basal Goleta Ignimbrite (U-Pb age on zircon of
36.5 0.6 million years; Daz-Bravo and Morn-Zenteno
2011), with a thickness of 200 m in the northern sector
and 600 m in the southern part of the volcanic centre.
It is a massive succession of crystal-rich ignimbrites with
sanidine, quartz, minor plagioclase, and biotite, which was
fed by the central and southern dike complexes (DazBravo and Morn-Zenteno 2011). To the south, the Goleta
Ignimbrite is intruded by the Tecomates porphyry (U-Pb
age on zircon of 36.9 0.6 million years; Daz-Bravo
and Morn-Zenteno 2011), a rhyolitic body with large phenocrysts of sanidine and quartz, with an exposed area of
9 km2 . The overlying ignimbrite units (the uppermost
with a 40 Ar/39 Ar age on sanidine of 34.4 0.5 million
years; Daz-Bravo and Morn-Zenteno 2011) are pumicerich, with a phenocryst assemblage of sanidine, quartz, plagioclase, and minor biotite. They are mainly distributed in
the northern sector of the volcanic eld, and were erupted
through the pyroclastic conduits exposed around the village of Sultepec (Daz-Bravo and Morn-Zenteno 2011).
Here, the pyroclastic dikes do not delimit any collapse or
subsidence structure. On the other hand, the semicurvilinear pattern of the pyroclastic dikes along the southern
ank of the volcanic centre, coupled with the greater thickness of the Goleta Ignimbrite, indicate the development
of a partial collapse caldera in this area (Daz-Bravo and
Morn-Zenteno 2011).
1480
L. Mori et al.
The Tilzapotla caldera

The Tilzapotla caldera (Figure 3C) is a huge semielliptical collapse structure that encircles a thick and continuous
volcanic succession. With a minimum volume of 600 km3
and a thickness of up to 600 m, the Tilzapotla Ignimbrite
(40 Ar/39 Ar age on sanidine of 34.3 0.1 million years;
Morn-Zenteno et al. 2004) represents the magmatic manifestation of the climatic event of caldera collapse: it is
a massive sequence of dacitic tuffs with quartz, plagioclase, biotite, and minor sanidine phenocrysts. This unit
is covered by a post-collapse sequence that comprises the
Rodarte Ignimbrite and Gallego Formation. The former is a
vitroclastic sequence of ow units with pumice fragments
and biotite phenocrysts; the latter is a thick sequence of
rheomorphic ignimbrites, vitrophyric ows, and dacitic
lavas with abundant plagioclase, sanidine, biotite, and
quartz. Within the caldera, a NW-oriented uplifted block
is the main indicator of a resurgent stage (Morn-Zenteno
et al. 2004). Lava ows and dikes overlying and intruding
the Tilzapotla Ignimbrite and the post-collapse units were
erupted during this phase. The dikes are mainly distributed
along the structural borders of the uplifted block, and
exhibit a compositional variation from andesite to rhyolite.
The lava ows (40 Ar/39 Ar ages on plagioclase of 33.4
0.1 to 32.8 0.1 million years; Morn-Zenteno et al.
2004) range in composition from two pyroxene andesites
to hornblende-bearing dacites.
The Oaxaca volcanic eld

The magmatic sequences of the Oaxaca volcanic eld
(Figure 3D) have been grouped by Martiny et al. (2000)
into two general units. The lower unit consists of siliceous
pyroclastic and epiclastic deposits. In contrast, the predominant and more voluminous upper unit is represented by lava ows and autobreccias with intermediate compositions. Specically, it consists of a thick pile
(>400 m in some areas) of porphyritic basaltic andesite
and andesitic lavas with phenocrysts of ortho- and clinopyroxene, olivine, plagioclase, and minor hornblende. Eroded
vestiges of volcanic vents in the form of necks suggest
that these ows were at least partially emitted by central volcanic structures (Martiny et al. 2000). The volcanic
successions of the Oaxaca volcanic eld are intruded by
numerous hypabyssal bodies, represented by hornblendeor pyroxene-bearing stocks and dikes of intermediate compositions (Martiny et al. 2000).
Analytical procedures
Major elements (Table 1) were determined by X-ray uorescence spectrometry using a Siemens SRS-3000 instrument at the Laboratorio Universitario de Geoqumica
Isotpica (LUGIS) of the Universidad Nacional Autnoma
de Mxico, following procedures by Lozano-Santa Cruz

and Bernal (2005).
Trace element data (Table 1) were obtained by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. A group of
samples was analysed at LUGIS with an Agilent 7500ce
instrument, following procedures by Eggins et al. (1997);
additional trace element compositions were obtained at the
Laboratorio de Estudios Isotpicos (LEI) of Universidad
Nacional Autnoma de Mxico using a Thermo Series XII
spectrometer, following procedures by Mori et al. (2007).
Reproducibility of trace element data is based on multiple
digestions of international rock standards; reproducibility
is better than 4% for the elements measured at LUGIS,
and better than 3% for the element concentrations obtained
at LEI.
Sr and Nd isotope ratios (Table 2) were measured by
thermal ionization mass spectrometry at LUGIS, using a
Finnigan MAT 262 system equipped with eight Faraday
cups. Sample preparation and measurement procedures
for isotopic analyses are described in Schaaf et al. (2005).
Results were corrected for mass fractionation by normalizing to 86 Sr/88 Sr = 0.1194 and 146 Nd/144 Nd =
0.7219. At LUGIS, the long-term reproducibility of the
NBS-987 standard is 87 Sr/86 Sr = 0.710236 0.000042
(2 , n = 302); and the long-term reproducibility of the
La Jolla standard is 143 Nd/144 Nd = 0.511875 0.000042
(2 , n = 148).
Geochemical results
Rocks from the study region display a wide compositional variation spanning from basaltic andesites to
rhyolites (Figure 4). The volcanic products of the Oaxaca
suite are represented by medium-K calc-alkaline basaltic
andesites and andesites, whereas rocks from the Tilzapotla
and Mueca volcanic elds range in composition from
medium-K andesites to high-K rhyolites; in contrast, volcanic activity at Goleta mainly produced high-K calcalkaline rhyolitic ignimbrites (Figures 4A and 4B). Rocks
from the different volcanic centres display similar trends in
major element variation diagrams, such as positive correlations between K2 O and SiO2 (Figure 4B); negative correlations of TiO2 , MgO, CaO (Figure 4C), Fe2 O3 tot and P2 O5
with silica; and almost constant Na2 O abundances. Al2 O3
contents of the Oaxaca rocks show a parallel trend with
SiO2 , whereas they decrease with increasing differentiation
in the other suites (Figure 4D).
The trace element patterns of all the rock sequences
display enrichments in the large-ion lithophile elements
and Pb with respect to the high eld strength elements;
and fractionated rare earth element (REE) patterns showing higher light REE (LREE) contents relative to the heavy
REE (HREE) (Figure 5). Samples from the Oaxaca volcanic eld are distinguished by their positive Sr spikes
and depleted HREE contents (Figure 5A); they also show
62.31
0.73
15.50
5.68
0.12
2.32
4.73
3.11
2.80
0.20
0.95
98.45
LUGISc
15.4
92.5
11.0
11.2
10.7
16
82
45.1
1.9
97
269
27.9
151
10.4
3.03
511
22.6
47.2
5.81
24.8
5.48
1.20
5.00
0.900
4.90
1.00
3.00
2.72
0.400
4.50
1.06
12
8.79
2.95
Major elements (wt.%)

SiO2
58.96
TiO2
0.83
Al2 O3
16.48
Fe2 O3 tot
7.01
MnO
0.10
MgO
4.17
CaO
6.75
Na2 O
2.94
K2 O
1.99
P2 O5
0.19
LOI
0.80
Total
100.22
Trace elements (ppm)

Laboratory
LUGISc
Sc
21.1
V
130
Cr
18.9
Co
21.4
Ni
29.4
Cu
20
Zn
73
Li
17.4
Be
1.4
Rb
68
Sr
328
Y
25.9
Zr
157
Nb
7.06
Cs
2.36
Ba
644
La
18.3
Ce
36.7
Pr
4.70
Nd
19.7
Sm
4.51
Eu
1.10
Gd
4.50
Tb
0.800
Dy
4.30
Ho
0.90
Er
2.50
Yb
2.43
Lu
0.370
Hf
4.23
Ta
0.72
Pb
8.7
Th
6.33
U
1.91
LUGISc
9.5
36.6
4.9
4.5
8.4
62
62
25.3
2.5
181
121
29.5
143
9.83
8.48
543
27.5
54.2
6.61
26.1
5.64
1.00
5.30
0.900
4.90
1.00
2.80
2.69
0.400
4.44
1.22
15
12.5
5.48
67.23
0.47
14.42
3.51
0.05
0.32
3.46
2.65
4.21
0.16
3.53
100.01
LUGISc
14.6
79.9
9.3
9.2
21.9
78
78
22.1
2.2
107
248
30.4
163
10.8
4.65
528
28.9
55.9
6.95
28.3
6.04
1.27
5.74
0.960
5.17
1.10
2.92
2.73
0.420
4.71
1.14
16
9.06
3.16
61.59
0.75
15.95
5.48
0.10
1.26
5.15
3.43
2.92
0.23
2.97
99.83
LUGISc
17.6
149
154
25.4
46.9
31
92
48.5
1.3
33
404
21.0
174
8.71
8.83
375
19.2
42.5
5.36
22.2
4.77
1.23
4.37
0.730
3.85
0.74
2.20
2.06
0.300
4.39
0.58
9.6
3.96
1.28
55.87
0.94
15.60
8.07
0.13
5.34
6.99
2.43
1.10
0.26
3.26
99.99
LUGISc
9.6
69.6
11.3
7.8
3.8
9
58
16.2
2.4
381
191
31.7
166
10.3
31.6
581
27.8
57.6
6.88
27.2
5.92
0.970
5.54
0.940
4.97
0.97
2.85
2.70
0.400
4.81
0.99
15
13.2
4.94
65.55
0.63
14.83
4.53
0.08
1.41
3.34
3.30
3.42
0.19
2.81
100.09
LUGISc
7.0
32.4
8.0
2.7
2.6
13
38
45.4
2.6
198
139
37.1
134
11.0
5.57
618
29.8
62.3
7.98
32.8
7.61
0.930
6.94
1.20
6.15
1.18
3.36
2.99
0.430
4.20
1.14
17
15.4
6.24
73.80
0.43
12.63
3.32
0.03
0.11
1.81
2.61
4.35
0.17
0.57
99.83
LUGISc
19.9
165
69.6
19.2
11.8
19
77
13.0
1.2
69
374
24.2
148
7.50
36.5
482
16.2
37.3
4.77
20.1
4.59
1.24
4.40
0.740
3.96
0.78
2.31
2.20
0.330
3.81
0.52
6.6
3.84
1.34
55.72
1.10
16.97
8.28
0.13
4.04
7.70
3.24
1.22
0.30
1.13
99.83
LUGISc
8.3
11.3
1.9
4.6
7
48
36.5
3.6
210
160
35.9
76
10.7
59.1
224
21.4
37.0
6.46
27.4
6.60
0.360
6.12
1.10
6.13
1.33
3.60
3.36
0.500
3.30
1.70
22
10.9
5.90
2.2
7.0
9
56
42.6
4.7
230
76
48.5
75
13.7
38.4
72
17.2
37.5
5.20
22.6
6.77
0.200
7.11
1.36
7.87
1.76
4.73
4.46
0.670
3.50
2.10
23
13.3
6.00
73.69
0.12
12.59
1.72
0.03
0.28
0.97
3.09
4.73
0.03
2.94
100.19
Goletaa
GO-301-07
100 00.435
18 47.572
LUGISc
12.7
17.4
71.15
0.12
12.17
1.47
0.03
0.36
3.40
3.34
4.12
0.03
3.82
100.02
Mueca
Mueca
Mueca
Mueca
Mueca
Mueca
Mueca
Mueca
Goletaa
VA-06
VA-08
VA-24
VA-44
VA-64
VA-70
VA-72
VA-73
GO-107-06
100 10.300 100 10.200 100 10.287 100 11.227 100 10.259 100 11.046 100 11.038 100 10.559 100 01.916
18 53.210 18 53.211 18 51.955 18 53.073 18 52.020 18 51.849 18 51.761 18 51.993 18 35.714
Major and trace element analyses of the studied rock suites.
Suite
Sample
Longitude W
Latitude N
Table 1.
1.3
4.4
7
53
20.0
4.6
261
41
36.9
72
11.8
29.7
78
16.5
38.1
4.89
20.7
5.47
0.170
5.66
1.08
6.35
1.41
3.84
3.65
0.550
3.20
1.90
21
10.7
5.70
LUGISc
9.0
7.3
75.49
0.08
11.91
1.48
0.03
0.15
0.87
3.39
4.45
0.03
2.60
100.48
(Continued)
2.3
10.1
16
46
49.9
3.1
182
67
22.1
93
8.50
7.00
431
28.9
56.8
6.40
24.4
4.89
0.500
4.26
0.740
4.05
0.87
2.41
2.34
0.350
3.40
1.20
26
10.5
4.40
LUGISc
9.3
12.8
73.24
0.14
13.44
2.81
0.06
0.24
1.17
3.15
5.13
0.06
0.56
100.00
Goletaa
Goletaa
VNP
GO-17-06
100 06.899 99 59.578
18 38.023 18 46.121

1481

Laboratory
Sc
V
Cr
Co
Ni
Cu
Zn
Li
Be
Rb
Sr
Y
Zr
Nb
Cs
Ba
La
Ce
Pr
Nd
Sm
Eu
Gd
Tb
Dy
Ho
Er
Yb
Lu
Hf
Ta
Pb
Th
U

SiO2
TiO2
Al2 O3
Fe2 O3 tot
MnO
MgO
CaO
Na2 O
K2 O
P2 O5
LOI
Total
1.7
3.5
6
29
57.7
3.8
185
52
29.4
86
9.70
9.80
432
31.7
60.1
7.32
28.2
5.88
0.490
5.26
0.920
4.99
1.07
2.92
2.83
0.420
3.40
1.60
19
10.7
4.30
2.0
5
35
63.4
3.8
175
75
24.9
81
8.80
12.1
370
18.0
36.9
4.72
19.0
4.58
0.440
4.39
0.810
4.48
0.96
2.64
2.53
0.380
2.90
1.60
19
10.2
4.50
LUGISc
7.2
13.9
76.89
0.14
12.24
1.65
0.01
0.28
1.06
3.17
4.63
0.04
0.50
100.61
Goletaa
GO-327-07
100 04.852
18 39.919
LUGISc
7.2
13.5
75.22
0.18
12.85
1.74
0.03
0.25
1.09
3.20
4.44
0.05
0.68
99.73
Goletaa
GO-324-07
100 04.700
18 38.904
(Continued).
Suite
Sample
Longitude W
Latitude N
Table 1.
LEId
15.3
122
51.7
13.9
9.5
17
60
24.0
1.8
84
352
22.3
98
6.95
4.27
424
15.8
33.5
4.32
17.1
4.04
0.875
3.91
0.626
3.71
0.76
2.01
2.08
0.312
2.82
0.78
9.4
6.36
2.93
61.15
0.58
15.40
5.10
0.07
3.40
5.42
3.28
2.43
0.13
2.46
99.41
Tilzapotla
TZ-01-09
99 25.113
18 25.218
LEId
6.5
46.2
14.2
4.9
2.2
6
80
117
1.8
162
149
20.0
28
6.81
5.02
415
17.2
35.4
4.36
16.0
3.46
0.538
3.13
0.522
3.22
0.69
1.89
2.02
0.309
1.09
0.78
13
9.19
2.63
65.23
0.55
13.83
4.31
0.04
1.61
2.34
2.11
5.42
0.11
4.15
99.70
Tilzapotla
TZ-02-09
99 16.844
18 18.121
72.48
0.37
13.50
2.83
0.01
0.65
1.45
2.79
4.33
0.08
1.80
100.30
Tilzapotla
TZ-04-09
99 25.261
18 25.838
LEId
10.3
92.8
15.5
12.6
13.0
43
61
23.6
1.6
53
422
17.8
115
5.49
2.02
480
15.3
26.8
4.31
18.0
4.13
1.01
3.84
0.571
3.12
0.63
1.57
1.57
0.235
3.01
0.55
7.5
3.41
1.95
64.31
0.62
16.32
4.91
0.06
1.92
4.51
3.97
2.31
0.16
1.59
100.68
Tilzapotla
TZ-05-09
99 16.519
18 27.790
LEId
13.0
100
13.1
17.9
10.3
29
75
16.8
1.7
45
876
37.6
73
5.29
2.30
521
21.0
36.2
6.29
26.9
6.40
1.66
6.42
0.950
5.86
1.16
3.19
2.85
0.439
2.19
0.48
6.3
3.47
1.29
58.98
0.79
17.82
6.55
0.11
1.32
5.42
3.74
2.10
0.26
2.75
99.84
Tilzapotla
TZ-06-09
99 16.509
18 28.038
LEId
12.6
68.6
11.8
15.8
10.7
58
72
15.1
1.5
39
676
29.9
113
5.18
0.61
507
18.0
34.3
5.58
23.6
5.59
1.46
5.32
0.804
4.76
0.98
2.60
2.52
0.392
2.97
0.47
6.6
3.82
1.11
59.59
0.79
17.61
6.51
0.11
1.36
5.31
3.79
2.10
0.26
1.80
99.21
Tilzapotla
TZ-07-09
99 16.442
18 28.033
LEId
11.1
109
22.8
15.0
13.5
36
69
9.8
1.4
57
495
17.2
110
4.76
2.12
570
16.8
33.1
4.80
19.4
4.41
1.16
3.93
0.592
3.19
0.62
1.56
1.55
0.228
2.90
0.43
7.0
2.95
1.44
61.32
0.66
16.86
5.48
0.08
2.62
5.17
3.70
1.87
0.15
1.48
99.39
Tilzapotla
TZ-17-09
99 17.049
18 26.558
LEId
11.4
96.5
15.4
13.4
11.0
25
65
12.2
1.6
74
479
18.0
120
5.43
2.78
612
17.3
30.5
4.88
19.3
4.31
1.07
3.89
0.563
3.27
0.63
1.63
1.61
0.238
3.03
0.51
8.4
3.29
1.76
63.42
0.58
16.60
4.98
0.09
2.24
4.65
3.75
2.03
0.16
1.92
100.42
Tilzapotla
TZ-18-09
99 17.111
18 26.570
63.94
0.57
15.91
4.65
0.06
1.80
3.57
3.72
3.73
0.15
2.31
100.40
Tilzapotla
TZ-19-09
99 17.108
18 26.648
(Continued)
60.25
0.69
16.97
5.99
0.08
1.99
5.39
3.98
2.09
0.22
2.23
99.87
Tilzapotla
TZ-20-09
99 17.134
18 26.729
1482
L. Mori et al.

Laboratory
Sc
V
Cr
Co
Ni
Cu
Zn
Li
Be
Rb
Sr
Y
Zr
Nb
Cs
Ba
La
Ce
Pr
Nd
Sm
Eu
Gd
Tb
Dy
Ho
Er
Yb
Lu
Hf
Ta
Pb
Th
U
LEId
11.4
102
18.3
14.8
14.6
71
73
27.1
1.6
56
377
18.5
129
5.95
1.42
656
17.8
31.9
4.71
18.9
4.17
1.07
3.93
0.559
3.24
0.62
1.62
1.54
0.231
3.23
0.50
7.5
3.20
1.45

SiO2
61.12
TiO2
0.73
Al2 O3
16.81
Fe2 O3 tot
5.72
MnO
0.06
MgO
2.16
CaO
4.02
Na2 O
4.15
K2 O
2.50
P2 O5
0.19
LOI
2.64
Total
100.10
Tilzapotla
TZ-21-09
99 17.343
18 26.694
(Continued).
Suite
Sample
Longitude W
Latitude N
Table 1.
LEId
12.8
134
25.8
17.2
17.6
47
69
19.8
1.4
41
641
18.0
100
4.27
1.32
478
15.3
30.7
4.39
18.4
4.14
1.13
3.69
0.544
3.05
0.63
1.61
1.60
0.247
2.71
0.38
7.5
3.56
1.38
59.70
0.66
16.78
6.00
0.08
2.55
5.49
3.72
2.09
0.18
2.64
99.89
Tilzapotla
TZ-62-09
99 17.174
18 27.188
LEId
6.6
32.9
12.1
4.5
2.5
7
40
41.2
3.0
162
193
29.4
61
10.2
9.13
561
24.6
45.4
6.08
22.1
5.05
0.717
4.78
0.762
4.53
0.92
2.39
2.46
0.366
2.09
1.41
18
11.4
4.50
72.00
0.28
14.37
2.54
0.06
0.47
2.14
3.59
3.89
0.09
1.05
100.47
Tilzapotla
TZ-136-09
99 24.986
18 25.269
LEId
9.0
256
3.3
11.6
4.0
21
64
50.2
1.8
97
404
19.6
66
6.33
2.32
553
16.4
34.3
4.30
16.6
3.64
0.790
3.38
0.528
3.25
0.65
1.79
1.78
0.265
2.06
0.77
9.6
6.10
3.97
63.67
0.47
16.14
3.48
0.07
2.95
3.80
3.55
3.14
0.14
3.12
100.53
Tilzapotla
BV-12-09
99 23.140
18 27.596
LEId
8.8
68.9
3.0
10.7
3.4
20
63
52.1
2.0
91
516
23.0
67
5.84
4.35
609
18.1
34.4
4.43
17.1
3.74
0.806
3.66
0.558
3.42
0.70
1.91
1.90
0.285
2.07
0.71
9.9
5.88
2.46
64.83
0.44
15.35
4.72
0.08
1.78
3.73
3.61
2.81
0.13
2.34
99.80
Tilzapotla
BV-13-09
99 23.515
18 27.487
66.27
0.43
15.29
4.43
0.07
0.67
2.92
3.65
2.91
0.12
2.77
99.53
Tilzapotla
BV-17-09
99 23.627
18 27.370
64.48
0.48
16.21
5.11
0.04
1.22
3.26
3.78
2.78
0.13
1.94
99.42
Tilzapotla
BV-30-09
99 23.266
18 27.654
LEId
3.7
8.0
2.6
1.3
0.5
3
34
20.3
3.0
185
139
23.6
65
9.41
16.4
520
20.8
41.5
4.90
17.3
3.90
0.506
3.60
0.595
3.45
0.74
1.92
2.31
0.351
2.18
1.53
17
11.6
6.42
72.56
0.16
12.94
1.47
0.04
0.34
1.32
3.49
3.83
0.06
3.94
100.14
Tilzapotla
GF-17-09v
99 13.847
18 26.945
LEId
2.5
7.2
2.6
1.1
0.5
6
23
63.0
3.2
203
94
23.0
60
8.66
9.79
510
20.5
39.9
4.76
17.1
3.76
0.449
3.42
0.594
3.48
0.74
1.99
2.25
0.340
2.13
1.46
16
11.5
4.77
77.00
0.15
11.78
1.40
0.02
0.23
0.78
2.40
5.25
0.05
0.99
100.05
Tilzapotla
GF-17-09d
99 13.847
18 26.945
14.8
203
181
32.9
71.1
29
104
13
474
16.9
130
4.91
0.54
211
12.7
30.2
4.46
20.0
5.18
1.69
3.94
0.622
3.37
0.65
1.54
1.45
0.209
3.32
0.27
3.6
1.28
0.476
15
441
16.3
115
5.91
0.85
213
12.7
28.4
4.02
19.0
4.39
1.51
3.81
0.565
3.30
0.66
1.55
1.43
0.209
3.10
0.28
3.4
1.10
0.349
52.68
1.49
17.43
9.15
0.10
5.57
7.67
3.90
0.75
0.31
0.82
99.87
15.1
199
224
24.5
85.4
33
88
51.41
1.32
17.50
8.98
0.07
4.91
7.73
3.64
0.83
0.31
3.18
99.88
(Continued)
15
474
15.1
132
7.33
0.34
315
15.7
36.0
4.67
21.0
4.78
1.51
3.76
0.561
2.86
0.59
1.39
1.29
0.182
3.24
0.49
5.3
1.34
0.444
15.0
166
202
34.2
83.0
35
91
53.03
1.26
16.85
8.33
0.11
6.29
7.50
3.79
0.93
0.32
1.42
99.83
Oaxacab
Oaxacab
Oaxacab
CON-88
CON-90
CON-77
97 40.800 97 40.767 97 39.400
18 02.253 18 02.483 18 00.034

1483
11.9
133
47.6
37.7
23.3
35
92
46
455
13.9
161
5.56
0.93
511
20.5
44.1
5.41
21.5
4.75
1.40
3.44
0.510
2.78
0.52
1.22
1.21
0.177
3.79
0.40
8.4
3.72
0.781
12.6
161
111
31.7
47.5
28
105
23
593
15.0
148
5.97
0.67
381
19.5
43.9
5.61
26.0
5.69
1.59
3.99
0.610
3.01
0.64
1.41
1.24
0.196
3.57
0.40
5.9
2.26
0.640
58.75
0.89
16.84
6.35
0.08
3.30
5.94
3.47
1.66
0.25
2.05
99.58
Oaxacab
CON-18
97 41.133
17 58.733
14
484
15.9
130
4.73
0.42
219
12.5
30.1
4.11
19.2
4.70
1.47
3.63
0.568
3.19
0.65
1.43
1.35
0.214
3.16
0.30
3.8
1.25
0.409
15.0
200
214
36.8
101
42
95
51.54
1.34
17.71
8.85
0.12
5.57
7.87
4.02
0.81
0.31
1.74
99.88
Oaxacab
CON-29a
97 40.717
17 58.384
40
467
13.7
173
5.28
0.87
575
23.1
47.7
5.8
24.2
4.87
1.35
3.76
0.529
2.80
0.59
1.37
1.24
0.203
4.10
0.49
7.5
3.41
0.660
11.3
121
51.1
31.2
18.5
19
90
59.13
0.91
16.89
6.09
0.09
3.21
5.76
3.49
1.93
0.26
1.97
99.73
Oaxacab
CON-35
97 38.800
17 57.950
26
506
16.0
146
5.97
1.69
312
17.4
39.7
5.14
23.3
5.30
1.61
4.07
0.610
3.16
0.62
1.46
1.32
0.192
3.53
0.12
7.0
2.11
0.805
14.3
178
114
41.6
50.4
43
113
53.96
1.37
16.70
8.34
0.11
4.66
7.32
3.90
1.11
0.34
1.57
99.38
19
494
15.8
150
7.16
1.02
274
14.8
35.4
4.90
22.2
5.06
1.65
4.11
0.610
3.13
0.57
1.35
1.18
0.179
3.59
0.50
5.8
1.48
0.517
13.8
179
139
31.2
67.7
44
115
54.40
1.29
17.02
8.38
0.10
5.00
7.28
4.01
1.01
0.33
0.90
99.72
Oaxacab
Oaxacab
CON-20
CON-9
97 40.817 97 45.617
17 56.800 17 49.367
21
459
17.0
139
5.57
0.86
309
16.1
36.6
4.79
20.9
4.55
1.58
3.95
0.610
3.17
0.68
1.52
1.41
0.230
3.50
0.40
5.7
2.03
0.632
16.4
193
208
44.5
73.9
39
95
53.36
1.24
16.80
8.21
0.11
5.98
7.87
3.74
1.00
0.32
1.34
99.97
Oaxacab
CON-32
97 43.283
17 44.900
31
463
13.0
137
4.46
0.96
436
17.2
37.3
4.53
19.3
3.87
1.24
3.32
0.470
2.44
0.53
1.21
1.13
0.176
3.36
0.63
7.1
2.83
0.803
13.9
157
65.9
49.6
27.9
17
80
56.90
0.87
16.97
6.80
0.07
3.84
6.85
3.71
1.55
0.24
1.75
99.55
Oaxacab
CON-27
97 37.633
17 41.867
49
429
13.7
153
8.07
1.28
525
22.3
46.0
5.66
22.9
4.64
1.32
3.40
0.510
2.78
0.52
1.25
1.08
0.169
3.98
0.55
9.2
4.44
1.21
12.1
135
110
22.9
39.7
26
78
59.26
0.86
16.38
6.01
0.06
3.64
5.85
3.60
1.80
0.23
2.02
99.71
Oaxacab
CON-70
97 39.283
17 19.017
53
464
15.5
151
5.20
2.13
511
19.7
38.6
5.68
24.0
5.13
1.38
4.11
0.590
3.14
0.62
1.35
1.18
0.174
3.91
0.38
9.6
3.46
1.61
11.1
145
36.4
28.8
18.8
42
91
58.91
0.91
16.94
6.29
0.06
2.05
5.67
3.79
2.28
0.26
2.53
99.69
Oaxacab
CON-60a
97 50.834
17 10.467
37
593
15.8
124
4.48
0.95
411
15.5
33.7
4.38
19.1
4.15
1.22
3.23
0.530
3.10
0.62
1.50
1.32
0.193
3.22
0.39
8.1
2.72
0.853
13.1
178
33.7
37.2
18.0
42
85
56.72
0.89
17.42
6.81
0.10
3.35
7.00
3.62
1.58
0.24
1.98
99.71
Oaxacab
CON-61a
97 50.517
17 10.100
23
794
20.7
138
6.54
0.52
363
22.0
47.6
5.95
25.9
5.55
1.61
4.34
0.690
4.00
0.86
2.00
1.97
0.320
3.39
0.30
5.0
3.42
0.960
16.8
201
122
31.0
34.0
23
74
52.69
1.13
17.06
8.07
0.13
5.97
8.22
3.37
1.34
0.35
1.50
99.83
Oaxacab
CON-33
97 45.000
17 44.900
47
817
15.7
128
4.28
4.10
335
17.5
38.3
5.04
22.0
4.43
1.38
3.57
0.530
3.02
0.63
1.44
1.40
0.210
3.22
0.30
5.4
2.44
0.750
12.5
136
29.0
23.0
14.0
13
79
54.82
0.90
18.24
6.11
0.08
4.03
7.28
3.19
1.20
0.33
3.78
99.96
Oaxacab
CON-28
97 37.883
17 42.117
Notes: a Major element data of Goleta rocks from Daz-Bravo and Morn-Zenteno (2011); b Major and trace element data of the Oaxaca volcanic suite from Martiny et al. (2000) and Martiny (2008); c At
LUGIS, analytical precision was generally better than 4% relative standard deviation; d At LEI, analytical precision was generally better than 3% relative standard deviation.

Laboratory
Sc
V
Cr
Co
Ni
Cu
Zn
Li
Be
Rb
Sr
Y
Zr
Nb
Cs
Ba
La
Ce
Pr
Nd
Sm
Eu
Gd
Tb
Dy
Ho
Er
Yb
Lu
Hf
Ta
Pb
Th
U

SiO2
56.03
TiO2
1.24
Al2 O3
17.15
Fe2 O3 tot
7.39
MnO
0.07
MgO
4.13
CaO
6.78
Na2 O
3.92
K2 O
1.25
P2 O5
0.34
LOI
1.63
Total
99.93
Oaxacab
CON-14
97 41.85
17 59.300
(Continued).
Suite
Sample
Longitude W
Latitude N
Table 1.
1484
L. Mori et al.
MZ2004
414
47
68
141
531
457
616
208
374
471
556
646
508
548
604
535
526
490
72
287
197
223
53
67
37
143
98
89
15
24
36
38
18
13
19
49
4.9
5.7
4.7
5.0
5.6
5.2
4.8
4.6
8.7
4.1
5.7
4.2
3.4
2.4
11.0
6.2
8.1
7.9
5.0
5.3
5.8
6.2
7.3
4.7
22.4
27.8
23.4
25.5
25.0
22.1
21.5
23.8
39.0
18.5
28.1
19.7
19.3
10.5
51.6
23.0
35.9
38.2
22.5
24.6
27.5
29.3
32.6
21.1
0.704236
0.704587
0.704724
0.704715
0.704431
0.704371
0.704334
0.704692
0.707560
0.703773
0.703890
0.703534
0.705518
0.704097
0.704044
0.711001
0.715681
0.704664
0.704927
0.705432
0.707239
0.705772
36
47
41
45
42
60
53
36
39
48
38
38
41
62
55
35
37
33
33
37
38
37
0.506
0.520
1.041
3.972
1.180
0.079
0.105
0.202
0.203
0.086
0.071
0.102
0.287
4.561
0.291
0.422
0.174
1.982
0.758
0.547
8.331
0.704202
0.704542
0.704638
0.704629
0.704394
0.704341
0.704291
0.704570
0.705350
0.703634
0.703685
0.703450
0.704558
0.703731
0.703780
0.706682
0.706472
0.704448
0.704658
0.704892
0.705180
0.705160
0.512755
0.512712
0.512619
0.512623
0.512726
0.512749
0.512764
0.512665
0.512631
0.512858
0.512820
0.512900
0.512580
0.512778
0.512769
0.512547
0.512564
0.512534
0.512639
0.512604
0.512570
0.512581
0.512564
0.512696
19
40
43
20
17
33
19
16
17
17
22
24
17
19
48
19
19
20
15
16
18
19
22
19
Rb/86 Sr (87 Sr/86 Sr)i a (143 Nd/144 Nd)m 1 abs
17.763
87
147
0.1316
0.1248
0.1219
0.1178
0.1351
0.1414
0.1356
0.1179
0.135
0.133
0.122
0.130
0.106
0.133
0.128
0.162
0.137
0.126
0.136
0.131
0.128
0.128
0.135
0.134
0.512729
0.512688
0.512595
0.512600
0.512699
0.512721
0.512737
0.512642
0.512601
0.512828
0.512793
0.512871
0.512556
0.512748
0.512740
0.512508
0.512531
0.512504
0.512607
0.512573
0.512540
0.512550
0.512537
0.512670
Sm/144 Nd (143 Nd/144 Nd)i a
Notes: Rb, Sr, Sm, and Nd concentrations were determined by isotopic dilution. Relative reproducibilities for Rb, Sr, Sm, and Nd abundances were 4.5%, 1.8%, 3.2%, and 2.7%, respectively (1 ). Sr, Nd,
and Sm isotope ratios were measured with a Finnigan Mat 262 spectrometer equipped with eight Faraday cups, whereas Rb analyses were performed with a single collector NBS mass spectrometer. Isotopic
measurements were made in a static collection mode, with each analysis consisting of 60 isotopic ratios for Rb, Sr, and Nd, and 20 isotopic ratios for Sm. The 1 abs errors for individual Sr and Nd
measurements are multiplied by 106 . Relative uncertainties for 87 Rb/86 Sr and 147 Sm/144 Nd were 2% and 1.5%, respectively (1 ).
a Initial Sr and Nd isotope ratios are calculated considering an age of 34 Ma for the Mueca sequence; 36.5 Ma for the Goleta suite; 34 Ma for the Tilzapotla rocks; and 30 Ma for the Oaxaca group.
b Isotope data of the Tilzapotla suite are taken from Morn-Zenteno et al. (2004). Samples were collected on the same outcrops and are considered to be equivalent to those labelled under MZ2004.
c Isotope data of the Oaxaca volcanic suite from Martiny et al. (2000) and Martiny (2008).
373
283
129
265
67
102
177
108
Rb (ppm) Sr (ppm) Sm (ppm) Nd (ppm) (87 Sr/86 Sr)m 1 abs
Sr and Nd isotopic compositions of selected samples from the studied rock suites.
Mueca suite
VA-06
VA-08
VA-24
VA-44
VA-72
VA-73
Goleta suite
VNP
GO-324-07
GO-327-07
Tilzapotla suiteb
TZ-04-09
Tz-4-98
TZ-17-09
Tz-17-98
TZ-18-09
Tz-18-98
TZ-20-09
Tz-20-98
TZ-136-09
Tz-136-01
BV-12-09
Bv12
BV-17-09
Bv17
Oaxaca suitec
CON-77
CON-14
CON-18
CON-35
CON-20
CON-9
CON-32
CON-70
Sample
Table 2.

1485
1486
L. Mori et al.
Figure 4. Major element features of the studied rock suites (major element data of the Oaxaca and Goleta groups are taken from Martiny
et al. 2000 and Daz-Bravo and Morn-Zenteno 2011, respectively). (A) Total alkali versus SiO2 diagram (Le Bas et al. 1986); (B) K2 O
versus SiO2 discrimination diagram (Le Maitre et al. 1989); (C) CaO and (D) Al2 O3 versus SiO2 variation diagrams. Abundances of
oxides are normalized to 100% volatile-free.
the strongest REE and HREE fractionations [(La/Yb)N =

10.725.1; (Sm/Yb)N = 3.35.2]. The Tilzapotla and
Mueca suites present similar characteristics in multielement diagrams, even though the former generally displays slightly lower concentrations of incompatible trace
elements (Figures 5B and 5C). Both rock groups have
higher abundances of large-ion lithophile elements than the
Oaxaca sequence at similar high eld strength element contents, as well as less-depleted HREE patterns. Andesitic
samples from the two suites exhibit positive Sr spikes similar to those observed in the Oaxaca rocks, whereas the
more silicic products are depleted in Sr. REE ratios of the
Tilzapotla and Mueca volcanic products are lower than
those of Oaxaca rocks, and vary within a more restricted
range [(La/Yb)N = 8.714.1 and 9.012.9; (Sm/Yb)N =
1.93.3 and 2.23.0, respectively]. Goleta ignimbrites are
characterized by distinctive negative anomalies of Ba, Sr,
and Ti in multielement diagrams (Figure 5D); REE patterns display seagull shapes (see, e.g. Glazner et al.
2008), with fractionated LREE, at but enriched HREE,
and pronounced negative Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu ).
Relationships between Sr and Nd isotopes of the
studied rock suites and potential sources (age-corrected;
see Table 2) are shown in Figure 6. The isotopic compositions of the Tilzapotla group display a negative hyperbolic
trend bracketed between a mantle-like end-member with

high 143 Nd/144 Nd and low 87 Sr/86 Sr ratios, and a radiogenic crustal component. Despite their more mac character, volcanic rocks from the Oaxaca area display lower
Nd isotopes and slightly higher 87 Sr/86 Sr ratios than those
of Tilzapotla andesites. Rhyolites from the Goleta volcanic
centre exhibit the highest Sr and lowest Nd isotopic compositions, whereas the isotopic compositions of the Mueca
rocks are intermediate between those of the Oaxaca and
Goleta groups.
Discussion
Petrogenesis
In this section, we identify the geologic components and
processes that governed the geochemical features of the
Oaxaca, Tilzapotla, Mueca, and Goleta volcanic successions, and constrain the origin of the different suites.
High-pressure fractional crystallization and crustal

contamination in the Oaxaca suite
Major element variations within the Oaxaca volcanic succession are consistent with an origin of these magmas by
1487
Figure 5. Normalmid-ocean ridge basalt (N-MORB)-normalized trace element patterns of the studied rocks (normalization values after
Sun and McDonough 1989). REE patterns shown in the insets are chondrite-normalized (McDonough and Sun 1995). (A) Oaxaca volcanic
sequence (data from Martiny et al. 2000 and Martiny 2008); (B) Tilzapotla group; (C) Mueca rocks; (D) Goleta suite.
Figure 6. Nd versus Sr isotope variation diagram for the

studied rock suites and potential end-members (age-corrected;
see Table 2). Also shown are the data eld of erupted mac
sequences of the Guerrero terrane (Gt; Centeno-Garca et al.
1993); Grenvillian Oaxacan complex (Ruiz et al. 1988a, 1988b),
granulitic xenoliths hosted in the Goleta pyroclastic dikes (ElasHerrera 2004), xenoliths of the Tejupilco Schist (MartnezSerrano et al. 2004), and representative granitic plutons of the
SMS (Schaaf 1990).
fractional crystallization of a parental basalt composition

(Figure 4). The low-pressure mineral assemblage observed
in rock samples (i.e. olivine, pyroxene, plagioclase, and
oxides) might in principle explain the coherent decrease
in MgO, CaO, and Fe2 O3 tot contents with ongoing differentiation in this suite. Nevertheless, increasing La/Yb
and Sm/Yb ratios with increasing silica contents in the

Oaxaca group (Figures 7A and 7B) are inconsistent with
this hypothesis, because those phases have very low partition coefcients for the REE, and thus exert a negligible
effect on the REE ratios of residual liquids (Hart and
Dunn 1993; Dunn and Senn 1994). High LREE/HREE
ratios in the derivative magmas could be produced by
hornblende fractionation (Castillo et al. 1999); but this process would also cause a decrease in Sm/Yb ratios, since
Sm is more compatible than Yb in amphibole (Bottazzi
et al. 1999). Instead, high La/Yb and Sm/Yb ratios coupled with marked HREE depletions are reliable indicators
of garnet, which may be present in the residual paragenesis of the source, or in the fractionating assemblage
(Macpherson et al. 2006; Mori et al. 2009). In particular, garnet-controlled REE ratios in subduction-related
magmas may reect partial melting of the eclogite-facies
subducted basalt (Defant and Drummond 1990); anatexis
of mac underplates at the base of a thick arc crust
(Atherton and Petford 1993); or partial melting of a deep
garnet-bearing mantle (Ulmer 1989). Alternatively, it has
been proposed that arc magmas may acquire the garnet
signature during high-pressure fractional crystallization of
mantle-derived basalts (Macpherson et al. 2006).
The mac-intermediate character of the Oaxaca volcanic suite precludes derivation from partial melting
of basaltic lithologies, because this process essentially
1488
L. Mori et al.
Figure 7. Fractional crystallization, contamination, and anatexis in the studied rock sequences (chemical data of the Oaxaca suite from
Martiny et al. 2000 and Martiny 2008; major element data of Goleta rocks from Daz-Bravo and Morn-Zenteno 2011). (A) La/Yb
versus SiO2 ; (B) Sm/Yb versus La/Yb; (C) Eu anomalies [Eu/Eu =EuN /(SmN 1/2 GdN 1/2 )] versus SiO2 ; (D) Nd isotopes versus SiO2 ;
(E) Nd isotopes versus Rb/Nb ratios. SiO2 abundances are normalized to 100% volatile-free; isotope ratios are age-corrected. The positive
correlation between La/Yb (and Sm/Yb) with silica is indicative of high-pressure fractional crystallization (high-P FC) of garnet (Gt)
within the Oaxaca suite; on the other hand, constant REE ratios with differentiation in the Mueca and Tilzapotla groups, coupled with
progressively decreasing Eu/Eu , reect low-pressure fractional crystallization (low-P FC) of mineral assemblages including plagioclase
(Pl). Negative correlations between 143 Nd/144 Nd and SiO2 show that fractional crystallization in the Oaxaca, Tilzapotla, and Mueca
suites occurred simultaneously with crustal contamination. The Oaxaca suite assimilated Rb-depleted lower crustal materials, whereas
the Mueca group assimilated Tejupilco Schist lithologies. Differentiation in the Tilzapotla sequence was accompanied by contamination
with Rb-enriched materials. Marked negative Eu/Eu in the Goleta group, coupled with high and variable Rb/Nd ratios at constant Nd
isotopes, indicate preferential melting of feldspar- and biotite-bearing rocks. Also shown are the data elds of mac amphibolites and
metapelites from the Acatln complex (Ortega-Obregn et al. 2009), erupted mac sequences of the Guerrero terrane (Gt; CentenoGarca et al. 1993; Mendoza and Suastegui 2000); Grenvillian Oaxacan complex (Ruiz et al. 1988a, 1988b), representative granites of the
SMS (Schaaf 1990), granulitic xenoliths hosted in the Goleta pyroclastic dikes (Elas-Herrera 2004), and xenoliths of the Tejupilco Schist
(Martnez-Serrano et al. 2004).
produces magmas with dacitic to rhyolitic compositions

(Sen and Dunn 1994; Rapp and Watson 1995). At the
same time, even though the geochemical features of the
Oaxaca rocks are consistent with a mantle origin, their
fractionated REE patterns could not be produced by different degrees of fusion of a garnet peridotite, because
this process would generate partial melts with variable
La/Yb and Gd/Yb ratios at almost constant silica contents (or variable within the range of basaltic compositions; Johnson 1994). In contrast, the REE ratios of the
Oaxaca group show a prominent increase during differentiation from mac to intermediate compositions, demonstrating that the garnet signature was governed by a process of fractional crystallization (Mntener et al. 2001;
Alonso-Perez et al. 2009).
Garnet fractionation from mantle-derived melts has
been recently recognized as an important process in the
differentiation of subduction-related magmas (see, e.g.

Macpherson et al. 2006; Mori et al. 2009). Experimental
studies support this idea, indicating that garnet is a common igneous phase in typical arc-like calc-alkaline derivative liquids at 0.81.2 GPa, corresponding to deep crustal
conditions (depth range of 2540 km; Mntener et al.
2001; Alonso-Perez et al. 2009). Based on these considerations, we conclude that the magmatic evolution of
the Oaxaca volcanic suite was controlled by high-pressure
fractionation of garnet from a mantle-derived basaltic precursor.
A negative correlation between silica contents (as well
as La/Yb and Sm/Yb ratios) and Nd isotope ratios indicates that magmatic differentiation in the Oaxaca volcanic
suite was accompanied by the assimilation of isotopically
enriched materials (Figure 7D). A diagram of 143 Nd/144 Nd
versus Rb/Nd ratios is used to constrain the nature of

the crustal component involved in the petrogenesis of the
Oaxaca group (Figure 7E). Possible contaminants include
the Palaeozoic sequences of the Acatln complex and
the granulite-facies lithologies of the Grenvillian Oaxacan
complex, which represent the local basement beneath the
Oaxaca volcanic eld. Assimilation of mac amphibolites from the Acatln complex, which display similar
Nd isotope compositions but higher Rb/Nd ratios than
those of Oaxaca rocks (Ortega-Obregn et al. 2009), can
be ruled out because it would produce a nearly parallel trend extending to higher Rb/Nd at almost constant
143 Nd/144 Nd. In contrast, the Oaxaca samples exhibit a
negative correlation, and trend towards a crustal component with low Rb/Nd and Nd isotope ratios (Figure 7E).
Available geochemical data for basement rocks point to
granulite-facies lithologies akin to the Oaxacan complex
(Ruiz et al. 1988a, 1988b) or the high-grade metasedimentary sequences of the Acatln complex (Ortega-Obregn
et al. 2009) as possible contaminants. Discriminating
between these two sources on pure geochemical grounds is
a difcult task, because they would exert a similar effect
on the composition of the studied magmatic sequences.
Nevertheless, considering that crustal assimilation in the
Oaxaca suite should have occurred at lower crustal levels
in order to allow simultaneous fractionation of garnet from
the hydrous parental basalt (2540 km; Alonso-Perez
et al. 2009), the granulite-facies lithologies of the Oaxacan
complex appear to be a more appropriate contaminant relative to the shallower metapelitic successions of the Acatln
complex.
In summary, we consider that the Oaxaca volcanic suite
originated from mantle-derived parental basalts, which
intruded the base of the continental crust and underwent
deep fractional crystallization, together with assimilation
of Rb-depleted lower crustal lithologies. The fact that
the most mac products of the Oaxaca volcanic eld are
basaltic andesites with enriched isotope compositions suggests that all the volume of primitive parental magmas
underwent differentiation and contamination at depth. Yet,
it is also possible that the low 143 Nd/144 Nd ratios in the
most mac samples reect derivation from an isotopically
enriched lithospheric mantle source.
Low-pressure fractional crystallization and crustal

contamination in the Tilzapotla and Mueca volcanic
centres
As previously described, andesites from the Tilzapotla volcanic eld display the highest Nd isotope ratios among the
studied sequences (Figure 6). In this sense, their origin
may be related to partial melting of a depleted peridotite
and subsequent differentiation of mantle-derived parental
basalts, with negligible crustal contributions.
1489
The coherent variation from andesitic to rhyolitic

compositions in the Tilzapotla volcanic suite suggests
that these magmas evolved through a process of fractional crystallization. Almost constant La/Yb and Sm/Yb
ratios in this group (Figures 7A and 7B) indicate that
magmatic differentiation did not involve the crystallization
of pressure-sensitive minerals with high partition coefcients for the middle REE (MREE) and HREE, as observed
in the Oaxaca suite. Instead, the coherent decrease of MgO,
CaO, Al2 O3 , and Sr concentrations with increasing silica contents (Figures 4C, 4D, and 5B), as well as the
negative correlation between Eu/Eu and the differentiation index (Figure 7C), support that the evolution of the
Tilzapotla suite was dominated by low-pressure fractional
crystallization of pyroxene and plagioclase assemblages.
Decreasing Nd isotope ratios with increasing SiO2 contents in the Tilzapotla group (Figure 7D) indicate that
these magmas also experienced crustal contamination during differentiation from andesites to rhyolites. Specically,
the negative correlation between 143 Nd/144 Nd and Rb/Nd
ratios (Figure 7E) suggests assimilation of Rb-enriched
crustal lithologies with unradiogenic Nd isotope compositions. The nature of the contaminant is difcult to dene,
but could be represented by the middle crustal granulitefacies rocks found as xenoliths within the magmatic products of the neighbouring Goleta centre (Elas-Herrera
2004); or by felsic plutons intruded at middleupper crustal
levels that may either belong to the SMS igneous province
(e.g. Schaaf 1990), or have formed in previous times in
relation with the magmatic activity of the Guerrero terrane
(Elas-Herrera et al. 2000).
In summary, we consider that the andesitic samples of
the Tilzapotla volcanic suite were derived from simple fractional crystallization of mantle-derived basalts. These magmas evolved through low-pressure fractional crystallization
of plagioclase-dominated assemblages coupled with the
assimilation of Rb-enriched middleupper crustal rocks,
producing the dacitic and rhyolitic compositions.
Major and trace element variations within the Mueca
volcanic succession are very similar to those observed
and described in the Tilzapotla suite (Figures 4 and 5),
and are consistent with a derivation of these magmas by
low-pressure fractional crystallization of gabbroic mineral
associations. Nevertheless, the isotopic compositions of the
Mueca samples are different from those of the Tilzapotla
group when compared at similar silica contents, and also
exhibit different trends, which reveal a distinct petrogenetic
history (Figure 7D).
First of all, the Nd isotope ratios of Mueca andesites
are lower than those of Tilzapotla rocks, and more similar
to those of the Oaxaca suite. If the volcanic products of
the Mueca and Tilzapotla eruptive centres were derived
from the same isotopically depleted mantle source, then
this geochemical feature would indicate that the parental
1490
L. Mori et al.
magmas of the Mueca succession suffered contamination since the rst stages of differentiation (Figure 7D).
Alternatively, as it has been previously proposed for the
Oaxaca suite, the mac precursor of the Mueca volcanic
succession may have derived from an isotopically enriched
lithospheric mantle.
As recognized in the Tilzapotla sequence, crustal contamination in the Mueca group is documented by an
isotopic shift to lower 143 Nd/144 Nd ratios that accompanies the evolution from andesitic to dacitic magmas
(Figure 7D). Possible contaminants include the Tejupilco
Schist and the granulite-facies rocks recovered as xenoliths within the adjacent volcanic centres, which represent
the local basement beneath the Mueca volcanic eld. The
geochemical characteristics of the Tejupilco Schist, in particular its depleted Nd isotope compositions and relatively
low Rb/Nd ratios (Martnez-Serrano et al. 2004), suggest
that this lithology likely represents the assimilated material
(Figure 7E).
On the other hand, the dacitic and rhyolitic samples
display constant Nd isotope compositions (Figure 7D),
which suggest that the advanced stages of magmatic evolution in the Mueca volcanic centre were dominated by
simple fractional crystallization, without further contamination. This may be explained by assuming that the last
phase of differentiation took place in a shallower magmatic
reservoir, and considering that assimilation at uppermost
crustal levels becomes thermally ineffective (Schnurr et al.
2007).
In conclusion, we consider that the Mueca andesites
were derived from fractional crystallization and crustal
contamination of mantle-derived parental basalts. Lowpressure fractional crystallization of pyroxene and plagioclase, coupled with the assimilation of the Tejupilco Schist
lithologies at middleupper crustal levels, was responsible
for the generation of andesitic and dacitic magmas with
progressively lower 143 Nd/144 Nd ratios. A last stage of differentiation in a shallower magma chamber likely produced
the most siliceous compositions through simple fractional
crystallization.
Rhyolitic volcanism by crustal anatexis in the Goleta

volcanic eld
The geochemical features of the Goleta volcanic
sequence may in principle suggest that these rocks
formed by fractional crystallization of mac-intermediate
compositions analogous to those of the neighbouring
volcanic elds (Figure 4). Nevertheless, the Goleta ignimbrites display more pronounced Ba depletions and
negative Eu/Eu than Mueca and Tilzapotla rocks at
similar silica contents, and therefore do not plot along the
liquid line of descent dened by these suites (Figure 7C).
Furthermore, and as pointed out by many studies (e.g.
Sisson et al. 2005), extreme degrees of fractional crystallization would be required to yield high-silica rhyolitic
liquids from a basaltic precursor, and in any case the intermediate compositions should be volumetrically relevant.
In contrast, the whole magmatic column at the Goleta volcanic eld is constituted by high-silica rhyolites. Based on
these observations, we consider that the Goleta successions
are most likely derived by a process of crustal anatexis, and
that mantle-derived magmas contributed with heat rather
than mass transfer to their generation. In this sense, the
isotopic and elemental compositions of these siliceous
sequences should provide insights into the chemical and
mineralogical characteristics of their source rock.
A favourable scenario for the generation of silicic
magmas at subduction settings envisages partial melting of a mac lower crust composed of underplated
arc basalts and cumulates (Petford and Gallagher 2001;
Sisson et al. 2005). Indeed, juvenile hydrous materials such
as amphibolite-facies calc-alkaline basalts or hornblendegabbros are fertile and can melt easily in response to
thermal input from underlying hot mantle and further basalt
accretion. According to this idea, the Goleta ignimbrites
may originate by partial melting of a mac lowermost
crust, which could have been constructed beneath the
area during igneous activity that formed the magmatic
sequences of the Guerrero terrane (Centeno-Garca et al.
1993). Nevertheless, partial melting of such subductionrelated lithologies would have generated siliceous magmas
with mantle-like isotopic compositions, similar to those
of the erupted mac sequences of the Guerrero terrane
(Centeno-Garca et al. 1993), whereas the Goleta suite is
characterized by more radiogenic Sr and lower Nd isotope
ratios (Figure 6). Moreover, the seagull-shaped REE patterns of the Goleta rocks (Figure 5D) are incompatible with
an origin of these magmas by partial melting of amphibolerich materials: indeed, residual hornblende in the source
rock would produce melts with U-shaped REE patterns,
in relation with the high compatibility of the MREE with
amphibole (Bachmann and Bergantz 2008; Glazner et al.
2008).
The peculiar geochemical characteristics of the highsilica rhyolites erupted from the Goleta caldera, in particular their extremely depleted Sr and Ba contents and
pronounced Eu/Eu (Figure 5D) reect the presence of
feldspar as residual phase during crustal anatexis (see,
e.g. Bachmann and Bergantz 2008; Glazner et al. 2008).
On the other hand, high potassium contents coupled with
high and variable Rb/Nd ratios at constant Nd isotopes
(Figure 7E) point to preferential melting of biotite as
the principal carrier for incompatible elements within the
source (Christiansen et al. 1983; Orozco-Esquivel et al.
2002). Based on these considerations, we propose that the
Goleta volcanic suite was derived from anatexis of isotopically enriched, biotite-bearing quartz-feldspathic lithologies. Partial melting of the metasedimentary lithologies

of the Tejupilco Schist or the granulite-facies continental rocks buried beneath the Mesozoic sequences of the
Guerrero terrane can be discarded, because they both
display higher 87 Sr/86 Sr and lower Nd isotope ratios
than those of the Goleta sequences (Elas-Herrera 2004;
Martnez-Serrano et al. 2004; Figure 6). The Goleta
ignimbrites more likely derived from partial melting of
granitic plutons, which may either belong to the igneous
sequences of the Guerrero terrane (see, e.g. Elas-Herrera
et al. 2000), or represent the intrusive counterparts of the
SMS volcanic activity that persisted in the region since
the early Eocene. This latter scenario is in agreement
with recent studies, which attribute the origin of crystalrich ignimbrites to partial melting of cogenetic granitic
mushes underplated by incremental inputs of mac arc
magmas (Huber et al. 2010). According to these works, the
release of heat and volatiles from the mac intrusions as
they progressively cool and crystallize could enhance the
defrosting of the rheologically locked crystal mushes, and
promote their partial melting (Huber et al. 2010).
Late Eoceneearly Oligocene volcanism as the

expression of a thermomechanical maturation of the
continental crust
The geochemical evidence indicates that the magmatic successions erupted from the studied volcanic centres were
mainly produced by fractional crystallization and contamination at different crustal levels, and that in some cases
anatexis of crustal lithologies played a major role in the
formation of rhyolitic melts. In this sense, our petrogenetic
study emphasizes the importance of intracrustal processes
in the generation of intermediate-silicic compositions.
Nevertheless, it is also implicit from our interpretation that
an abundant ux of mantle-derived magma beneath the
north-central portion of the SMS must have contributed
with heat and mass transfer to the generation of such
large magmatic volumes. Therefore, based on the geological, volcanological, and compositional characteristics of
the studied volcanic centres, and on recent works focused
on the development of silicic compositions and ignimbrite
are-ups (e.g. Annen et al. 2006a; de Silva et al. 2006),
we propose that the late Eoceneearly Oligocene volcanic
episodes of the north-central SMS represent the supercial
expression of a progressive thermomechanical maturation
of the continental crust, driven by a sustained heat and mass
input from the mantle to the upper plate.
Heat and mass transfer from the mantle to the continental crust may result as a consequence of crustal extension.
As it commonly occurs during the formation of continental rifts (see, e.g. McKenzie and Bickle 1988; LangFarmer 2003), an extensional tectonic regime could favour
the ascent and decompression melting of mantle peridotites, thus promoting abundant magma production, and
1491
the development of a mantle-source-driven magmatic system advecting heat to the crust. The impressive set of mac
dikes emplaced in the state of Michoacn (Serrano-Durn
2005) might in principle support that the late Eoceneearly
Oligocene magmatic activity of the north-central SMS was
propitiated by ongoing crustal extension. Nevertheless, the
tectonic regime active at the time of magmatism had a
dominant strikeslip component, rather than extensional
(see the Geologic framework section; Alaniz-lvarez et al.
2002; Morn-Zenteno et al. 2004); therefore, even though
it likely provided paths for the ascending magmas, the documented left-lateral faulting could not have induced extensive decompression melting of the mantle. Moreover, continental extension would have produced notable lithospheric
thinning, which has not been reported in the north-central
sector of the SMS (Morn-Zenteno et al. 2007).
Increased heat input from the mantle to the continental
crust may be also related to modications in the geometry
of the subducted oceanic plate. For example, a process of
slab steepening would induce the ascent and decompression melting of hot asthenospheric mantle, thus promoting
the generation of large volumes of basaltic magmas, and
their intrusion into the lower crust. This scenario has been
invoked by Nieto-Samaniego et al. (1999) to explain the
origin of the ignimbrite are-up that affected the southern
sector of the Sierra Madre Occidental in Oligoceneearly
Miocene times; the occurrence of a slab rollback in this
region is well documented by a trenchward migration of
ignimbrite volcanism between 30 Ma and 15 Ma, contemporaneous with the onset of an EW-oriented extensional
regime in the continent (Nieto-Samaniego et al. 1999).
Available ages for the SMS do not reveal any migration
pattern that may indicate that the generation of the studied
volcanic successions was related to some changes in the
subduction geometry. On the contrary, magmatic activity
in the north-central sector of the SMS maintained the same
broad distribution from Early Eocene to Early Oligocene
times (Figures 2B and 2C), which rather speaks for a stable
conguration of the subducted oceanic plate. In particular,
the notable areal extent of magmatism and the truncated
character of the continental margin suggest that, at least
between the early Eocene and early Oligocene, the trench
was positioned at greater distance from the modern Pacic
coast, and the subduction angle was very low, in order to
allow the formation of a >200 km wide volcanic belt (see,
e.g. Keppie et al. 2009). Within this scenario, the ux of
volatiles from the gently dipping slab may have favoured
the hydration of an extensive portion of the mantle wedge,
thus promoting intense peridotite melting and arc magma
generation. We consider that the protracted magmatic activity that affected the study region during the early and
middle Eocene (Figure 2B) provided the heat and mass
input necessary to trigger a process of thermomechanical
maturation of the continental crust. The mac dikes system
emplaced in Michoacn (Serrano-Durn 2005) indicates
1492
L. Mori et al.
that the contribution of mantle-derived melts to the thermal

evolution of the crust was still intense in Late Eocene times,
and ultimately led to the generation of the are-up volcanic
episode between the late Eocene and early Oligocene.
From the discussion in the Petrogenesis section, it
emerges that two different petrogenetic scenarios coexist
in the study region: on one hand, silicic melt generation and ignimbrite production at middleupper crustal
levels beneath the Mueca, Goleta, and Tilzapotla volcanic centres; on the other hand, production of intermediate compositions at lower crustal depths in the Oaxaca
area. In the framework of our model, these contrasting
paths of magmatic evolution may reect that the continental crust beneath the two areas had reached different
stages of thermomechanical maturation (Figure 8). This
may be explained considering that Eocene magmatism
was more abundant beneath the ignimbrite are-up sector than in north-western Oaxaca (Figure 2B), and could
thus have contributed to the development of a more evolved
crustal magmatic system, producing more silicic compositions at middleupper crustal levels, and triggering
fault-controlled caldera-forming eruptions in a thermally
softened crust (Figure 8A). The different architecture and
petrological nature of the continental crust beneath the two
sectors may also have played a role in the development
of the contrasting scenarios: specically, the presence of
a Precambrian lower crust made of refractory granulitic
lithologies beneath the Oaxaca volcanic eld (OrtegaGutirrez et al. 2008) could have hindered the progressive
thermal maturation of the crust, thus inhibiting the evolution of the magmatic system towards shallower levels
(Figure 8B).
Further considerations can be made on the factors that
controlled the different mechanisms of silicic magma generation within the ignimbrite are-up sector (i.e. fractional
crystallization and crustal assimilation in the Mueca
and Tilzapotla volcanic centres versus crustal anatexis at
Goleta). In mantle-source-driven crustal magmatic systems, silicic magma production by partial melting of
the crust is generally subordinate to fractional crystallization and contamination of mantle-derived magmas,
because the volume of differentiated liquids increases more
rapidly with each new basalt injection, than the volume of
crust experiencing melting (Annen et al. 2006a, 2006b).
Nevertheless, it has been shown that anatexis may become
particularly signicant if the crust is composed of fertile lithologies, if intrusion rates of mac magmas are
high, or if numerous mac sills are scattered through
the crustal column (Annen et al. 2006b). The different
petrogenetic processes acting beneath the ignimbrite areup sector could not have been controlled by variations in
the petrological nature and fertility of the crust. Indeed,
both the Mueca and Goleta volcanic centres are emplaced
over the fertile metasedimentary and igneous lithologies
of the Guerrero terrane (Elas-Herrera et al. 2000); at the
same time, we showed that the Tilzapotla magmas probably assimilated Rb-enriched felsic igneous rocks similar
to those that produced the Goleta sequences (Figure 7E).
Figure 8. Petrogenetic model for the late Eoceneearly Oligocene volcanic successions of the SMS. (A) Abundant Eocene magmatism
beneath the Michoacn-Puebla area promoted the thermomechanical evolution of the crust, allowing the propagation of a hot thermal anomaly to shallow levels, and the formation of a mature mantle-source-driven crustal magmatic system. Within this context, the
intermediate-silicic products of the Mueca, Tilzapotla, and Goleta volcanic centres were generated through low-pressure fractional
crystallization (low-P FC) of mantle-derived magmas, assimilation of middleupper crustal rocks, and crustal anatexis. The progressive thermal softening of the crust triggered an ignimbrite are-up through caldera-forming and ssure eruptions. (B) In north-western
Oaxaca, less sustained Eocene magmatic activity and a refractory granulitic basement limited the development of a hot zone at deep
levels in the crust: in this region, intermediate compositions were generated through high-pressure fractional crystallization (high-P FC)
of mantle-derived magmas and assimilation of lower crustal lithologies.

We thus suggest that the different mechanisms of rhyolite
generation recognized in the region may be related to uctuations in the modality of sill emplacement in the crust.
In particular, crustal melting beneath the Goleta volcanic
centre could have been favoured by the emplacement of
multiple mac intrusions at different levels of the middle
upper crust: within this scenario, many crust sheets would
be sandwiched and heated from both sides by mac dikes,
thus producing the favourable conditions for anatexis (see,
e.g. Annen et al. 2006b).
Conclusions
Based on geologic, volcanic, and geochemical evidence,
we interpret the voluminous late Eoceneearly Oligocene
volcanic episodes of the north-central sector of the
SMS as the surcial manifestations of a progressive
thermomechanical maturation of the continental crust. The
sustained magmatic activity that affected the region since
early Eocene times, and which persisted through the middle
and late Eocene, allowed by an apparently stable conguration of the subducted oceanic plate, likely provided the
heat and mass input necessary to trigger and support such
a process.
Abundant Eocene magmatism beneath the MichoacnPuebla area favoured the intrusion of voluminous mantlederived melts into the crust, thus promoting the development of a hot thermal anomaly propagating to shallower
levels, and contributing to the formation of a mature
mantle-source-driven crustal magmatic system. Within this
context, the late Eoceneearly Oligocene intermediatesilicic products of the Mueca, Tilzapotla, and Goleta
volcanic centres were generated through low-pressure fractional crystallization of mac magmas coupled with assimilation of middleupper crustal lithologies, and through
crustal anatexis, respectively. Magma emplacement and
accumulation at shallow depth favoured the progressive
thermal softening of the crust and shifted the brittleductile
transition to very shallow depths, ultimately triggering the
fault-controlled caldera-forming and ssure eruptions that
produced the massive ignimbrite outbursts in the region.
Contemporaneously with the generation of the silicic are-up province in the Michoacn-Puebla area, early
north-western Oaxaca produced composite volcanoes and
monogenetic centres with mac-intermediate compositions
through high-pressure fractional crystallization and assimilation of lower crustal lithologies. This contrasting volcanological and petrogenetic scenario is indicative of a
less-evolved stage in the thermomechanical evolution of
the continental crust beneath this portion of the northcentral SMS. The connement of the hot zone to lower
crustal depths in this region could be explained considering
that Eocene magmatism in north-western Oaxaca was less
sustained than in the ignimbrite are-up sector; however, it
1493
may be also related to the presence of an ancient and refractory lower crustal basement, which could have hindered the
progressive thermal maturation of the crust, preventing the
expansion of the magmatic system to shallower levels of
the crustal column.
Acknowledgements
We thank M. Albarrn for sample crushing and powdering.
Invaluable help was provided by R. Lozano, E. Lounejeva, and
O. Prez during major and trace element determinations. Our
thanks to G. Sols, J. Morales, M. Hernndez, and T. Hernndez
for their help during isotopic analyses. This work was funded by
CONACyT grant 60460 to D. Morn.
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International Geology Review

Thermomechanical maturation of the continental crust

Laura Mori , Dante J. Morn-Zenteno , Barbara M. Martiny , Enrique A. Gonzlez-Torres

, Mara Chapela-Lara , Beatriz A. Daz-Bravo & Julie Roberge

Instituto de Geologa, Universidad Nacional Autnoma de Mxico, 04510, Mexico City,

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International Geology Review

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(Accepted 21 November 2011)

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arc magmas into the lower crust would develop a deep,

explosive centres that emitted voluminous ignimbrite

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International Geology Review

The magmatic activity of the SMS took place over a

in Morelos, Guerrero, and southern Oaxaca (Figure 2D),

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Late Eoceneearly Oligocene volcanism in the SMS

Basement geology and volcanic stratigraphy of the

The Mueca volcanic centre

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International Geology Review

ignimbrites with quartz, sanidine, minor plagioclase, and

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The Tilzapotla caldera

The Oaxaca volcanic eld

de Mxico, following procedures by Lozano-Santa Cruz

Major elements (wt.%)

Trace elements (ppm)

Major and trace element analyses of the studied rock suites.

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International Geology Review

Trace elements (ppm)

Major elements (wt.%)

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Trace elements (ppm)

Major elements (wt.%)

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International Geology Review

Trace elements (ppm)

Major elements (wt.%)

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Rb/86 Sr (87 Sr/86 Sr)i a (143 Nd/144 Nd)m 1 abs

Sm/144 Nd (143 Nd/144 Nd)i a

Rb (ppm) Sr (ppm) Sm (ppm) Nd (ppm) (87 Sr/86 Sr)m 1 abs

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International Geology Review

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the strongest REE and HREE fractionations [(La/Yb)N =

trend bracketed between a mantle-like end-member with

High-pressure fractional crystallization and crustal

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International Geology Review

Figure 6. Nd versus Sr isotope variation diagram for the

fractional crystallization of a parental basalt composition

and Sm/Yb ratios with increasing silica contents in the