Vander Linden Pandzic Kocicevo

Filozofski fakultet Univerziteta u Banjoj Luci
Ivana Pandi Marc Vander Linden

THE NEOLITHIC SITE OF KOIEVO IN THE LOWER VRBAS VALLEY
(REPUBLIKA SRPSKA, BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA):
REPORT OF THE 2009-2014 FIELD SEASONS
NEOLITSKI LOKALITET KOIEVO U DOLINI DONJEG TOKA VRBASA
(REPUBLIKA SRPSKA, BOSNA I HERCEGOVINA):
IZVJETAJ O TERENSKOM RADU U PERIODU 2009-2014
Publisher:
Faculty of Philosophy
University of Banja Luka
Izdava:
Filozofski fakultet
Univerziteta u Banjoj Luci
For publisher:
Prof. dr Drago Brankovi
Za izdavaa:
Editor in chief:
Glavni urednik:
Responsible editor:
Prof. dr Sran Duani
Reviewers:
Prof. dr Slavia Peri
Prof. dr Preston T. Miracle
Language editor and proofreading:
Dragan Dragomirovi
Odgovorni urednik:
Prof. dr Sran Duani
Recenzenti:
Prof. dr Slavia Peri
Prof. dr Preston T. Miracle
Lektura i korektura:
Dragan Dragomirovi
Serbian translation:
Marina Novkovi
Prevod na srpski:
Marina Novkovi
Cover design:
Akademski slikar
urica Bjeloevi
Idejno rjeenje korica:

Akademski slikar
urica Bjeloevi
Print:
PPGD Komesgrafika, d.o.o.
Banja Luka
Number of copies: 300
tampa:
PPGD Komesgrafika, d.o.o.
Banja Luka
Tira: 300
THE NEOLITHIC SITE OF KOIEVO

IN THE LOWER VRBAS VALLEY
(REPUBLIKA SRPSKA,
BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA):
REPORT OF THE 2009-2014
FIELD SEASONS
NEOLITSKI LOKALITET KOIEVO

U DOLINI DONJEG TOKA VRBASA
(REPUBLIKA SRPSKA,
BOSNA I HERCEGOVINA):
IZVJETAJ O TERENSKOM RADU
U PERIODU 2009-2014
Under the direction of Ivana Pandi and Marc Vander Linden

Pod vodstvom Ivane Pandi i Marc Vander Linden-a
Banja Luka, 2014.
EUROFARM project funded by / EUROFARM projekat finansiran od strane

European Research Council / Evropski istraivaki savjet
EUROFARM project hosted by / EUROFARM projekat realizuju

Museum of Republic of Srpska / Muzej Republike Srpske i / and
University College London / Univerzitetski koled Londona
Knjiga je nastala u okviru Tempus projekta

Curriculum reform of Heritage Science in Bosnia and Herzegovina
(BIHERIT) (20123014/001 001)
(Broj projekta: 530755-TEMPUS-1-2012-1-BA-TEMPUS-JPCR),
koji je finansiran od strane Evropske komisije.
Ova knjiga prikazuje gledite autora i ne predstavlja miljenje Komisije.
Evropska komisija nije odgovorna za bilo kakvu upotrebu informacija
koje se ovdje nalaze.
Table of contents
SADRAJ
1. Introduction.......................................................................................................7
Uvod..................................................................................................................7
2.

Archaeological investigations on the Neolithic site of Koievo....................12

Arheoloka istraivanja na neolitskom lokalitetu Koievo...........................12
2.1. Presentation of the site and results..................................................................12

Prikaz lokaliteta i rezultati...............................................................................12
2.2. Geoarchaeology...............................................................................................34
Geoarheologija.................................................................................................34
2.3. Chipped stone industry of the 2013 field season from Koievo....................63

Preliminarni izvetaj analize artefakata od okresanog kamena iz

Koieva, kampanja 2013. godine...................................................................63
2.4. Plant macro-remains from Koievo...............................................................84

Makro-ostaci biljaka iz Koieva....................................................................84
2.5. Preliminary report on Neolithic animal bones from Koievo........................97

Preliminarni izvjetaj o neolitskim ivotinjskim kostima iz Koieva...........97
2.6. Bioanthropological report..............................................................................121

Bioantropoloki izvjetaj...............................................................................121
2.7. Radiocarbon chronology................................................................................134

Radiokarbonska hronologija..........................................................................134
2.8. Discussion......................................................................................................140
Diskusija........................................................................................................140
3.

Archaeological survey in the lower Vrbas valley:

the March 2014 field season..........................................................................146
Arheoloko istraivanje u dolini donjeg toka Vrbasa:
terenska sezona mart 2014. godine................................................................146
3.1. Presentation and results.................................................................................146

Prikaz i rezultati.............................................................................................146
3.2. Geoarchaeological landscape survey.............................................................158

Geoarheoloko istraivanje pejzaa...............................................................158
3.3. Plant macro-remains from surveyed sites, March 2014................................177

Biljni makro-ostaci sa istraenih lokaliteta, mart 2014. godine....................177
4. Conclusion.....................................................................................................185

Zakljuak.......................................................................................................185
5. References.....................................................................................................190

Bibliografija...................................................................................................190
6. Affiliation of authors.....................................................................................198

Afilijacije autora............................................................................................198
7. List of illustrations.........................................................................................200

Spisak ilustracija............................................................................................200
8. List of Tables.................................................................................................204

Spisak tabela..................................................................................................204
1. Introduction
1. Uvod
By Marc Vander Linden and Ivana

Pandi
Autori: Marc Vander Linden i

Ivana Pandi
Archaeological research on the

Neolithic period in Bosnia and Herzegovina has a long history. Through
the work of pioneers such as uro
Basler and Alojz Benac, several Neolithic sites of Bosnia and Herzegovina prominently feature in the specialist literature. Unfortunately though,
since the excavation of Obre I and II
in the 1960s (Benac 1973a, b Gimbutas 1974), Neolithic research in this
country has been somewhat limited
in scale, with the noticeable exception of the work recently undertaken in Okolite and its surroundings
(Hoffman et al. 2009, Furholt 2012,
Mller et al. 2013, Hoffman 2014).
Furthermore, archaeological fieldwork has, generally speaking, been
rather conservative and essentially
site-focused.
Landscape-oriented
surveys are rare, especially when
compared to several projects carried
since the 1980s in surrounding countries and regions from former Yugoslavia (e.g. contributions in Chapman et al. 1988, Chapman, Shiel and
Batovic 1987).
Arheoloko istraivanje neolitskog

perioda u Bosni i Hercegovini ima
dugu istoriju. Zahvaljujui radu zaetnika, poput ure Baslera i Alojza
Benca, nekoliko neolitskih lokaliteta
Bosne i Hercegovine zauzimaju znaajno mjesto u strunoj literaturi. Naalost, od istraivanja na lokacijama
Obre I i II tokom 60-ih godina dvadesetog vijeka (Benac 1973a, b Gimbutas 1974), istraivanje neolita u BiH
bilo je donekle ogranienih razmjera,
s izuzetkom nedavno poduzetog rada
u Okolitu i njegovoj okolini. (Hoffman i dr. 2009, Furholt 2012, Mller
i dr. 2013, Hoffman 2014). Pored
toga, arheoloka istraivanja na terenu su, generalno gledano, prilino
konzervativna i, u osnovi, usmjerena na sam lokalitet istraivanja.
Rijetka su istraivanja orijentisana
na pejza, naroito u poreenju sa
nekoliko projekata realizovanih od
1980-ih godina u okolnim zemljama
i regijama iz nekadanje Jugoslavije
(npr. doprinosi u Chapman i dr. 1988,
Chapman, Shiel and Batovic 1987).
As the distribution of Neolithic

sites inventoried in the Archaeolog-
Kao to se moe dobro vidjeti na

primjeru distribucije lokaliteta iz
perioda neolita popisanih u Arheo7
ical Lexicon exemplifies well (Figure 1), our contemporary knowledge

of the Neolithic period in Bosnia
and Herzegovina is to a large extent
shaped by site excavations of extremely varied size and quality, distributed in a very uneven way across
the country. Relatively high concentrations in central and north-eastern
Bosnia are noticeable, as in the Konjic area in Herzegovina. Otherwise,
most of the territory is nearly devoid of any sites, as for instance the
Bosanska Krajina.
lokom leksikonu (Slika 1), nae savremeno znanje neolitskog perioda

u Bosni i Hercegovini je, u velikoj
mjeri, oblikovano iskopavanjima lokaliteta prilino razliitih po veliini
i kvalitetu, nejednako rasporeenih
irom zemlje. Uoljive su relativno
visoke koncentracije u centralnoj i
sjeveroistonoj Bosni, kao na podruju Konjica u Hercegovini, dok,
inae, veina prostora skoro da
nema nikakvih lokaliteta, kao to je
to, na primjer, sluaj sa Bosanskom
Krajinom.
Figure 1: Distribution of Neolithic

sites in Bosnia and Herzegovina (after Pandi, 2014.)
Slika 1: Distribucija neolitskih lokaliteta u Bosni i Hercegovini (prema Pandi, 2014.)
The neolithic site of Koievo Neolitski lokalitet Koievo
This report presents the results of

several years of archaeological fieldwork carried out in the region of the
lower Vrbas River, Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina, which
aimed at filling this damaging documentary gap. Investigations were undertaken during five field seasons, in
November 2009, March 2010, March
2012, March 2013 and March 2014.
Although the administrative settings,
institutional partners and wider scientific goals varied over the years,
the overall scientific goals were set
from the beginning onwards: firstly, through systematic field-walking
and augering surveys, check for the
potential existence of Neolithic sites
and gather data on their environmental setting; secondly, excavate, albeit at a relatively small-scale, one of
these sites in order to maximise the
retrieval of both artefacts and ecofacts.
Ovaj izvjetaj predstavlja rezultate viegodinjeg arheolokog rada na

terenu na podruju donjeg toka rijeke Vrbas, Republika Srpska, Bosna i
Hercegovina, iji je cilj bio ispuniti
ovu prazninu u dokumentovanju.
Istraivanja su izvrena tokom pet
sezona terenskog rada, u novembru
2009., martu 2010., martu 2012.,
martu 2013. i martu 2014. godine.
Iako su administracija, institucionalni partneri i iri nauni ciljevi varirali tokom godina, opti nauni ciljevi
su odreeni od samog poetka: prvo,
putem sistematskog rekognosciranja
i istraivanja terena arheolokom
burgijom za uzimanje uzoraka tla i
sedimenata ispitati mogue postojanje neolitskih lokaliteta i prikupiti
podatke o njihovoj okolici; drugo,
istraiti, ak i ako se radi o relativno
manjim razmjerama, jedan od tih lokaliteta kako bi se povealo pronalaenje i artefakata i ekofakata.
After short exploratory work conducted in November 2009 under the

supervision of Prof. Charles French
(University of Cambridge), further
survey and site testing, including at
Koievo (see chapter 2) were conducted in March 2010, as part of the
Prehistoric landscapes of the Sava
River project, co-directed by Ms. Ivana Pandi (Museum of the Republika Srpska), and Dr. Preston Miracle
(University of Cambridge). Follow-
Nakon kratkog istraivakog rada

u novembru 2009. godine, pod vodstvom prof. dr Charles French-a (Univerzitet u Kembridu / University of
Cambridge), u sklopu projekta Praistorijski pejzai rijeke Save, a koji
su vodili ga. Ivana Pandi (Muzej
Republike Srpske) i dr Preston Miracle (Univerzitet u Kembridu), u
martu 2010. godine izvren je daljni
pregled i ispitivanje lokaliteta, ukljuujui i Koievo (vidjeti poglavlje
9
ing previous research by the same

group in the Vrbas and Sana River
valleys (Pandi 2014: 57-80), this
particular project originally focused
upon the Palaeolithic period, and investigations on the Neolithic were
incidental. Given the positive results
gained at Koievo, a new research
project, Delayed neolithisation in the
Western Balkans, was launched in
2011 and explicitly dedicated to the
Neolithic. As part of it, a field season
was conducted in March 2012, under
the joint supervision of Ms. Ivana
Pandi and Dr. Marc Vander Linden
(then University of Leicester). Since
October 2012, all fieldwork and laboratory research is carried out as part
of a larger five-year research project,
EUROFARM, which also focuses on
the Neolithic period (see Vander Linden et al. 2013). A last digging field
season was conducted in March 2013
in Koievo (directed by Ms. Ivana
Pandi, and Dr. Marc Vander Linden, now University College London), followed by a survey in the
Gradika area in March 2014 (same
directorial team).
This volume is organised in two
complimentary sections. Chapter 2
is dedicated to the investigations in
Koievo, starting from the limited
geoarchaeological and archaeological assessment from 2009 and 2010,
to the 2012 and 2013 excavations,
10
2). Nakon prethodnog istraivanja

od strane istog tima u dolinama Vrbasa i Save (Pandi 2014: 57-80),
ovaj projekat se prvobitno fokusirao
na period paleolita, a istraivanja
vezana za neolit su bila sluajna. S
obzirom na pozitivne rezultate iz
Koieva, 2011. godine zapoet je
novi istraivaki projekat, Odloena
neolitizacija na zapadnom Balkanu,
iskljuivo posveen neolitu. Kao dio
tog projekta, u martu 2012. godine
izvren je rad na terenu pod zajednikim vodstvom mr Ivane Pandi i dr.
Marc Vander Lindena (u to vrijeme
Univerzitet u Lesteru / University of
Leicester). Od oktobra 2012. godine
sav terenski rad i laboratorijsko istraivanje obavljaju se kao dio veeg
petogodinjeg istraivakog projekta, EUROFARM, koji se takoe fokusira na neolitski period (vidjeti Vander Linden i dr. 2013). Posljednja sezona terenskih iskopavanja izvrena
je u martu 2013. godine u Koievu
(pod vodstvom mr Ivane Pandi i dr
Marc Vander Lindena (sada Univerzitetski koled London / University
College London - UCL), a zatim je, u
martu 2014. godine, uraen terenski
pregled na podruju Gradike (pod
vodstvom istog tima).
Predoena publikacija sastoji se
od dva komplementarna dijela. Poglavlje 2 je posveeno istraivanjima
u Koievu, poevi od ograniene
including preliminary information on

the archaeobotany, zooarchaeology,
and lithic technology. This relative
emphasis upon archaeological science is related to the general focus of
this volume upon the understanding
of Neolithic landscapes, rather than
mere sites. Whilst this is, in the present state of affairs, partly at the expense of material culture, more classical aspects of archaeological inquiry, such as pottery which is hardly
discussed in this text, will be covered
in future publications. Chapter 3 presents the results of the 2014 field survey, and is thus more concerned with
the understanding of the wider landscape and environmental setting of
Koievo and other, smaller, archaeological sites tested in 2014. As the
various analyses are still in progress,
in particular within the framework of
the EUROFARM project, this volume
does not offer a definitive account of
these many years of fieldwork. Yet,
we consider that these important results deserve an early publication,
highlighting the outstanding archaeological potential of the Neolithic
landscapes of the lower Vrbas River.
geoarheoloke i arheoloke procjene

iz 2009. i 2010. godine pa do iskopavanja 2012. i 2013. godine, ukljuujui preliminarne podatke o arheobotanici, arheozoologiji i kremenoj tehnologiji. Ovo relativno naglaavanje
arheoloke nauke je povezano sa optom usmjerenou rada na razumijevanje neolitskih pejzaa, prije nego
na puke lokalitete. S obzirom da je
ovo izdanje, kad je u pitanju trenutno
stanje, djelomino na tetu materijalne kulture, budua izdanja e ukljuiti klasinije aspekte arheolokog
istraivanja, kao to je keramika, o
kojoj se u ovom tekstu malo govori.
U poglavlju 3 prikazani su rezultati terenskog rekognosciranja iz 2014.
godine, pa se zbog toga vie bavi razumijevanjem ireg pejzaa i okruenja Koieva i drugih, manjih, arheolokih lokaliteta ispitanih u 2014.
godini. Budui da su mnoge analize
jo uvijek u toku, naroito u okviru
projekta EUROFARM, ovaj rad ne
predstavlja konaan prikaz viegodinjeg terenskog rada. Ipak, smatramo da ovi znaajni rezultati zasluuju ranije objavljivanje, istiui izrazit
arheoloki potencijal neolitskih pejzaa donjeg toka rijeke Vrbas.
11
2. Archaeological investigations on
the Neolithic site of Koievo
2. Arheoloka istraivanja na
neolitskom lokalitetu Koievo
2.1 Presentation of the site and

results
2.1. Prikaz lokaliteta i rezultati
By Marc Vander Linden, Ivana

Pandi, Milan urevi, Bojan
Vujinovi, Ljubia Srdi, Ljiljana
Pareanin, Gary Marriner, David Orton, Tonko Rajkovaa and Charles
French
Autori: Marc Vander Linden, Ivana Pandi, Milan urevi, Bojan

Vujinovi, Ljubia Srdi, Ljiljana
Pareanin, Gary Marriner, David
Orton, Tonko Rajkovaa i Charles
French
Prikaz i istorijat istraivanja
Presentation
research
and
history
of
The site of Koievo is located in

the alluvial plain of the Vrbas river,
5 km to the south of the Vrbas-Sava
confluence, at an altitude of c. 98m
above sea level (estimation based
upon combined SRTM and Google
Earth data). The site lies in a field
of approximatively 150m by 150m,
bordered to the South-East by the
modern farmstead and associated
driveway, to the East and North by a
line of trees masking a small running
stream, and to the South by the road
linking Nova Topola to the Banja
Luka road (Figure 2). It is divided in
two roughly equal sectors by a gentle East-facing slope. Archaeological
fieldwork on the site has been spread
over four field seasons from 2009 until 2013.
12
Lokalitet Koievo se nalazi u

aluvijalnoj ravnici rijeke Vrbas, 5
km juno od ua Vrbasa u Savu, na
nadmorskoj visini od oko 98 m (procjena je uraena na osnovu kombinacije SRTM i Google Earth podataka).
Lokalitet se nalazi na polju veliine
oko 150 m sa 150 m, na jugoistoku
omeen savremenim gazdinstvom i
pripadajuim prilazom, na istoku i
sjeveru nizom drvea koja prikrivaju
mali potok, a na jugu cestom koja povezuje Novu Topolu sa Banjalukom
(Slika 2). Blagom padinom okrenutoj prema istoku podijeljen je na dva
priblino jednaka dijela. Arheoloki
terenski rad na lokalitetu obuhvata
etiri sezone, od 2009. do 2013. godine.
Geoarchaeological investigations
were first conducted in November
2009 by Professor Charles French,
Mr. Gary Marriner and Mr. Tonko
Rajkovaa, from the University of
Cambridge. Funding was provided
by University of Cambridge, the Museum of the Republika Srpska, and
the Republic Institute for Protection
of Cultural, Historical and Natural
Heritage. This short visit included a
preliminary augering survey of the
site, and visual inspection of the exposed profile of a modern well (Marriner et al. 2011; see section 2.2).
Work remained limited to further augering and the opening of three 2x1m
test pits in March 2010. Despite the
small-scale of the work, the results
were very promising and confirmed
the presence of a Late Neolithic settlement on the site. Accordingly,
larger trenches were opened in two
different sectors of the site in both
March 2012 and March 2013.
Figure 2: Koievo, site plan
Prva geoarheoloka istraivanja

su, u novembru 2009. godine, izvrili
prof. dr Charles French, Gary Marriner i mr Tonko Rajkovaa sa Univerziteta u Kembridu. Finansijska
sredstva su osigurali Univerzitet u
Kembridu, Muzej Republike Srpske
i Republiki zavod za zatitu kulturno - istorijskog i prirodnog nasljea
RS. Ovaj kratki pregled se sastojao
od preliminarnog istraivanja lokaliteta arheolokom burgijom i vizuelnog ispitivanja otvorenog profila
savremenog bunara (Marriner et al.
2011; vidjeti dio 2.2). U martu 2010.
godine, rad na daljnim buotinama i
otvaranju tri probne sonde dimenzija
2x1 m je bio ogranien. Iako je rad
bio manjih razmjera, rezultati su bili
krajnje obeavajui i potvrdili su postojanje kasnoneolitskog naselja na
lokalitetu. U skladu s tim, u martu
2012. godine i martu 2013. godine,
otvorene su vee sonde na dva razliita podruja lokaliteta.
Slika 2: Koievo, plan lokaliteta

13
Results
Rezultati
A first series of boreholes was undertaken in Nov. 2009, and the survey was then completed in March
2010. A total of 18 boreholes were
made, spaced at 10m and 20m intervals. As the results have already been
published elsewhere (Marriner et al.
2011; see section 2.2), we will only
recall the most significant elements
here. This borehole survey and the
associated geomorphological inquiry
have demonstrated that the archaeological site sits on a gravel riverbank,
related to the presence of a palaeochannel stretching between the lowest point of the East-facing slope,
and the modern stream of water to
the East and North. Examinations of
the profiles of two test pits (see below), and of a well sitting on top of
the slope, indicated the existence of
preserved archaeological features.
Prva serija buotina uraena je u

novembru 2009. godine, a istraivanje je zatim zavreno u martu 2010.
godine. Napravljeno je ukupno 18
buotina, sa razmacima od 10 m i 20
m. Budui da su rezultati ve objavljeni na drugom mjestu (Marriner et
al. 2011; vidjeti dio 2.2), ovde emo
samo podsjetiti na najznaajnije elemente. Ovo ispitivanje buotina i
pratee geomorfoloko istraivanje
su pokazali da arheoloki lokalitet
lei na ljunkovitoj obali rijeke, koja
je vezana za prisustvo paleokanala
koji se prua izmeu najnie take
padine okrenute prema istoku i savremenog vodenog toka na istoku
i sjeveru. Istraivanja profila dvije
probne sonde (vidjeti ispod) i bunara
smjetenog na vrhu padine ukazala
su na postojanje ouvanih arheolokih cjelina.
The next phase of archaeological

activity dates to March 2010. Working conditions were limited by heavy
snowfall, and the site was obscured
by a snow cover up to 30cm thick
(Figure 3). Despite this, two test pits
were opened. Test Pit 1 was set close
to the beginning of the slope, while
Test Pit 2 was located c.50m west of
the modern stream. After removal of
the top soil, all test pits were excavated by artificial spits of 10cm, and
all recovered material culture record-
Naredna faza arheoloke aktivnosti datira iz marta 2010. godine.

Jake snijene padavine ograniile su
uslove rada, a lokalitet je bio teko
vidljiv od snijega dubine i do 30 cm
(Slika 3). I pored toga, otvorene su
dvije probne sonde. Probna sonda 1
postavljena je blizu poetka padine,
dok se probna sonda 2 nalazila oko
50 m zapadno od savremenog potoka. Nakon uklanjanja povrinskog
sloja zemlje (humusa), probne sonde
su istraivane vjetakim otkopnim
14
ed accordingly. While Test Pit 2 only

yielded a few artefacts set in a dark
beige silty material with red inclusions and charcoal fragments, excavations of Test Pit 1 reached a depth
of 1m, and led to the discovery of an
extensive assemblage of flint artefacts, potsherds, and animal bones.
Because of the weather, the test pit
could not be bottomed on that day.
Work resumed later in the month;
after emptying the backfill of Test
Pit 1, three further 10cm spits were
done, before reaching at a depth of
130cm a level of yellow-grey sand,
then interpreted at the summit of the
riverbank. This last stratigraphic unit
proved to be rich in material culture
and bones, indicating the existence
of a Neolithic archaeological site
(Figure 4). Two further test pits, TP
3 and 4, were dug at 5m intervals to
the north of Test Pit 1. Both test pits
were characterised by a succession of
modern plough soil (c. 0-25cm), and
then the same dark beige silty unit as
in Test Pit 2. Both were bottomed at
80cm deep and did not yield significant amount of material culture.
slojevima od 10 cm, a sva pronaena materijalna kultura zabiljeena

shodno tome. Dok je probna sonda 2
sadravala samo nekoliko artefakata smjetenih u tamno be muljeviti
materijal sa crvenim primjesama i
djeliima uglja, iskopavanja probne sonde 1 dostigla su dubinu od 1
m i dovela do otkria obimne zbirke
kremenih artefakata, fragmenata keramike i ivotinjskih kostiju. Zbog
vremenskih prilika nije bilo mogue
tog dana doi do samog dna probne
sonde. S radom se nastavilo kasnije u
toku mjeseca; nakon pranjenja zatrpanog dijela probne sonde 1 uraena
su jo tri otkopna sloja od 10cm prije
nego to se na dubini od 130 cm dolo do sloja uto sivog pijeska, koji je
zatim protumaen na vrhu okomite
krivine rijene obale. Ova posljednja
stratigrafska jedinica pokazala se bogatom u pogledu materijalne kulture
i kostiju, ukazujui na postojanje neolitskog arheolokog lokaliteta (Slika 4). Dvije druge probne sonde, TP
3 i TP 4, kopane su u razmacima od 5
m sjeverno od probne sonde 1. Obje
probne sonde su imale karakteristike
nastavka savremenog izbrazdanog
tla (oko 0-25 cm), kao i iste tamno
be muljevite jedinice kao u probnoj
sondi 2. Obje su kopane do dubine od
80 cm i nisu sadravale znaajnu koliinu materijalne kulture.
15
16
Figure 3: Koievo, under the

snow
Slika 3: Koievo, pod snijegom
Figure 4: Koievo, Test Pit 1

bottom
Slika 4: Koievo, dno probne

sonde 1
Preliminary analysis of the ceramic assemblage found at Koievo was undertaken in July 2010 as
part of a wider study of all ceramic
material discovered in surveys and
excavations up to March 2010. As
the full analysis remains to be undertaken, only preliminary results
are presented here. The ceramic assemblage includes 1089 potsherds,
for a total weight of 14972g. Without
much surprise given the context of
recovery, the part of the assemblage
coming from the survey is relatively
heterogeneous. The bulk of the potsherds bears a strong resemblance to
the material recovered from the test
pits, but significant numbers also
point to the Bronze Age, without
further precision, the Medieval/Ottoman period, as well as a small modern component. The dominant fabric
is characterised by grey inner and
outer surfaces, lack of visible temper, whilst some finer sherds are also
noticeable. Few shapes point without
any doubt to the Bronze Age (e.g.
open cups), as well as to the Late
Neolithic / Eneolithic (e.g. decorated
potsherds reminiscent of the Lasinja
group).
Preliminarna analiza keramike

zbirke pronaene u Koievu zapoeta je u julu 2010. godine kao dio
ire studije ukupnog keramikog
materijala otkrivenog tokom istraivanja i iskopavanja do marta 2010.
godine. Budui da se potpuna analiza tek treba uraditi, ovde su predstavljeni samo preliminarni rezultati.
Keramika zbirka ukljuuje 1089
fragmenata keramike, ukupne teine 14972 g. S obzirom na kontekst
pronalaenja nije mnogo iznenaujue da je dio zbirke naene tokom
istraivanja relativno heterogen. Vei
dio komadia keramike je jako slian
materijalu pronaenom u probnim
sondama, ali znaajan broj takoe
ukazuje na bronzano doba, bez veeg preciziranja, srednjovjekovni/
otomanski period, kao i na manju
savremenu komponentu. Dominantu
strukturu karakteriu sive unutranje
i vanjske povrine, nedostatak vidljive izmjene, dok su primjetni i neki
finiji komadii. Nekoliko oblika, bez
sumnje, ukazuju na bronzano doba
(npr. otvorene olje) kao i na kasni neolit/eneolit (npr. ukraeni fragmenti keramike koji podsjeaju na
lasinjsku grupu).
Pottery coming from Test Pit 1

by contrast presents a much more
homogeneous character, with some
elements of coarser ware (e.g. dark
grey to black polished surface, pink-
S druge strane, keramika iz probne

sonde 1 ima homogeniji karakter, sa
ponekim elementima grublje fakture
(npr. tamno siva do crna ulatena povrina, ruiasto - siva unutranja po17
ish-grey inner surface, apparent mineral inclusions in the fabric), as well

as several large potsherds belonging
to diagnostic Sopot forms (especially
cylindrical bases). Far less material
was recovered from Test Pit 2, and
was more fragmented and diverse in
terms of pottery fabric.
2012 field season
On basis of the positive results of
the 2010 field season, it was decided to re-investigate the site in 2012.
A 15x2/3m trial trench was placed
across the break of slope between
the well profile and the former floodplain about 75m north-east of the
farmhouse. The goal was to expose
the contact between the palaeochannel and the river bank, as well as to
expose as much as possible the surface of the latter in order to check
for the presence of potential features.
After removal of the topsoil over the
entire surface of the trench, excavations were organised in a series of
artificial 20cm spits, each of them
being assigned a given context number. Whilst the trench was laid over
a total length of 15m, only half of
it was dug entirely. Boreholes were
indeed dug at 5m intervals in order
to check for the depth of the deposit.
The sandy material of the riverbank
appeared only at a depth of 75cm un18
vrina, vidljive primjese na strukturi), kao i nekoliko velikih fragmenata

keramike koji pripadaju dijagnostinim sopotskim oblicima (naroito
cilindrine zdjele). U probnoj sondi
2 pronaeno je znatno manje materijala, a u pogledu keramike strukture
vie je fragmentirano i raznovrsnije.
Rad na terenu, sezona 2012
Na osnovu pozitivnih rezultata terenske sezone iz 2010. godine
odlueno je da se lokalitet ponovo
istrai u 2012. godine. Probna sonda veliine 15x2/3 m postavljena je
preko prekida padine izmeu profila
bunara i nekadanjeg plavnog podruja oko 75 m sjeveroistono od
gazdinstva. Cilj je bio otkriti vezu
izmeu paleokanala i obale rijeke,
kao i da se, to je mogue vie, otkrije povrina obale kako bi se ispitalo
postojanje potencijalnih arheolokih
cjelina. Nakon uklanjanja povrinskog sloja zemlje sa itave povrine
sonde, iskopavanja su organizovana
u niz vjetakih otkopnih slojeva od
20 cm, a svakom je dodijeljen odreen broj konteksta. Meutim, dok
je sonda bila postavljena u ukupnoj
duini od 15 m, samo polovina je u
potpunosti iskopana. Buotine su
iskopane u razmacima od 5 m kako
bi se ispitala dubina naslaga. Pjeani materijal obale rijeke se pojavio
der the surface of the ploughsoil at

the eastern end of the trench, and it
was therefore decided to focus only
on the western half of the trench
(squares A8-B8 to A15-B15) where
the auger indicated the existence of
thicker deposits.
na dubini od 75cm ispod povrine

oranice na istonom kraju sonde, pa
je zbog toga odlueno da se usmjeri samo na zapadnu polovinu sonde,
(kvadranti A8-B8 do A15-B15) gdje
je arheolokom burgijom ukazano na
postojanje debljih naslaga.
As detailed in the geoarchaeology

section (see section 2.2), the first meter or so of deposits under the plough
soil corresponds to three successive
sedimentary horizons, each of them
corresponding to a mixing of alluvial and colluvial sediments under the
action of an ancient plough (or overbank; contexts 1129-1131). All three
horizons have yielded relatively
large quantities of bones and pottery
which, interestingly, present a higher rate of fragmentation in the two
higher overbank horizons (Figure
5). This confirms that the sedimentary matrix was subject to recurrent
mechanical action, probably related
to the use of a plough.
Kao to je detaljnije prikazano u

geoarheolokom dijelu (vidjeti dio
2.2), prvi metar, ili priblino tome,
naslaga ispod oranice odgovara trima
sukcesivnim sedimentnim horizontima, od kojih svaki od njih odgovara
mjeavini aluvijalnih i koluvijalnih
sedimenata pod djelovanjem drevnog pluga (ili sedimentna faza;
konteksti 1129-1131). U sva tri horizonta pronaena je relativno velika
koliina kostiju i keramike koja, to
je zanimljivo, predstavlja vei stepen
fragmentiranja u dva via horizonta
sedimentne faze (Slika 5). Ovo potvruje da je sedimentarna matrica
bila predmet ponavljajueg mehanikog djelovanja, vjerovatno u vezi sa
upotrebom pluga.
19
Figure 5: Koievo, Harris matrix

for the 2012 trench, and corresponding pottery fragmentation rate
Towards the western end of the
trench, in squares A14 and B14, a
large lump of red clay-ish material
with plant inclusions was observed
some 30cm under the base of the
plough soil, in context 1130. In order to understand the nature of this
potential feature, it was decided to
enlarge the edge of the trench, with
the addition of five extra square meters to the south and west (squares
A16, B16, Z14, Z15 and Z16). This
feature appeared to be a large piece
of daub , which could have collapsed
in situ and/or moved over a relatively
limited distance. Its date remains un20
Slika 5: Koievo, Harrisova matrica za sondu iz 2012. godine i odgovarajui stepen fragmentovanja
keramike
Prema zapadnom kraju sonde,
u kvadrantima A14 i B14, uoena
je velika gomila crvenog glinastog
materijala sa biljnim primjesama,
otprilike 30 cm ispod dna oranice, u
kontekstu 1130. Kako bi se razumjela priroda ove potencijalne arheoloke cjeline odlueno je da se povea
ivica sonde dodavanjem dodatnih
pet kvadratnih metara prema jugu i
zapadu (kvadranti A16, B16, Z14,
Z15 i Z16). Ispostavilo se da je ova
cjelina zapravo veliki komad buke
koji se mogao sruiti in situ i/ili biti
premjeten sa relativno ograniene
certain, but the presence of grains of

millet (Panicum miliaceum; see 2.4)
suggests that it belongs to or postdates the Bronze Age.
At a depth of c. 1m, a thick buried soil (c.30-40cm), comparable to
the lowest deposits observed in 2010
in Test Pit 1, was exposed (context
1132; figures 6-7). This buried soil
has hardly been disturbed, as indicated by the low rate of fragmentation
of the material culture, and possibly
only subject to some input of alluvial
material. This last element was also
suggested by the spatial organisation
of some of the archaeological remains, characterised by discrete concentrations of finds (Figure 8).
Figure 6: Koievo, 2012 Trench,

profile (picture)
udaljenosti. Datiranje ovog nalaza je

neizvjesno, ali prisustvo zrna prosa
(Panicum miliaceum; vidjeti 2.4) navodi na to da pripada periodu bronzanog doba ili periodu poslije.
Na dubini od oko 1m otkriveni
su debeli pohranjeni slojevi zemljita (oko 30 - 40 cm), koji se mogu
uporediti sa najniim naslagama uoenim 2010. godine u probnoj sondi
1 (kontekst 1132; slike 6 - 7). Ovaj
sloj zemljita gotovo da nije poremeen, a na to ukazuje nizak stepen
fragmentovanja materijalne kulture
i ta injenica samo upuuje na odreeni uticaj aluvijalnog materijala.
Na ovaj posljednji element takoe
ukazuje prostorna organizacija nekih
arheolokih ostataka, koje odlikuju
diskretne nakupine nalaza (Slika 8).
Slika 6: Koievo, sonda iz 2012.

godine, profil (slika)
21

profile (drawing)

godine, profil (crte)
Figure 8: Koievo, 2012 trench,

buried soil, concentration of finds

godine, geoloki pohranjeni slojevi
zemljita, koncentracija nalaza
22
Cutting through the buried soil and

the underlying sand river bank, were
a series of overlapping pits (contexts
1133-1136). Although the possible
presence of features in this area of
the site had been suspected on basis
of the limited test pits in 2010 (Marriner et al. 2011), their discovery was
somewhat unexpected and lucky given the limited extent of the trench.
The main feature appears to be a
pit, which has be re-cut five to six
successive times, hence its present
irregular shape (Figure 9). Another,
smaller, pit was also partially excavated. None of them could be fully
excavated, as they both extended beyond the limits of excavation. This
however allowed to record their sections in direct correspondence to the
overall stratigraphic sequence of the
trench. Both pits only yielded limited material culture (less than 50 potsherds each, for a combined weight
of c.2kg), but which confirms their
date to the Late Neolithic period.
Niz isprepletenih jama presjeca

pohranjeni sloj zemlje i pjeanu rijenu obalu ispod njega. (kontekst
1133-1136). Iako se na mogue prisustvo arheolokih cjelina na ovom
podruju lokaliteta sumnjalo na
osnovu ogranienih sondi iz 2010.
godine (Marriner i dr. 2011), njihovo
otkrie je, s obzirom na ogranienu
veliinu sonde, u neku ruku bilo neoekivano i rezultat sretnih okolnosti.
ini se da je glavna arheoloka cjelina jama koja je uzastopno presjecana
pet do est puta, te otud njen sadanji
nepravilni oblik (Slika 9). Jo jedna, manja, jama je takoe djelomino iskopana. Nijedna od njih se nije
mogla u potpunosti iskopati poto su
se obje prostirale izvan granica iskopavanja. Ovo je, meutim, omoguilo da se zabiljee njihovi presjeci u
direktnoj podudarnosti sa ukupnom
stratigrafskom sekvencom sonde. U
obje jame pronaena je samo ograniena materijalna kultura (manje od
50 fragmenata keramike u svakoj,
ukupne teine od cca 2 kg), ali koja
potvruje da datiraju iz kasnoneolitskog perioda.
23
Figure 9: Koievo, 2012 trench

pit with re-cuts

godine, sa presjecima / jamama
When the excavations of all features was completed, a smaller cut

through the main body of the riverbank was also done, in order to check
its geology (Figure 10).
Nakon to je zavreno iskopavanje

svih arheolokih cjelina napravljen je
i manji presjek kroz glavni dio obale
rijeke, kako bi se ispitala njena geologija (Slika 10).
24

cut through riverbank
2013 field season
Following the results of the 2012
field season, and especially the discovery and good preservation of Neolithic cut features, it was decided to
shift the attention to the upper part of
the field. This sector had previously
been out of reach for any archaeological activity because of a strawberry
field which the local farmer did not
want to be damaged. In 2013 however, this strawberry field had been
removed, and the upper area of the

godine, presjek kroz obalu rijeke
Rad na terenu, sezona 2013
Nakon rezultata rada na terenu iz
2012. godine, naroito kada se radi o
otkriu i dobroj ouvanosti neolitskih
presjeenih arheolokih cjelina, odlueno je da se panja preusmjeri na
gornji dio terena. Ovo podruje ranije
je bilo nedostupno za bilo kakvu arheoloku aktivnost zbog polja jagoda
za koje lokalni poljoprivrednik nije
htio da se oteti. Meutim, 2013. godine ovo polje jagoda je uklonjeno,
pa su tako omoguena iskopavanja
25
field became available for excavations. After discussion with the

landowner, a 5x5m trench was thus
opened. The extent of the excavation
was decided in order to maximise the
potential observation and recovery of
cut features, otherwise challenging
in narrow trenches. This field season
was marked by difficult climatic conditions, as heavy rain forced to cancel one day of work during the first
week, whilst snow and cold temperatures marked the second week. These
conditions required the construction
of a shelter above the work area,
without which any activity would
have been possible during the second
week (Figure 11).
na gornjem podruju polja. Nakon

pregovora sa vlasnikom zemljita
uslijedilo je otvaranje sonde veliine
5x5 m. Odluka o obimu iskopavanja
donesena je kako bi se povealo potencijalno opaanje i otkrivanje presjeenih arheolokih cjelina to inae
predstavlja izazov u uskim sondama.
Ova sezona rada na terenu obiljeena
je tekim klimatskim uslovima, pa se
zbog jake kie morao otkazati jedan
dan rada tokom prve sedmice, dok su
snijeg i niske temperature obiljeili
drugu sedmicu. Zbog ovakvih uslova
bilo je potrebno napraviti sklonite
iznad povrine rada, bez kojeg nijedna aktivnost, tokom druge sedmice,
ne bi bila mogua. (Slika 11).

godine
26
After removal of the plough soil,

excavations were conducted in artificial 10cm spits. In this part of the
field, the plough soil presents a depth
of 30-40cm (context 1150). This
is followed by a brown loam layer,
mixed with charcoal and few burnt
clay inclusions. This layer, heavy
with roots and worm activity, is preserved over 60cm, and probably corresponds to one of the overbank horizons (mix of alluvial and colluvial
material, mixed by ancient plough
activity) observed in the same stratigraphic position during the 2012
field season (contexts 1151-1153,
1155, 1157-1159, 1160-1164, 11661169). At the difference of the 2012
sequence however, this layer rests
directly upon the late Pleistocene /
early Holocene compacted gravel
that forms the core of the old riverbank (Figures 12-13). It appears that
the layer of sand, on which the buried
soil rich in archaeological finds developed, is absent here as there was
probably never enough river activity
to leave such deposits in this particular topographic position.
Nakon uklanjanja oranice iskopavanja su vrena u vjetakim otkopnim slojevima od 10 cm. U ovom
dijelu polja, oranica je dubine 30
- 40 cm (kontekst 1150). Zatim slijedi smei sloj ilovae pomijean sa
ugljem i nekoliko sagorjelih glinenih
primjesa. Ovaj sloj, sa dosta korijenja i djelovanja crva, ouvan je preko
60 cm i vjerovatno odgovara jednom
od horizonata sedimentne faze (mjeavina aluvijalnog i koluvijalnog
materijala, rezultat drevnog oranja)
uoenog u istoj stratigrafskoj poziciji
tokom rada na terenu u sezoni 2012.
godine (konteksti 1151-1153, 1155,
1157-1159, 1160-1164, 1166-1169).
Meutim, za razliku od sekvence iz
2012. godine, ovaj sloj direktno lei
na kompaktnom ljunku iz kasnog
pleistocena / ranog holocena, a koji
formira jezgru stare obale rijeke (Slike 12-13). ini se da sloj pijeska na
kojem su se razvili geoloki pohranjeni slojevi zemljita bogati arheolokim nalazima ovde nije prisutan
poto, vjerovatno, nikad nije bilo
dovoljno aktivnosti same rijeke da bi
ostavila takve naslage na ovoj topografskoj poziciji.
27

profile (picture)


profile (drawing)

Potentially the most interesting

and certainly the less expected discovery of the 2013 field season is a
near complete, articulated human
skeleton, found at a depth of c. 40cm
under the base of the modern plough
soil (context 1156; Figure 14). This
partial skeleton was found directly
against the NE profile of the trench,
and thus required the opening of two
supplementary square meters in order to expose it entirely. The skeleton
was lying on its back, the lower torso
Potencijalno najinteresantnije - i
svakako manje oekivano otkrie
tokom terenskog rada u sezoni 2013.
godine je artikulisani ljudski skelet,
ne u potpunosti itav, otkriven na dubini od oko 40 cm ispod dna savremene oranice (kontekst 1156; Slika
14). Ovaj nepotpuni skelet pronaen
je tik uz sjeveroistoni (SI) profil sonde, a da bi se u potpunosti otkrio, bilo
je potrebno otvoriti jo dva kvadratna metra. Skelet je bio na leima, a
donji dio torza pod uglom od pribli-
28
being at an angle of roughly 30 degrees with the legs. The right leg was
placed above the left one. Most of
the upper part of the body, including
the entire cranial bones (with the exception of a tooth found in secondary
position, see below), was absent and
was destroyed by a later feature. The
right arm was only represented by
the lower part, while the left arm was
found complete. As for the rest of the
skeleton, the right arm was found in
anatomical order, and presented a
strong flexed position, the hand lying
above the right shoulder (Figure 15).
A full bioanthropological assessment
can be found in section 2.6.
no 30 stepeni sa nogama. Desna noga

je bila preko lijeve. Vei dio gornjeg
dijela tijela, ukljuujui sve kosti
lobanje (osim zuba pronaenog na
sekundarnoj poziciji, vidjeti ispod)
nedostajao je i uniten je kasnijom
arheolokom cjelinom. Desnu ruku
inio je samo donji dio, dok je lijeva ruka naena potpuna. to se tie
ostatka skeleta, desna ruka je pronaena anatomskim redom i bila je u
jako savijenoj poziciji, sa akom poloenoj iznad desnog ramena (Slika
15). Cijela bioantropoloka procjena
moe se vidjeti u poglavlju 2.6..

human skeleton (context 1156) (picture)

godine, ljudski skelet (kontekst 1156)
(slika)
29

human skeleton (context 1156) (plan)
Neither associated cut nor specific
fill were observed, and the skeleton
was found in the same soil matrix as
the rest of the surrounding layer. This
is hardly surprising given the amount
of bioturbation, both roots and
worms, characterising this layer. No
grave goods were found, which make
30

godine, ljudski skelet (kontekst 1156)
(plan)
Nisu primjeeni ni pripadajui presjek ni konkretna ispuna, a skelet je
naen u istoj matrici tla kao i ostatak
okolnog sloja. Ovo ne udi imajui
u vidu koliinu bioturbacije, ukljuujui i korijenje i crve, koja karakterie ovaj sloj. Nije pronaena nikakva
the dating of this skeleton difficult. A

bone sample was taken and submitted for radiocarbon dating: the results, reported in section 2.7, indicate
that, contrary to most expectations in
the field, the skeleton is actually of
Neolithic date. The absence of grave
goods, and of any burial construction
(e.g. stone cist, coffin...), plus the
awkward position of the skeleton, all
suggest that we are not dealing here
with a grave stricto sensu, but rather with a body that was disposed of
with limited care. This conclusion is
reinforced by the fact that the skeleton was partially destroyed by a later
posthole, which was later observed
and entirely dug, leading to the discovery of some further small bone
fragments and at least one tooth.
grobna oprema, to oteava njegovo

datiranje. Kako bi se izvrilo radiokarbonsko datovanje uzet je uzorak
kosti: rezultati, prikazani u poglavlju
2.7 ukazuju na to da, suprotno od veinskog oekivanja, skelet datira iz
perioda neolita. Nepostojanje grobne
opreme, kao ni bilo kakve pogrebne
konstrukcije (npr. kameni grob / mrtvaki sanduk...), kao i udna pozicija skeleta ukazuju na to da se ovde ne
radi o grobu stricto sensu, ve je u pitanju odlaganje tijela sa nedovoljnom
panjom. Na ovakav zakljuak dodatno navodi i injenica da je skelet
djelomino uniten kasnijom rupom
od stuba, koja je kasnije uoena i u
potpunosti iskopana, to je dovelo do
otkria nekih manjih fragmenata kostiju i najmanje jednog zuba.
After completion of the excavation of the skeleton, the gravel was

exposed over the entire surface of
the trench, which led to the discovery of a dozen cut features, probably
all postholes (Figure 16). No clear
spatial organisation was discernible,
although some alignments are more
than likely. Dating evidence is limited, as none of the features yielded
any significant amount of material
culture. Two features are directly
dated to the Neolithic period by radiocarbon (Feature 11), although
one of these is not without difficulties (see section 2.7). The only other
Nakon zavretka iskopavanja

skeleta, otkriven je ljunak preko
cijele povrine sonde, to je dovelo
do otkria desetka presjeenih arheolokih cjelina, vjerovatno sve rupe
od stubova (Slika 16). Nije vidljiva
jasna prostorna organizacija, mada
su neka poravnanja vie nego vjerovatna. Dokazi datiranja su ogranieni
budui da se ni iz jedne arheoloke
cjeline nije dobila znaajna koliina
materijalne kulture. Za dvije arheoloke cjeline je radiokarbonskom
metodom direktno utvreno da potiu iz neolita (Arh. cjelina 11), iako
jedna od njih sa potekoama (vidjeti
31
feature for which we have indirect

dating evidence is the posthole that
re-cuts the skeleton (Feature 12). The
14C date for this skeleton provides a
terminus post quem for this feature;
unfortunately, no clear relationship
can be drawn between this particular
posthole and the other cut features.
poglavlje 2.7.). Jedina druga arheoloka cjelina za koju imamo indirektan dokaz o datovanju je rupa od
stuba koja presjeca skelet vie puta
(Arh. cjelina 12). Datum 14C za ovaj
skelet daje terminus post quem za
ovu arheoloku cjelinu; naalost, ne
moe se odrediti jasna veza izmeu
ove konkretne rupe od stuba i drugih
presjeenih arheolokih cjelina.

plan of features

godine, nacrt arheolokih cjelina
Systematic flotation samples were

taken from the first stratigraphic layer, from the soil immediately associated with the skeleton, as well as
Sistematski flotacijski uzorci uzeti

su iz prvog stratigrafskog sloja, iz zemlje neposredno povezanoj sa skeletom kao i iz ispune svake presjeene
32
from the fill of every cut feature. The

results are presented in section 2.4.
Finds
As for the previous field seasons,
excavations have yielded a large
quantity of finds, with a total of
2122 potsherds (total weight: c. 33.8
kg), 397 animal bone fragments (c.
5.3kg), and 509 lithic implements (c.
5kg). Preliminary assessments of the
and lithic and zooarchaeological assemblages can be found in sections
2.3 and 2.5 respectively.
Lastly, a series of augering transects were undertaken, focusing upon
the sector to the west of the 2013
trench. These boreholes confirm that
the site of Koievo lies upon a gravel riverbank, with deposits of sand
with developed buried soil over the
lower parts of the slopes. The full geoarchaeological report can be found
in the following section.
arheoloke cjeline. Rezultati su prikazani u dijelu 2.4.

Nalazi
Kada su u pitanju prethodne sezone rada na terenu, iskopavanjima se
dolo do velike koliine nalaza, sa
ukupno 2122 fragmenata keramike
(ukupne teine: cca. 33.8 kg), 397
fragmenata ivotinjskih kostiju (cca.
5.3 kg) i 509 kremenih alatki (cca. 5
kg). Preliminarna procjena kremene i
arheozooloke zbirke moe se nai u
poglavljima 2.3. i 2.5., za svaku posebno.
Na kraju je uraen niz transekata
arheolokom burgijom sa fokusom
na dio zapadno od sonde iz 2013.
godine. Ove buotine potvruju da
lokalitet Koievo lei na ljunkovitoj obali rijeke sa naslagama pijeska
sa razvijenim geoloki pohranjenim
slojevima zemljita na niim dijelovima padine. Cijeli geoarheoloki
izvjetaj se moe nai u iduem poglavlju.
33
2.2. Geoarchaeology
2.2. Geoarheologija
By Gary Marriner, Charles French

and Tonko Rajkovaa
Autori: Gary Marriner, Charles

French i Tonko Rajkovaa
Introduction
Uvod
Geoarchaeological investigations
of the lower Vrbas valley began in
2009 with visits to three sites previously identified by survey work
conducted by Dr. P. Miracle and
Mr. T. Rajkovaa. One of the sites
visited, Koievo, has subsequently had larger test excavations conducted and has become a focus of
investigations in the area (see 2.1).
The work at the site can be broadly
split into two separate phases. Firstly
there was a phase of site prospection,
which aimed at evaluating the sites
potential as a Neolithic settlement
and evaluate preservation factors.
Secondly was a phase of test excavations with the intention of understanding the nature of human occupation at the site through multiple
archaeological techniques. As shown
in the previous section (2.1), the site
was found to be stratigraphically
complex and rich in terms of material culture and archaeological features
dating from the Neolithic period (late
6th / early to mid 5th millennium BC).
Geoarheoloka istraivanja doline

donjeg toka Vrbasa zapoeta su 2009.
godine obilaskom tri lokaliteta, prethodno identifikovanim istraivanjem
koje su obavili dr P. Miracle i mr T.
Rajkovaa. Na jednom od obienih
lokaliteta, Koievo, kasnije su uraena vea probna iskopavanja i postao je centralno mjesto istraivanja
u tom podruju. (vidjeti 2.1.). Rad na
lokalitetu se, generalno, moe podijeliti u dvije odvojene faze. Prva faza
je ukljuivala prospekciju lokaliteta,
koja je za cilj imala procjenu potencijala lokaliteta kao neolitskog naselja kao i procjenu faktora ouvanosti. Druga faza je ukljuivala probna
iskopavanja s ciljem razumijevanja
prirode ljudskog naseljavanja na lokalitetu putem viestrukih arheolokih tehnika. Kao to je prikazano u
prethodnom dijelu (poglavlje 2.1.),
ustanovljeno je da je lokalitet statigrafski kompleksan i bogat u pogledu materijalne kulture i arheolokih
cjelina iz perioda neolita (kasni 6. /
rani do srednji 5. milenijum p.n.e.).
34
As well as a large extension of the

initial borehole survey, a number of
test pits and two larger trenches have
been excavated in subsequent years.
The work to date has shown that an
old river channel, a possible tributary
of the Vrbas, runs across the site area
and human occupation has been discovered close to the channel and on
its banks.
Geology and Site Location
The geological framework of Bosnia and Herzegovina comprises of
three geo-tectonic zones namely the
Outer, Central and Inner Dinarides.
The area in which the site is located within the Inner Dinarides which
consist of Palaeozoic and Mesozoic
clastic rocks and carbonate, Jurassic
ophiolitic rock and melange, Cretaceous and Palaeogene flysch and
granite, Neogene andesite dacite, and
lacustrine, lacustrine-lagoonal and
marine molasse (Muli et al. 2006).
Above the deep geology the area is
dominated by fluvial sands and gravels deposited during periods of river
migration and formation during the
last Ice Age.
The modern topsoil of the area is
primarily formed of Stagnic Luvisols
across the river basin with an expected zone of Calcaric Fluvisol along
the modern course of the river. In ad-
Pored proirenog prvobitnog istraivanja buotina brojne sonde i dve

vee sonde su iskopane u narednim
godinama. Dosadanji rad je pokazao da se stari rijeni kanal, mogua
pritoka Vrbasa, prua kroz podruje
lokaliteta, a u blizini kanala i na njegovim obalama otkriveno je ljudsko
naseljavanje.
Geologija i poloaj lokaliteta
Geoloki okvir Bosne i Hercegovine obuhvata tri geotektonska pojasa, tj. vanjske, centralne i unutranje
Dinaride. Podruje u kojem se nalazi
lokalitet je u sklopu unutranjih Dinarida, a sastoji se od paleozojskih
i mezozojskih klastinih stijena i
karbonata, jurskih ofiolitskih stijena
i melana, kredskog i paleogenog
flia i granita, neogenskog andezitskog dacita, i jezerske, jezersko - lagunalne i morske molase (Muli et
al 2006). Iznad duboke geologije podrujem dominiraju fluvijalni pijesak
i ljunak nataloeni tokom perioda
kretanja i formiranja rijeke za vrijeme posljednjeg ledenog doba.
Savremeni povrinski sloj zemljita ovog podruja najveim dijelom
ine Stagnic Luvisol-a irom rijenog sliva sa oekivanim pojasom
Calcaric Fluvisol-a du savremenog
toka rijeke. Pored toga, tu su i podruja Eutric-stagnic Cambisol-a i
35
dition there are areas of Eutric-stagnic Cambisol and Pellic Vertisol and
a small isolated area of Stagnic Albeluvisol. The presence of so many
types of modern soil in a small area
is indicative of the complexity in pedogenesis in the region.
The site is located within an area
of Luvisol on the floodplain of the
river Vrbas, approximately 2.5km
west of the modern channel, and
some 11km to the south-west of the
confluence with the Sava river. Generally the area consists of a dynamic
alluvial system with various hydrological features, the most prominent
of which, Bardaa Lake, is situated
approximately 6.5km to the north.
Modern drainage of the lake has
largely affected the water table of
the area. Satellite imagery, as available thanks to Google Earth for instance, shows a large number of potential palaeo-channels throughout
the floodplain, especially to the west
around the village of Novo Topola.
The observation of the channels in
this area is aided by the comparatively large fields, un-obscured by tree
lines or modern construction.
36
Pellic Vertisol-a kao i malo, izolovano, podruje Stagnic Albeluvisol-a.

Postojanje toliko vrsta savremenog
tla na malom podruju je pokazatelj
sloenosti u pedogenezi podruja.
Lokalitet je smjeten unutar Luvisol-a (lesno tlo) na plavnom podruju rijeke Vrbas, oko 2.5 km zapadno
od savremenog kanala i oko 11 km
jugozapadno od ua u rijeku Savu.
Podruje je, generalno posmatrano,
sastavljeno od dinaminog aluvijalnog sistema razliitih hidrolokih
obiljeja od kojih je najistaknutije
jezero Bardaa, smjeteno oko 6.5
km prema sjeveru. Savremeno odvodnjavanje jezera je, u velikoj mjeri, uticalo na vodenu plohu podruja.
Satelitska snimka, dostupna zahvaljujui Google Earth-u na primjer,
pokazuje veliki broj potencijalnih
paleokanala irom plavnog podruja,
a posebno prema zapadu oko Nove
Topole. Relativno velika polja, nezatamnjena drveem ili modernom
gradnjom olakavaju uoavanje kanala na ovom podruju.
Figure 17: Location map of the

site of Koievo
Slika 17: Mapa poloaja lokaliteta

Koievo
Methodology
Metodologija
Fieldwork
The site was initially subject to a
single transect of boreholes set every
20m, and running along an ENEWSW alignment perpendicular to
the orientation of the valley. In subsequent seasons boreholes were excavated largely at 20m intervals and
occasionally at 10m intervals in a
grid across most of the site in order
to maximise coverage. An exposed
profile from a modern well was also
utilised, especially during the site
Rad na terenu
Lokalitet je prvobitno bio predmet
jednog transekta buotina postavljenih na svakih 20 m koji je iao du
linije ISI-ZJZ okomito na orijentaciju doline. Tokom narednih sezona
buotine su uglavnom iskopavane
u razmacima od 20 m, a povremeno i od 10 m, u mrei preko veeg
dijela lokaliteta kako bi se poveala pokrivenost. Koriten je i profil
napravljen prilikom kopanja savremenog bunara, naroito tokom faze
37
prospection phase. Away from the

main site area, a small group of boreholes were excavated to identify the
extent of the site area and to investigate other potential sites in the vicinity. As the borehole surveys showed
a great deal of activity, test pits, and
later, trenches were inserted. The
aim of the excavations was to provide cultural, faunal and botanical
remains and to allow access to profiles for geochemical and micromorphological analyses. The 2012 trench
was positioned in order the examine
the nature of the channel and human
occupation on its immediate banks.
The 2013 trench aimed to investigate
human presence further from the
channel, on the gravel levee to the
west of the river.
Laboratory
The main stratigraphic horizons
of the trench profiles at the site
were sampled and analysed using
soil micromorphological techniques
(Murphy 1986, Courty et al. 1989),
pH testing and multi-element analysis (Wilson et al. 2008, Oonk et al.
2009). Additionally certain samples
were subject to magnetic susceptibility, electrical conductivity, redox
potential, organic content and calcium carbonate content. The thin sections of the excavation profiles were
38
prospekcije lokaliteta. Manja grupa

buotina je iskopana izvan glavnog
podruja lokaliteta kako bi se utvrdila veliina podruja lokaliteta i
istraili drugi potencijalni lokaliteti
u blizini. Kako su pregledi buotina
bili dosta aktivni, postavljene su sonde, a kasnije jarkovi. Cilj iskopavanja bio je nai kulturne, ivotinjske i
botanike ostatke i omoguiti pristup
profilima za geohemijsku i mikromorfoloku analizu. Sonda iz sezone
2012. godine je pozicioniran kako bi
se istraio karakter kanala i ljudskog
nastanjivanja na obalama u njegovoj
neposrednoj blizini. Sonda iz sezone
2013. godine imala je za cilj istraiti ljudsko prisustvo dalje od kanala,
na ljunkovitom nasipu zapadno od
rijeke.
Laboratorijska ispitivanja
Uzeti su uzorci glavnih stratigrafskih horizonata profila sonde na
lokalitetu i analizirani koritenjem
mikromorfolokih tehnika (Murphy
1986, Courty i dr. 1989), pH ispitivanja i multielementne analize (Wilson
i dr. 2008, Oonk i dr.). Pored toga,
odreeni uzorci bili su predmet magnetne susceptibilnosti, elektrine
provodljivosti, redoks potencijala,
sadraja organskog sastava kao i sadraja kalcijevog karbonata. Tanki
presjeci profila iskopavanja opisani
described using the terminology of

Bullock and collaborators (1985)
and Stoops (2003). Their analysis
revealed the Holocene soil developmental history, particularly that associated with the Neolithic settlement
activity, and provide complementary
data to the palaeo-vegetational and
land-use history of the site.
Multi-element analysis was performed on a full series of samples
through the excavated sequences
from the 2012 trench with selected
results presented in Table 1. Although
35 elements were analysed, a much
smaller suite of elements is usually
considered reflective of human activities in soils. These include barium,
calcium, phosphorus, strontium, zinc
and copper, whose accumulation is
most likely associated with bone and
charcoal in settlements (Wilson et al.
2008), with zinc known to be limited by phosphate with increasing pH
(Cresser et al. 1998).
su korienjem terminologije Bullocka i saradnika (1985) i Stoopsa

(2003). Njihova analiza je pokazala
razvojnu istoriju holocenskog tla,
naroito onu povezanu sa neolitskim
naseljem, i pruila dodatne podatke
paleo-vegetacijskoj istoriji kao i istoriji koritenja zemljita lokaliteta.
Multielementna analiza je uraena
na cijeloj seriji uzoraka kroz iskopane sekvence iz sondi iz sezone 2012.
godine sa selektovanim rezultatima
prikazanih u Tabeli 1. Iako su analizirana 35 elementa, obino ih se i
za puno manji broj smatra dovoljno
da odraavaju aktivnosti ljudi vezane
za zemljite. Tu spadaju barij, kalcij,
fosfor, stroncij, cink i bakar ija je
akumulacija najvjerovatnije povezana sa kostima i ugljem u naseljima
(Wilson i dr. 2008), a poznato je da
fosfat sa poveanjem pH ograniava
cink (Cresser i dr. 1998).
39

Sample / Uzorak
pH
Ba
ppm
Ca
%
Fe
%
Mn
ppm
P
ppm
Sr
ppm
Zn
ppm
Pr 1/1, 0-10
7.64
140
1.42
2.84
1350
3640
39
171
Pr 1/2 30-40
7.92
110
5.16
2.55
1090
3790
83
134
Pr 1/3, 6-70
8.26
100
9.8
2.02
894
4320
149
117
Pr 1/4, 100-110
8.27
80
9.7
2.02
814
3300
133
96
Pr 1/5, 110-120
8.24
80
10.0
2.13
913
3610
137
93
Pr 1/6, 120-130
8.3
70
10.6
2.04
738
3590
139
86
Pr 1/7, 130-150
8.35
90
9.0
2.36
989
3520
133
105
Pr 12/1, 98-110
8.33
90
9.6
2.22
895
3340
132
100
Pr 12/1, 160-165cm
8.24
90
8.8
2.46
930
3820
138
116
Table 1: Mutli-element analysis

from selected samples, 2012 trench
A variety of geochemical methods
were used to examine the site in further detail and to gather evidence on
land use in the past, pedogenesis, site
formation and preservation factors.
pH is the measure of how acidic or
alkaline a soil or sediment is. It has
been shown that there is a statistically significant relationship between a
decrease in pH (i.e. the soil becoming more acidic) and a decrease in
the preservation of osseous materials
and phosphatic components
40
Tabela 1: Multielementna analiza iz selektovanih uzoraka, sonda iz

2012. godine
Koritene su razliite geohemijske
metode kako bi se detaljnije ispitao
lokalitet i prikupili dokazi o koritenju zemlje u prolosti, pedogenezi,
formiranju lokaliteta i faktorima ouvanosti. pH oznaava mjeru aciditeta
(kiselosti) ili alkalnosti (bazinosti)
tla ili sedimenta. Pokazalo se da postoji statistiki znaajan odnos izmeu smanjenja pH (tj. zemlja postaje
acidinija) i smanjenja u ouvanosti
kotanih materijala i fosfatnih komponenti.
Magnetic susceptibility (MS) is a

measurement of the magnetisation of
particles that maybe present in a soil
or sediment. The degree of magnetic
susceptibility is used by archaeologists for three main reasons; site and
buried soil prospection, identification
of hearth areas and explaining reddened areas within a sediment. Soils
are known to have increased magnetic susceptibility due to biological
activity forming Maghemite (Fe2O3),
which is magnetic. This member of
the iron oxide family forms from the
fermentation processes associated
with alternating oxidation/reduction
conditions.
Electrical conductivity (EC) measures the ability for a soil or sediment
to conduct an electrical current and
this can be used as a relative proxy
for the amount of nutrients in a soil
or sediment, although it does not
identify any specific nutrients. The
principle for interpretation here is
that archaeological sites may often exhibit a higher nutrient content
than the surrounding area due to the
high amounts of food production,
processing and consumption that occur on human settlement sites or as
deliberate manuring on agricultural
land. As a proxy measure though, its
results are only useful when compared to background readings which
are known to be devoid of anthropogenic markers.
Magnetna susceptibilnost (MS) je

mjerenje magnetizacije estica koje
mogu biti prisutne u zemlji ili sedimentu. Postoje tri glavna razloga
zato arheolozi koriste stepen magnetne susceptibilnosti; prospekcija lokaliteta i geoloki pohranjenih
slojeva zemljita, odreivanje mjesta
ognjita i objanjavanje pocrvenjelih
podruja sedimenta. Poznato je da
tla imaju poveanu magnetnu susceptibilnost zbog bioloke aktivnosti
formiranja magemita (Fe2O3), koja
je magnetna. Ovaj lan porodice eljeznog oksida se formira iz procesa
fermentacije vezanih za naizmjenine uslove oksidacije/redukcije.
Elektrina provodljivost (EC)
mjeri sposobnost tla ili sedimenta
da provodi elektrinu struju i ovo se
moe koristiti kao relativan proksi
za koliinu nutrijenata u tlu ili sedimentu, iako ne identifikuje neki poseban nutrijent. Ovo se tumai time
da arheoloki lokaliteti esto mogu
pokazati vei hranjivi sadraj nego
okolna podruja, a razlog tome su
velike koliine proizvodnje hrane,
obrade i konzumacije koje se deavaju na mjestima ljudskih naselja ili
kao posljedica namjernog ubrenja
na poljopriprednom zemljitu. Ipak,
kao proksi mjera, njeni rezultati su
korisni samo kada se porede sa pozadinskim oitavanjima koja nemaju
antropogenske oznake.
41
Redox measures the amount of

oxidisation or reduction in an iron
rich sediment. It has been used in archaeological contexts as a marker of
organic preservation and also can be
used as a marker in soil formation.
Redoks mjeri koliinu oksidacije

ili redukcije u sedimentima bogatim
eljezom. U arheolokom kontekstu se koristi kao oznaka organske
ouvanosti a moe se koristiti i kao
oznaka u formiranju tla.
Loss-on-ignition (LoI) is use to

provided a measure of the amount
of organic and Calcium Carbonate
(CaCO3) constituents of a sediment.
Organic content is used as a marker of human occupation. CaCO3 is
useful when examining sediment
depositional patterns. Particle size
analysis measures the physical size
of particles within a given sample
using laser displacement. It provides
detailed information on the relative
proportions of sand, silt and clay
particles in a particular stratigraphic
unit. This enhances information on
site formation and post-depositional effects, such as animal burrowing
and hydrological action.
Gubitak arenjem (LoI) se koristi

kako bi se dobila mjera koliine organskih komponenti i komponenti
kalcijevog karbonata (CaCO3) sedimenta. Sadraj organskog sastava se
koristi kao oznaka ljudskog naseljavanja. CaCO3 je koristan kod ispitivanja obrazaca depozicije sedimenta.
Analiza veliine estice mjeri fiziku
veliinu estica unutar datog uzorka
koritenjem laserskog premjetanja.
Prua detaljne podatke o relativnim
proporcijama estica pijeska, mulja i gline u odreenoj stratigrafskoj
jedinici. Na taj nain poveavaju se
podaci o formiranju lokaliteta i postdepozicijskim efektima, kao to su
rovanje ivotinja i hidroloko djelovanje.
42
Results
2009-2010
Rezultati
2009 2010. godina
The 2009-2010 results have been

published elsewhere (Marriner et al.
2011) but it is of use to briefly summarise the findings here.
Rezultati iz 2009 2010. godine su ve objavljeni (Marriner i dr.

2011), ali korisno ih je ukratko prikazati i ovde.
In 2009 the auger failed to show

any recognizable buried soil in the
lower eastern half of the transect.
However, the well profile and the
upper western half of the transect
did show a possible archaeological feature and a thickened area of
buried soil. The exposed well section showed the following short sequence: an Ap horizon or ploughsoil
(0-40cm); an artefact-rich, silty-clay
loam B horizon (40-90cm); a pale
brown sandy silty B/C(90-110cm),
all developed on gravel terrace drift
geology. During the March 2010
field season the site was revisited in
order to explore in a greater depth the
features highlighted on the original
visit. Around the central area of the
site, two 1m2 test pits were excavated to investigate it further. As well as
the test pits, further boreholes were
excavated on an approximate grid
pattern in order to improve the resolution of data at approximately 10m
intervals. Test Pit 1 was excavated to
a depth of approximately 1.5m and
Neolithic material culture was found
U 2009. godini arheolokom burgijom nije otkriven nijedan prepoznatljiv pohranjeni sloj zemlje u donjoj istonoj polovini transekta. Ipak,
profil bunara i gornja zapadna polovina transekta su otkrile moguu arheoloku cjelinu i zadebljano podruje
pohranjenog sloja zemlje. Otkriveni
presjek bunara pokazuje slijedeu
kratku sekvencu: Ap horizont ili oranica (0-40 cm); artefaktima bogat
horizont B (40-90 cm) od prakasto
glinovite ilovaa; blijedosme pjeskovit mulj B/C (90-110 cm), svi nastali na ljunkovitoj terasi naneene
geologije. Lokalitet je ponovo istraivan tokom terenskog rada u martu 2010. godine kako bi se dodatno
istraile arheoloke cjeline oznaene
u prvobitnom obilasku. Oko sredinjeg podruja lokaliteta iskopane su
dvije probne sonde od po 1m2 kako
bi se izvrilo daljnje istraivanje. I
probne sonde, i dodatne buotine su
iskopane na aproksimativnom mrenom uzorku kako bi se pojaala rezolucija podataka u razmacima od
priblino 10 m. Probna sonda 1 je
43
throughout. Test Pit 2 was excavated to a depth of approximately 1.5m

and showed a similar profile to that
found in the modern well. Neolithic
artefacts were recovered from a pale
brown sandy silt substrate above the
natural gravel.
Samples were taken for physical and geochemical analysis from
across the site during both field seasons, in order to classify the kinds of
sediments at the site, to see if any anthropogenic disturbance could be detected and to assess the preservation
potential of the site.
The silty topsoil is slightly acidic
(pH 5.53-6.20) with the site tending
towards more alkaline sediments
deeper down, reflecting the calcareous terrace deposits and groundwater system beneath. The organic
content of the soil, decreases content
with depth, with the topsoil having
between 8.7-6.28% organic, compared with consistent results of less
than 6% below 40cm. The nutrient
content and magnetic susceptibility
both feature a peak in results around
60-70cm, consistently across the site.
Whilst the difference in nutrient content (measured in S/cm by Electrical Conductivity) could be caused by
natural pedogenesis and/or its level
position at the base of the modern
ploughsoil, it is possible that these
lower readings are found because
44
iskopana do dubine od oko 1.5 m i

materijali neolitske materijalne kulture su pronaeni u svim djelovima
sonde. Probna sonda 2 je iskopana do
dubine od oko 1.5m i pokazivala je
profil slian onom naenom u savremenom bunaru. Neolitski artefakti
su naeni u supstratu od blijedosmeeg pjeskovitog mulja koji se nalazi
iznad prirodnog ljunka.
Tokom obje terenske sezone, sa cijele teritorije lokaliteta su uzeti uzorci za fiziku i geohemijsku analizu da
bi se klasifikovale vrste sedimenata
na lokalitetu, da bi se ustanovilo da li
se mogu primjetiti bilo kakvi antopogenski poremeaji, i da bi se procjenila ouvanost lokaliteta.
Muljevit povrinski sloj zemlje je
blago kiseo (pH 5.53-6.20), dok dublje naslage na lokalitetu naginju ka
alkalnijoj sredini, to se vidi u sedimentima krenjake terase i sistemu
podzemnih voda. Sadraj organskog
sastava tla opada sa dubinom, sa
izmeu 8.7-6.28% u povrinskom
sloju, u poreenju sa dosljednim rezultatima od manje od 6% na dubini ispod 40 cm. I hranljivi sadraj i
magnetna susceptibilnost se najvie pojavlju u rezultatima oko 60-70
cm dubine, i taj rezultat je postojan
irom lokaliteta. Dok bi razlike u nutritivnom sadraju (mjerene elektrinom provodljivosti u S/cm) mogle
biti uzrokovane prirodnom pedogen-
the sediment present is a fill. It is

noticeable that, indeed, the 2012 excavations confirmed the presence of
Neolithic cut features in this sector of
the site.
The thin sections taken from the
well profile show a mixed organic
sandy loam and clay-rich loam which
probably correspond to a mixed organic buried Ab horizon and a clay
rich B horizon. However both horizons are deeply disturbed by physical mixing, likely to be as a result
of deep ploughing in the area. The
incorporation of poorly organised
dusty clay, which is likely to be alluvially derived material from overbank flooding, suggests that the site
consists of a calcareous alluviated
brown earth on river terrace deposits. The presence of micro-charcoal
and punctuated organic components
within a sandy (clay) loam matrix
suggests that what we see today is
the remains of an alluviated old land
surface. The sandy loam component
is indicative of the weathering of underlying river terrace gravels and the
formation of a brown earth, and the
dusty clay is component likely derive from overbank flooding as alluvial deposits. This has been truncated
in the past and deeply disturbed by
modern ploughing
zeom i/ili poloajem njenog sloja na

dnu savremene oranice, mogue je da
su ova nia oitavanja dobijena zbog
prisutva sedimenta u ispuni. Primjetno je da su iskopavanja iz 2012. godine zaista potvrdila prisustvo neolitskih presjeenih arheolokih cjelina
u ovom dijelu lokaliteta.
Tanki presjeci uzeti iz bunarskog
profila pokazuju mjeavinu organske
pjeskovite ilovae i glinom bogate
ilovae, to vjerovatno odgovara pohranjenom sloju zemljita Ab horizonta sa organskom mjeavinom i B
horizonta bogatog glinom. Ipak oba
ova horizonta su ozbiljno poremeena fizikim mijeanjem, to je najvjerovatnije posljedica dubokog oranja
u tom podruju. Pripajanje loe organizovane muljevite gline, vjerovatno
nastale od aluvijalnih materijala od
plavljenja sedimentne faze, ukazuje
da se lokalitet sastoji od krenjake
aluvijalne smee zemlje na naslagama rijene terase. Prisustvo mikrouglja i isprekidanih organskih komponenata u matrici od pjeskovite (glina) ilovae navodi na zakljuak da
su ono to danas vidimo ostaci stare
zemljane povrine nastale aluvijacijom. Sastav pjeskovite ilovae ukazuje na degradaciju ljunka rijene
terase koja se nalazi ispod i formiranja smee zemlje, a muljevita glina
je komponenta koja je vjerovatno
nastala kao aluvijalna naslaga plav45
2012
During the 2012 season, a 15x2/3m
trial trench was placed across the
break of slope between the well and
the former floodplain, about 75m
north-east of the farmhouse. In addition further boreholes were excavated around the main area of the site.
The trench provided the first complete section profile at the site and
was therefore crucial in answering
various geoarchaeological questions
posed by the site. The north-west
facing profile of Trench 1 (Profile 1;
Figure 18) was examined in detail
using a variety of geoarchaeological
techniques.

north-west facing profile
46
ljenjem sedimentne faze. Ovaj dio je

okrnjen u prolosti i ozbiljno naruen
savremenim oranjem.
2012. godina
Tokom terenske sezone 2012. godine, 15x2/3 m probna sonda je napravljen preko prekida padine, izmeu bunara i nekadanjeg plavnog
podruja, oko 75 m sjeveroistono
od gazdinstva. Pored toga, dodatne
buotine su iskopane oko glavnog
dijela lokaliteta. Sonda je omoguila
prvi kompletan presjek profila na lokalitetu i stoga bio od presudne vanosti za davanje odgovora na razna
geoarheoloka pitanja postavljena
od strane lokaliteta. Sjeverozapadno
okrenut profil sonde 1 (profil 1; Slika
18) je detaljno ispitan upotrebom raznih geoarheolokih tehnika.
Slika18: Koievo, sonda iz 2012.

godine, sjeverozapadno okrenut profil
The trench profile revealed a c.

35-40cm thick buried soil about 1m
below the modern ground surface, all
developed on a calcareous fine sand
and silt, overlying bedded sand and
gravel deposits indicative of either
glacial outwash and/or palaeo-channel fills. The buried soil is a very dark
brown silt loam, possibly with an
input of overbank flood-derived silt
and clay material, into which were
dug a series of inter-cutting Neolithic
pits. Overlying this buried soil were
three major horizons (c. 30-40cm
thick each) of silty clay loam which
are all indicative of seasonal overbank alluvial deposition and periods
of stabilisation. The even mixing of
either gravel and/or fired clay fragments with the alluvial deposits suggests that every major horizon was
subjected to physical mixing, most
probably caused by plough agriculture. A series of seven soil blocks
were taken from each major horizon for micromorphological analysis
(Profile 1, see below) and small bulk
samples for geo-chemical characterisation.
In the multi-element analysis, the
majority of the elements analysed
are present only in trace or very low
amounts. Nevertheless, there are enhanced levels of phosphorus (possible phosphate) (P), with slightly
enhanced values of barium (Ba),
Profil sonde je otkrio oko 35 - 40

cm debeo pohranjen sloj zemlje oko
1 m ispod savremene zemljane povrine, kompletno nastao na krenjakom sitnom pijesku i mulju, koji
lei na poloenim pjeanim i ljunkovitim naslagama, koje ukazuju ili
na glacijalne naslage i/ili na ispune
paleokanala. Pohranjeni sloj zemlje
je tamno smea muljevita ilovaa,
vjerovatno sa unosom plavljenog
muljevitog i glinastog materijala sedimentne faze, u kojoj je iskopan niz
ispresjecanih neolitskih jama. Preko
ovog pohranjanog sloja zemlje lee
tri glavna horizonta (otprilike 30-40
cm debljine svaki) od pjeskovito glinaste ilovae, koji su svi pokazatelji
sezonskih aluvijalnih taloenja sedimentne faze i perioda stabilizacije.
Ravnomjerno mijeanje ili ljunka
i/ili paljenih glinenih fragmenata sa
aluvijalnim naslagama ukazuje da
je svaki od glavnih horizonata bio
predmetom fizikog mijeanja, vjerovatno uzrokovanim ratarskom poljoprivredom. Niz od sedam blokova
zemlje su izvaeni iz svakog od glavnih horizonata radi mikromorfoloke
analize (profil 1, vidjeti ispod) i manji uzorci za geohemijsku karakterizaciju.
U multielementnoj analizi, veina analiziranih elementa su prisutni
samo u tragovima ili veoma malim
koliinama. Ipak, poveani su ni47
manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), strontium (Sr) and zinc (Zn) (Table 1).
In particular, phosphorus values are
high, ranging from 3300-4320ppm.
The enhanced phosphate and barium
levels suggest a settlement refuse-derived component to the alluvial soils
present at Koievo. Indeed, there
is a considerable and varied organic
component to the soil profile with
some phosphatic-iron formation in
the voids (see below). The soil/sediment at Koievo ranges in pH from
7.6 to 8.35, increasing with depth
from the surface. This reflects a calcareous groundwater system.
Profile 1
The samples (5, 7) taken at the
basal contact with the underlying
weathered geological substrate are
composed of a dense, micritic, sandy
clay loam. The B/C substrate (in the
base of sample 1/7 and sample 1/5)
is predominantly composed of more
or less even fractions of fine quartz
sand, micrite, pure clay and illuvial
dusty (or silty) clay lining some of
the voids (Figures 19-20). The base
of the palaeosol above (upper twothirds of sample 1/7) is composed
of a mixture of humic quartz sand
and very abundant or silty/dusty clay
with minor micrite, mainly in the
voids (Figure 21). This fabric contains common plant tissue fragments,
very fine charcoal fragments and
moderate humic staining throughout,
48
voi fosfora (vjerovatno fosfata) (P),

sa blago poveanim vrijednostima
barijuma (Ba), mangan (Mn), eljezo (Fe), stroncijum (Sr) i cink (Zn)
(Tabela 1). Naroito su visoke vrijednosti fosfora koje se kreu izmeu 3300-4320 ppm. Uveani nivoi
fosfora i barijuma ukazuje na komponentu nastalu iz stambenog otpada
aluvijalnog tla prisutnog u Koievu.
Zaista, postoje znaajne i raznovrsne
organske komponente u zemljanom
profilu sa odreenim fosforno - eljeznim formacijama u upljinama (vidjeti ispod). PH vrijednost tla/sedminata u Koevievu se kree izmeu
7.6 i 8.35, poveavajui se to se vie
sputa u dubinu dalje od povrine. To
je odraz krenjakog sistema podzemnih voda.
Profil 1
Uzorci (5, 7) uzeti sa spoja dna i
degradiranog geolokog supstrata ispod njega se sastoje od guste, mikritske, pjeskovite glinaste ilovae. B/C
supstrat (na dnu uzorka 1/7 i 1/5) se
uglavnom sastoji od manje ili vie
jednakih djelova sitnog kvarcnog pijeska, mikrita, iste gline i iluvijalne
muljevite gline koja oblae neke od
upljina (slike 19-20). Dno paleotla
iznad (gornje 2/3 uzorka 1/7) se sastoje od mjeavine huminog kvarcnog pijeska i obilate muljevite gline
sa manjim mikritima, uglavnom u
upljinama (Slika 21). Ova struktura
sadri fragmente tkiva obinih bilja-
with some phosphatic-iron formation

in the voids (Figure 22).
ka, jako sitne fragmente uglja i umjerene humine tragove irom dna, sa
odreenim fosforno - eljeznim formacijama u upljinama (Slika 22).
Figure 19: Photomicrograph of

the B/C substrate which is predominantly composed of more or less even
fractions of fine quartz sand, micrite
and pure clay, base of sample 1/7
(frame width = 4.5mm; cross polarized light)
Slika 19: Fotomikrograf B/C supstrata koji se uglavnom sastoji od

manje i vie jednakih komada sitnog
kvarcnog pijeska, mikrita i iste gline, dno uzorka (irina okvira = 4.5
mm; ukrtena polarizovana svjetlost)

illuvial dusty clay partially lining a
void in the upper part of the micritic
B/B horizon, sample 1/5 (frame width
= 4.5mm; cross polarized light)
Slika 20: Fotomikrograf iluvijalne

muljevite gline koja naroito oblae
upljinu u gornjem dijelu mikritikog B/B horizonta, uzorak 1/5 (irina
okvira = 4.5 mm; ukrtena polarizovana svjetlost)
49
Figure 21: Photomicrograph of the

base of the palaeosol is composed of
a mixture of humic, quartz sand and
very abundant or silty/dusty clay with
minor micrite void infills, upper twothirds of sample 1/7 (frame width =
4.5mm; plane polarized light)
Slika 21: Fotomikrograf dna paleotla se sastoji od mjeavine humika, kvarcnog pijeska i veoma obilate
muljevite gline sa manjim mikrikim
ispunama upljina, gornje 2/3 uzorka 1/7 (irina okvira = 4.5 mm; ravanska polarizovana svjetlost)

phosphatic-iron infills in the voids in
the humic palaeosol, upper sample
1/7 (frame width = 2.25mm; plane
polarized light)
Slika 22: Fotomikrograf fosfatno - eljeznih ispuna u upljinam u

humikom paleotlu, gornji uzorak
1/7 (irina okvira = 2.25 mm; ravanska polarizovana svjetlost)
The base of the overlying alluvial

profile (in samples 1/6 and 1/2) is a
Dno aluvijalnog profila iznad (u

uzorcima 1/6 i 1/2) je ljunkovita,
50
gravelly, sandy/silty clay predominantly composed of dusty clay and a

mixture of fine quartz sand with very
strong impregnation with amorphous
sesquioxides and humic staining of
the whole groundmass (Figure 23).
There are many organic punctuations
and plant tissue fragments, minor
charcoal fragments and some micritic calcium carbonate in the voids.
There is also a distinct concentration
of fine gravel at a depth of c. 130135cm. Cut archaeological features
define at the base of this alluvial and
gravel-rich horizon.
pjeskovita/muljevita glina uglavnom

sastavljena od muljevite gline i mjeavine sitnog kvarcnog pijeska sa veoma jakom impregnacijom amorfnih
seskioksida i humikih tragova po
cijeloj matrici (Slika 23). U upljinama ima mnogo organskih punkcija i fragmenta biljnog tkiva, manjih
ugljenih fragmenta i odreena koliina mikrikog kalcijum karbonata.
Takoe postoji i posebna koncentracija sitnog ljunka na dubini od oko
130-135 cm. Presjeene arheoloke
cjeline su naene na dnu ovog aluvijalnog i ljunkom bogatog horizonta.
Figure 23: Photomicrograph of a

strongly humic and amorphous iron
stained sandy silty clay, sample 1/6
(frame width = 4.5mm; plane polarized light)
Slika 23: Fotomikrograf jake

humike i amorfnim eljezom obojene pjeskovito muljevite gline, uzorak
At about 1m down-profile there

was a distinct gravelly horizon and
possible stratigraphic break (sample
1/1). This was marked by an abun-
Na dubini od oko 1 metar unutar

profila nalazio se poseban ljunokovit horizont i mogu stratigrafski
prekid (uzorak 1/1). Ovo je oznae51
dant fine flint gravel component

within a micritic sandy clay loam
that exhibited a reasonably well developed small blocky structure (Figure 24). The overlying deposits observed in samples1/4 were composed
of strongly amorphous iron stained,
micritic, sandy clay loam with a
groundmass and voids dominated
by dusty or impure silty clay (Figure
25). The modern, ploughed, topsoil
was an essentially similar fabric, but
very open and vughy (Figure 26).
no obilnom komponentom od sitnog

kremenog ljunka unutar mikrike
pjeskovito glinaste ilovae koja pokazuje prilino dobro razvijenu blokovsku strukturu (Slika 24). Gornji
sloj naslaga primjeenih u uzorcima
1/4 se sastojao od veoma amorfne eljezom obojene, mikrike, pjeskovito
glinaste ilovae sa matricom i upljinama u kojima dominira prainasta
ili neista muljevita glina (Slika 25).
Savremeni, preorani, povrinski sloj
zemlje u osnovi ima istu strukturu,
ali veome otvorenu i upljikavu (Slika 26).

the micritic sandy clay loam, sample
1/1 (frame width = 4.5mm; plane polarized light)
Slika 24: Fotomikrograf mikrike

pjeskovito glinaste ilovae, primjer
52

a strongly amorphous iron stained,
micritic sandy clay loam with a
groundmass and voids dominated by
dusty or impure silty clay, sample 1/4
(frame width = 4.5mm; cross polarized light)
Slika 25: Fotomikrograf veoma

amorfne, eljezom obojene, mikrike,
pjeskovito glinaste ilovae sa matricom i upljinama u kojima dominira
prainasta ili neista muljevita glina,
uzorak 1/4 (irina okvira = 4.5 mm;
ukrtena polarizovana svjetlost)

modern, ploughed, topsoil composed
of a vughy, strongly amorphous iron
stained, micritic sandy clay loam,
sample 1/3 (frame width = 4.5mm;
plane polarized light)
Slika 26: Fotomikrograf savremenog, preoranog, povrinskog horizonta sastavljenog od upljikave

veoma amorfne, eljezom obojene,
mikrike pjeskovito glinaste ilovae,
uzorak 1/3 (irina okvira = 4.5 mm;
ravanska polarizovana svjetlost)

53
At the same time, the wooded

floodplain margin of the modern
stream channel was investigated by
hand auger. A series of two short
transects of seven boreholes generally revealed c. 40-50cm of humic
muds over sandy channel beds, with
a slightly deeper (c. 115cm) small
channel present which must be the
precursor to the modern channel.
The predominance of dusty clay,
composing much of the groundmass
of the profile, is probably indicative of
two major processes going on. First,
there have been repeated seasonal additions of silt and clay through
overbank flooding of the adjacent
river channel leading to a slow buildup of soil-derived material. This has
also been subject to considerable
soil mixing, most probably through
a combination of much physical disturbance by human activities such as
the addition of settlement debris and
arable land use, and soil faunal mixing. It therefore appears that there is
a slowly aggrading alluvial soil system that created the thick overburden over the archaeological levels.
The settlement-derived, midden-like
component of the alluvial deposit is
also corroborated by the enhanced
phosphate levels present.
This alluvial overburden exhibits
two probable discontinuities at depths
of c. 100 and 130cm down-profile
54
Istovremeno, runom arheolokom burgijom ispitan je i obod savremenog potonog kanala koji je
zapravo poumljena plavna povrina. Niz od dva kratka transekta od
sedam buotina je uopteno otkrio
oko 40-50 cm humikog mulja preko
pjeskovitih kanalskih korita, sa malo
dublje (oko 115 cm) naenim malim
kanalom koji mora da je pretea dananjeg kanala.
Predominacija muljevite gline,
koja sainjava veinu profilne matrice, vjerovatno ukazuje na dva glavna
tekua procesa. Prvi, postoji ponavljajue sezonsko dodavanje mulja i
gline plavljenjem vodom sedimentne
faze iz oblinjeg rijenog kanala, to
dovodi do sporog nagomilavanja materijala zemljanog derivata. Takoe,
bio je i predmet znaajnog mijeanja
zemlje, vjerovatno kombinacijom
znaajnog fizikog naruavanja ljudskom aktivnou, kao to su ostavljanje stambenih ostataka i upotreba
obradive zemlje, i mijeanja zemlje
sa faunalnim materijama. Stoga se
ini da postoji spororastui sistem
aluvijalnog tla koji je stvorio debelo
optereenje preko arheolokih nivoa.
Stambeno-proizvedena, nalik na ubrite, komponenta aluvijalnog sedimenta je dodatno potkrepljena poveanim prisutvom fosfata.
Ovo aluvijalno preoptereenje pokazuje dva mogua prekida na du-
marked by thin (<5cm) zones of concentrated fine gravel pebbles. These

may represent flood event horizons,
effectively suggesting that there has
been some truncation of the developing alluvial soil at two major levels in
the past, which are both just post-the
earlier Neolithic period settlement at
this site.
2013
Excavations in 2013 focused on a
previously unexamined area of the
site away from the channel and on
the gravel beds. A 5x5m trench was
opened in order to examine and investigate this different area of the
site. Multiple features were found
alongside the oldest human skeleton so far excavated in the country.
An initial auger survey of the corner
points of the trench indicated less
than one metre of stratigraphy before
the gravel. However the presence of
Neolithic cut features into the gravel
ensured that, alongside the inhumation, the excavations provide more
detailed information about the early
Neolithic of the area.
binama od oko 100 i 130 cm unutar

profila oznaena sa tankim podrujima (<5 cm) sa koncentrovanim sitnim ljunkovitog kamenjem. Ovo
moe predstavljati horizont dogaaja poplave, efikasno ukazujui da je
bilo nekih presjecanja razvijajueg
aluvijalnog sloja tla na dva glavna
nivou u prolosti, koja su oba bila
neposredno nakon perioda ranoneolitskog naselja na ovom lokalitetu.
2013. godina
Iskopavanja 2013. godine su bila
usmjerena na prethodno neispitano
podruje lokaliteta udaljeno od kanala i ljunkovitih podloga. Sonda
veliine 5x5 m je otvoren da bi se
ispitao i istraio ovaj drugaiji dio
lokaliteta. Viestruke arheoloke cjeline su pronaene pored najstarijeg
skeleta do sad iskopanog u Bosni i
Hercegovini. Prvobitno ispitivanje
arheolokom burgijom ivinih taaka
sonde je ukazalo na manje od metar
stratigrafije prije ljunka. Ipak, prisustvo neolitskih presjeenih arheolokih cjelina u ljunku je osiguralo
da, uporedo sa ukopom, iskopavanja
daju detaljnije informacije o ranoneolitskom periodu u ovom podruju.
55
Figure 27: Koievo, profile 2013

Trench
Slika 27: Koievo, profil sonde iz

2013. godine
The profile of the trench followed a

form expected in the area based upon
previous work and the now extensive
borehole survey. The approximately
0.40m thick topsoil (Ap) consisted
of a dark brown consolidated homogeneous silt with rare gravel and
occasional potsherds, with moderate
bioturbation in the form of rooting
and worm casts. Beneath there was a
light brown/pale yellow consolidated
mottled sandy silt modern B horizon,
with occasional gravel and a moderate amount of pot sherds. Moderate
bioturbation was evident in the form
of rooting and worming. Towards the
lower part of the profile a bed of gravel suggests a possible erosion event
relating to a river channel incursion.
Further down profile a horizon of
pale brown/light grey consolidated
homogeneous sandy silt, likely alluvial overbank material was present,
with moderate gravel, rare pot sherds
Profil sonde pratio je oekivanu

formu za ovo podruje na osnovu
prijanjeg rada, i sada obimnog ispitivanja buotina. Oko 0.40 m debeo povrinski sloj zemlje (Ap) se
sastojao od tamno smeeg konsolidovanog homogenog mulja sa rijetkim ljunkom i pokojom krhotinom,
sa umjerenom bioturbacijom u vidu
kalupa od korijenja i crva. Ispod se
nalazio svijetlosme/blijedout konsolidovano proaran pjeskovito muljeviti B horizont, sa rijetkim ljunkom i sa umjerenom koliinom krhotina. Umjerena biotubacija je vidljiva
u obliku upljina od korijenja i crva.
Prema donjem dijelu profila podloga
od ljunka ukazuje na mogu dogaaj erozije vezan za provalu rijenog
kanala. Dublje u profilu nalazi se horizont od blijedo/svijetlosivog konsolidovanog homogenog pjeskovitog
mulja, mogue prisustvo aluvijalnog
materijala sedimentne faze, sa umje-
56
and rare bioturbation. This includes

the fill of Feature 4 (1192) which
may contain buried soil material, but
this was not obvious in section. This
was the last horizon of archaeological significance. Beneath this were
two layers of potentially Pleistocene
deposits. These were in the form of a
dark brown loose, mixed sandy/silty
gravel (<5mm-0.5mm) and a yellow
loose mixed sandy gravel, (<5mm0.5mm), both without artefacts and
bioturbation.
renom koliinom ljunka, rijetkim

fragmentima i rijetkim bioturbacijama. Ovo ukljuuje ispunu iz arheoloke cjeline 4 (1192) koja bi mogla
sadravati materijal iz pohranjenog
sloja zemlje, ali to nije bilo vidljivo
u presjeku. Ovo je bio posljednji horizont od arheoloke vanosti. Ispod
ovog se nalaze dva sloja moguih naslaga iz pleistocena. One su u obliku
tamnosmeeg nepovezanog, mijeanog pjeskovito/muljevitog ljunka
(<5 mm-0.5 mm) i utog nepovezanog mijeanog pjeskovitog ljunka,
(<5 mm-0.5 mm), oba bez artefakata
i bioturbacije.
The immediate landscape of

Koievo
Neposredni predio Koieva
As well as focusing on the site itself work was also undertaken to examine the area immediately around
Koievo. This involved further test
pitting and borehole investigation.
Pored usmjerenosti na sam lokalitet, izvreni su i radovi na ispitivanju

podruaj u neposrednoj blizini Koieva. To je obuhvatalo iskopavanje
dodatnih probnih sondi i ispitivanje
buotina.
In 2012 a number of slightly undulating fields to the south and west

of the main site were investigated
that belonged to the same land owner. In all cases, quite thick and heavy
silty clay loam, alluvial ploughsoils
(of <0.80-0.75m) exhibited greater
and lesser concentrations (in at least
three areas) of lithics and/or pottery
on its surface. This material appears
U 2012. godini ispitan je odreen broj blago talasastih polja juno i zapadno od glavnog lokaliteta,
a koja su u vlasnitvu iste osobe. U
svim sluajevima aluvijalne oranice
(od <0.80-0.75 m), prilino debele i
teke muljevite glinaste ilovae, su
pokazivale vee i manje koncentracije (u bar tri podruja) kremena i/
ili keramike na povrini. ini se da
57
to range in date from the Palaeolithic to the Neolithic. The bedrock in

this area is composed of river gravel pebbles (of <10cm), and is therefore probably indicative of a large
late glacial braid plain, with the archaeological sites apparently located
on the slightly higher ground or old
gravel levees.
In 2014 work focused on the area
immediately to the west of the field
excavated in previous years. Two
2x1m test pits were excavated in addition to a short transect of (eight)
boreholes running on an approximately NNW-SSE alignment (see
3.1). The transect shows a 0.40-0.60m
thick, dense, dark brown clayey silt,
humic A horizon. Beneath this is a
similarly thick mid-brown clayey silt
with occasional rounded gravel pebbles (B horizon). A single borehole
in the centre of the transect showed
a possible buried soil (Ab horizon).
It consisted of a paler brown, well
mixed, moderately compact, clayey
silt. The parent material found in all
boreholes consisted of mixed rounded gravel with occasional sandy
patches in a light yellowish brown
silt matrix. The presence of the buried soil in only a single borehole is
of interest as it suggests that the previously excavated site may occupy a
unique position in the landscape on
a small area of higher and therefore
58
ovaj materijal datira u rasponu od paleolita do neolita. Temeljna stijena u

ovom podruju se sastoji od rijenog
ljunkovitog kamenja (od <10 cm),
pa stoga vjerovatno ukazuje na veliki
kasnoglacijalni kanalima izbrazdan
plato, sa arheolokim lokalitetima
oito postavljenim na blago uzvienijem zemljitu ili starom ljunkovitom nasipu.
U 2014. godini rad je bio usmjeren na podruje u neposrednoj blizini
zapadno od polja na kom su vrena iskopavanja prethodnih godina.
Pored kratkog transekta (od osam)
buotina na priblino SSZ-JJI liniji iskopane su i dvije probne sonde
veliine 2x1 m (vidjeti 3.1). Transekt
pokazuje 0.40-0.60 m debeo, vrst,
tamnosme glinasto muljevit humian A horizont. Ispod njega se nalazi
srednjesme glinasto muljevit sloj
sline debljine sa povremenim oblim
ljunkastim kamenjem (B horizont).
Jedna buotina u sreditu transekta je
otkrila mogu pohranjen sloj zemljita (Ab horizont). Sastoji se od blijedosmeeg, dobro izmijeanog, umjereno kompaktnog, glinastog mulja.
Materijal naen u svim buotinama
se sastoji od mijeanog ljunka sa
ponekim pjeskovitim komadima u
svijetlo ukastosmeoj muljastoj
matrici. Prisustvo pohranjenog sloja
zemlje u samo jednoj buotini je interesantno i ukazuje da se prethodno
drier ground. Whilst it is difficult to

infer previous landscapes from such
a small glimpse, it is at least possible to say that the site may have been
deliberately selected in an otherwise
inhospitable floodplain environment.
It is likely that during the Neolithic
the whole of the lower Vrbas valley
was a combination of promontories,
waterways and marshy swampy areas. The area immediately around
the main site at Koievo is likely to
have been a marshy, wet, hydrologically active system which systematically exposed and disguised open
spaces in the area around the site
itself. Additionally, this constantly
fluctuating system would have impacted on the flora and fauna present
in the area. The constant undulations
of silty sand as well as rounded gravels is indicative of a constantly shifting system, and the presence of well
gelyed silty clays supports the idea of
a fluctuating water table.
iskopan lokalitet nalazi na jedinstvenoj poziciji tog predjela na malom

podruju vieg, i stoga sueg, tla.
Iako je teko izvui zakljuak o prethodnim pejzaima na osnovu takvog
letiminog uvida, mogue je ipak
rei da je lokalitet namjerno odabran
u inae negostoljubivom plavnom
podruju. Vjerovatno je da je tokom
neolita cijela dolina donjeg toka Vrbasa bila kombinacija rtova, vodenih
tokova i barovitih movarnih podruja. Podruje u neposrednoj blizini
lokaliteta u Koievu je vjerovatno
bio barovit, mokar, hidroloki aktivan sistem koji je sistematski otkrivao i sakrivao otvorena podruja
oko samog lokaliteta. Dodatno, ovaj
konstantno oscilirajui sistem je vjerovatno uticao na floru i faunu prisutnu u tom podruju. Konstantno talasanje muljevitog pijeska, kao i oblog
ljunka, je pokazatelj neprekidno
smjenjujueg sistema, i prisustvo veoma muljevitih glina, podrava ideju
o osciliranju vodene plohe.
59
Conclusion
Zakljuak
At Koievo, the soil micromorphological analysis indicates that the

section profile is comprised of miritic sandy clay loam throughout which
exhibits a weakly to moderately small
blocky soil structure. The predominance of micrite is a consequence
of the calcium carbonate composition of the underlying substrate and
associated calcareous groundwater,
although the somewhat enhanced
barium levels may suggest that there
is also an element of included wood
ash present.
U Koievu, mikromorfoloka
analiza tla ukazuje da se profil presjeka sastoji od mikritske pjeskovito
glinaste ilovae koja cijelom duinom pokazuje od slabe ka umjerenoj
tanku blokovsku zemljanu strukturu.
Predominacija mikrita je posljedica
kalcijum-karbonatne
kompozicije
donjeg supstrata i pripadajuih kalcitnih podzemnih voda, iako donekle
povean nivo barijuma moe ukazivati i na prisustvo elementa koji sadre drveni pepeo.
The predominance of dusty clay,

composing much of the groundmass
of the profile, is probably indicative of
two major processes going on. First,
there have been repeated seasonal additions of silt and clay through
overbank flooding of the adjacent
river channel leading to a slow buildup of soil-derived material. This has
also been subject to considerable
soil mixing, most probably through
a combination of much physical disturbance by human activities such as
the addition of settlement debris and
arable land-use, and soil faunal mixing. It therefore appears that there is
a slowly aggrading alluvial soil system that created the thick overburden over the archaeological levels.
The settlement-derived, midden-like
60
Predominacija muljevite gline,

koja ini veinu profilne matrice,
je vjerovatno pokazatelj dva glavna
tekua procesa. Prvi, postoji ponavljajue sezonsko dodavanje mulja i
gline plavljenjem sedimentne faze iz
oblinjeg rijenog kanala, to dovodi
do sporog nagomilavanja materijala
zemljanog derivata. Takoe, bio je i
predmet znaajnog mijeanja zemlje,
vjerovatno kombinacijom znaajnog
fizikog naruavanja ljudskom aktivnou, kao to su ostavljanje stambenih ostataka i upotreba obradive
zemlje, i mijeanja zemlje sa faunalnim materijama. Stoga se ini da postoji spororastui sistem aluvijalnog
tla koji je stvorio debelo optereenje
preko arheolokih nivoa. Stambeno-proizvedena, na ubrite nalik
komponenta aluvijalnog sedimenta
component of the alluvial deposit is

also corroborated by the enhanced
phosphate levels present.
This alluvial overburden in the
2012 trench exhibits two probably
standstill zones at depths of c. 100
and 130cm down-profile marked by
thin (<5cm) zones of concentrated
fine gravel pebbles. These may represent flood horizons, effectively
suggesting that there has been truncation of the developing alluvial soil
at two major levels in the past, which
immediately post-date the Neolithic
use of the site.
The discovery of cut features
into Pleistocene gravels in the 2013
trench suggest that this area was being selected for more stable human
settlement. The well draining nature
of the gravels makes it ideal for this.
The predominance of alluvial overburden immediately above the gravel
further supports the idea of truncated
flood horizons with occasional standstills and seasonal alluvial aggradation.
This fieldwork suggests that there
is still extremely good preservation
of Neolithic sites on the margin of
the slightly undulating floodplain of
the Vrbas beneath various depths of
alluvial overburden and on the hilly
margins overlooking the valley, often associated with low promontories
je dodatano potkrepljena poveanim

prisutvom fosfata.
Ovo aluvijalno optereenje u sondi
iz 2012. godine pokazuje dva mogua prekida na dubinama od oko 100
i 130 cm unutar profila oznaena sa
tankim (<5 cm) podrujima sa koncentrovanim sitnim ljunkovitog
kamenjem. Ovo moe predstavljati
horizonte poplave, efikasno ukazujui da je bilo nekih presjecanja razvijajueg aluvijalnog sloja tla na dva
glavna nivou u prolosti, koja su oba
bila neposredno nakon perioda ranoneolitskog naselja na ovom lokalitetu.
Otkrie presjeenih arheolokih
cjelina u pleistocenom ljunku iz
sonde iz 2013. godine ukazuje da je
ova lokacija bila odabrana za stabilnije ljudsko naselje. Dobra drenana
priroda ljunka ga je uinila idelanom za to. Predominacija aluvijalnog optereenja neposredno iznad
ljunka podupire ideju presjeenih
plavnih horizonata sa povremenim
prekidima i sezonskom aluvijalnom
agradacijom.
Ovaj terenski rad ukazuje da jo
uvijek postoje veoma dobro ouvani
neolitski lokaliteti na ivici blago talasastog plavnog podruja rijeke Vrbas
ispod raznih dubina aluvijalnog optereenja i na brdovitim ivicama koje
gledaju prema dolini, esto poveziva61
and hillwash deposits. At Koievo,

there is certainly in situ Neolithic settlement material and features of the
6th / 5th millennium BC present adjacent to the river under later alluvial
aggradation. The soil profile here exhibits at least two possible old land
surfaces, both of which have effectively formed in a calcareous, alluvial floodplain margin situation, with
the continuing slow seasonal aggradation of silty clay occurring above
until the present day.
62
nih sa niskim rtovima i koluvijalnim

naslagama. U Koievu definitivno
postoji in situ materijal iz neolitskog
naselja i arheoloke cjeline iz 6. / 5.
milenijuma p.n.e. prisutne u blizini
rijeke ispod kasnijih aluvijalnih agredacija. Zemljani profil ovdje pokazuje bar dvije mogue stare zemljane
povrine, od kojih su se obje efikasno
formirale u krenjakim, aluvijalnim
marginalnim prilikama plavnog podruja, sa neprekidnom sporom sezonskom agradacijom pjeskovite gline koja se deava do danas.
2.3. Preliminary report on the

chipped stone assemblage of the
2013 field season from Koievo
2.3. Preliminarni izvjetaj analize

artefakata od okresanog kamena
iz Koieva, terenska sezona 2013.
By Ivana Jovanovi
Autor: Ivana Jovanovi
Introduction
Uvod
In March 2014, 429 lithic pieces

were analysed by morpho-technological analysis. This small assemblage included all material retrieved
during the 2013 field season1 (see
2.1), with the exception of the first
20cm immediately under the plough
soil. All artefacts were analysed according to the following categories:
flakes, blades, retouched tools, cores
and technological by-products, in order to determine quantitative relation
between these categories and define
basic typological classes. Within the
technological analysis, recording
of morpho-metrical characteristics
of the artefacts (cores and knapping
products) was also carried out, as
well as analysis of the dorsal side
and striking platform (see Andrefsky
2005, 2008; Ballin 2000;
1985, 1989, 2005; Inizan et al.
1992). Identification of the raw materials was conducted according to
the macroscopic identification of the
U martu 2014. godine izvrena je

morfotehnoloka analiza 429 artefakata od okresanog kamena. Ova zbirka obuhvata sav materijal pronaen u
toku iskopavanja 2013. godine1 (vidjeti 2.1.), izuzev prvih 20 cm neposredno ispod sloja oranja. Artefakti
su analizirani prema sljedeim kategorijama: odbici, sjeiva, retuirane
alatke, jezgra i tehnoloki nusprodukti, kako bi se odredio kvantitativan odnos izmeu ovih kategorija i
definisale osnovne tipoloke klase.
U okviru tehnoloke analize izvrena
je analiza morfometrijskih karakteristika artefakata (jezgra i proizvodi
okresivanja), kao i analiza dorzalne
strane i platforme udara (vidjeti Andrefsky 2005, 2008; Ballin 2000;
1985, 1989, 2005; Inizan
i dr. 1992). Identifikacija sirovina
izvrena je na osnovu makroskopskog prepoznavanja osnovnih vrsta,
korienjem uveliavajueg stakla sa
uveanjem do 10x (videti http://ge-
Several ground stone tools were also found

in the course of this excavation, however
they are not studied here.
U toku ovih iskopavanja pronaeno je i nekoliko alatki od glaanog kamena, meutim

one ovdje nisu razmatrane.
63
basic types, using a magnifying glass

with the magnification up to 10x (see
http://geology.com/rocks/sedimentary-rocks.shtml). As regards various
kinds of damages, those were recorded exclusively by the macroscopic
observation of the artefacts, also using a magnifying glass.
Morpho-technological analysis
Raw materials
The entire assemblage is classified
in eight basic categories, according
to the macroscopic features such as
fabric and surface (shiny or matt): A
flint; B chert; C crystal; D
tuff; E quartzite; F obsidian; G
sandstone; H undetermined.
Table 2: Raw materials

Context No.
Br. konteksta
1150 quant./kol.
%
1151 quant./kol.
%
1152 quant./kol.
%
1153 quant./kol.
%
1155 quant./kol.
%
1157 quant./kol.
%
64
ology.com/rocks/sedimentary-rocks.
shtml). to se tie raznih vrsta oteenja, ona su registrovana iskljuivo makroskopskim posmatranjem,
takoe uz upotrebu uveliavajueg
stakla.
Morfo-tehnoloka analiza
Sirovine
Na osnovu makroskopskih karakteristika, kao to su tekstura i povrina (sjajna ili mat), cijela zbirka je
klasifikovana u osam osnovnih kategorija: A kremen; B ronac; C
kristal; D tuf; E kvarcit; F opsidijan; G pjear; H neodreeno.
Tabela 2: Sirovine
A
116
56.86
B
77
37.74
C
4
1.96
D
4
1.96
E
1
0.49
F
1
0.49
G
1
0.49
H
-
7
63.63
31
67.39
4
44.44
17
53.12
4
36.36
14
30.43
4
44.44
12
37.5
1
2.17
-
2
6.25
-
-
1
11.11
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
3.12
Total
204
99.99
65
11
99.99
46
99.99
9
99.99
32
99.99

1158 quant./kol.
%
1159 quant./kol.
%
1160 quant./kol.
%
1161 quant./kol.
%
1162 quant./kol.
%
1163 quant./kol.
%
1164 quant./kol.
%
1167 quant./kol.
%
1168 quant./kol.
%
1169 quant./kol.
%
1174 quant./kol.
%
1201 quant./kol.
%
1210 quant./kol.
%
13
56.52
10
55.55
35
72.91
2
100
2
50
5
50
5
83.33
2
100
2
28.57
-
1
25
-
9
39.13
7
38.88
9
18.75
1
25
1
100
4
40
-
3
42.85
1
100
3
75
1
100
1
4.34
-
3
6.25
-
1
25
-
1
10
1
16.66
-
2
28.57
-
-
-
Damages
Various kinds of damages were
registered, such as: A gloss, B
round; C desilification; D patina; E burning; F calsification; G
silicate gloss; H continued very
small negatives like a micromarginal retouch; I discontinued irregular
shallow negatives. Regarding desilification, this kind of damage should
only be partially accepted because of
difficulties in determining it clearly.
It is also possible that, in some cases,
1
5.55
1
2.08
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
23
99.99
18
99.98
48
97.99
2
100
4
100
1
100
10
100
6
99.99
2
100
7
99.99
1
100
4
100
1
100
Oteenja
Registrovane su razne vrste oteenja, meu kojima su: A sjaj; B
zaobljenost; C desilifikacija; D
patina; E gorenje; F kalcinacija; G silikatni sjaj; H kontinuirani sitni negativi u vidu mikromarginalnog retua; I diskontinuirani
nepravilni plitki negativi. to se tie
desilifikacije, ovu vrstu oteenja je
teko jasno odrediti, pa bi je trebalo
prihvatiti sa rezervom. Postoji i mogunost da je u nekim sluajevima
65
the desilificated appearance of the artefacts is caused by the nature of the

raw material rather than by a chemical process.
In terms of continued edged negatives (e.g. marginal retouch), these
may have been the result of use, while
discontinued negatives could be related to post-depositional processes.
Bearing in mind that additional analyses are needed for the identification
of traces of use, we cannot speak in
favour of use-wear with any certainty. Yet, since the difference between
continued and discontinued damages
is obvious, we need to be able to distinguish them at this stage . Furthermore, damage such as edge gloss was
identified on a few artefacts, which
means that those tools were used for
cutting plants of some other organic
materials.
Table 3: Damages, expressed in
percentage
Context No.
Br. konteksta
1150 %
1151
1152
1153
1155
1157
1158
1159
66
A
1.47
4.16
5.55
B
3.92
-
-
-
4.16
-
C
18.13
18.18
36.73
20
41.17
25
33.33
D
1.96
-
-
-
-
4.16
-
takav izgled artefakata posljedica karakteristika samih sirovina, a ne hemijskih procesa.

Kada su u pitanju kontinuirani
ivini negativi (tj. marginalni retu), oni mogu biti rezultat upotrebe,
dok diskontinuirani negativi mogu
biti povezani sa post-depozicionim
procesima. Imajui u vidu da su za
odreivanje tragova upotrebe potrebne dodatne analize, ne moemo
sa sigurnou govoriti o upotrebnom
retuu. Ipak, poto je razlika izmeu kontinuiranih i diskontinuiranih
oteenja oigledna, u ovoj fazi analize ih je potrebno razdvojiti. Osim
toga, oteenje u vidu silikatnog
sjaja registrovano je kod nekoliko
artefakata, to znai da su se te alatke
koristile za sjeenje biljaka ili nekog
drugog organskog materijala.
Tabela 3: Oteenja, procentualno

izraena
E
2.94
9.09
-
20
2.94
-
-
F
1.47
9.09
2.04
-
2.94
-
-
G
1.96
9.09
6.12
-
2.94
-
-
H
13.72
27.27
2.94
-
11.76
8.33
5.55
I
7.35
-
1.96
1
2.94
4.16
11.11

1160
1161
1162
1163
1164
1167
1168
1169
1174
1201
1210
2.04
50
-
2.04
-
-
-
10
-
-
-
-
-
-
28.57
50
-
-
70
33.33
-
28.57
100
75
100
4.08
-
100
-
-
50
-
100
-
2.04
-
-
-
50
-
-
-
-
-
10.20
-
-
-
-
33.33
-
-
-
-
2.04
-
-
-
-
16.66
-
-
-
-
-
14.28
-
-
100
10
50
-
-
-
10.20
-
-
10
16.66
-
-
-
-
-
The elements of the chipped stone

technology
Elementi tehnologije okresanog

kamena
General structure of the assemblage
Opta struktura zbirke
In terms of typology and technology lithic artefacts from Koievo can

be classified in the following basic
categories: A cores; B rejuvanation flakes and blades; C chunks;
D chips; E flakes; F blades; G
bladelets; H retouched tools; I
sickles.
Table 4: Proportion of the basic
categories of lithic artefacts
Context No.
Br. konteksta
1150 quant./kol.
%
1151 quant./kol.
%
U pogledu tipologije i tehnologije

artefakati iz Koieva se mogu svrstati u sljedee osnovne kategorije:
A jezgra; B rejuvencioni odbici
i sjeiva; C otpaci; D opiljci; E
odbici; F sjeiva; G lamele; H
retuirane alatke; I srpovi.
Tabela 4: Zastupljenost osnovnih

kategorija artefakata od okresanog
kamena
19
9.31
4
1.96
7
3.43
4
117
17
1.96 57.35 8.33
5
27
2.45 13.23
4
204
1.96 99.98
Total
67

1152 quant./kol.
%
1153 quant./kol.
%
1155 quant./kol.
%
1157 quant./kol.
%
1158 quant./kol.
%
1159 quant./kol.
%
1160 quant./kol.
%
1161 quant./kol.
%
1162 quant./kol.
%
1163 quant./kol.
%
1164 quant./kol.
%
1167 quant./kol.
%
1168 quant./kol.
%
1169 quant./kol.
%
1174 quant./kol.
%
1201 quant./kol.
%
1210 quant./kol.
%
3
6.25
1
3.12
5
20.83
9
19.56
2
22.22
1
20
2
33.33
1
33.33
-
1
2.08
2
22.22
2
4.34
1
25
1
50
1
16.66
-
1
11.11
1
4.16
-
2
6.25
1
5.55
1
2.17
-
Precise relation between flakes

and blades was obtained including
retouched tools, in other words type
of the support which is retouched
(flake or blade).
68
4
40
26
54.16
4
44.44
17
53.12
8
33.33
11
61.11
21
45.65
2
100
2
50
4
44.44
2
40
3
50
1
33.33
1
100
5
10.41
2
22.22
3
9.37
6
25
1
5.55
4
8.69
1
11.11
1
20
1
50
-
1
10
2
4.16
1
3.12
1
5.55
1
25
-
4
40
8
16.66
7
21.87
4
16.66
4
22.22
8
17.39
1
100
2
22.22
1
100
1
33.33
-
1
10
3
6.25
1
3.12
1
2.17
1
20
-
10
100
48
99.97
9
99.99
32
99.97
24
99.98
18
99.98
46
99.97
2
100
4
100
1
100
9
99.99
5
100
2
100
6
99.99
1
100
3
99.99
1
100
Precizniji odnos izmeu odbitaka

i sjeiva dobijen je ubrajanjem retuiranih alatki, drugim rijeima vrste
podloge koja je retuirana (odbitak
ili sjeivo).
Table 5: Relation between flakes

and blades
Context No.
1150 quantity/koliina
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
1210 quantity /koliina
%
Flakes total
134
65.68
8
72.72
30
62.5
4
44.44
19
59.37
11
45.83
12
66.66
26
55.31
2
100
2
50
6
66.66
2
33.33
3
50
3
100
1
100
Tabela 5: Odnos izmeu odbitaka

i sjeiva
Ret. flakes
17
8.33
-
4
36.36
5
10.41
2
6.25
3
12.5
1
5.55
5
10.63
2
22.22
1
33.33
-
Blades total
33
16.17
-
2
18.18
13
27.08
2
22.22
9
28.12
7
29.16
4
22.22
8
17.02
1
25
1
100
1
11.11
2
33.33
1
50
-
Ret. blades
11
5.39
1
9.09
6
12.5
6
18.75
1
4.16
2
11.11
4
8.51
1
100
1
16.66
-
69
Cores
Jezgra
Cores are classified according to

the number of striking platforms and
use: A pre-cores; B single platform flake cores; C single platform
bladelet cores; D single platform
cores for flakes and bladelets; E
double platform flake cores; F double platform blade cores; G double
platform cores for flakes and blades;
H double platform cores for flakes
and bladelets; I flake core fragments; J undetermined.
Jezgra su klasifikovana prema

broju platformi udara i upotrebi:
A - prejezgra; B jednoplatformna
jezgra za odbitke; C jednoplatformna jezgra za lamele; D jednoplatformna jezgra za odbitke i lamele; E
dvoplatformna jezgra za odbitke; F
dvoplatformna jezgra za sjeiva; G
dvoplatformna jezgra za odbitke i
sjeiva; H dvoplatformna jezgra za
odbitke i lamele; I fragmenti jezgra
za odbitke; J neodreeno.
Table 6: Cores quantity

Context No. / Br. konteksta
1150
1151
1152
1153
1155
1157
1158
1159
1160
1161
1162
1163
1164
1167
1168
1169
1174
1201
1210
70
Tabela 6: Jezgra - koliina

A
1
2
-
B
9
2
1
2
4
1
1
1
1
-
C
2
1
1
1
-
D
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
E
3
-
-
-
-
1
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
1
1
-
-
F
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
G
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
H
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
I
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
J
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Debitage products
Proizvodi okresivanja
Further analysis considers the following aspects in the process of the

production of chipped stone artefacts: fragmentation, morphometric
characteristics, morphology of the
dorsal side and striking platform.
This analysis involves only unretouched flakes and blades.
Daljom analizom razmatraju se

sljedei aspekti u procesu proizvodnje artefakata od okresanog kamena:
fragmentovanost,
morfometrijske
karakteristike, morfologija dorzalne
strane i platforma udara. Ova analiza
obuhvata samo neretuirane odbitke
i sjeiva.
Fragmentation
Fragmentovanost
According to the level of preservation artefacts can be divided in:

A complete pieces; B proximal
fragments; C - medial fragments; D distal fragments; E - medial and distal fragments.
Prema stepenu ouvanosti artefakti se mogu podijeliti na: A cijele komade; B proksimalne fragmente; C
medijalne fragmente; D distalne
fragmente; E medijalne i distalne
fragmente.
Table 7: Fragmentation of unretouched flakes and blades
Tabela 7: Fragmentovanost neretuiranih odbitaka i sjeiva
Blades / Sjeiva
Total
A
B
C
D
E
A
B
C
Ukupno
83
19
2
9
1
114
5
10
1
72.80 13.19 1.75 7.89 0.87 96.5
Flakes / Odbici
Context No.
Br. konteksta
1150 quant./kol.
%
1151 quant./kol.
%
1152 quant./kol.
%
2
50
16
1153 quant./kol. %
66.66
1155 quant./kol. 2
%
50
1157 quant./kol.
7
%
41.17
1158 quant./kol. 6
%
75
Total
Ukupno
18
2
50
4
16.66
3
17.64
2
25
-
-
-
4
23.52
-
-
4
16.66
2
50
2
11.76
-
-
-
1
5.88
-
4
100
24
99.98
4
100
17
99.97
8
100
3
42.85
1
50
1
33.33
-
-
3
42.85
1
33.33
4
80
-
1
14.28
1
33.33
1
20
1
100
-
1
50
-
-
-
1
100
7
99.98
2
100
3
99.99
5
100
71

1159 quant./kol.
%
1160 quant./kol.
%
1161 quant./kol.
%
1162 quant./kol.
%
1163 quant./kol.
%
1164 quant./kol.
%
1167 quant./kol.
%
1168 quant./kol.
%
1169 quant./kol.
%
1174 quant./kol.
%
1201 quant./kol.
%
1210 quant./kol.
%
7
63.63
10
50
-
3
75
1
50
-
1
33.33
-
2
100
1
100
3
27.27
4
20
1
50
1
50
-
1
25
-
1
33.33
-
-
-
-
1
50
-
-
-
1
33.33
-
-
-
2
10
1
50
-
-
1
50
-
-
-
-
-
1
9.09
4
20
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Morphometrical characteristics
Depending on the size, artefacts
are sorted in the following way:
very small flakes and blades (VSF,
VSB; length ranging from 15 to 25
mm; small flakes and blades (SF, SB;
length ranging from 26 to 50 mm;
flakes and blades of middle dimensions (MF, MB; length ranging from
51 to 100 mm). Only entire pieces
were analysed.
72
11
99.99
20
100
2
100
2
100
-
4
100
2
100
-
3
99.99
-
2
100
1
100
-
1
25
-
-
1
100
1
100
-
-
-
-
1
50
2
50
-
1
100
-
1
100
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
25
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
50
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
100
4
100
-
1
100
-
1
100
1
100
1
100
-
-
-
-
Morfometrijske karakteristike
U zavisnosti od veliine, artefakti su razvrstani na sljedei nain:
veoma mali odbici i sjeiva (VMO,
VMS; duine od 15 do 25 mm); mali
odbici i sjeiva (MO, MS; duine od
26 do 50 mm; odbici i sjeiva srednjih dimenzija (OS, SS; duine od 51
do 100 mm). Analizirani su samo cijeli komadi.
Table 8: Morphometry of unretouched flakes and blades (length)
Context No.
Br. konteksta
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
Tabela 8: Morfometrija neretuiranih odbitaka i sjeiva (duina)
Blades / Sjeiva
Total
VSF SF
MF Ukupno VSB SB
MB
37
42
2
81
3
5
1
45.67 51.85 2.46 99.98
33.33 55.55 11.11
Flakes / Odbici
2
100
5
33.33
2
100
5
71.42
4
66.66
4
66.66
3
33.33
-
-
-
1
33.33
-
1
50
-
7
46.66
-
2
28.57
2
33.33
2
33.33
6
66.66
-
-
-
2
66.66
1
100
1
100
-
1
50
1
100
3
20
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
100
15
99.99
2
100
7
99.99
6
99.99
6
99.99
9
99.99
-
-
-
3
99.99
1
100
-
1
100
-
2
100
1
100
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
66.66
1
100
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
100
-
-
-
-
1
33.33
1
100
-
-
-
1
100
-
-
-
-
1
100
-
-
-
-
-
Total
Ukupno
9
99.99
3
99.99
1
100
1
100
-
-
1
100
-
-
-
-
1
100
1
100
-
-
-
-
73
Using a combination of absolute

morphometric values and of morphology of the artefacts (degree of
elongation laminar index = length/
width), several categories were created:
- very narrow blades (VNB) laminar index > 6 (relation width: length
more than 1:6);
- narrow blades (NB) laminar index from 3.1-6;
- middle width blades (B) laminar index from 2.1-3;
- laminar flakes (LF) laminar index from 1.6-2;
- middle width flakes (F) laminar
index from 1.1-1.5;
- short flakes (ShF) laminar index <1.
Table 9: Morphometry of unretouched blades and flakes (combining length and degree of elongation)
Kombinovanjem apsolutnih morfometrijskih vrijednosti i morfologije artefakata (stepen izduenosti

laminarni indeks = duina/irina),
odreeno je nekoliko kategorija:
- veoma uska sjeiva (VUS) laminarni index > 6 (odnos irina: duina vei od 1:6);
- uska sjeiva (US) laminarni indeks od 3.1-6;
- sjeiva srednje irine (S) laminarni indeks od 2.1-3;
- laminarni odbici (LO) laminarni indeks od 1.6-2;
- odbici srednje irine (O) laminarni indeks od 1.1-1.5;
- kratki odbici (KO) laminarni
indeks <1.
Tabela 9: Morfometrija neretuiranih sjeiva i odbitaka (kombinovanjem duine i stepena izduenosti)
Context No.
Br. konteksta
NB- NB- NB- BLF- LF- LF- FShF- ShF- SfFB-SB B-MB
F-SF F-MF
VSF SF MF
VSB SB MB VSB
VSF SF MF VSF
1150 quant./kol.
1151
1152
1153
1155
1157
1158
1159
1160
1
-
74
1
-
-
1
-
1
1
1
3
-
-
4
-
2
-
0
-
-
-
1
-
-
3
-
1
1
1
-
9
-
1
1
1
1
1
-
1
-
17
-
2
2
1
1
3
26
-
4
1
1
1
2
0
-
2
-
15
-
2
3
2
1
2
4
-
5
-
3
1
-
-
-

1161
1162
1163
1164
1167
1168
1169
1174
1201
1210
1
-
1
-
Characteristics of the dorsal side
1
-
1
-
1
1
1
-
1
-
1
1
Karakteristike dorzalne strane
Analysis of the dorsal side of the

artefacts includes determination of
cortex degree (presence and position)
on each single piece, and determination of direction and mutual relation
of negatives on the surface of flake.
Analiza dorzalne strane artefakata

podrazumijeva odreivanje stepena zastupljenosti i pozicije korteksa
na svakom pojedinanom komadu i
odreivanje smijera i meusobnog
odnosa negativa na povrini odbitka.
Regarding the presence/absence

of cortex, artefacts can be: A - totally
covered by cortext; B covered over
more than 50%; C covered over
less than 50%; D without cortex.
U zavisnosti od prisustva/odsustva
korteksa artefakti mogu biti: A u
potpunosti prekriveni korteksom; B
prekriveni vie od 50%; C prekriveni manje od 50%; D bez korteksa.
Table 10: Presence of cortex on

the dorsal side of unretouched flakes
and blades (for entire pieces)
Tabela 10: Prisustvo korteksa na

dorzalnoj strani neretuiranih odbitaka i sjeiva (cijeli primjerci)
Blades / Sjeiva
Flakes / Odbici
Context No.
Br. konteksta
1151
1152
1153
1155
A
9
-
1
-
B
8
-
5
1
C
24
-
4
-
D
42
2
6
1
Total
Ukupno
83
2
16
2
-
-
-
B
1
-
1
-
C
2
-
-
1
D
6
-
2
-
Total
Ukupno
9
-
3
1
75

1157
1158
1159
1160
1161
1162
1163
1164
1167
1168
1169
1174
1201
1210
-
1
-
1
-
1
-
-
-
1
-
-
1
2
3
5
-
-
-
2
1
-
-
-
-
1
5
4
3
5
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
1
-
The following categories were

used for negatives of previous removals on the dorsal side of unretouched flakes and blades: A parallel and same direction, knapped
from the single platform cores; B
parallel and mutually opposed, from
double platform cores; C parallel
negatives, which are opposite to the
knapping axis, from the cores with
changed orientation; D negatives
with different directions, from discoidal cores; E negatives are diagonal to the knapping axis, from
discoidal cores; F flakes which are
covered with cortex 50% and more,
from cortical cores, in other words
from pebbles; G undetermined.
76
7
6
7
10
-
-
-
3
1
-
1
-
2
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
1
1
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
1
1
-
-
-
-
Za negative prethodnih odbijanja

na dorzalnoj strani neretuiranih odbitaka i sjeiva koriene su sljedee
kategorije: A paralelni istosmjerni,
odbijeni sa jednoplatformnih jezgara; B paralelni i meusobno suprotstavljeni, sa dvoplatformnih jezgara;
C paralelni negativi, suprotni u
odnosu na osu odbijanja, sa jezgara izmijenjene orijentacije; D raznosmjerni sa diskoidnih jezgara; E
negativi su dijagonalni u odnosu na
osu odbijanja, sa diskoidnih jezgara; F odbici prekriveni korteksom
50% i vie, sa kortikalnih jezgara, tj.
sa oblutaka; G neodreeno.
Table 11: Morphology of the dorsal side of unretouched flakes and

blades
Context No.
Br. konteksta
1150 quant./kol.
1151
1152
1153
1155
1157
1158
1159
1160
1161
1162
1163
1164
1167
1168
1169
1174
1201
1210
Tabela 11: Morfologija dorzalne

strane neretuiranih odbitaka i sjeiva
Blades / Sjeiva
Flakes / Odbici
A
54
1
16
4
10
7
6
6
1
1
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
35
2
5
-
4
-
2
9
1
1
-
2
2
-
-
-
-
1
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
20
-
2
-
2
-
-
3
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
-
1
-
-
1
-
-
1
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
1
-
16
1
6
1
2
5
2
4
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
1
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Characteristics of the striking

platform
Various categories of striking platform have been observed: A flat; B
diedral; C faceted; D linear; E
punctiform; F cortical; G undetermined; H removed (by irregular
break, retouch or additional shaping)
Karakteristike platforme udara

Registrovane su razliite kategorije platforme udara: A - ravna; B
diedarska; C facetirana; D linijska; E takasta ; F kortikalna;
G neodreena; H odstranjena (nepravilnim lomom, retuem ili dodatnim oblikovanjem).
77
Table 12: Striking platform of

unretouched flakes and blades (the
whole pieces + proximal fragments)
Context No.
Br. konteksta
1151
1152
1153
1155
1157
1158
1159
1160
1161
1162
1163
1164
1167
1168
1169
1174
1201
1210
Tabela 12: Platforma udara neretuiranih odbitaka i sjeiva (cijeli

komadi + proksimalni fragmenti)
Blades / Sjeiva
Flakes / Odbici
A
E F
35
3
13
1
8
5
4
6
1
3
-
1
-
1
-
-
2
-
1
2
2
2
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
16
-
2
-
1
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
1
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
14
-
3
1
1
1
1
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
13
-
-
-
-
-
1
3
-
-
-
1
-
-
1
-
1
1
10
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
5
1
2
3
1
3
-
1
-
1
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Retuirano orue
Retouched tools
The following tool types have been
identified on basis of the typological
analysis: A burin; B endscraper;
C sidescraper; D retouched flake;
E retouched blade; F denticulated tool; G notched tool; H perforator; I truncated tool; J backed
retouched tool; K geometric tool;
L projectile; M sickle.2
Na osnovu tipoloke analize izdvojeni su sljedei tipovi alatki: A

dlijeto; B struga; C postruka;
D retuirani odbitak; E retuirano
sjeivo; F nazupano orue; G jamiasto orue; H probojac; I orue sa strmo retuiranim prelomom; J
strmo retuirano orue; K geometrijsko orue; L projektil; M srp.2
Sickles are presented here as a particular

tool category, even though they are not retouched tools. In some cases sickles appear
on a retouched piece.
Srpovi su ovdje predstavljeni kao posebna

kategorija alatki, iako ne spadaju u retuirano orue. U pojedinim sluajevima srpovi se
javljaju na retuiranim komadima.
78
Table 13: Retouched tools

Context No.
A
Br. konteksta
1150 quant./kol. %
1151 quant./kol.
%
1152 quant./kol. %
1153 quant./kol. 1
%
9.09
1155 quant./kol. %
-
1157 quant./kol. %
1158 quant./kol. %
1159 quant./kol. %
1160 quant./kol. %
1161 quant./kol. %
1162 quant./kol. %
1163 quant./kol. %
1164 quant./kol. %
1167 quant./kol. %
1168 quant./kol. %
1169 quant./kol. %
1174 quant./kol. %
1201 quant./
kol.
%
1210 quant./
kol.
%
Tabela 13: Retuirano orue

F
4
2
6
3
19.35 9.67 12.90 6.45
10
-
32.25
1
-
3.22
1
3.22
Total
Ukupno
4
31
12.90 99.96
-
1
9.09
1
12.5
2
50
5
55.55
1
50
-
1
100
1
20
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
3
27.27
-
1
12.5
1
25
-
1
50
-
1
20
1
9.09
-
2
25
1
25
2
22.22
-
-
-
-
1
9.09 -
-
2
-
25
-
1
25
1
11.11 -
-
1
-
100
-
-
-
-
-
1
20
-
-
-
-
-
1
12.5
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
20
-
-
-
2
50
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
9.09
1
25
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
20
3
27.27
-
1
12.5
-
1
11.11
1
100
-
5
100
11
99.99
8
100
4
100
4
100
9
99.99
1
100
2
100
1
100
1
100
1
100
1
100
79
Discussion
Diskusija
The majority of chipped stone artefacts were found in the plough soil
(47.16%), and this proportion decreases according to the depth of the
excavations: 38.05% in the brown
loam layer above the skeleton, down
to 13.96% in the brown loam layer
below the skeleton. Features 12 and
14 contain the lowest number of artefacts (0.20% and 0.60% respectively).
Veina artefakata od okresanog

kamena je pronaena u sloju oranja
(46.16%), dok idui prema dnu iskopa njihov procenat opada: od 38.05%
u sloju smee ilovae iznad skeleta,
do 13.96% u sloju smee ilovae
ispod skeleta. Cjeline 12 i 14 sadre najmanji broj artefakata (0.20% i
0.60%).
In terms of raw material, the entire assemblage is largely composed

of flint and chert, mostly of varieties
of grey and brown. There are also
green, red and black flint and chert,
but in very low proportion. This is
followed by the presence of crystal
and tuff, while the lowest numbers
were recorded in three other categories of raw materials: sandstone,
quartzite and obsidian (the last two
being only recorded in the plough
soil as of now).
Within the plough horizon, the
dominant categories of chipped stone
artefacts are flakes (56.89%), followed by retouched tools (15.08%),
cores and then blades (8.18% and
7.75% respectively). The other categories are less well represented:
chunks and bladelets show the same
percentage (3.01%), as well as chips
80
to se tie sirovina, posmatrajui

itavu zbirku najzastupljenije vrste
su kremen i ronac, najee razliitih sivih i smeih nijansi. Zeleni,
crveni i crni kremen i ronac su takoe prisutni, ali u veoma malom
broju. Zatim slijede kristal i tuf, dok
su sljedee tri vrste procentualno najmanje zastupljene: pjear, kvarcit i
opsidijan (zadnje dvije kategorije su
do sada registrovane samo u sloju
oranja).
U okviru sloja oranja, dominantnu
kategoriju artefakata od okresanog
kamena ine odbici (56.89%), zatim
slijedi retuirano orue (15.08%),
jezgra (8.18%) i sjeiva (7.75%).
Ostale kategorije su rjee prisutne:
otpaci i lamele su procentualno jednako zastupljeni (3.01%), kao i opiljci i srpovi (2.15%), dok su rejuvenacioni odbici i sjeiva rijetki (1.72%).
Meu alatkama je najzastupljenije
jamiasto orue (27.5%), zatim slije-
and sickles (2.15%), whilst rejuvanation flakes and blades remain rare
(1.72%). Among the tools the most
frequently represented are notched
tools (27.5%), then endscrapers
(15%), retouched flakes and sickles (12.5% each), and sidescrapers
and retouched blades (10% each).
Tool types such as perforators, truncations, backed retouched tools,
geometric tools and projectiles are
only represented by single individuals. Tools are made on both kinds of
the support, either flakes (9.48%) or
blades (6.03%).
In the deposit above the Neolithic
skeleton (context 1151 excepted), the
most frequent categories of chipped
stone artefacts are flakes (59 pieces) and retouched tools (21 pieces),
which are followed by blades (17
pieces), cores (11 pieces), sickles
(four pieces), rejuvenation flakes and
blades (three pieces). Categories with
the same and also lowest figures are
chunks and chips (two pieces each).
Furthermore, among tools, endscrapers and retouched flakes have the
higest numbers (five pieces each),
then sickles (four pieces), retouched
blades (three pieces), notched and
backed retouched tools (two pieces
each). Burins, denticulated and truncated tools, as well as projectiles are
represented by single individuals.
Both kinds of support for making
tools, flakes and blades, were used in
de strugai (15%), retuirani odbici i

srpovi (12.5% svaki) i postruke i retuirana sjeiva (10% svaki). Tipovi
alatki kao to su probojci, orue sa
strmo retuiranim prelomom, strmo
retuirano orue, geometrijsko orue i projektili prisutni su samo sa po
jednim primjerkom. Za izradu alatki
koriene su obje vrste podloga, odbici (9.48%) i sjeiva (6.03%).
U horizontu iznad neolitskog
skeleta (izuzev konteksta 1151),
najbrojnije kategorije artefakata od
okresanog kamena su odbici (59 komada) i retuirano orue (21 komad),
zatim slijede sjeiva (17 komada),
jezgra (11 komada), srpovi (4 komada), rejuvenacioni odbici i sjeiva (3
komada). Kategorije sa istim i ujedno najmanjim brojem primjeraka su
otpaci i opiljci (dva komada u svakoj
kategoriji). Meu alatkama su najzastupljeniji strugai i retuirani odbici (5 komada u svakoj kategoriji),
zatim srpovi (4 komada), retuirana
sjeiva (3 komada), jamiasto orue
i strmo retuirano orue (2 komada u
svakoj kategoriji). Dlijeta, nazupano orue i orue sa strmo retuiranim
prelomom, kao i projektili prisutni su
samo sa po jednim primjerkom. Obje
vrste podloga za izradu alatki, odbici i sjeiva, koriene su gotovo podjednako (12 i 13 komada). U okviru
horizonta ispod nivoa u kojem je pronaen neolitski skelet, procentualno
81
a comparable way (12 and 13 pieces

respectively). Within the deposit underneath the level which contained
the Neolithic skeleton, flakes have the
highest rate of occurrence (46.26%),
then cores (17.91%) and retouched
tools (13.43%). Blades and rejuvanation flakes and blades present
similar figures (8.95% and 7.46% respectively), then sickles (2.98%) and
chips (1.49%). Chunks were absent.
There is no particular variety of types
of tools and endscrapers outnumber
the other tool types (45.45%). They
are followed by retouched blades and
sickles (18.18% each). Notched and
denticulated tools are represented by
a single piece each. Both kinds of
support for making tools, flakes and
blades, were used in rather comparable proportions (7.14% and 8.57%
respectively).
These preliminary results suggest
that, within the stratigraphic levels
above the skeleton, flakes and probably blades were produced on site,
as evidenced by the large number
of decortification flakes, flake cores
and a few rejuvanation flakes, then a
few decortification blades and blade
cores. On the other hand, in the level below the skeleton, blades do not
seem to have been produced on site,
as decortification blades and blade
cores are completely absent. As regards flakes, there is a possibility that
they were produced on site, because
82
najzastupljeniji su odbici (44.26%),

zatim jezgra (17.91%) i retuirano
orue (13.43%). Sjeiva i rejuvenacioni odbici su priblino podjednako zastupljeni (8.95% i 7.46%), zatim slijede srpovi (2.98%) i opiljci
(1.49%). Otpadaka nema. Meu alatkama nema znaajnih tipolokih varijabilnosti, a dominantnu kategoriju
ine strugai (45.45%). Zatim slijede
retuirana sjeiva i srpovi (18.18%
svaki). Jamiasto i nauzupano orue prisutno je samo sa po jednim
primjerkom. Obje vrste podloga za
izradu alakti, odbici i sjeiva, priblino su jednako koriene (7.14%
i 8.57%).
Preliminarni rezultati sugeriu da
su u okviru horizonata iznad skeleta
odbici, a vjerovatno i sjeiva, izraivani na samom lokalitetu, na ta upuuje veliki broj kortikalnih odbitaka,
jezgra za izradu odbitaka i nekoliko
rejuvenacionih odbitaka, kao i nekoliko kortikalnih sjeiva i jezgara za
izradu sjeiva. S druge strane, u horizontu ispod skeleta registrovano je
potpuno odsustvo kortikalnih sjeiva
i jezgara za izradu sjeiva, pa se pretpostavlja da sjeiva nisu izraivana
na lokalitetu. to se tie odbitaka,
postoji mogunost da je njihova proizvodnja vrena na samom lokalitetu, s obzirom na prisustvo izvjesnog
broja kortikalnih odbitaka i jezgara
za odbitke.
of few decortification flakes and

flake cores.
Feature 12 contains the only one
artefact, endscraper, while Feature
14 contains three pieces: one core,
one flake, and one retouched flake.
Conclusion
The chipped stone industry from
the site of Koievo shows characteristics of the Late Neolithic period. The repertoire of raw material is
rather uniform for the entire industry. Limited range of raw material,
with the two dominant kinds, flint
and chert which are probably originating from the surroundings of the
site, and the absence of exotic material such as obsidian, are a distinctive
feature of Late Neolithic lithic industries (oi and Karavani 2004:
37). Within the general structure of
chipped stone assemblage, the dominant category are flakes, produced on
the site, and the most frequent type of
tool the endscraper (excepted in the
plough horizon, where notched tools
dominate). Both kinds of support
for making tools, flakes and blades,
are used in a very similar proportion. The production of blades is a
bit more difficult, as finds from the
upper part of the stratigraphy suggest
local production, but not finds from
the lowest part.
Cjelina 12 sadri samo jedan artefakt, struga, dok cjelina 14 sadri

etiri komada: jezgro, odbitak i retuirani odbitak.
Zakljuak
Industrija okresanog kamena sa
lokaliteta Koievo pokazuje odlike
kasnog neolita. Repertoar sirovina
je prilino uniformisan za cijelu industriju. Ogranien izbor sirovina,
sa dvije dominatne vrste, kremen i
ronac, koji najvjerovatnije potiu iz
okoline lokaliteta i odsustvo egzotinih materijala, kao to je opsidijan,
karakteristine su odlike kasno neolitskih industrija od okresanog kamena (oi, Karavani 2004: 37).
U optoj strukturi zbirke dominantnu
kategoriju predstavljaju odbici, proizvedeni na lokalitetu, a najei tip
alatki je struga (osim u sloju oranja,
gdje dominira jamiasto orue). Za
izradu alatki koriene su obje vrste
podloga, odbici i sjeiva, u veoma
slinom broju. to se tie sjeiva, nalazi u gornjim slojevima upuuju na
lokalnu proizvodnju, to nije sluaj u
donjim slojevima.
83
2.4. Plant macro-remains from

Koievo
2.4. Makro-ostaci biljaka iz

Koieva
By Kelly Reed and Anne de Vareilles
Autori: Kelly Reed i Anne de Vareilles
Methodology
Metodologija
Twenty-one bulk soil samples

were collected during the excavations of Koievo. In 2012, when test
pits were initially opened, samples
were taken from selected archaeological layers. During the excavation
of 2013, every feature was sampled
and approximately 50% of each fill
was taken. Six environmental samples taken in 2012 were processed by
K. Reed. Bucket flotation was used,
with a 250m mesh for the flots and
a 1mm mesh for the residues. Cereal grains and other seeds were identified at variable magnifications (x4
to x40), with the modern reference
collection at Leicester University.
The remaining samples (including
one from 2012: context 1127) were
processed by A. de Vareilles using
a Siraf-type flotation machine (Williams 1973), with a 300m mesh for
the flots and a 1mm mesh for the residues. The flots were sorted under
a binocular microscope (x4 to x40
magnification) and seeds and grains
were identified using comparative
Tokom iskopavanja u Koievu

prikupljen je dvadeset i jedan veliki
uzorak tla. Godine 2012., kada su
sonde prvobitno otvorene, uzeti su
uzorci odabranih arheolokih slojeva. Tokom iskopavanja 2013. godine,
uzet je uzorak svakog elementa i otprilike 50% od svakog punjenja. est
uzoraka okoline uzetih 2012. godine,
obraeni su od strane K. Reed. Koritena je metoda flotacije, sa mreom
od 250m za plutajue elemente, i
mreom od 1mm za sediment. Zrna
itarica i druge sjemenke su identifikovane pod razliitim uveanjima
(x4 do x40), sa modernom referentnom zbirkom na Univerzitetu u Lesteru. Preostali uzorci (ukljuujui
one iz 2012. godine: kontekst 1127)
su obraeni od strane A. de Vareilles
pomou flotacione maine tipa Siraf (Williams 1973), sa mreom of
300m za plutajue sitne elemente i
mreom od 1mm za vee sediment.
Plutajui elementi su razvrstani pod
binokularnim mikroskopom (uveanje od x4 do x40) i sjemenke i zrnev-
84
material from the reference collection of the Institute of Archaeology,

University College London. Nomenclature follows Zohary et al. (2012)
for cereals, and Stace (2010) for all
other plants.
Preservation
All archaeobotanical remains were
charred. Charcoal was present in
all flots but predominantly as small
fragments (<2mm across), and only
in very small quantities. The largest
volume of charcoal (5ml.) came from
context 1130. Such low concentrations of charcoal suggest that remains
of in situ hearths or fires were not
sampled. Other plant macro-remains
also occurred in low concentrations,
the exception being the recovery of
a large assemblage of wheat glume
bases (Triticum sp.) in archaeological layer 1132. Context 1153 also
showed a relatively high seed density, although this is based largely
on 19 unidentified cereal fragments
and so is unlikely to be high once the
whole grain equivalent is calculated.
The plant remains were poorly
preserved with most grains badly
puffed and fragmented, making identifications difficult. Cereal chaff were
heavily broken, with only the very
base of the wheat glumes surviving
lje su identifikovani pomou komparativnog materijala iz referentne kolekcije Instituta za arheologiju, Univerzitetski koled London (Institute
of Archaeology, University College
London - UCL). Nomenklatura je u
skladu sa Zohary i ostali (2012) za
itarice, i Stace (2010) za ostale biljke.
Prezervacija
Svi arheobotaniki ostaci su ugljenisani. Ugalj je prisutan u svim plutajuim dijelovima, ali uglavnom u
vidu sitnih fragmenata (<2 mm irine), i samo u malim koliinama.
Najvei komad uglja (5ml.) dolazi iz
konteksta 1130. Tako mala koncentracija uglja sugerie da ostaci ognjita ili vatre in situ nisu uzeti kao uzorak. Ostali makro ostaci biljaka su
se takoe pojavljivali u malim koncentracijama; izuzetak je pronalazak
velike zbirke osnova penine pljeve
(Triticum sp.) u arheolokom sloju
132. Kontekst 1153 takoe pokazuje relativno visoku gustinu sjemena,
iako ovo je u najveoj mjeri zasnovano na 19 neidentifikovanih segmenata itarica, tako da je malo vjerovatno da e biti visok kad se izrauna
ekvivalent cijelog zrna.
Biljni ostaci su jako loe ouvani
sa veinom zrnevlja prilino nadutim
85
in most instances. Their physical

state suggests the plant remains must
have lain on the ground surface, open
to physical and chemical damage
before finally being covered. Movement within the soil profiles most
probably also occurred, especially
for context 1132, and the presence of
intrusive seeds and grains from later
periods remains a possibility.
Results
The common Balkan Neolithic cereals of emmer (T. dicoccum), einkorn (T.monococcum) and hulled barley (Hordeum vulgare vulgare) were
present in over 50% of the samples
(Table 14; see Colledge and Conolly
2007). Hulled barley was present in
10% of samples, whilst free-threshing wheat (T. aestivum/durum) only
occurred as a single grain in feature
13. Three broomcorn millet seeds
(Panicum miliaceum) were identified
from a collapsed piece of daub in
context 1130, which was found relatively high up the stratigraphy and
is likely to be of Bronze Age or later
date (see 2.1). A single foxtail millet
seed (Setaria cf. italica) in context
1132 was found with a rich assemblage of wheat chaff and is likely to
have been an arable weed. As already
mentioned, over 120 glume wheat
86
i rasparanim, to oteava njihovu

identifikaciju. Pljeve itarica su ozbiljno slomljene, u najveem broju
sluajeva samo je sama osnovica
pljeve itarica preivjela. Njihovo fiziko stanje navodi na zakljuak da
su biljni ostaci morali biti poloeni
na povrinu zemlje, dostupne fizikim i hemijskim oteenjima, prije
nego to su konano bili prekriveni.
Najvjerovatnije je dolo i do kretanja
unutar zemljanih profila, naroito za
kontekst 1132, a i ometajue prisustvo sjemenki i zrnevlja iz kasnijih
perioda je takoe mogue.
Rezultati
itarice uobiajne za balkanski neolit, dvozrna penica (T. dicoccum),
jednozrna penica (T.monococcum) i
jeam (Hordeum vulgare vulgare), su
prisutne u preko 50% uzoraka (Tabela 14; vidjeti Colledge and Conolly
2007). Jeam je prisutan u 10% uzoraka, dok se obina penica (T. aestivum/durum) pojavljuje kroz pojedinana u elementu 13. Tri sjemenke
obinog prosa (Panicum miliaceum)
su identifikovane u obruenom komadu buke u kontekstu 1130, koji je
pronaen relativno visoko stratigrafski i najvjerovatnije potie iz bronzanog ili kasnijeg perioda (vidjeti 2.1).
Jedna sjemenka italijanskog muhara
glume bases were recovered in 50%

of the samples, along with over 100
unidentifiable cereal fragments found
in 80% of the samples.
(Setaria cf. italica) pronaena je u

kontekstu 1132 sa bogatim skupom
penine pljeve, a vrlo je vjerovatno
i sa obradivim korovom. Kao to je
ranije pomenuto, preko 120 penine
pljevne osnove pronaeno je u 50%
uzoraka, zajedno sa preko 100 neprepoznatljivih fragmenata itarica pronaenih u 80% uzoraka.
Table 14: Plant macro-remains

from Koievo
Tabela 14: Biljni makro ostaci iz

Koieva
Excavation season /
godina iskopavanja
Context /broj konteksta
Square / Feature / cm
beneath plough soil /
kvadrant/usjek/ cm ispod
obradive povrine
Litres floated / litre flotacije
Charcoal volume per flot
/ koliina uglja prema
flotaciji
Max. seed density /
maksimalna gustoa
prosijavnja
2012
1070
1130
1131
1132
1132
1108
1127
A14
10.5
Z14
8
A15
1.5
B15
3
A12
5
A13
1.5
A15
3
2ml.
5ml.
<1ml.
1ml.
<1ml.
30
Hordeum vulgare sl.
2
Common name
/uobiajeni
naziv
Hulled barley
grain
Triticum aestivum/durum
Triticum monococcum L.
Free threshing
wheat grain
Einkorn grain
T. monococcum glume
base
Triticum dicoccum L.
Taxa
Einkorn chaff
Emmer grain
T. dicoccum L. glume base Emmer chaff
T. monococcum/dicoccum
Einkorn/emmer
grain
87
T. monococcum
dicoccum glume
base
Spelt/ emmer
grain
Wheat grain
Glume wheat
chaff
Wheat / barley
grain
2
1
102
25
Panicum miliaceum L.
Broomcorn
millet
Setaria cf. italica (L.)

Beauv.
Foxtail millet
Goosefoot
Dock
1
1
Redshank
Pink family seed

Meadow-rue
Carrot family
seed
Sedge family
seed
Cats tail
Bromes
1
48
30
T. cf. spelta/dicoccum
Triticum sp.
Triticum sp. glume base
Triticum/Hordeum sp.
Unidentifiable cereal
grains
Ceralia fragments less
than half grain fragments
Other possible foods

Pisum sativum L.
Indet. large Fabaceae
Cornus cf. mas L.
(fragment)
Indet. Mesocarp fragment
Wild / weed seeds
Urtica sp.
Chenopodium sp.
Rumex sp.
Persicaria maculosa Gray.
Indeterminate
Polygonaceae
Thalictrum sp.
Indet. Apiaceae
Indet. Cyperaceae
Phleum sp.
Bromus sp.
Indet. Poaceae
Indet. Poaceae fragment
Unidentifiable wild seed
Unidentifiable fragments
88
Pea
Pulses/legumes
Cornelian-cherry
Fruit stone/shell
Nettle
Wild grass seed

Wild/domestic
seed

Excavation
season / godina
iskopavanja
Context /
broj konteksta
Square /
Feature / cm
beneath plough
soil / kvadrant/
usjek/ cm
ispod obradive
povrine
Litres floated /
litre flotacije
Charcoal
volume per flot
/ koliina uglja
prema flotaciji
Max. seed
density /
maksimalna
gustoa
prosijavnja
2013
1197 1153 1198 1206 1166 1194 1193 1196 1199 1157 1209 1200 1203 1195
F.2 0-20 F.12 F.15 A1-2 F.8
F.9
20F.16
40
F.11 F.7
F.6 F.14 F.13
1.5
<1ml. <1ml. <1ml. <1ml. <1ml. <1ml. <1ml. <1ml. <1ml. <1ml. <1ml. <1ml. 1ml. 1ml.
Common
name /
Uobi.
Taxa
naziv
Hulled
Hordeum
barley
vulgare sl.
grain
free
Triticum
threshing
aestivum/
wheat
durum
grain
Triticum
Einkorn
monococcum L. grain
T. monococcum
glume base
Triticum
dicoccum L.
Einkorn
chaff
Emmer
grain
T. dicoccum L.
glume base
T.
monococcum/
dicoccum
T.
monococcum/
dicoccum
glume base
Emmer
chaff
Einkorn/
emmer
grain
15
0.5
1 cf.
0.5
0.1
89

T. cf. spelta/
dicoccum
Spelt/
emmer
grain
Wheat
grain
Glume
wheat chaff
Wheat
/ barley
grain
19
14
Nettle
Goosefoot
Dock
Persicaria
maculosa Gray. Redshank
Indeterminate
Polygonaceae
Triticum sp.
Triticum sp.
glume base
Triticum/
Hordeum sp.
Unidentifiable
cereal grains
Ceralia
fragments
less than half
grain fragments
Panicum
miliaceum L.
Setaria cf.
italica (L.)
Beauv.
Other possible
foods
Pisum sativum
L.
Indet. large
Fabaceae
Cornus cf. mas
L. (fragment)
Indet.
Mesocarp
fragment
Wild / weed
seeds
Urtica sp.
Chenopodium
sp.
Rumex sp.
Broomcorn
millet
Foxtail
millet
Pea
Pulses/
legumes
Corneliancherry
Fruit stone/
shell
Pink family
seed
MeadowThalictrum sp. rue
Carrot
Indet. Apiaceae family seed
Indet.
Sedge
Cyperaceae
family seed
Phleum sp.
Cats tail
90

Bromus sp.
Indet. Poaceae
Indet. Poaceae
fragment
Unidentifiable
wild seed
Unidentifiable
fragments
Bromes
Wild grass
seed
Wild/
domestic
seed
12
Only one pea was identified from

context 1132 and one unidentified
pulse fragment from context 1198. A
fragment of cornelian-cherry (Cornus mas) stone in context 1132 suggests wild fruits and nuts must have
been gathered and eaten. In total 10
to 15 wild plant species were recovered, all of which occurred as single
specimens (Table 14). At least three
of the species (sedge, meadow-rue
(Thalictrum sp.) and redshank (Persicaria maculosa) are indicative of
damp ground, whilst most would
grow well in disturbed habitats typical of arable fields and habitation
zones.
Samo jedno zrno graka je identifikovano u kontekstu 1132 i jedan fragment neidentifikovane mahunarke
iz konteksta 1198. Fragment drena
(Cornus mas) u kamenu u kontekstu
1132 navodi na zakljuak da se umsko i oraasto voe moralo skupljati i
jesti. Ukupno 10 do 15 divljih biljnih
vrsta je pronaeno, a svaka vrsta se
javlja samo sa po jednim uzorkom
(Tabela 14). Minimalno tri biljne vrste: a, oobojka (Thalictrum sp.) i
lisac (Persicaria maculosa) su indikativne za vlano tlo, dok bi veina
dobro rasla na naruenom stanitu,
tipinom za obradive povrine i podruja za stanovanje.
Discussion
Diskusija
Emmer was the most common

grain found, possibly indicating a
preference over growing einkorn;
however due to the small number of
grains (20 emmer; one einkorn) and
the large number of damaged unidentifiable wheat grains, crop preference
Dvozrna penica je najea meu

pronaenim zrnevljem, to bi moglo ukazivati da je radije uzgajana u
odnosu na jednozrnu penicu, ipak,
zbog malog broja zrna (20 dvozrne
penice; jedno jednozrne penice)
i velikog broja oteenih neprepo91
is difficult to determine. The single

grain of free-threshing wheat recovered is unlikely to indicate its cultivation as a crop, especially as other
archaeological evidence suggests
it was not cultivated in south-west
Europe until the Bronze Age (e.g.
Valamoti 2002). The free-threshing
wheat grain and foxtail millet seeds
are interesting finds of arable weeds
that were later to become important
crops.
znatljivih peninih zrna, teko je

ustanoviti koja itarica se vie uzgajala. Jedno zrno neovrene penice (u
klsu) koje je pronaeno teko moe
ukazati da je bila uzgajana kao usjev,
pogotovo to drugi arheoloki dokazi
navode da nije bila uzgajana u jugozapadnoj Evropi sve do bronzanog
doba (npr. Valamoti 2002). Zrno penice i sjemenke prosa su zanimljivi
nalazi ratarskih trava, koje su kasnije
postale znaajni usjevi.
Peas (Pisum sativum) and other

legumes were cultivated, generating
a potentially important additional
crop rich in proteins and vitamins
(see Bogaard et al. 2013). Unlike
hulled cereals, pulses do not need to
be exposed to fire and de-husked before consumption, thereby reducing
their chances of becoming charred
and preserving in the archaeological record (e.g. Hillman 1984, Jones
1984). In fact, their preparation usually involves lengthy washings and
soakings to eliminate inherent toxins.
Considering their limited chances of
becoming charred, Figure 28 clearly
shows how pea, lentil (Lens culinaris) and possibly other legumes were
as important, if not more so, than the
cereals.
Graak (Pisum sativum) i druge

mahunarke su uzgajane, stvarajui potencijalno vaan usjev bogat
proteinima i vitaminima (vidjeti
Bogaard i dr., 2013). Za razliku od
oljutenih itarica, mahunarke ne
moraju biti izloene vatri i oljutene
prije konzumacije, ime se smanjuje
vjerovatnoa da postanu ugljenisane
i da ostanu sauvane u arheolokim
zapisima (npr. Hillman 1984, Jones
1984). Zapravo, njihova priprema se
obino sastoji od dugotrajnog pranja
i namakanja radi eliminacije prisutnih toksina. Uzimajui u obzir njihove ograniene mogunosti da postanu ugljenisane, Slika 28 jasno pokazuje kako su graak, soivo (Lens
culinaris) i po mogunosti i druge
mahunarke bili jednako vani, ako
ne i vaniji, od itarica.
92
Figure 28: Percentage of crops

across all Neolithic sites of Bosnia
and Herzegovina for which comparable information is available. Panicum has been retained but remains
of uncertain date from all three sites.
Avena and/or Panicum finds from
Donje Mostre and Okolite are not
included as they are Medieval (Kroll, personal communication, Motuzaite-Matuzeviciute et al. 2013)
Slika 28: Procenti usjeva na svim

neolitskim lokacijama u Bosni i Hercegovini za koje postoje komparativni podaci. Panicum je sauvan
ali je vremenski period neodreen
za uzorke sa sve tri lokacije. Avena
i/ili Panicum nalazi iz Donje Mostre
i Okolite nisu ukljueni, jer pripadaju srednjem vijeku (Kroll, lina
komunikacija, Motuzaite-Matuzeviciute et al 2013)
Apart from a high concentration

of glume bases in context 1132, the
distribution of plant remains across
Koievo is sparse and uniform;
there is yet no evidence for designated rubbish pits or cereal storage
pits also evident by the shape and
sizes of features (cf. Tripkovi 2011).
Charred waste seems to have been
mostly scattered randomly across
the living surface. Conversely, context 1132 may partly correspond to
Pored velike koncentracije osnova

pljeve u kontekstu 1132, distribucija
biljnih ostataka irom Koieva je
sporadina i uniformisana; jo uvijek
nema dokaza za oznaene jame za otpad ili jame za uvanje itarica takoe oito i na osnovu oblika i veliine
arheolokih cjelina (uporediti Tripkovi 2011). ini se da je ugljenisani
otpad uglavnom nasumino razbacan
preko itave povrine nastambe. Suprotno tome, kontekst 1132 bi djeli93
an area where emmer and/or einkorn processing waste, along with pea,
cornelian-cherry and possibly other food waste (the 30 unidentifiable
fragments; see table 14) were discarded. Glume wheats can be kept
for longer when stored as spikelets
and the grains were probably only
removed from their glumes shortly before cooking and consumption
(Hillman 1984, Jones 1984). The
complete absence of arable weed
seeds in context 1132 suggests the
crops were carefully cleaned prior to
storage. Although it could be argued
that the plant remains are simply too
sparse and of uncertain provenance
to be explained with any confidence,
the low wild/weed seed to cereal
ratio could be explained through at
least two scenarios:
1) most of the crop cleaning and
sieving took place beyond the core
habitation zone and/or waste was
never exposed to fire;
2) cultivation plots were intensively managed, which included regular
weeding, as has been argued for early
farming communities across Europe
(Bogaard 2005; Bogaard et al. 2013).
The ubiquity of cereal species to
samples is comparable to other Neolithic sites in Bosnia and Herzegovina, where such information is available (Figure 29). Despite the absence
94
mino mogao odgovarati podruju

gdje se bacao otpad nastao obradom
dvozrne i/ili jednozrne penice, kao
i graka, drena, a mogue i ostali otpad od hrane (30 neprepoznatljivih
fragmenata; vidjeti tabelu 14). Penina pljeva moe due stajati ako
se skladiti u klasovima i zrna su se
najvjerovatnije vadila iz pljeve neposredno prije kuhanja i konzumacije
(Hillman 1984, Jones 1984). Potpuno odsustvo ratarskih trava u kontekstu 1132 navodi na zakljuak da
su usjevi bili paljivo oieni prije
skladitenja. Iako se moe rei da su
biljni ostaci jednostavno previe sporadini i nesigurnog porijekla da bi
se mogli objasniti sa iole sigurnosti,
nizak omjer divljih/korovnih sjemenki u odnosu na omjer itarica bi se
mogao objasniti kroz minimalno dva
mogua scenarija:
1) itarice su veinom iene i
prosijavane iza centralnog podruja
naseobine i/ili otpad nikad nije izlagan vatri;
2) Obradive parcele bile su intenzivno odravane, to je ukljuivalo i
redovno pljevljenje, to se i smatra
za rane ratarske komune irom Evrope (Bogaard 2005; Bogaard i ostali.
2013).
Rasprostranjenost vrsta itarica
po uzorku je uporediva sa ostalim
neolitskim lokacijama u Bosni i Her-
of clear evidence for houses (see 2.1),

the similarity between results from
Koievo and those from House 38
at Okolite and the settlements of
Obre I and II, would appear to indicate that Koievo also represents a
settlement, where the expected range
of cereals were routinely processed
and consumed.
cegovini, gdje postoje takvi podaci

(Slika 29). Uprkos odsustva jasnog
dokaza za kue (vidjeti 2.1), slinost
izmeu rezultata iz Koieva i rezultata iz Kue 38 u Okolitu i naseljima
Obre I i II, bi mogla biti pokazatelj
da Koievo takoe prestavlja naselje, gdje se oekivani omjer itarica
uobiajno obraivao i konzumirao.
Figure 29: Ubiquity of cereal

grains from five Neolithic sites of
Bosnia and Herzegovina, for which
comparable information is available. Koc = Koievo, Oko = Okoliste
(Kroll 2013a), Obe.I = Obre I, Obe.
II = Obre II, Kak = Kakanj (Renfrew
1976)
Slika 29: Rasprostranjenost zrnevlja itarica na pet neolitskih lokacija

u Bosni i Hercegovini, za koje postoje uporedni podaci. Koc = Koievo,
Oko = Okolite (Kroll 2013a), Obe.I
= Obre I, Obe.II = Obre II, Kak =
Kakanj (Renfrew 1976)
Zakljuak
Conclusion
The archaeobotanical remains
from Koievo reveal a range of
crops and weeds familiar to the Neolithic of the Balkans. Emmer, einkorn and hulled barley were cultivated,
Arheobotaniki ostaci iz Koieva

otkrivaju obim usjeva i trava uobiajnih za neolit na Balkanu. Dvozrna
penica, jednozrna penica i jeam su
uzgajani, kao i graak i mogue druge mahunarke. ini se da su usjevi
95
along with peas and possibly other

legumes. Cereal crops appear to have
been separated from the majority of
weed seeds prior to storage, through
crop sieving and/or weeding during
cultivation. The infrequent weeds
point to cultivation upon damp
ground, and may include taxa that
were to become important crops in
later periods: free-threshing wheat as
well as broomcorn and foxtail millet.
Wild fruits and nuts supplemented
the diet.
Excluding the three broomcorn
millet seeds of probable post-Neolithic date, finds from Koievo indicate a late Neolithic settlement. With
the exception of context 1132, which
may represent a midden-like deposit, the low concentration of plant remains and poor overall level of preservation, suggests charred waste was
generally randomly discarded around
the occupied area. Consequently, it is
important that such flat-sites should
be systematically sampled, and as
much soil taken as is logistically feasible.
96
itarica bili odvojeni od veine travnih sjemenki prije skladitenja, kroz

prosijavanje usjeva i/ili pljevljenje u
toku uzgoja. Rijetke biljke ukazuju
na uzgoj na vlanoj zemlji, i moda
ukljuuju klase koje e postati vani
usjevi u kasnijim periodima: neovrena penica (u klasu), kao i proso i
italijanski muhar. umsko i oraasto
voe je dopunjavalo ishranu.
Ako se izuzmu tri sjemenke prosa koje su najvjerovatnije iz postneoliskog perioda, nalazi iz Koieva
ukazuju na kasnu neolitsku naseobinu. Sa izuzetkom konteksta 1132,
koji mogue predstavlja skladite
nalik otpadu, niska koncentracija
biljnih ostataka i lo opti nivo ouvanosti, ukazuju da je ugljenisani
otpad generalno nasumino bacan
oko nastanjenog podruja. Posljedino, vano je da se takve ravniarske
lokacije sistematski ispitaju, i da se
uzme onoliko zemlje koliko je logistiki izvodivo.
2.5. Preliminary report on

Neolithic animal bones from
Koievo
By David Orton
2.5. Preliminarni izvjetaj o

neolitskim ivotinjskim kostima iz
Koieva
Autor David Orton
Significance
Znaaj
The animal bone assemblage from

Koievo provides a rare opportunity to approach Neolithic animal use
in the lower Vrbas valley, and indeed
in a rather wider region. Not only is
it one of very few Sopot faunal assemblages to have been studied to
date, but it is also the first Neolithic
animal bone collection of any kind to
be published from the northern part
of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and indeed from the Republika Srpska. At
the time of writing, the only previously published Sopot faunal report
from either Bosnia and Herzegovina
or Croatia is that from Slava, on
the outskirts of Nova Gradika, and
even this is a mixed assemblage containing a small amount of Kostolac
material (Miculini and Mihajlovi
2003). From the site of Sopot itself,
only the dog remains have been published (Hincak et al. 2008). A large
Sopot assemblage from Hermanov
vinograd in Osijek is also currently
being analysed by the present author
and Sinia Radovi, under the aegis
Skup ivotinjskih kostiju iz Koieva daje jednu od rijetkih prilika

za uvid u neolitski nain upotrebe ivotinja u dolini donjeg Vrbasa, a i u
dosta irem regionu. Ne samo da je to
jedan od malobrojnih sopotskih faunalnih skupova koji su prouavani do
danas, ve je i prva kolekcija neolitskih ivotinjskih kostiju iz sjevernog
dijela Bosne i Hercegovine, kao i
Republike Srpske, koja je objavljena. U vrijeme pisanja ovog rada, jedini prethodno objavljen izvjetaj o
sopotskoj fauni sa teritorije Bosne i
Hercegovine ili Hrvatske, je onaj iz
Slava, iz okoline Nove Gradike, a
i tu se radi o mjeanom skupu koji
sadri mali dio kostolakog materijala (Miculini, Mihajlovi 2003).
Sa same lokacije u Sopotu objavljeni su samo psei ostaci (Hincak
et al, 2008). Veliki sopotski skup iz
Hermanovog vinograda u Osijeku je
trenutno u postupku obrade od strane
ovog autora i Sinie Radovia, pod
okriljem EUROFARM projekta. Trenutna situacija nije neophodno odraz
97
of the EUROFARM project. This

situation does not necessarily reflect
a lack of interest, being due in large
part to taphonomic issues: conditions
for bone preservation are notoriously
bad in much of continental Croatia
and in the Posavina upstream of Serbia in general. While conditions seem
to be better in easternmost Slavonia
and Osijek-baranja county, the author has personally seen several collections from around Nova Gradika
and akovo in which only calcined
fragments and/or tooth enamel survive. Slava is a rare exception to
this rule, perhaps because of its hilltop location. Likewise, many of the
sites in the Vrbas valley tested by
EUROFARM and its predecessors
produced negligeable amounts of
bone. The unusually good bone preservation at Koievo may be thanks
to its location on a sand/gravel bank
(see 2.2).
The potential significance of this
report is tempered by the relatively
small size of the collection, the inability to separate bones by phase,
and the lack of scope for contextual
analysis almost 94% of specimens
coming from the cultural layer but
it is nonetheless a valuable opportunity to approach Neolithic animal
use in a part of the western Balkans
where previous faunal research has
been limited (Figure 30).
98
nezainteresovanosti, ve je dobrim
dijelom posljedica tafonomskih problema: uslovi za konzervaciju kostiju su uglavnom veoma loi u veini
kontinentalne Hrvatske, i u Posavini,
generalno uzvodno od Srbije. Iako se
ini da su uslovi u najistonijoj Slavoniji i Osijeko-baranjskoj upaniji
bolji, autor je lino vidio nekoliko
kolekcija iz okoline Nove Gradike
i akova od kojih su opstali samo
kalcifikovani fragmenti i/ili zubna
caklina. Slava je rijedak izuzetak od
pravila, moda zbog svoje pozicije
na brdu. Slino tome, mnoge lokacije
u dolini Vrbasa, provjerene od strane
EUROFARM-a i njihovih prethodnika, posjeduju zanemarljive koliine
kosti. Neuobiajeno dobra ouvanost
kostiju u Koievu je moda postignuta zahvaljujui njegovoj lokaciji
i pjeskovito/ljunkastom nasipu (vidjeti 2.2).
Mogu znaaj ovog izvjetaja je
umanjen relativno malom veliinom
kolekcije, nemogunou faznog odvajanja kostiju, i nedostatkom okvira
za kontekstualnu analizu gotovo
94% uzoraka dolaze iz kulturnog sloja ali to je ipak znaajna prilika da
se priblii neolitskoj upotrebi ivotinja u podruju zapadnog Balkana,
gdje su prethodna faunalna istraivanja bila ograniena (Slika 30).
Figure 30: Map showing Koievo in relation to other late Neolithic sites in Bosnia and Herzegovina,
Croatia, and Serbia with faunal data
available. Sites mentioned in the text
are highlighted.
Slika 30: Mapa prikazuje lokalitet

Koievo u odnosu na ostale kasno
neolitske lokacije u Bosni i Hercegovini, Hrvatskoj i Srbiji, koje imaju
dostupne faunalne podatke. Lokacije
pomenute u tekstu su oznaene.
Methodology
Metodologija
The bones studied here derive

almost exclusively from bulk,
hand-collected material excavated
during the 2011 and 2013 field seasons. Additional material from the
heavy fractions of environmental
samples became available following
the 2014 field season, but has yet to
be studied. As such, there is likely to
be a recovery bias in favour of larger taxa, and of larger elements with-
Kosti prouavane u ovom radu

potiu skoro iskljuivo iz runo prikupljenog materijala iskopanog tokom terenskih radova 2011. i 2013.
godine. Dodatni materijal iz teke
frakcije uzoraka uzetih iz okoline
su postali dostupni nakon terenskih
radova 2014. godine, i tek treba da
budu ispitani. Zbog toga je mogue
da trenutni rezultati pokazuju sklonost ka veim vrstama, kao i veim
99
in each taxon. Future analysis of the

heavy residue will allow the degree
of this bias to be assessed, and interpretations adjusted accordingly.
Bone were studied variously in
the Zaviajni Muzej Gradika and
the Muzej Republike Srpske, Banja
Luka, during 2013. All specimens
were recorded in standard forming
using the EUROFARM zooarchaeological protocol, ensuring data compatibility with other sites across the
region studied as part of the project.
The raw zooarchaeological data will
be published in full on completion of
the project.
In the first instance, the assemblage
is quantified using both Number of
Identified Specimens (NISP) and
the Diagnostic Zones (DZ) system,
in which only relatively intact specimens of certain elements are counted in order to ensure comparability
between taxa and to minimise fragmentation bias. Although originally
set out by Watson (1979), this system has been adapted by numerous
researchers over the years, and the
version employed for EUROFARM
follows that used at atalhyk
(Russell and Martin 2005, 38). For
the avoidance of doubt, table 15 lists
the elements/portions included and
their DZ scores.
100
elementima u okviru vrste. Budue

analize tekog taloga e dozvoliti
da se izvri procjena stepena ovog
problema, i da se tumaenja usklade
shodno tome. Kosti su, tokom 2013.
godine, na razliite naine prouavane u Zaviajnom Muzeju u Gradici
i u Muzeju Republike Srpske u Banjoj Luci. Svi primjerci su registrovani na standardan nain koritenjem
EUROFARM-ovog arhezoolokog
protokola koji obezbjeuje poreenje
podataka sa drugim lokacijama irom
regiona koji se prouavaju u sklopu
ovog projekta. Sirovi zooarheoloki
podaci e biti kompletno objavljeni
nakon zavretka projekta.
Prvobitno, skup je kvantifikovan
koritenjem sistema broja identifikovanih uzoraka (Number of Identified Specimens - NISP) kao i sistema dijagnostikih zona (Diagnostic
Zones - DZ), u kojima se broje samo
relativno neoteeni uzorci pojedinih
elemenata da bi se osigurala komparativnost izmeu vrsta i da bi se umanjila greka zbog fragmentacije. Iako
je originalno uspostavljen od strane
Watsona (1979), ovaj sistem je godinama unapreivan od strane brojnih
istraivaa, i verzija koju EUROFARM koristi onu razvijenu u atalhyk (Russell, Martin 2005, 38).
Da bi se izbjegla sumnja, u tabeli 15
su navedeni elementi/veliine koji su
obuhvaeni i rezultati njihovih dijagnostikih zona.
Table 15: Elements included in

Diagnostic Zone (DZ) scheme as applied here
Maxilla
Mandible
Atlas
Axis
Sacrum
Scapula
Humerus
Radius
Ulna
Radial carpal
Intermediate
carpal
Ulnar carpal
Carpal 2+3
Carpal 4
Metacarpal
Alveolus for (d)P4

Alveolus for (d)P4
Whole bone
Proximal articulation
Cranial articulation
(fusion zone)
Tabela 15: Elementi koji se nalaze

u emi dijagnostike zone (DZ) primjenjeni na naem primjeru
Bovids /
Cervids
Suids
Carnivores,
lagomorphs
etc.
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Glenoid process
Proximal metaphysis
Distal metaphysis
Proximal metaphysis
Distal metaphysis
Articulation with
radius
Whole bone
Whole bone
Whole bone
0.5
0.2
0.5
0.2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Whole bone
Whole bone
Distal metaphysis
Pelvis
Femur
Patella
Tibia
Ileum acetabulum
Caput (metaphysis)
Distal metaphysis
Whole bone
Proximal metaphysis
Notes
Use carpal
3 where
not fused
For pigs,
use only
MC 3 and
MC4
For pigs,
use only
MC 3 and
MC4
101

Astragalus
Calcaneus
Navicular
cuboid
Metatarsal
Distal metaphysis
Whole bone
Whole bone
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0.5
0.2
0.5
0.2
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.2
0.2
0.2
Whole bone
Distal metaphysis
Phalanx 1
Phalanx 2
Phalanx 3
Proximal metaphysis
Proximal metaphysis
In an effort both to speed analysis

and to reduce bias to differing identifiability, specimens are only recorded to genus or specimen level if
they meet certain criteria, such as the
presence of a portion of articular surface or >50% of shaft circumference,
or for cranial fragments the ability
to identify the specific bone an approach developed from that set out
by Russell (1993) for Opovo. Specimens that do not meet these criteria,
plus ribs, costal cartilage, and vertebrae (excluding atlas, axis, and sacrum), are considered non-diagnostic
and recorded only to body size, unless they exhibit butchery marks and/
or pathologies.
Information on the sex and relative
age of specimens was recorded using
102
Use
navicular
where not
fused
For pigs,
use only
MT 3 and
MT 4
For pigs,
use only
MT 3 and
MT 4
U naporu da se ubrza analiza i

da se smanji problem koji je nastao
uslijed lakoe identifikacije razliitih
fragmenata, uzorci se registruju na
nivou vrste ili roda samo ako ispunjavaju odreene kriterijume, kao to
su prisustvo dijela zglobne povrine
ili >50% obima dugog dijela kosti, ili
za dijelove lobanje mogunost da se
identifikuje konkretna kost pristup
koji je razvijen iz onog koji je Russel (1993) razvila za Opovo. Uzorci
koji ne ispunjavaju ove uslove, kao i
rebra, rebrena hrskavica, i prljenovi
(izuzev atlasa, aksisa i sjedalnog dijela), smatraju se nedijagnostikim i
registruju se samo po veliini tijela,
osim ako ne pokazuju neke mesarske
oznake i/ili oznake patologije.
standard protocols, but samples were

too small even for tentative interpretation of herd structures or hunting
strategies, so will not be discussed
here.
Identifications were made by reference to a comprehensive set of
published reference material, but
without the aid of a physical reference collection. As a result, a small
number of specimens have been
flagged for further checking, but are
included here using their provisional
identifications. Since a precision balance was not available during study,
weight was not recorded by specimen but only by bag. This nonetheless allows for a rough overview of
fragmentation rates (see below).
For various reasons noted above,
this report should be considered preliminary.
Podaci o polu i relativnoj starosti uzoraka su registrovani pomou standardnih protokola, ali uzorci
su bili previe mali da bi se moglo
i pokuati tumaiti strukture opora
i strategija lova, zato o tome ovdje
nee biti govora.
Identifikacije su raene u skladu
sa sveobuhvatnim kompletom objavljenog referentog materijala, ali bez
pomoi fizike referentne kolekcije.
Uslijed toga, mali broj uzoraka oznaen je za dalje provjere, ali je ipak
uvrten u ovaj rad sa svojim priveremenim identifikacijama. S obzirom
da precizna vaga nije bila dostupna
tokom ispitivanja, teina nije biljeena po uzorku, ve teina vrea. Ovo
ipak i dalje daje grub uvid u stepen
fragmentacije (vidjeti ispod).
Zbog brojnih gorenavedenih razloga, ovaj izvjetaj se smatra preliminarnim.
Overview of condition and

distribution of remains
Pregled stanja i raspored ostataka
A total of 1151 bone fragments

were recovered from Koievo (excluding those from environmental
samples and the initial test pit), of
which 764 were recorded and 309
were identified either to species level
or to sheep/goat. The vast majority
of these came from the cultural layer, with only a few from cut features
Ukupno 1151 kotanih fragmenta je pronaeno u Koievu (izuzev

onih iz uzoraka okruenja i prvobitne
sonde), od ega je 764 registrovano,
a 309 identifikovano do nivoa vrste
ili kao ovca/koza. Veina je pronaena u kulturnom sloju, a malobrojni
komadi iz kopova u sondama 2012. i
2013. godine (Tabela 16). Materijal
103
in the 2012 and 2013 trenches (Table 16). Material from the ploughsoil
and layer immediately below was not
studied. Unfortunately, the nature of
the cultural layer at Koievo makes
it impossible to separate out different
phases within the overall Neolithic
occupation.
iz izorane zemlje i sloja neposredno

ispod nije ispitan. Na alost, priroda
kulturnog sloja u Koievu onemoguava odvajanje razliitih faza unutar sveukupnog neolitskog nastanjivanja.
Table 16: Distribution of bone

fragments at Koievo
Tabela 16: Raspored kotanih fragmenta u Koievu
Context / kontekst
Cultural layer / kulturni sloj
Feature 1 / usjek 1
Feature 2 / usjek 2
Feature 13 / usjek 13
Feature 14 / usjek 14
Total / Ukupno
Data on average bone fragment

sizes from the 2012 trench show a
clear increase in size between overbank 2 and overbank 3, with the
upper two overbank horizons resembling the ploughsoil in terms of
fragmentation (Figure 31a). This is
taken to indicate a greater degree of
mixing/disturbance in the upper two
overbank horizons, with the lower
layers being more secure (see 2.1).
The situation is rather different in the
2013 trench (Figure 31b), with all
spits beneath the ploughsoil having
104
%NSP
NSP
715
20
12
2
15
93.6
2.6
1.6
0.3
2.0
764
Podaci o prosjenoj veliini kotanih fragmenta iz sonde iz 2012.

godine pokazuju jasno poveanje
veliine izmeu sedimentne faze 2
i sedimentne faze 3, sa gornja dva
horizonta sedimentne faze nalik na
izoranu zemlju po pitanju fragmentacije (Slika 31a). Ovo se uzima kao
pokazatelj veeg stepena mjeanja/
poremeaja u dva gornja horizonta
sedimentne faze, dok su nii slojevi
sigurniji (vidjeti 2.1). Situacija je prilino drugaija u sondi iz 2013. godine (slika 31b), gdje su u svim otko-
average average fragment weights

that fall between those observed in
the upper and lower parts of the 2012
trench profile. The cut features at the
base of the 2013 trench have much
smaller fragments than those from
2012, but this is to be expected since
the former are probably mainly postholes, while the latter include a pit
complex. Overall, the average fragment weight of hand-collected material was 17.1g.
pnim slojevima ispod izorane zemlje

naeni fragmenti prosjene teine
izmeu one primijeene u gornjim
i donjim dijelovima profila sonde iz
2012. godine. Kopovi na dnu sonde
iz 2013. godine imaju mnogo manje
fragmenata od onih iz 2012. godine,
to se moglo i oekivati jer ovi prvi
su vjerovatno veinom rupe od stubova, dok drugi ukljuuju kompleks
jama. Ukupno, prosjena teina fragmenta runo prikupljenog materijala je 17,1g.
Ploughsoil
Ploughsoil
0-20cm
Overbank 1
20-40cm
Overbank 2
40-60cm
Overbank 3
Features
0
Buried soil
10
15
20
Mean fragment mass (g)
25
30
Features
0
10
15
20
25
Mean fragment mass (g)
30
Figure 31: Mean weight of fragments in 2012 and 2013 trenches by

layer/spit. The two graphs are scaled
to show rough equivalent depths beneath topsoil in each trench.
Bone preservation at Koievo
was generally good, with only 8%
of specimens recorded as moderately weathered and none as severely
weathered. There was also limited evidence of specific destructive
Slika 31: Srednja vrijednost teine

fragmenata prikupljenih u sondama
iz 2012. i 2013. godine po nivou/
otkopnom sloju. Ova dva grafikona
su izmijenjena da bi pokazala grubi
ekvivalent dubina ispod povrinskog
sloja zemlje u svakoj sondi.
Ouvanost kosti u Koievu je
uopteno dobra, sa samo 8% uzoraka
registovanih kao umjereno oronuli, a
ni jedan kao ozbiljno oronuo. Postoje
105
taphonomic processes: 7.4% of specimens showing traces of carnivore or

pig gnawing but this was rarely severe, and only 1.4% of pieces were
visibly burnt.
takoe i ogranieni dokazi specifinih destruktivnih tafonomskih procesa: 7,4% uzoraka pokazuju tragove
mesoderskog ili svinjskog glodanja,
iako rijetko u znaajnoj mjeri, a samo
1,4% komada su vidljivo spaljeni.
Taxonomic frequencies
Taksonomske frekvencije
Table 17 shows taxonomic representation at Koievo by NISP
and DZ which give broadly similar results while percentage NISP
is presented graphically in figure 32.
The assemblage is dominated by domestic animals, which contribute at
least 78% by NISP, or 73% by DZ.
Amongst these, cattle are the most
frequent with 43.7% by NISP 39.8%
by DZ but are likely to have been
favoured by the lack of sieving. Domestic pigs make up at least 20.1%
of NISP (22.5% of DZ) despite their
relatively small size, while sheep and
goat together amount to only 14.2%
by NISP, or just under 10% by DZ.
The vast majority of the caprines appear to be sheep, with only a single
definitive goat specimen recorded;
this appears to be the norm on Neolithic sites across the central and
western Balkans.
106
Tabela 17 pokazuje taksonomski

prikaz Koieva po NISP i DZ metodama koji daju priblino sline
rezultate dok su postotci NISP grafiki predstavljeni na slici 32. Skupom dominiraju domae ivotinje,
koje ine bar 78% po NISP, ili 73%
po DZ. Od ovih najee se javljaju
goveda sa 43.7% po NISP 39.8%
po DZ iako postoji vjerovatnoa da
su favorizovani zbog odsustva prosijavanja. Domae svinje ine bar
20.1% po NISP (22.5% po DZ) uprkos njihovoj relativno maloj veliini,
dok ovce i koze zajedno ine samo
14.2% po NISP, ili tek neto ispod
10% po DZ. Za veliku veinu uzoraka plemena caprini se uglavnom
ispostavilo da su ovce, dok je samo
jedan siguran uzorak koze registrovan; ini se da je to norma na neolitskim nalazitima irom centralnog i
zapadnog Balkana.
Table 17: Taxonomic frequencies

at Koievo by NISP and DZ
Taxon
Bos taurus
Bos primigenius
Tabela 17: Taksonomske frekvencije u Koievu po NISP i DZ
English
Domestic cattle
Aurochs
(total Bos)
Serbian
Domae govedo
Bik
NISP
135
1
136
%NISP
43.69
0.32
44.01
DZ
38
%DZ
40.21
38
40.21
Sus scrofa dom.

Sus scrofa (large)
Sus scrofa
Domestic pig
Large-type pig
Indet. Pig
(total Sus)
Domaa svinja
Svinja velikog tipa
Obina svinja
62
12
21
95
20.06
3.88
6.80
30.74
21.5
5
6.5
33
22.75
5.29
6.88
34.92
Ovis aries
Capra hircus
Ovis/Capra
Sheep
Goat
Sheep/goat
(total caprines)
Ovca
Koza
ovca / koza
11
2
31
44
3.56
0.65
10.03
14.24
3
1
5.5
9.5
3.17
1.06
5.82
10.05
Cervus elaphus
Capreolus
capreolus
Castor fiber
Lepus europaeus
Meles meles
Cyprinus carpio
Red deer
Obini jelen
28
9.06
10
10.58
Roe deer
srna
0.32
Beaver
Hare
Badger
Carp
Dabar
zec
jazavac
aran
2
1
1
1
0.65
0.32
0.32
0.32
2
1
1
2.12
1.06
1.06
309
100.00
94.5
100.00
241
35
33
77.99
11.33
10.68
69
14
11.5
73.02
14.81
12.17
Total identified
Total domestic
Total wild*
Total unknown
Bos/Cervus
Cattle/red deer
Ovis/Capra/
Capreolus
Sheep/goat/roe
deer
Indet. Canid
(small)
Indeterminate
carnivore
Indeterminate bird
Indet. Mammal
(large)
Indet. Mammal
(medium)
Indet. Mammal
(small)
Indeterminate
mammal
Canidae
Carnivora
Aves
Mammalia
Total unidentified
Grand total
Ukupno identifikovan
Ukupno domae
Ukupno divlje*
Ukupno nepoznate
Govedo / obini
jelen
32
Ovca / koza / srna
Neodreeni pas
(mali)
Neodreeni
mesoderi
neodreene ptice
Neodreeni sisari
(veliki)
neodreeni sisari
(srednji)
Neodreeni sisari
(mali)
1
1
1
189
145
13
Neodreeni sisari
67
Ukupno
neodreeno
Sveukupno
455
764
97.5
107
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Figure 32: Percentage NISP by

taxon
Although the recovery methodology will surely have selected against
caprines and resulted in their under-representation, the comparison
with domestic pigs is telling. The latter are only slightly larger than sheep
and goats, especially since a large
proportion were killed as juveniles,
but are nonetheless much more frequent in the assemblage, suggesting
that caprines genuinely were relatively rare. Once the relative size of
the various domestic species is taken into account, there is little doubt
that cattle must have contributed the
most meat, followed by pigs and then
caprines, although this is of course
only one aspect of animal use. This
is a common pattern amongst later
Neolithic assemblages in the cen108
Aves
Cyprinus carpio
Meles meles
Lepus
europaeus
Castor fiber
Capreolus
capreolus
Cervus elaphus
Ovis/Capra
Sus scrofa*
Sus scrofa dom.
Bos primigenius
Ovis aries
Capra hircus
Bos taurus
%NISP
Slika 32: Postotci NISP po taksonu

Iako je metodologija prikupljanja radila na tetu plemena caprini,
rezultujui njihovom nedovoljnom
zastupljenou, poreenje sa domaom svinjom je indikativno. Domae
svinje su samo malo vee od ovaca i
koza, pogotovo to su u velikom postotku ubijene kao mlade ivotinje,
ali su njihovi fragmenti ee prisutni u skupu, to ukazuje da su ovce
i koze zaista bile relativno rijetke.
Kad se uzme u obzir relativna veliina raznih domaih ivotinjskih vrsta, nema puno sumnje da su goveda
doprinosila najveu koliinu mesa,
zatim slijede svinje, pa koze, iako
je to, naravno, samo jedan aspekt
upotrebe ivotinja. Ovo je uobiajan
model meu kasno neolitskim skupovima u centralnom Balkanu, iako
se esto ini da su koze imale malo
tral Balkans, although caprines often seem to have played a somewhat

greater role in the early Neolithic
(see Greenfield 2008, Orton 2012,
McClure 2013).
The most common wild species
is probably red deer. This is a relatively large-bodied animal and may
have been favoured by recovery, but
at around 10% of the assemblage
is more common than all other definitively wild taxa combined. The
range of minor wild taxa at the site is
fairly typical for the region, including two beaver fragments and individual specimens of roe deer, hare,
and badger. The absence of fox is
slightly surprising, as for that matter is the lack of domestic dog, but a
single small canid bone could represent either, and it should be remembered that this is a relatively small
assemblage. The only fish specimen
amongst the hand-collected material
was a large carp post-temporal, while
birds were represented by a single
non-diagnostic piece. The heavy residue may well reveal more bird and
especially fish remains.
Wild pigs present something of
a complication. Pig specimens recovered from Neolithic sites in the
central Balkans usually fall into two
clearly distinct size categories with
widely varying relative frequency
and since this does not seem to be a
veu ulogu u ranom neolitu (vidjeti

Greenfield 2008, Orton 2012, McClure 2013).
Najuobiajenija divlja vrsta je
vjerovatno jelen. Ovo je ivotinja
relativno krupnog tijela i moda je
favorizovana u pronalasku, ali kako
se ini oko 10% skupa, njena zastupljenost je vea od zajedno svih
ostalih taksona pouzdano identifikovanih kao divlje ivotinje. Obim manje zastupljenih divljih ivotinjskih
taksona na lokaciji je prilino tipian
za region, ukljuujui dva fragmenta
dabra i pojedinane primjerke srne,
zeca i jazavca. Odsustvo lisice je pomalo iznenaujue, kao i odsustvo
domaeg psa, ali jedna pronaena
mala kost psolike ivotinje moe
predstavljati bilo koju od gore pomenutih vrsta. Ne treba izgubiti iz vida
ni injenicu da se radi o veoma malom skupu. Jedini riblji primjerak naen u runo prikupljenom materijalu
je velika posttemporalna kost arana,
dok su ptice predstavljene samo sa
jednim uzorkom koji je nemogue
identifikovati. Vjerovatno e se u gustom talogu nai vie ptiijih i, posebno, ribljih ostataka.
Situacija sa divljim svinjama je
malo komplikovanija. Primjerci svinja naeni na neolitskim nalazitima
centralog Balkana obino se dijele u
dvije jasno odvojene kategorije - sa
iroko varirajuim relativnim fre109
matter purely of sexual dimorphism

(see discussion in Orton 2008, 125134) it has been traditional to interpret the larger and smaller specimens
as wild and domestic pig respectively (e.g. Bknyi 1974, 1988, Legge
1990, Russell 1993), following the
well-established principle of size
reduction on domestication. Recent
analysis of pig specimens using a
combination of geometric morphometrics on teeth and genetics has cast
doubt on this interpretation however:
while the smaller size category do
indeed seem to be domestic, the larger group may actually include both
wild individuals and domesticates
(Evin et al. in press), the latter presumably descended from local wild
populations rather than imported
near-Eastern stock. The persistence
of two phenotypically distinct domestic pig populations in the region
for an extended period would be surprising, but cannot be excluded. Pigs
are in any case notoriously versatile
animals whose potential management systems can seriously blur the
division between wild and domestic
(e.g. contributions in Albarella et al.
2007). For the purposes of this paper
pigs are divided into domestic (i.e.
small) and large-type. The domestication status of the latter is uncertain for the time being, but they are
equivalent to the specimens recorded
110
kvencijama - i s obzirom da se ovdje

ne radi iskljuivo o spolnom dimorfizmu (vidjeti diskusiju u Orton 2008,
125-134), tradicionalno tumaenje je
da su vei primjerci divlje, a manji
domae svinje (npr. Bknyi 1974,
1988, Legge 1990, Russell 1993), u
skladu sa ustanovljenim principom
smanjenja veliine nakon domestifikacije. Skoranje analize svinjskih
primjeraka upotrebom kombinacije
geometrijske morfometrike na zubima i genitike su pak bacile sumnju
na ovo tumaenje: dok kategorija
manje veliine zaista predstavlja
domae primjerke, krupnije grupe
zapravo mogu biti i divlje i domae
jedinke (Evin i ostali. u tampi), pri
emu se pretpostavlja da ovi krupniji
primjerci vode porijeklo od lokalne
divlje populacije, prije nego da se
radi o uvezenoj bliskoistonoj stoci.
Ustrajnost dvije fenotipski razliite
populacije domaih svinja dui vremenski period bi bila iznenaujua,
ali se ne moe iskljuiti kao mogunost. Svinje su, u svakom sluaju,
optepoznato raznovrsne ivotinje,
iji potencijali sistemi upravljanja
mogu ozbiljno zamutiti razliku izmeu divljih i domaih (npr. doprinosi u
Albarella i ostali. 2007). Za potrebe
ovog rada svinje se dijele na domae
(tj. male) i krupne.
as wild in previous faunal reports,

and on balance it is considered likely
that they were indeed hunted.
At Koievo, these large pigs make
up perhaps one quarter of the total.
In addition, a substantial number of
pig specimens could not be placed
in either size group, sometimes due
to intermediate size but more often
due to immaturity. Unfortunately,
relatively little metric data is available to clarify this situation, with no
pair of measurements being taken
on more than two specimens. Figure
33 shows selected measurements for
scapulae (a) and for upper teeth (b),
using data from Hermanov vinograd
I and Gomolava as comparanda. For
the scapulae, two clear size groups
are visible from the Gomolava data,
with the majority of measured scapulae from Hermanov vinograd matching the smaller of these. The two
measured Koievo specimens fall
one into each group, and are interpreted respectively as domestic and
as large type accordingly. The tooth
measurements from Gomolava again
show two groups, but in this case
most of the Sopot specimens fall
between the two. Of the two maxillae from Koievo, the smaller is
considered domestic and the larger
classed as intermediate.
Status pripitomljavanja ove druge

kategorije jo uvijek nije potvren,
iako su ovi primjerci istovijetni sa
primjercima koji su registrovani kao
divlji u prethodnim faunalnim izvjetajima, i ini se vjerovatnim da su
oni zaista bili lovine.
U Koievu, ove krupne svinje
ine moda jednu etvrtinu od ukupnog broja. Pored toga, znaajan broj
svinjskih primjeraka se ne moe svrstati ni u jednu kategoriju po veliini,
ponekad zbog srednje veliine, ali
ee zbog nezrelosti. Na alost, ima
relativno malo dostupnih mjernih
podataka da bi se ova situacija razjasnila, a nijedan par mjera nije uzet
za vie od dva primjerka. Slika 33
prikazuje odabrane mjere za lopatice
(a) i za gornje zube (b), uporeujui
podatke iz Hermanovog vinograda i
Gomolave. Za lopatice, dvije jasne
veliinske grupe se vide iz gomolavskih podataka, gdje se veina izmjerenih lopatica iz Hermanovog vinograda podudara sa veliinski manjom
grupom. Dva izmjerena primjerka iz
Koieva spadaju po jedan u svaku
od kategorija, i u skladu s tim se smatraju jedan kao domai, a drugi kao
krupni tip. Mjere zuba iz Gomolave ponovo ukazuju na dvije grupe,
ali u ovom sluaju veina primjeraka
iz Sopota je izmeu te dvije kategorije. Od dvije gornje vilice iz Koieva, manja se smatra domaom, dok je
vea klasifikovana kao sredinja.
111

B) Sus - upper teeth
A) Sus - scapula
40
19
35
18
Gomolava
17
Koievo
BM1 (mm)
SLC (mm)
30
25
20
15
Herman I
16
15
14
13
12
10
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
SLC (mm)
10
12
14
16
18
20
BP4 (mm)
Figure 33: Selected pig measurements from Koievo, with data from
Hermanov vinograd I (Orton n.d.)
and Gomolava (Orton 2008) as comparanda. (a) Smallest length of collum scapulae (plotted against itself in
the absence of other frequent scapula
measurements); (b) breath of upper
4th premolar against breadth of upper first molar.
Slika 33: Odabrane svinjske mjere

iz Koieva, sa uporednim podacima iz Hermanovog vinograda I (Orton, nepoznata godina) i Gomolave
(Orton, 2008). (a) Najmanja duina
collum scapulae (oznaene nasuprot
same sebe u nedostatku drugih lopatinih mjera); (b) irina gornjeg etvrtog pretkutnjaka u poreenju gornjeg prvog pretkutnjaka.
Finally, wild cattle are also frequently represented on Neolithic

sites in the Balkans, as elsewhere in
Europe. Unlike pigs, Bos specimens
rarely form two clear groups, with
probable wild specimens typically
just forming an extended upper tail
to the size distribution. At Koievo,
only a single regrettably un-measurable very large specimen is
considered to be probable aurochs.
Few measurements are available to
illustrate cattle size distribution at
Koievo, and again data from Her-
Konano, divlja goveda su esto

zastupljena na neolitskim nalazitima na Balkanu, kao i drugdje u
Evropi. Za razliku od svinja, primjerci Bos-a (goveda) rijetko formiraju
dvije jasne grupe, gdje mogue divlje vrste obino formiraju dui gornji
rep u distribuciji veliine. U Koievu je naen samo jedan na alost,
nemjerljiv veoma velik primjerak
za koji se smatra da je najvjerovatnije tur (divlje govedo). Ima nekoliko
mjera koje mogu da ilustruju distribuciju veliina stoke u Koievu, i
112
ponovo, kao uporedni podaci se koriste podaci iz Hermanovog vinograda

I i iz Gomolave. Slika 34 pokazuje
mjere za dva ee zastupljena elementa: metatarzalne kosti (a) i proksimale falange prsta (b). Dok i Koievo i Hermanov vinograd pokazuju
prilino rasprostranjene mjere, sve
uglavnom ulaze u glavno tijelo podataka iz Gomolave radije nego u gornji rep potencijalno divljih pojedinih
primjeraka.
manov vinograd I and from Gomolava are used for comparison. Figure
34 shows measurements for two of
the better-represented elements: distal metatarsals (a) and first phalanges (b). While both Koievo and
Hermanov vinograd show a fairly
wide spread of measurements, all
fall within the main body of the data
from Gomolava rather than in the upper tail of possibly wild individuals.
A) Bos - proximal metatarsal
B) Bos - first phalanx
69
50
64
45
59
40
Herman I
Gomolava
Bd (mm)
Dp (mm)
Koievo
54
49
44
35
30
25
39
20
40
50
60
70
80
Bp (mm)
54
58
62
66
70
74
78
GLpe (mm)
Figure 34: Selected Bos measurements from Koievo, with data

from Hermanov vinograd I (Orton
n.d.) and Gomolava (Orton 2008)
as comparanda. (a) distal breadth
versus distal depth for metatarsals;
(b) proximal breadth versus greatest
breadth or peripheral side for first
phalanges.
Slika 34: Odabrane Bos mjere iz

Koieva, sa uporednim podacima iz
Hermanovog vinograda I (Orton, nepoznata godina) i Gomolava (Orton,
2008). (a) distalna irina nasuprot
distalne dubine za metatarzalne kosti; (b) proksimalna irina nasuprot
najvee irine ili obodne strane proksimalne falange.
The larger of the two measured

Koievo distal metatarsals was ini-
Vea od dvije izmjerene metatarzalne kosti iz Koieva je originalno

113
tially recorded as Bos sp. but reclassified as domestic cattle on the basis
of this comparison, and it seems likely that the great majority of the cattle bones recovered from both Sopot
sites represent domestic individuals.
oznaena kao Bos sp., ali je kasnije

izvrena prekvalifikacija u domau
stoku na osnovu ovog poreenja, a i
ini se vjerovatnim da velika veina
kostiju stoke naena na oba nalazita
u Sopotu predstavljaju domae primjerke.
Regional comparisons
As noted above, zooarchaeological comparanda from Sopot sites
are very rare. Figure 35 compares
the distribution of major species at
Koievo with those at Slava and
Hermanov vinograd I (n.b. the former
is not entirely Sopot and the latter is
preliminary), but also with selected
roughly contemporary assemblages
relating to different cultural groupings: Obre II and Okolite in central
Bosnia (Butmir culture) and Gomolava, Vina-Belo Brdo, and Opovo from northern Serbia/Vojvodina
(Vina culture). Interestingly, there
does seem to be some variation between these cultural groupings, although differences in recovery standards may complicate matters.
114
Regionalna poreenja
Kao to je ranije utvreno, zooarheoloki uporedni podaci sa nalazita
u Sopotu su veoma rijetki. Slika 35
poredi distribuciju najvanijih vrsta iz Koieva sa onim iz Slave i
Hermanovog vinograda I (n.b. prvi
ne potiu u potpunosti iz Sopota, a
posljednji je preliminaran), ali i sa
odabranim skoro savremenim skupovima koji se odnose na razliite kulturne grupacije: Obre II i Okolite u
srednjoj Bosni (Butmirska kultura) i
Gomolava, Vina - Belo Brdo, i Opovo iz sjeverne Srbije/Vojvodine (vinanska kultura). Interesantno, ini
se da postoje neke varijacije izmeu
kulturnih grupacija, iako razlike u
standardima pronalaenja mogu da
zakomplikuju stvari.

Koievo
Slava
Herman I
Bos taurus
Ovis/Capra
Okolite
Sus scrofa
Obre II
Cervus elaphus
Capreolus capreolus
Gomolava
Vina
Opovo
0%
20%
40%
60%
Figure 35: Relative frequencies of

selected taxa at Koievo compared
with other central Balkan late Neolithic sites. Sopot culture: Slava
(Miculini and Mihajlovi 2003),
Hermanov vinograd I (Orton n.d.);
Butmir culture: Obre II (Bknyi
1974), Okolite (Benecke 2009);
Vina culture: Gomolava (Orton
2008), Vina-Belo Brdo (Dimitrijevi 2006), Opovo (Russell 1993). See
figure 30 for locations.
Most notably, deer are much more
common in the Vina assemblages
than either Butmir or Sopot. Since
this includes both large-bodied red
deer and small-bodied roe deer, it
cannot be put down to any potential
bias in recovery techniques. Pigs are
80%
100%
Slika 35: Relativna frekvencija

odabranih taksona u Koievu u poreenju sa drugim kasnoneolitskim
nalazitima na centralnom Balkanu.
Sopotska kultura: Slava (Miculini i Mihajlovi, 2003), Hermanov
vinograd I (Orton, nepoznata godina); Butmirska kultura: Obre II
(Bknyi, 1974), Okolite (Benecke,
2009); Vinanska kultura: Gomolava (Orton. 2008), Vina - Belo Brdo
(Dimitrijevi, 2006), Opovo (Russell,
1993). Vidjeti sliku 30 za lokacije.
Primjetno je da su jeleni znatno
zastupljeniji u skupovima u Vini
nego u Butmiru ili u Sopotu. Poto
ta kategorija obuhvata kako krupne
obine jelene tako i sitne srne, ovo se
ne moe pripisati potencijalnim od115
shown as a single group here, but it

is notable that large-type individuals
are very prominent in the Vina assemblages (see Russell 1993, Dimitrijevi 2006, Orton 2008) while few
pigs from the Butmir sites were identified as wild (Bknyi 1974, Benecke 2009). No indication of size is
given for Slava, but the vast majority of pig specimens from Hermanov
vinograd I fall into the small group,
as well as the majority from Koievo. Together with the differences in
deer representation, this could be taken to suggest that hunting in general
played a much smaller role for Sopot
and Butmir than for Vina communities. Differential availability of game
is unlikely to be responsible for this
phenomenon given the broadly similar range of environments found
along the Posavina, while wild pigs
and both deer species are also likely
to have been present around the Butmir sites in the Bosna valley.
stupanjima u tehnikama prikupljanja.

Svinje su ovde pokazane kao jedinstvena grupa, ali se moe primijetiti
da su krupniji primjerci zastupljeni
u skupovima u Vini (vidjeti Russell 1993, Dimitrijevi 2006, Orton 2008) dok je nekoliko svinja sa
Butmirskog nalazita identifikovano
kao divlje (Bknyi 1974, Benecke
2009). Nema pokazatelja veliine za
Slavu, ali veliki dio svinjskih primjeraka iz Hermanovog vinograda
I spadaju u kategoriju male grupe,
kao i veina primjeraka iz Koieva.
Zajedno sa razlikama u zastupljenosti jelena, ovo bi, moglo ukazivati
na to da je lov imao manji znaaj za
Sopt i Butmir, nego za Vinanske
zajednice. Razliita dostupnost divljai najvjerovatnije nije uzrok ove
pojave, s obzirom na uopteno slian
obim okruenja du Posavine, dok su
divlje svinje i obje vrste jelena vjerovatno bili prisutni i oko Butmirskog
nalazita u dolini Bosne.
The relative proportions of domestic species are more problematic

due to potential recovery bias against
caprines and in favour of cattle. The
assemblages from Gomolava and
from Hermanov vinograd seem particularly badly affected based on
the absence of very small fragments
(personal observation), going some
way to explaining their very low frequencies of sheep and goats. On the
Relativne propocije pitomih vrsta

su problematinije zbog potencijalnih
odstupanja u pronalasku u odnosu na
koze, a u korist stoke. Skupovi iz Gomolave i iz Hermanovog vinograda
se ine prilino oteenim na osnovu odsustva veoma malih fragmenta (lina primjedba), na neki nain
objanjava nisku frekvenciju ovaca i
koza. S druge strane, veliki broj primjeraka veoma malih, mladih, svinja
116
other hand, large numbers of specimens from very small, young, pigs
were recovered from the latter site,
while similarly-sized caprine bones
were not. By contrast, sieving was
routine at Vina during the relevant
excavation campaigns (M. Pori,
pers. comm.), while approximately
25% of deposits were sieved at Opovo (Russell 1993, 71). At Obre II
one of the four main trenches studied was excavated with special care
and the collecting was more exact
(Bknyi 1974, 64), though the exact methodology is not spelt out.
Koievo itself was subject to quite
careful excavation despite the lack of
sieving, but the relative abundance of
cattle is surely exaggerated to some
extent as perhaps illustrated by
the higher percentage of caprines at
Slava, where around 1/3 of deposits were dry-sieved (M. Mihajlevi,
pers. comm.) Taking all this into
account, the only reasonably clear
inter-group difference regarding domestic species is the stronger dominance of cattle in the Butmir sites
than elsewhere.
jeste naen na nalazitu u Hermanovom vinogradu, dok kosti sline

veliine caprine nisu naene. Nasuprot tome, prosijavanje je bila rutina
u Vini u toku relevantnih kampanja
iskopavanja (M. Pori, lina primjedba), dok je otprilike 25% taloga, prosijano u Opovu (Russell 1993,
71). U Obru II jedan od etiri glavna
prouavana sonde je bio iskopan sa
posebnom panjom i prikupljanje je
bilo preciznije (Bknyi 1974, 64),
iako tana metodologija nije precizirana. Samo Koievo je bilo predmet
paljivog iskopavanja uprkos tome
to je izostalo prosijavanje, ali relativno obilje stokom je sa sigurnou
donekle pretjerano to se moe uoiti na primjeru veeg procenta koza
i ovaca na Slavi, gdje oko 1/3 taloga
suho prosijavano (M. Mihajlevic, lina primjedba). Uzevi sve navedeno
u obzir, jedina iole jasna meugrupna razlika je jaa izraenost stoke
na butmirskom nalazitu u odnosu na
druga nalazita.
Anatomical representation
Podaci o relativnom izobilju razliitih dijelova tijela mogu potencijalno rijeiti razna arheoloka pitanja,
naroito (a) distribuciju dijelova kostura izmeu konteksta i nalazita, i
(b) odluke lovaca (ili potencijalnih
Data on relative abundances of different body parts can potentially address various archaeological issues,
but particularly (a) the distribution
Anatomski prikaz
117
of carcass parts between contexts

and site areas, and (b) transport decisions made by hunters (or potentially by herders, if livestock were
slaughtered away from the site). Unfortunately, the horizontal stratigraphy at Koievo does not allow for
the former, while the only species at
Koievo with large enough samples
for meaningful assessment were domestic cattle and domestic pigs (the
latter also including the indeterminate pig group).
15
stoara, ako se stoka klala van nalazita) o transportu. Na alost, horizontalna stratigrafija Koieva ne
doputa prvu opciju, dok su jedini
primjerci u Koievu sa dovoljno velikim uzorcima za smislenu procjenu
bili domaa goveda i domae svinje
(druga opcija takoe ukljuuje i nedefinisanu grupu svinja).
14
A)
B)
9
DZ
10
-1
2.5
2.5
Weighted DZ
C)
D)
1.5
1.5
1
0.5
0.5
0
Head
Axial Upper fore

Lower fore
Upper hind
Lower hind Feet
Head
Axial
Upper
fore
Lower
fore
Upper
hind
Lower
hind
Feet
Figure 36: Anatomical representation for cattle (a,c) and domestic

pigs* (b,d), by raw DZ (a,b) and by
weighted DZ (c,d). *includes indeterminate pig category.
Slika 36: Anatomski prikaz za goveda (a,c) i domae svinje * (b,d), sirovim DZ (a,b) i teinskim DZ (c,d).
*ukljuuje nedefinisanu grupu svinja.
Figure 36 shows the anatomical

distribution of DZ by broad body regions for each of these species (a,b),
along with the same data divided
by the number of DZ in each region
Slika 36 prikazuje anatomsku distribuciju DZ po irokim tjelesnim

podrujima za svaku od ovih vrsta
(a,b), zajedno sa odreenim podacima podijeljenim po broju dijagno-
118
in a complete carcass, to achieve

comparability (c,d). This approach
mitigates, but does not necessarily
eliminate, potential problems due to
differential fragmentation and preservation between body parts.
The data for cattle are broadly
what one would expect for a domestic species on a settlement site,
allowing for small sample sizes and
taphonomic factors: the body regions
are fairly evenly represented, suggesting that cattle were slaughtered at
or near Koievo and whole carcasses ultimately deposited on site. The
much less regular element profile for
pigs is harder to explain. It certainly
does not fit the whole-carcass pattern seen for cattle, but nor does the
abundance of body regions seem to
relate to their utility, as might be expected for hunted species or if livestock were slaughtered away from
the site: meaty upper forelimbs are
abundant, but no DZ were recorded
from the even more meat-rich upper
hindlimbs. The under-representation
of feet and lower limbs may reflect
recovery biases against small phalanges, carpals, and tarsals, while the
relative abundance of cranial may be
helped by the robustness and ready
identifiability of pig teeth and jaws,
but it is the contrast between the two
sets of upper limbs that is surprising.
stikih zona u svakom podruju sa

kompletnim skeletom, da bi se postigla uporedivost (c,d). Ovaj pristup
ublaava, ali nuno ne uklanja, mogue probleme uzrokovane raznim
fragmentacijama i nivoom ouvanosti dijelova tijela.
Podaci za goveda su uglavnom
ono to se moglo i oekivati za domae vrste u naseljenim mjestima,
uzimajui u obzir veliinu uzorka i
tafonomske faktore: tjelesni dijelovi
su prilino ravnomjerno rasporeeni,
ukazujui da su goveda bila ubijana
ili u Koievu ili u njegovoj blizini
i da su cijela trupla konano poloena na nalazitu. Mnogo manje stalan elementni profil za svinje je tee
objasniti. Ono se sigurno ne uklapa
u obrazac cjelovitog trupla koji smo
vidjeli kod goveda, niti se ini da
izobilje tjelesnih dijelova ima veze
da njihovom primjenom, to se moe
oekivati za lovljene vrste ili ako se
stoka klala van lokacije: mesnih gornjih prednjih udova ima u izobilju,
ali nema registrovanih DZ o jo mesnatijim gornjim zadnjim udovima.
Nedovoljna zastupljenost nogu i donjih udova moe odraavati odstupanja u pronalasku u odnosu na male
falange, karpale i tarzale, dok je relativnom izobilju kosti lobanje moda
doprinijela robusnost i laka prepoznatljivost svinjskih zuba i vilica, ali
119
Pig scapulae and humeri are robust

and easily identifiable, but the same
can be said of femora. However, given the relatively small sample size
and the low number of DZ in the upper limb regions, this might just be a
chance result.
Conclusion
The assemblage from Koievo is
sadly too small to allow for detailed
insights into either herding or hunting practices in the late Neolithic
of northern Bosnia. It does, however, provide a first glimpse at animal
use in the region during the late 6th
to mid 5th millennium BC. Overall
taxonomic frequencies are consistent
with the wider regional picture: a relative paucity of wild animal remains
fits better with the limited available
data from other Sopot sites than with
Vina assemblages to the east, while
the frequency of pigs and caprines
at Koievo, as at nearby Slava,
contrasts somewhat with the heavily
cattle-dominated Butmir sites to the
south.
120
najvie iznenauje razlika izmeu

parova gornjih udova. Svinjske lopatice i nadlaktine kosti su robusne i
lake za prepoznati, ali isto se moe
rei i bedrene kosti. U svakom sluaju, s obzirom da je veliina uzorka
relativno mala i da je nizak broj DZ u
podrujima gornjih udova, ovo moe
biti sluajan rezultat.
Zakljuak
Zbirka iz Koieva je, naalost,
premala da bi omoguila detaljan
uvid u bilo stoarsku ili lovaku
praksu kasnoneolitskog razdoblja u
sjevernoj Bosni. Ipak, ona omoguava uvid u nain upotrebe ivotinja
u regionu u kasnom 6. i sredinom
5. milenijuma prije nove ere. Opte
taksonomske frekvencije su u skladu
sa irom slikom regiona: relativna
nestaica ostataka divljih ivotinja
se bolje uklapa u ograniene dostupne podatke sa drugih sopoanskih
nalazita, prije nego sa vinanskim
skupovima prema istoku, dok je uestalost koza i ovaca u Koiev, kao
i u oblinjoj Slavi, u suprotnosti sa
prilino dominantnim prisustvom
goveda na butmirskim nalazitima
prema jugu.
2.6. Bioanthropological report
2.6. Bioantropoloki izvjetaj
By Marija Radovi
Autor Marija Radovi
Introduction
Uvod
This report presents results of the

examination of human skeletal remains referred to as Context 1156.
The analysis was done on the March
23rd and 24th 2014 as part of the corresponding field season of the EUROFARM project. The report comprises
of skeletal inventory and description
of the condition of remains; individuals age, sex, stature and body mass
estimation; note and record evidence
of pathology, post-cranial skeletal
metrics and non-metric postcranial
traits.
Ovaj izvjetaj predstavlja rezultate

istraivanja ljudskih skeletnih ostataka koji se nazivaju kontekst 1156.
Analiza je vrena 23. i 24. marta
2014. godine u sklopu odgovarajuih
terenskih radova EUROFARM projekta. Izvjetaj se sastoji od inventara skeletnih ostataka i opisa stanja
u kom se nalaze; procjene starosne
dobi, pola, grae i procjene tjelesne
mase; biljeke i zapisa o patolokim
dokazima, postkranijalne skeletne
mjere i nemjerljivih postkranijalnih
obiljeja.
Context 1156 was recovered at

Koievo site in 2013, at a depth
of c. 40cm under the base of modern plough soil. The burial is located
in squares B1-C1-B99. It is a single
inhumation oriented in NE direction
with no grave lining, construction, or
grave goods. The skeleton was found
in the same soil matrix as the rest of
the surrounding layer. The burial was
disturbed by a later feature (posthole)
which destroyed the entire cranium
and the upper part of the torso. This
partial skeleton was found in a complex position: remains of lower torso
Kontekst 1156 je pronaen na Koievskom lokalitetu 2013. godine,

na dubini od otprilike 40 cm ispod
osnove savremene oranice. Grobno
mjesto se nalazi u kvadrantima B1C1-B99. Radi se o jedininom ukopu s sjeveroistonom orijentacijom
bez grobne obloge, konstrukcije, ili
grobne opreme. Skelet je pronaen
u istom zemljinom matriksu kao to
je i u ostatku okolnog sloja. Ukop
je naruen naknadnom arheolokom
cjelinom (rupa od stuba) koja je unitila kompletnu lobanju i gornji dio
torza. Ovaj parcijalni skelet se nalazio u kompleksnom poloaju kada je
121
and upper limbs are in extended supine position (the left arm was only
represented by the lower part, while
the right arm was found complete in
anatomical flexed position); the pelvis and lower limbs were partially
flexed on its left side with the right
leg positioned above the left one.
Condition of Remains
After processing of context 1156
skeletal remains, the preservation of
bones and its periosteum appeared to
be very good. The information about
(dis)similarity in colour as an important evidence of taphonomic changes could not be obtained due to slow
process of drying and limited time of
the analysis.
Skeletal inventory
pronaen: ostaci donjeg torza i gornjih udova su u ispruenom leeem

poloaju (lijeva ruka je predstavljena
samo donjim dijelom, dok je desna
ruka pronaena kompletna u anatomski savijenoj poziciji); karlica i donji
udovi su djelimino savijeni na lijevu stranu, sa desnom nogom postavljenom iznad lijeve.
Stanje ostataka
Nakon obrade skeletnih ostataka
iz kontesta 1156, izgledalo je da je
ouvanost kostiju i pokosnice jako
dobra. Informacija o razlici/slinosti
u boji, kao vaan dokaz tafonomskih
promjena, se nije mogla dobiti zbog
sporog procesa suenja i ogranienog
vremena za analizu.
Skeletni inventar
Cranium: With the exception of

an upper premolar (which could be
associated with this individual), there
were no remains of cranial bones.
Lobanja: Osim gornjeg pretkutnjaka (za koji se ne moe sa sigurnou tvrditi da je pripadao ovoj individui), nema ostataka lobanjskih
kostiju.
Thorax: The remains comprised

of four fragmented centra of cervical
vertebrae (only axis with fragmented
dense could be identified among these
remains), fragment of left transverse
processus of atlas and one unidentified cervical processus; four fragmented centra of thoracic vertebrae
Grudni ko: Ostaci se sastoje od

etiri fragmentirana glavna dijela
vratnih prljenova (samo se aksis
sa fragmentovanim densom mogao
identifikovati meu ovim ostacima),
dio lijevog poprenog nastavka atlasa i jedan neidentifikovani nastavak
vratnog prljena; etiri fragmentira-
122
and five lumbar vertebrae; minimum

of seven ribs preserved (60 medial
fragments, seven vertebral fragments
and three sternal fragments); highly
fragmented right scapula (acromion
and two fragments of the bone body
are preserved); shaft of the right
clavicle without ends.
Upper limbs: Skeletal remains of
the upper limbs comprised of right
humerus, distal part of the shaft of left
humerus, right and left ulna without
distal ends, right radius, three right
carpal bones (trapezium, trapezoid
and capitate), 1st right metacarpal,
right and left 2nd metacarpals, right
and left 3rd metacarpals, the base of
the 5th left metacarpal, one unidentified fragmented right metacarpal
bone, four proximal phalanges and
one middle phalanx.
Pelvis: Right innominate bone,
fragmented left innominate bone in
the region of spina superior anterior,
fragmented sacrum (wings, promontory and upper part of the bone body
are present), upper part of the coccyx
bone were recovered.
Lower limbs: Skeletal remains
of the lower limbs comprised of
right femur fragmented proximally
in the region of greater and lesser
trochanter, left femur, right and left
tibia, right fibula, left fibula without
proximal end, left patella, right and
na glavna dijela grudnih prljenova i

pet slabinskih prljenova; minimalno
sedam rebara je ouvano (60 medijalnih fragmenata, sedam dijelova
prljenova i tri prsna fragmenta; jako
rasparana desna lopatica (rameni
vrh i dva fragmenta kotanog tijela
su sauvana); dijafiza desne kljune
kosti bez zavretaka.
Gornji ekstremiteti: Skeletni
ostaci gornjih ekstremiteta se sastoje
od desne nadlaktine kosti, distalnog
dijela dijafize lijeve nadlaktine kosti, desne i lijeve lakatne kosti bez
distalnih krajeva, desne palane kosti, tri desne karpalne kosti (trapezoidne, trapezne i glaviaste kosti),
prve desne metakarpalne kosti, lijeve i desne druge metakarpalne kosti,
desne i lijeve tree metakarpalne kosti, osnove pete lijeve metakarpalne
kosti, jednog neidentifikovanog fragmenta desne metakarpalne kosti,
etiri proksimalne falange i jedne
srednje falange.
Karlica: U materijalu je prisutna
desna karlina kost, fragmentirana
lijeva karlina kost u pojasu spina
superior anterior (ivica krila bedrene kosti), fragmentirana krsna kost
(krila, ispupenje i gornji dio kosti su
prisutni) i gornji dio trtine kosti.
Donji ekstremiteti: Skeletni ostaci donjih ekstremiteta se sastoje od
desne bedrene kosti fragmentirane
proksimalno u pojasu velikog i ma123
left calcaneous, right talus, left talus fragmented on the medial side of
the bone, right and left fragmented
navicular bones, right and left fragmented cuboid bones, right and left
1st, 2nd and 3rd cuneiform bones, both
1st metatarsals, both 2nd metatarsals,
both 3rd metatarsals (left bone missing head), both 4th metatarsals, both
5th metatarsals with heads missing
and 2 proximal phalanges.
log obrtaa, lijeve bedrene kosti,

desne i lijeve goljenine kosti, desne lisne kosti, lijeve lisne kosti bez
proksimalnog zavretka, lijevog ivera, desne i lijeve petne kosti, desne
gleanjske kosti, lijeve gleanjske
kosti fragmentirane na medijalnoj
strani kosti, desne i lijeve fragmentirane unaste kosti, desne i lijeve
fragmentirane kockaste kosti, desne
i lijeve prve, druge i tree klinaste
kosti, obje prve metatarzalne kosti,
obje druge metatarzalne kosti, obje
tree metatarzalne kosti (lijevoj kosti
nedostaje glava), obje etvrte metatarzalne kosti, obje pete metatarzalne
kosti sa nedostajuim glavama i dvije proksimalne falange.
Table 18: bone measurements

(cm)3
Tabela 18: Mjere kostiju (cm)3

Right
Humerus - Maximal length

Nadlaktina kost (humerus) maksimalna duina
Humerus - Maximum diameter of the head
Nadlaktina kost (humerus) maksimalni promjer glave
Humerus - Least circumference of the shaft
Nadlaktina kost (humerus) najmanji obim dijafize
Radius - Maximum length
Palana kost (radius) maksimalna duina
Ulna - Maximum length
Lakatna kost (ulna) maksimalna duina
Ulna - Physiological length
Lakatna kost (ulna) fizioloka duina
3
The measurements were taken only from

bones that were not fragmented in areas necessary for measuring. Right femur was not
measured due to the risk of contamination
as it was to be submitted to a DNA analysis.
124
Left
30,2
3,8
5,4
22,2
Uzete su mjere samo onih kostiju koje nisu

fragmentirane u podrujima potrebnim za
mjerenje. Desna bedrena kost nije izmjerena
zbog rizika od kontaminacije poto se trebala odnijeti na DNK analizu.

Innominate - Maximum length
Karlina kost (innominate) maksimalna duina
Innominate - Illiac breadth
Karlina kost (innominate) ilijana irina
Innominate - Maximum length
Karlina kost (innominate) maksimalna duina
Innominate - Pubis length
Karlina kost (innominate) duina preponske kosti
Femur - Maximum length
Bedrena kost (femur) maksimalna duina
Femur - Bicondylar length
Bedrena kost (femur) bikondilarna duina
Femur - Anterior-posterior diameter of the midshaft
Bedrena kost (femur) anteriorniposteriorni promjer srednjeg dijela
dijafize
Femur - Mediolateral diameter of the midshaft
Bedrena kost (femur) - mediolateralni promjer srednjeg dijela dijafize
Femur - Anterior-posterior breadth of the head
Bedrena kost (femur) - anteriorna-posteriorna irina glave
Femur - Circumference of the midshaft
Bedrena kost (femur) obim srednjeg dijela dijafize
Femur - Subtrohanteric anterior-posterior diameter
Bedrena kost (femur) - subtrohanterini anteriorni-posteriorni
promjer
Femur - Subtrohanteric mediolateral diameter
Bedrena kost (femur) - subtrohanterini mediolateralni promjer
Fibula - Maximum length
Lisna kost (fibula) maksimalna duina
Tibia - Maximum length
Goljenina kost (tibia) maksimalna duina
Tibia - Anterior-posterior diameter at the nutrient foramen
Goljenina kost (tibia) - anteriorni-posteriorni promjer na foramen
nutritiumu (otvor za ishranu kostiju)
Tibia - Mediolateral diameter at the nutrient foramen
Goljenina kost (tibia) - mediolateralni promjer na foramen
nutritiumu (otvor za ishranu kostiju)
Tibia Circumference at the nutrient foramen
Goljenina kost (tibia) obim na foramen nutritiumu (otvor za
ishranu kostiju)
19,4
14,6
7,8
7,7
41,3
40,3
2,2
2,4
3,9
7,1
2,4
2,7
33,6
33,2
2,9
3,0
2,2
2,1
7,8
7,7
125
Sex
Pol
As a result of the examination of

gross morphology of innominate
bones, the following female features
were listed: obtuse sciatic notch
(Buikstra and Ubelaker 1994), presence of preauricular sulucs on both
innominate (Buikstra and Ubelaker
1994 after Milner 1992), pubis shape,
presence of a ventral arc on the pubis, medial aspect of the ischiopubic
ramus (Buikstra and Ubelaker 1994
after Buikstra and Mielke 1985; Bass
2005).
Kao rezultat istraivanja ukupne

morfologije karlinih kostiju, sljedee karakteristike ukazuju da se radi o
individui enskog pola: tup bedreni
usjek (Buikstra i Ubelaker 1994), prisustvo predaurikularnog suluksa na
obje karline kosti (Buikstra i Ubelaker 1994 nakon Milnera 1992), oblik
preponske kosti, prisustvo trbunog
luka na preponskoj kosti, medijalni
aspekt ischiopubic ramus (Buikstra i
Ubelaker 1994 nakon Buikstra i Mielke 1985; Bass 2005).
The greatest diameter of femoral

head of 39mm and femoral circumference of 71mm, taken from the left
femur according to standard data
collection procedures (Moore-Jansen
et al 1994; Bass 2005), fall into the
female range (Table 18) (Bass 2005
after Stewart 1979 and Black 1978).
Najvei prenik glave bedrene kosti od 39mm i obima bedrene kosti od

71mm, uzete sa lijeve bedrene kosti a
u skladu sa standardnom procedurom
prikupljanja podataka (Moore-Jansen i dr. 1994; Bass 2005), spadaju u
mjerni raspon primjenjiv na ene (tabela 18) (Bass 2005 nakon Stewart
1979 i Black 1978).
Postcranial measurements of the

right humerus, right radius, and left
femur, taken in accordance with
standard data collection techniques
(Moore-Jansen et al. 1994) indicate
that the remains were those of a female (Table 18). The value of Ischium-Pubis Index =101,5 (Appendix
1) also falls into the female range
(Bass 2005).
126
Postkranijalna mjerenja desne

nadlaktine kosti, desne palane
kosti i lijeve bedrene kosti, uzete u
skladu sa standardnim tehnikama
prikupljanja podataka (Moore-Jansen i dr. 1994) indiciraju da su ostaci
pripadali eni (tabela 18). Vrijednost
Ischium-Pubis Index =101,5 (Dodatak 1) takoe spada u mjerni raspon
primjenljiv za ene (Bass 2005).
Age
Starosna dob
Age assessment is based on several criteria. The estimate of this individuals age is 30-50 years old. Such
a wide range has been given due to
differences in morphology of particular age estimation markers of this
female. Furthermore, the age could
not be assessed on the basis of cranial suture closure due to the lack of
cranium.
Procjena starosne dobi se zasniva

na nekoliko kriterija. Procjena starosne dobi ove osobe je uzmeu 35 i 50
godina starosti. Ovako veliki raspon
je proizvod razlika u morfologiji konkretnih markera za procjenu starosti
u sluaju ove enske osobe. Nadalje,
dob nije bilo mogue procijeniti na
osnovu stepena sraslosti lobanjskih
avova zbog nedostatka lobanje.
An assessment of the auricular

surface of the innominate bone indicates lack of transverse organization, density of bone covering the entire surface, present macroporosity,
lipped inferior demiface at the inferior terminus, minimal apical activity
and a strongly marked retroauricular
area, all of which point to an age
ranging from mid-forties to mid-fifties (Lovejoy et al. 1985; Meindl and
Lovejoy 1989).
Na posmatranja na osnovu aurikularne povrine karline kosti ove

individue i ustanovljenog nedostatka
poprene (transverzalne) organizacije, prisustva guste kotane mase koja
pokriva itavu povrinu, prisutne
makroporoznosti, nazupenosti donje ivice donje polovine ove povrine, minimalne apikalne aktivnosti
i snano naznaenog retroaurikularnog podruja, procijenjena starosna
dob ove individue kree se u rasponu
od sredine etrdesetih do sredine pedesetih (Lovejoy i dr. 1985; Meindl i
Lovejoy 1989).
An assessment of the os pubis, according to the method given by Todd

(1921a, 1921b), assigned the age
of individual to Phase 10, associated with age of 50+. The assessment
according to the Suchey-Brooks
system for estimating age-at-death
based upon morphology of the pubic
symphysis of females (Brooks and
Suchey 1990) placed the individual
in Phase 6 which corresponds to an
age over 50.
Procjena starosti na osnovu os

pubis (preponska kost), prema metodi koju je pruio Todd (1921a,
1921b), je dob osobe dodijelila fazi
10, a koja se odnosi na starosnu
dob 50+. Procjena u skladu sa Suchey-Brooks sistemom za odreivanje
starosti u trenutku smrti, a na osno127
The epiphyseal union in all observable long bone ends as well as fusion
of the innominate bones is complete,
although sacrum S1-S2 appears to be
in the process of fusing. Sacrum S1S2 can ossify even after the age of 30
(Buikstra and Ubelaker 1994).
Based on an examination of ossification patterns of sternal-ends of ribs
(Bass 2005 after Isan et al. 1985)
individual was assigned to Phase 5.
Phase 5 is associated with age range
of 33,7- 46,3.
In conclusion, the youngest age
of the individual is 33,7 and the oldest age is above 50. Such a wide age
range is caused by discordance in
ageing changes on the pelvis when
compared to ossification patterns in
sternal ends of ribs. Morphology of
the pelvis might have been affected
by a large number of child births or
occupational activity, which caused
high pressure on this part of the skeleton. This may be the reason why
morphology of the pubic symphysis
and auricular surfaces appears as that
of an individual of older age. Ossification patterns of sternal-ends of ribs
and overall state of other articular
surfaces (including condylar facets,
hands and feet) with no arthritic osteophytes, porosity or eburnation can
give a narrower age range for this female. With high precaution, one can
say that the age ranges from 35 to 50
years old.
128
vu morfologije preponske simfize

kod ena (Brooks i Suchey 1990) je
stavila ovu individuu u fazu 6 koja
korespondira starosnoj dobi od preko
50 godina.
Epifizalni spoj na svim opserviranim krajevima dugih kostiju kao i
spajanje karlinih kostiju je kompletno, iako se ini da je krsna kost u predelu S1-S2 u procesu spajanja. Krsna
kost na spoju S1-S2 moe okotavati
ak i nakon 30-te godine ivota (Buikstra i Ubelaker 1994).
Na osnovu ispitivanja obrazaca
okotavanja sternalnih krajeva rebara (Bass 2005 nakon Isan i dr. 1985)
osoba je dodijeljena fazi 5. Faza 5 se
odnosi na starosnu dob u rasponu izmeu 33,7- 46,3 godina.
Kao zakljuak, najmlaa dob osobe je procijenjena na 33,7 godina a
najstarija na preko 50 godina. Ovako veliki raspon je uzrok nesklada u
promjenama koje starenje izaziva na
podruje karlice, a kada se uporedi
sa obrascima okotavanja sternalnih
krajeva rebara. Na morfologiju karlice je moda uticao veliki broj poroaja ili radna aktivnost, to je izazvalo ogroman pritisak na ovaj dio
skeleta. Ovo bi mogao da bude razlog
zato morfologija karline simfize i
aurikularnih povrina lii na onu kod
osobe starije dobi. Obrasci okotavanja sternalnih krajeva rebara i opte
Stature estimation
The estimation of stature has been
drawn from lengths of long bones
of free limbs (Trotter and Gleser
1952: Table 18). Here, a general rule
should be noted that if the bones of
lower limbs are present, lengths of
upper limb bones should not be used
in the estimation of stature. In case
of the individual from Burial X, the
stature (cm) calculated on the basis
of the length of left femur is 156,11
3,72 or 157,81 3,66 from the length
of left tibia (Table 18).
In conclusion, the minimal stature
of this individual could be 152,39cm
and maximal 161,47cm. Most likely,
this individual was c.157cm tall.
Body mass
Body mass was estimated using
mechanical method given by Auerbach and Ruff (2004: table 2) on the
basis of anterior-posterior breadth
of the femoral head (Table 18). Estimated body mass for this individual
is 53-56kg.
Non-metric postcranial traits
No non-metric postcranial traits
were observed in present bones of
this individual.
stanje ostalih vezivnih povrina (ukljuujui kondilarne facete, ruke i

stopala) a bez artritike osteopatije,
poroznosti ili eburnacije moe suziti
raspon starosne dobi za ovu ensku
osobu. Sa velikom opreznou, moe
se rei da je raspon starosne dobi izmeu 35 i 50 godina starosti.
Procjena visine
Procjena visine je izvedena iz
duina dugakih kostiju slobodnih
udova (Trotter i Gleser 1952: Tabela
18). Ovdje bi trebalo primjetiti opte
pravilo koje kae da ukoliko postoje
kosti donjih ekstremiteta, duina kostiju gornjih ekstremiteta ne bi trebalo da bude koritena u svrhu procjene
visine. U sluaju osobe sa grobnog
mjesta X, visina (cm) izraunata na
osnovu duine lijeve bedrene kosti
je 156,11 3,72 ili 157,81 3,66 od
duine lijeve goljenine kosti (tabela
18).
Kao zakljuak, minimalna visina
ove osobe bi mogla biti 152,39cm,
a maksimalna 161,47cm. Najvjerovatnije, ova osoba je bila visoka oko
157cm.
Tjelesna teina
Teina je procijenjena koritenjem
mehanike metode koju su zadali
129
Evidence of Pathologies, Antemortem Fractures and Trauma

Cranium: Unobservable.
Vertebrae (including pelvis):
Schmolars nodes (depressions)
present on 5 lower vertebral bodies.
They occur as a result of intervertebral disk pressure. In case of this
individual, Schmolars nodes are not
associated with other forms of degenerative changes such are osteophytes.
Osteophytes are present on the atlas
body and both wings of the sacrum
though. Schmolars nodes and osteophytes formation both represent age
and activity-related degeneration.
Both, right and left innominate
bones appear normal, although areas of irregularity and dense bone are
notable on retroauricular areas. Both
iliac crests are pronounced and show
some rugosity on anterior superior
ends. A pronounced osteophyte is apparent in the posterior border of left
acetabulam; this irregularity can be
identified as the bones response to
stress.
Long bones: Diaphyseal and metaphyseal shapes of all present long
bones appear normal. The linea
aspera of left femur is not very rugose.Rugose bone surface was observed in the area of costaclavicular
ligament on the right clavicle as well
130
Auerbach i Ruff (2004: tabela 2) na

osnovu anteriorne-posteriorne irine
glave bedrene kosti (tabela 18). Procijenjena tjelesna teina za ovu osobu iznosi 53-56kg.
Nemetrike postkranijalne
karakteristike
Na postojeim kostima ove osobe
nisu uoene nemetrike postkranijalne karakteristike.
Dokaz patolokih promjena, antemortem frakture i trauma
Lobanja: Nije bila dostupna za
analizu.
Prljenovi (ukljuujui karlicu):
Schmorlove hernije ili vorovi uoeni na 5 niih prljenova (vertebrae).
Oni su nastupili kao rezultat intervertebralnog pritiska na disk. Kod
ove osobe, Schmorlove hernije ili
vorovi se ne dovode u vezu sa nekim drugim oblicima degenerativnih
promjena kao to su kotane bodlje.
Kotane bodlje su, dodue, prisutne
na atlasu i na oba krila krsne kosti.
Schmorlove hernije ili vorovi i kotane bodlje predstavljaju degenerativne promjene koje se povezuju sa
starosnom dobi i aktivnou osobe.
as in the area of pectoralis major

muscle attachment on the right humerus.
Slight active porosity is apparent
on the anterior superior aspect of left
ulna. Mild active periostitis (condition caused by the inflammation of
periosteum) is visible on the medial aspect of right fibula; remodelled
and mild active periostitis is present
on the medial and posterior aspect of
right tibia and slight active periostitis on the posterior aspect of left tibia. This condition can be caused by
excessive physical activity of lower
limbs. Today, this condition could be
referred to medial tibial stress syndrome (MTSS). MTSS is an overuse
injury or repetitive-stress injury of
the shin area caused by intense activity of lower limbs (Beck 1988) most
commonly found among athletes.
No fracture or trauma was readily
apparent on recovered bones.
I lijeva i desna karlina kost izgledaju normalno, iako su uoena podruja nepravilnosti i gusta kotana
masa na retroaurikularnim podrujima. Obje ilijane kriste su jasno
definisane i na njima su vidljiva nazubljenja na prednjim gornjim krajevima. Naglaena kotana bodlja je
vidljiva na posteriornoj ivici lijevog
acetabula; ova se nepravilnost moe
obrazloiti kao odgovor kosti na
izloenost miinom stresu.
Dugake kosti: Dijafizni i metafizni oblici svih postojeih dugakih
kostiju izgledaju normalno. Linea
aspera lijeve bedrene kosti nije nazubljena. Nazubljena povrina kosti
je uoena u podruju kostaklavikularnog ligamenta na lijevoj kljunoj
kosti, kao i u podruju pectoralis
major miine veze na desnoj nadlaktinoj kosti.
Blago aktivna poroznost je oigledna na prednjem gornjem aspektu lijeve lakatne kosti. Blago aktivan
periostitis (stanje koje izaziva upala
pokosnice) je uoljiv na medijalnom
aspektu desne lisne kosti; izmijenjen
i blago aktivan periostitis je prisutan
na medijalnom i posteriornom aspektu desne goljenine kosti kao i blago
aktivan periostitis na posteriornom
aspektu lijeve goljenine kosti. Ovo
je stanje moglo biti izazvano pretjeranom fizikom aktivnou donjih
ekstremiteta. U dananje vrijeme
131
Conclusion
The remains correspond to those
of an adult female (35-50 years old),
approximatively 157cm of height
and 53-56kg of weight. This female
could have be exposed to excessive
physical activity of lower limbs. No
discernible perimortem fractures
were noted.
ovo stanje bi moglo da se dovede u

vezu sa medijalnim tribijalnim stres
sindromom (MTSS). MTSS je stanje izazvano intezivnim koritenjem
koje se javlja kada podruje goljenice bude izloeno kontinuiranom,
ponavljanom stresu, koji izaziva intenzivna aktivnost donjih ekstremiteta (Beck 1988) i danas se najee
javlja kod sportista.
Na naenim kostima nije bilo jasno uoljivih fraktura niti trauma.
Zakljuak
Naeni ostaci odgovaraju odrasloj
enskoj osobi (35-50 godina starosti), visine oko 157cm i teine izmeu 53-56kg. Mogue je da je ova enska osoba bila izloena intenzivnoj
fizikoj aktivnosti donjih ekstremiteta. Nisu zabiljeene uoljive frakture
nastale neposredno prije smrti.
132
Appendix 1. Indices of Bones,

Context 1156, Koievo
Dodatak 1. Indeksi kostiju, kontekst

1156, Koievo
HUMERUS
NADLAKTINA KOST
Robusticity Index = 17,88
Indeks robusticiteta = 17,88
RADIUS
PALANA KOST
Humero-radial Index = 73,50
Humero-radijalni indeks = 73,50
FEMUR
BEDRENA KOST
Platymeric Index = 88,9
Platimerki indeks = 88,9
Non-pathological individual variation in the PI ranges from approximately 55 to 125. Individuals with a
PI between 85 and 9,.9 are areeurymeric (round proximal diaphysis).
Individual variation is considerable,
but population means for the PI typically range from70 to 100.
Individualne varijacije u PI koje se

ne ubrajaju u patoloka stanja kreu
se u rasponu od 55 do 125. Osobe sa
vrijednou PI izmeu 85 i 99 imaju
okrugle proksimalne dijafize. Individualne varijacije su znaajne, ali
populacijski prosjek za PI najee
varira od 70 do 100.
Robusticity Index = 11,4
Indeks vrstoe = 11,4
TIBIA
GOLJENINA KOST
Platycnemic Index = 70,0 eurycnemic

Expresses the degree of mediolateral flatness of a tibia
INNOMINATE
Ischium-Pubis Index = 101,1
Platiknemiki ineks = 70,0

Izraava stepen mediolateralne
pljosnatosti goljenine kosti
KARLINA KOST
Ishio-pubini indeks = 101,1
133
2.7. Radiocarbon chronology
2.7. Radiokarbonska hronologija
By Kevan Edinborough and Marc

Vander Linden
Autori: Kevan Edinborough i

Marc Vander Linden
A total of nine radiocarbon dates

are available for the site of Koievo.
All results are presented in Table 19.
These samples were selected over
the course of all successive field seasons and cover all areas excavated so
far. In all cases, bone samples were
privileged and were identified prior to submission for counting. Over
the entire duration of the project, two
different laboratories were used: the
first two dates, originating from the
2010 field season, were measured at
the Research Laboratory for History
of Art and Archaeology, University
of Oxford (dates with OxA code),
whilst all other submissions were
made to the Radiocarbon dating
laboratory of the Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre
(dates with SUERC code). All dates
were calibrated using Oxcal 4.2.3
(Bronk Ramsey 2009). These results show that the site of Koievo
was occupied during both 6th and 5th
millennia cal. BC. However, closer
investigation provides a finer, if not
without difficulties, periodisation of
the site.
Postoji ukupno devet radiokarbonskih datuma za lokalitet Koievo.

Svi rezultati predstavljeni su u Tabeli
19. Ovi uzorci su selektovani tokom
svih sukcesivnih sezona na terenu i
pokrivaju sva podruja koja su do
sada istraena. U svim sluajevima
uzorci kostiju su imali odreenu privilegiju i identifikovani su prije nego
to su poslani na raunanje. Tokom
cijelog trajanja projekta koritene su
dvije razliite laboratorije: prva dva
datuma, odnose se na terenski rad u
sezoni 2010. godine, su izmjerena su
u Istraivakoj laboratoriji za istoriju
umjetnosti i arheologiju, Univerziteta u Oksfordu / Research Laboratory for History of Art and Archaeology, University of Oxford (datumi
sa OxA oznakom), dok su svi ostali
poslani u Laboratoriju za radiokarbonsko datovanje Centra kotskih
univerziteta za istraivanje okolia /
Radiocarbon dating laboratory of the
Scottish Universities Environmental
Research Centre / (datumi sa SUERC
oznakom).
134
Svi datumi su kalibrirani koritenjem programa Oxcal 4.2.3 (Bronk

Ramsey 2009). Ovi rezultati pokazu-
ju da je lokalitet Koievo bio naseljen i tokom 6. i tokom 5. milenijuma

kalc. p.n.e.. Ipak, detaljnije istraivanje, ako ve nije bez potekoa, prua
kvalitetniju periodizaciju lokaliteta.
Table 19: Radiocarbon dates for
the site of Koievo
Tabela 19: Radiokarbonski datumi

za lokalitet Koievo
Standard
Date BP
deviation Sample Delta13 C Context 68.2%
Lab. Ref. Datum
Standardna Uzorak
()
Kontekst probability
PD
devijacija
vjerovatnoa
OxA23300
5904
33
Sus
scrofa
(wild)
OxA23301
5827
33
Bos
taurus
SUERC50651
6211
29
Bos
taurus
SUERC50652
5933
31
Sus
scrofa
SUERC50653
6137
29
Sus
scrofa
95.4%
probability
vjerovatnoa
4798-4724 cal 4846-4707

Test pit 1
BC (68.2%)
cal BC
80-90 cm
(95.4%)
4726-4652 cal 4786-4590
Test pit 1 BC (54.5%)
cal BC
-19.08
70-80 cm 4640-4616 cal (95.4%)
BC (13.7%)
5293-5241
cal BC
(11.5%)
5234-5193
1115
-20.9
cal BC
(=1133)
5221-5204 cal (18.9%)
5181-5059
BC (12.3%)
5169-5075 cal cal BC
(65.0%)
BC (55.9%)
4898-4866
cal BC
1115 4844-4770 cal (8.3%)
-20.8
4852-4723
(=1133) BC (65.1%)
(87.1%)
BC (3.1%)
5205-5166
(24.2%)
1066 5116-5111
-20.4
(=1132) (2.%)
5077-5006
5208-5000
(42.0%)
(95.4%)
-20.61
135
SUERC50654
6194
29
Bos
taurus
-21.3
SUERC50655
6155
29
Homo
sapiens
-21.4
SUERC54471
6015
34
Bos/
cervus
-22.4
SUERC54772
6946
35
Bos/
cervus
-22
As shown on Figure 37, all dates

are distributed in two successive
phases, with a clear outlier. The first
potential use of the site corresponds
to date SUERC-54772, which comes
from Feature 11, in the sector excavated in 2013. This date, if correct,
would indicate a Starevo-era use of
the site. From a stratigraphic point
of view, the date is coherent, as it
lies underneath the human skeleton,
136
5284-5273
cal BC
1066 5213-5205 cal (0.9%)
(=1132) BC (5.8%)
5228-5046
BC (62.4%)
(94.5%)
5207-5160 cal
BC (27.9%)
5153-5146 cal
BC (3.4%)
5138-5128 cal
1156
BC (5.1%)
5121-5094 cal
5212-5020
BC (4.1%)
BC (17.7%)
(95.4%)
5000-4827
cal BC
1197
(93.4%)
(=Feature
4816-4803
2)
(2.0%)
BC (68.4%)
5963-5960
cal BC
1196
(0.4%)
(=Feature
590311)
5877-5775 cal 5736 cal
BC(95.0%)
BC (68.4%)
Kao to je prikazano na slici 37,

svi datumi su podijeljeni na dvije
sukcesivne faze, sa jasnim vrijednostima izvan propisanih granica. Prvo
potencijalno koritenje lokaliteta odgovara datumu SUERC-54772, koji
dolazi sa arheoloke cjeline 11, u
podruju iskopanom u 2013. godini.
Ako je taan, ovaj datum bi upuivao
na koritenje lokaliteta jo od starevakog perioda. Stratigrafski posma-
which is dated to the late 6th millennium cal. BC (see below). However,
as for now, it clearly lies outside the
other existing dates. Furthermore, no
other archaeological evidence points
to a Starevo presence on the site.
For the time being thus, this date
should be considered with extreme
caution, more as the possibility of a
Starevo presence in the area rather
than definitive proof.
trano, datum je koherentan, budui

da se nalazi ispod ljudskog skeleta,
datiranog u kasni 6. milenijum kal.
p.n.e. (vidjeti ispod). Meutim, za
sada se jasno nalazi izvan drugih postojeih datuma. Osim toga, ni jedan
drugi arheoloki dokaz ne upuuje
na postojanje starevake kulture
na lokalitetu pa, za sada, ovaj datum
treba uzeti sa rezervom, tj. vie kao
mogunost postojanja starevake
kulture na podruju, a ne kao siguran
dokaz
Figure 37: Plot of radiocarbon

dates for the site of Koievo
Slika 37: Dijagram radiokarbonskih datuma za lokalitet Koievo
A second phase of occupation of

the site lasts between c. 5200 and
5000 cal. BC. This phase is repre-
Druga faza nastanjivanja lokaliteta

traje izmeu priblino 5200 i 5000
kalc. p.n.e.. Ovu fazu predstavljaju
137
sented by four dates, coming from all

sectors of the sites, and also incorporates the human skeleton (context
1156) previously discussed. Lastly,
a third phase can be distinguished,
lasting from c. 5000 to 4700 cal. BC.
As for the previous phase, it is also
represented across the entire site, including a feature (Feature 2, context
1197) excavated in the 2013 trench.
etiri datuma, sa svih dijelova lokaliteta, a takoe ukljuuje ljudski skelet

(kontekst 1156) o kojem je ranije
bilo rijei. Posljednja, trea faza, traje od oko 5000 do 4700 kalc. p.n.e..
Kada je u pitanju prethodna faza, i
ona je zastupljena na cijelom lokalitetu, ukljuujui arheoloku cjelinu
(arheoloka cjelina 2, kontekst 1197)
iskopanu u sondi iz 2013. godine.
Although both phases are clearly discernible from a radiocarbon

point of view, it is noteworthy that
this does not reflect the situation in
the field. Dates from both late 6th
and early 5th mill cal. BC are indeed
available in both sectors of the site.
In the 2013 trench, the situation appears rather complicated, with the
aformentioned potentially early 6th
mill cal. BC feature, on top of which
lies the late 6th mill. cal. BC skeleton, and with an early 5th mill cal.
BC feature, all discovered less than
five meters apart. In the 2012 trench,
the situation is as difficult: both contexts 1133 (fill of the large pit), and
1132 (layer with alluvial component
and extensive material culture) have
yielded dates from both late 6th and
early 5th mill cal. BC, pointing, as
other categories of evidence, to the
mixed, midden-like character of the
stratigraphic units in this part of the
site (see 2.8).
Iako se, posmatrano sa radiokarbonskog stajalita, obje faze jasno

razlikuju, vrijedi napomenuti da ovo
ne odraava stanje na terenu. Datumi
i iz kasnog 6. i ranog 5. milenijuma
kalc. p.n.e. se nalaze na oba podruja lokaliteta. U sondi iz 2013. godine
stanje izgleda prilino komplikovano
sa gorespomenutom arheolokom
cjelinom, potencijalno rani 6. milenijum kalc. p.n.e., na kojoj se nalazi
skelet iz kasnog 6. milenijuma kalc.
p.n.e., i sa arheolokom cjelinom iz
5. milenijuma kalc. p.n.e., a sve su
otkrivene na udaljenosti manjoj od
pet metara. Kad je u pitanju sonda
iz 2012. godine, stanje je podjednako komplikovano: i kontekst 1133
(ispuna velike jame) i kontekst 1132
(sloj sa aluvijalnom komponentom
i obimna materijalna kultura) imaju
datume i iz kasnog 6. i iz ranog 5.
milenijuma kalc. p.n.e., ukazujui,
poput ostalih dokaznih kategorija, na
izmjean karakter stratigrafske jedinice, nalik na otpad, u ovom dijelu
lokaliteta (vidjeti 2.8.)
138
Despite this complex situation at

the site-level, it is noticeable that, with
the exception of date SUERC-54772,
all radiocarbon dates from Koievo
confirm the attribution of the site to
the Sopot culture, as suggested by
the preliminary inspection of the pottery assemblage. Indeed, both second and third radiocarbon phases fall
within the expected chronological
range of this culture, as known from
neighbouring countries (Obeli et al.
2004, Sraka 2012).
I pored ovakve sloene situacije

na nivou lokaliteta, vidljivo je da svi
radiokarbonski datumi sa Koieva,
uz izuzetak datuma SUERC-54772,
potvruju pripadanje lokaliteta sopotskoj kulturi, na ta je ukazalo preliminarno istraivanje zbirke keramike. I zaista, i druga i trea radiokarbonska faza se uklapaju u oekivani
hronoloki period ove kulture, kao
to je poznao iz susjednih zemalja.
(Obeli et al. 2004, Sraka 2012).
139
2.8. Discussion
2.8. Diskusija
By Marc Vander Linden, Gary

Marriner and Ivana Pandi
Autori: Marc Vander Linden, Gary

Marriner i Ivana Pandi
Several years of archaeological

fieldwork at Koievo make it possible to delineate key elements regarding the interpretation of this Late Neolithic site. What started as a limited
season of augering and test pitting of
a Neolithic locality, has proven to be
a admittedly small-sized fascinating and complex archaeological site,
which provides extensive data on the
Neolithic landscape use in the lower
Vrbas river valley.
Viegodinji arheoloki rad na terenu u Koievu ini moguim da se

predstave kljuni elementi vezani za
tumaenje ovog kasnoneolitskog lokaliteta. Ono to je poelo kao ograniena sezona koja je ukljuivala
buotine raene pomou arheoloke
burgije i postavljanje probnih sondi
na neolitskom lokalitetu, pokazalo se
kao - dodue, male veliine - fascinantan i sloen arheoloki lokalitet,
koji prua veliki broj podataka o koritenju pejzaa u dolini donjeg toka
Vrbasa za vrijeme neolita.
The site of Koievo lies on a small

Pleistocene gravel bank, close to the
palaeochannel of a tributary of the
Vrbas river. As so often, the changing relationship between this settlement and the nearby body of water
is fundamental to our understanding
of the Neolithic lifeway. Standing as
it is as a higher ground in otherwise
wet surroundings, this gravel bank
provided on repeated occasions a
well-drained, relatively dry location,
deemed acceptable for settlement
by local Neolithic communities. As
suggested by the extensive series of
available radiocarbon dates, these
suitable conditions were met several
times during the Neolithic. Whilst the
140
Lokalitet Koievo se nalazi na

maloj pleistocenskoj ljunkovitoj
obali, u blizini paleokanala pritoke
rijeke Vrbas. Kako je esto sluaj,
promjenljiv odnos izmeu ovog naselja i oblinjeg vodnog tijela je od
sutinskog znaaja za nae razumijevanje neolitskog naina ivota. Smjetana na uzvienju, u inae vlanom
okruenju, ova ljunkovita obala je
u vie navrata pruila dobro odvodnjeno, relativno suho mjesto, koje su
lokalne neolitske zajednice smatrale
prihvatljivim za naselje. Kao to na
to navodi niz dostupnih radiokarbonskih datuma, ovakve pogodne uslove
possibility of a Starevo-era phase

has been evoked on basis of a single
date, no other evidence confirms its
presence, which thus remains for the
moment a possibility to be tested by
future investigations. Otherwise, two
archaeological phases can be clearly
distinguished on the site, both pointing to a chronological attribution of
Koievo to the Late Neolithic (Sopot culture). The first phase is centred upon the last three centuries of
the 6th millennium cal. BC., and the
second one spans the first half of the
5th millennium cal. BC. Given the
mixed nature of the deposits, it is impossible to offer a more precise chronology, but it is extremely likely that
each broad temporal phase actually
incorporates several distinct episodes
of human occupation. The frequency
and length of each period of use is
beyond our reach, but, as indicated
by the geoarchaeological analyses,
their duration would have been constrained by the changing levels of the
nearby river, including possibly frequent flooding events.
susreemo nekoliko puta tokom neolita. Dok se mogunost jedne od faza

starevake kulture javila na osnovu
samo jednog datuma, ne postoje drugi dokazi koji bi potvrdili njenu prisutnost, pa s toga, za sada, ona ostaje
mogunost koja e se ispitati buduim istraivanjima. Inae, na lokalitetu se jasno mogu raspoznati dvije
arheoloke faze i obje hronoloki pripisuju Koievo kasnom neolitu (sopotska kultura). Prva faza se odnosi
na posljednja tri vijeka 6. milenijuma
kalc. p.n.e., a druga obuhvata prvu
polovinu 5. milenijuma kalc. p.n.e..
S obzirom na mjeovitu prirodu naslaga, nije mogue dati precizniju
hronologiju, ali je vrlo vjerovatno da
svaka duga vremenska faza, u stvari,
objedinjuje nekoliko razliitih epizoda ljudskog nastanjivanja. Odreivanje uestalosti i duine svakog perioda koritenja je van naeg dometa,
ali, kako na to upuuju geoarheoloke analize, njihovo trajanje bi bilo
ogranieno promjenljivim nivoima
oblinje rijeke, ukljuujui i, mogue
este, poplave.
Both zooarchaeological and archaeobotanical sections offer us insights upon the activities undertaken
at this location. The first result may
sound obvious, but needs to be elucidated: the site of Koievo corresponds to a proper settlement - rather
than a short-term camp for instance
I arheozooloki i arheobotaniki
rad pruaju nam uvid u aktivnosti
koje su se deavale na ovoj lokaciji.
Prvi rezultat moe zvuati oigledno,
ali mora se objasniti: lokalitet Koievo odgovara pravom naselju - za
razliku od kratkoronog kampa, na
primjer - gdje se zaista bavilo poljo141
where agriculture and stock-breeding

were indeed practised. Domesticated
animals contributed to the bulk of the
meat supply, the assemblage being
dominated by cattle, then pigs and
sheep (the presence of goats is attested, but likely to have been minimal).
As shown by the representation of
body parts, cattle were slaughtered
at or near the site, the pattern being
less clear for pigs. Hunting, especially of red deer, provided a supplement
to the meat intake. In line with other
studies (e.g. Leonardi et al. 2012), it
is extremely likely that domesticated animals also provided a range of
secondary products, especially milk.
Unfortunately, due to the small size
of the bone assemblage, this hypothesis cannot be directly tested. In addition to stock-breeding, Neolithic
communities living in Koievo were
involved in agriculture, growing not
only cereals, in particular emmer, but
also significantly pulses such as peas
and lentils. Interestingly, the low frequency of weeds in the archaeobotanical assemblage suggests agriculture
practised on damp ground, alongside
intensive management of small-scale
plots. Both traits fit well with other
categories of evidence, pointing out
careful and maximal use of the small
surface of dryer land provided by the
Pleistocene - early Holocene gravel
bank.
142
privredom i stoarstvom. Domae

ivotinje su doprinijele velikim koliinama mesa, a meu njima su dominirala goveda, zatim svinje i ovce
(prisutnost koza je potvrena, ali je
vjerovatno bila minimalna). Kao to
je prikazano zastupljenou dijelova
tijela, stoka je klana na ili u blizini
lokaliteta, dok je takav podatak za
svinje manje poznat. Lov, posebno
obinog jelena, omoguio je dodatnu
konzumaciju mesa. U skladu sa drugim studijama (npr. Leonardi et al.
2012), vie je nego vjerovatno da su
domae ivotinje takoe davale i niz
sekundarnih proizvoda, naroito mlijeka. Naalost, zbog male koliine
pronaenih kostiju, ova pretpostavka
se ne moe direktno ispitati. Pored
stoarstva, neolitske zajednice u Koievu su se bavile i poljoprivredom
i uzgajali ne samo itarice, posebno
Emmer penicu (oljutenu), ve i
znaajne mahunarke poput graka i
soiva. Rijetka pojava korova u arheobotanikim zbirkama navodi na
to da su se poljoprivredom bavili
na vlanom tlu, pored intenzivnog
upravljanja malih komada zemlje.
Obje ove karakteristike odgovaraju
drugim dokaznim kategorijama, ukazujui na paljivo i maksimalno koritenje male povrine suvlje zemlje
zahvaljujui pleistocenskoj ljunkovitoj obali.
The most surprising aspect of the

site of Koievo is undoubtedly the
discovery of a Neolithic human skeleton. These incomplete remains belong to a woman, aged 35-50 years
old, who enjoyed a reasonable level
of health, would it not be for signs of
active stress on her legs. A few things
must be said about the disposal of the
body. We are not dealing here with
a grave stricto sensu, but rather with
buried human remains. Indeed, despite careful excavations, no grave
cut and/or fill could be observed on
the ground, although it must be noted
that moderate bioturbation occurred
in this sector of the site and could
thus have blurred any potential traces. More eloquent is the position of
the body: the pronounced angle between the lower body and the torso,
indicative of a forced flexion, and
the upright position of the left arm
do not suggest a formal burial and
rather point to a body disposed with
an apparent lack of care. Yet, this
body most probably did not stay at
the surface for a long period of time.
The absence of any traces of gnawing by dogs or any other animals, and
the preserved anatomical position of
several otherwise fragile articulations (e.g. right foot) rather suggest
that the body was buried fairly quickly. The partial destruction of the upper skeleton, including the entire loss
Svakako najiznenaujui aspekt

lokaliteta Koievo je pronalazak
neolitskog ljudskog skeleta. Ovi nepotpuni ostaci pripadaju enskoj osobi, dobi 35-50 godina, koja bi bila
prosjenog zdravlja da nije znakova
aktivnog stresa na njenim nogama.
Mora se rei nekoliko stvari o odlaganju tijela. Ovde se ne radi o grobu
stricto sensu, ve pokopanim ljudskim ostacima. I zaista, bez obzira
na paljiva iskopavanja, na zemlji se
nije mogao uoiti ni grobni presjek
ni/ili ispuna, mada treba napomenuti
da su se na ovom podruju lokaliteta
desile jake bioturbacije to je moglo
uticati na potencijalne tragove. Puno
jasnija je pozicija samog tijela: izraen ugao izmeu donjeg dijela tijela
i torza, pokazatelj prisilnog savijanja, i uspravan poloaj lijeve ruke
ne navode na formalan pokop ve
na to da je tijelo odloeno sa oitim
nedostakom panje. Ipak, ovo tijelo
nije dugo ostalo na povrini. Nedostatak bilo kakvih tragova grienja
od psa ili nekih drugih ivotinja,
kao i sauvana anatomska pozicija
nekoliko inae fragilnih artikulacija
(npr. desno stopalo) ukazuju na to
da je tijelo ukopano prilino brzo.
Djelomino unitenje gornjeg dijela
skeleta, ukljuujui i potpuni gubitak
lobanje, takoe ukazuju na nedostatak bilo kakvog formalnog obiljeja na vrhu tijela, iako nije mogue
143
of the skull, also indicates the lack

of any kind of formal marker on top
of the body, although it is not possible to assess with any precision the
chronological gap between the disposal of the body and the cut feature.
Although the human body found in
Koievo does not qualify as a formal grave, it must be noted that it falls
within the known range of mortuary
practices during the Early and Late
Neolithic of the western Balkans, exclusively characterised by human remains placed within settlements (as
in both Obre and Okolite to quote
Bosnian examples only: Nemeskri
1974, Mller-Scheeel et al. 2007;
see also Bori 2013).
In conclusion, Koievo stands
out, both literally and metaphorically, in the Neolithic landscape of the
lower Vrbas, as a small site characterised by a long albeit discontinuous human use. At several occasions
throughout the late 6th and early 5th
millennia cal. B.C., the site was settled by Neolithic communities who
took advantage of this well-drained,
and thus comparatively dry, area in
order to raise their animal herds, and
to cultivate a wide range of cereals
and pulses. Due to the scale of the investigation and the highly perturbed
stratigraphy, limited information is
available on the precise chronology
and extent of each settlement phase.
144
precizno odrediti hronoloki razmak

izmeu odlaganja tijela i presjeene
arheoloke cjeline. Pored toga to je
ljudsko tijelo pronaeno u Koievu
ne spada u ono to se podrazumijeva
formalnim grobom, mora se naznaiti da se uklapa u poznate pogrebne obiaje za vrijeme ranog i kasnog
neolita zapadnog Balkana, iskljuivo karakterisane ljudskim ostacima
smjetenim unutar naselja (kao to je
sluaj, da navedem samo primjere iz
Bosne, sa lokalitetima Obre i Okolite: Nemeskri 1974, Mller-Scheeel et al. 2007; vidjeti i Bori
2013).
Kao zakljuak moe se rei da se
Koievo, kako bukvalno tako i metaforiki, istie u neolitskom pejzau
donjeg toka Vrbasa, kao mali lokalitet kojeg karakterie dugo, mada
isprekidano, ljudsko koritenje. U
nekoliko navrata tokom kasnog 6. i
ranog 5. milenijuma kalc. p.n.e., ovaj
lokalitet bio je naseljen neolitskim
zajednicama koje su iskoristile prednost ovog prilino dobro odvodnjenog, i stoga prilino suhog podruja
kako bi uzgajali ivotinje, razne vrste itarica i mahunarki. Zbog obima
istraivanja, kao i prilino poremeene stratigrafije, podaci o tanoj hronologiji i rasponu svake faze naseljavanja su ogranieni. Ipak, ovi podaci
pruaju nacrt za uzorak ireg neolitskog naselja u ovom dijelu sjeverne
Yet, these data provide a blueprint

for the wider Neolithic settlement
pattern in this part of northern Bosnia
and Herzegovina, confirmed by later work conducted in the region (see
section 3).
Bosne i Hercegovine, to je potvreno kasnijim radom u ovoj regiji (vidjeti poglavlje 3).
145
3. Archaeological survey in the

lower Vrbas valley: the March
2014 field season
3. Arheoloko istraivanje u dolini

donjeg toka Vrbasa: terenska
sezona mart 2014. godine
3.1. Presentation and results
3.1. Prikaz i rezultati
By Marc Vander Linden, Ivana

Pandi, Milan urevi, Bojan Vujinovi, Aleksandar Jaarevi, Ljubia Srdi, Ljiljana Pareanin, David
Orton, Gary Marriner
Autori: Marc Vander Linden, Ivana Pandi, Milan urevi, Bojan

Vujinovi, Aleksandar Jaarevi,
Ljubia Srdi, Ljiljana Pareanin,
David Orton, Gary Marriner
Archaeological field work was

conducted between March 17th and
March 28th 2014 in the lower Vrbas
valley, Gradika area, Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina. This
work was conducted in collaboration
between the Institute of Archaeology, University College London (Drs
M. Vander Linden, D. Orton, K. Edinborough, Mr. G. Marriner, and Ms.
A. de Vareilles), the Muzej Republike Srpske (Ms. Ivana Pandi), the
Zaviajni muzej Gradika (Mr. Milan urevi, Mr. Bojan Vujinovi),
the Republic Institute for Protection
of Cultural, Historical and Natural
Heritage (Ms. Ljubica Srdi, Ljiljana Pareanin), the Regionalni Muzej
Doboj (Mr. Aleksandar Jasarevi),
and the Department of Archaeology,
University of Belgrade (Mr. Gligor
Dakovi, Ms. Ivana Jovanovi, Ms.
Marija Radovi).
Arheoloko istraivanje terena

izvreno je izmeu 17. i 28. marta,
2014. godine u dolini donjeg toka
Vrbasa, na podruju Gradike, Republika Srpska, Bosna i Hercegovina. Ovo istraivanje je predstavljalo
saradnju izmeu Instituta za arheologiju, Univerzitetski koled London (M. Vander Linden, D. Orton,
K. Edinborough, G. Marriner i A. de
Vareilles), Muzeja Republike Srpske
(I. Pandi), Zaviajnog muzeja Gradika (M. urevi, B. Vujinovi),
Republikog zavoda za zatitu kulturno-istorijskog i prirodnog nasljea Republike Srpske (Lj. Srdi, Lj.
Pareanin), Regionalnog muzeja Doboj (A. Jaarevi) i Odsjeka za arheologiju, Univerzitet u Beogradu (G.
Dakovi, I. Jovanovi, M. Radovi).
146
Cilj ove sezone terenskog rada bio

je razumjeti obrazac naselja i upotrebu pejzaa za vrijeme neolita. Iz tog
This field season aimed at understanding the settlement pattern and

landscape use during the Neolithic
period. To this purpose, archaeological activities combined field surveys,
augering transects, and test pits in selected sites.
razloga, arheoloke aktivnosti predstavljale su kombinaciju pregleda

terena, transekata arheolokom burgijom i probnih sondi na odabranim
lokalitetima.
Field work methodology
Terenske aktivnosti su ukljuivale:

rekognosciranje, buenje uz pomo
arheoloke burgije kao i probne sonde na odabranim lokalitetima. Terenski pregled je predstavljao kombinaciju rekognosciranja i sistematskih
buotina kako bi se odredio karakter
pejzaa tokom holocena. Pregledano je preko 65 terena, uglavnom du
transekta sjever-jug, dugog 2.5 km
koji kree sa lokaliteta Koievo i ide
prema jezeru Bardaa i rijeci Savi, i
njenin brojnim manjim pritokama
ukljuujui rijeke: Matura, Osorna,
Kurjaa i Aaba (slika 38). Pored
toga, uraen je i pregled terena u neposrednoj blizini drugih ispitanih lokaliteta (vidjeti ispod). Probne sonde
su iskopane na pet razliitih lokaliteta, ukljuujui Koievo, spoj tri
lokaliteta smjetenih sjeverozapadno
od jezera Bardaa (Laminci Jaruani,
Laminci Donje Dubrave i Laminci
Jaruani Njiva) i, na kraju, Kosjerovo prema jugu.
Field activities included field walking, augering and test pits in selected sites. The survey combined field
walking and systematic boreholes
to assess the nature of the Holocene
landscape cover. Over 65 fields were
surveyed, mainly along a two-and
half kilometres long North-South
transect originating from the site of
Koievo, and heading towards the
Bardaa Lake and the Sava River,
and a number of its smaller tributaries including the rivers Matura,
Osorna, Kurjaa and Aaba (Figure
38). In addition, fields located in the
immediate vicinity of other tested
sites were also surveyed (see below).
Test pits were dug in five different localities, including Koievo, a cluster of three sites located to the NorthWest of the Bardaa Lake (Laminci
Jaruani, Laminci Donje Dubrave
and Laminci Jaruani Njiva) and,
lastly Kosjerovo to the South.
Metodologija rada na terenu
147
Figure 38: Location of all location tested and/or augered during the
2014 field season
A full geoarchaeological report
can be found in the section 3.2.
Koicevo (N 45.065 E 17.410)
Work on this site was conducted
on March 17th 2014. The field tested
in 2014 is located immediately to the
North of the site excavated in 2010,
2012 and 2013 (see section 2). Two
148
Slika 38: Poloaj svih lokacija

koje su ispitane i/ili gdje se vrilo buenje arheolokom burgijom tokom
terenske sezone 2014. godine
Cijeli geoarheoloki izvjetaj se
moe nai u poglavlju 3.2..
Koievo (S 45.065 I 17.410)
Rad na ovom lokalitetu obavljen je
17. marta 2014. godine. Teren ispitan
u 2014. godine, nalazi se sjeverno od
lokaliteta gdje su vrena iskopavanja
2x1m test pits (TP1, TP2), set apart

by approximatively 30m, were excavated in addition to a short transect
of eight boreholes running on an approximately NNW-SSE alignment.
Both test pits have yielded a shallow
buried soil, reminiscent of the one
excavated over the previous years in
the nearby field, comprising Late Neolithic material culture, confirming
the general chronological attribution
of the site to this period (see 2.7). A
total of six field in the immediate vicinity were also surveyed, and yielded low quantity of pottery.
Laminci Jaruani (N 45.114 E
17.362)
Work on this site was conducted on March 18th 2014. The site sits
on the northern bank of a meander
of the Brook Matura. Investigations
were conducted on the site following
the recommendation of Mr. Milan
urevi, who excavated a potentially Neolithic site in the vicinity in the
1980s. The site was visited by Prof.
Charles French and Mr. Tonko Rajkocaa (University of Cambridge)
in 2012, who then excavated a 2x2m
test pit, without any success.
The area investigated in 2014 consisted of two fields either side of a
small wood. Three short auger transects were excavated in addition to
two 2x1m test pits (TP3, TP4), set
2010., 2012. i 2013. godine (vidjeti

poglavlje 2). Osim kratkog transekta od osam buotina pribline linije
SSZ-JJI, iskopane su dvije probne
sonde (TP1, TP2) dimenzija 2x1 m,
sa razmacima od priblino 30m. Obje
probne sonde sadravale su plitke geoloki pohranjene slojeve zemljita
koji podsjeaju na one iskopane tokom prethodnih godina na oblinjem
teren, a koji sadre materijalnu kulturu kasnog neolita, potvrujui opte hronoloko obiljeje lokaliteta u
ovom period (vidjeti 2.7). Takoe je
istraeno ukupno est lokacija u neposrednoj blizini, a koje su sadravale male koliine keramike.
Laminci Jaruani (S 45.114 I
17.362)
Rad na ovom lokalitetu izvren je
18. marta, 2014. godine. Lokalitet
se nalazi na sjevernoj obali meandra rjeice Matura. Nakon preporuke
Milana urevia, koji je 80-ih godina u blizini iskopao mogui neolitski
lokalitet, obavljena su istraivanja na
lokalitetu. Lokalitet su 2012. godine
obili Charles French i Tonko Rajkovaa (Univerzitet u Kembridu),
koji su zatim iskopali probnu sondu
dimenzija 2x2 m, ali bez uspijeha.
Podruje istraeno 2014. godine se
sastojalo od dva terena sa obje strane manje ume. Pored dvije probne
sonde (TP3, TP4) dimenzija 2x1 m,
149
at a 25m interval on a roughly E-W

axis. As for Koievo, the finds, especially the pottery, indicate that the
site dates to the Late Neolithic. Unfortunately, no bones were discovered, so this chronological attribution
cannot be tested against radiocarbon
results. A small feature (ditch?) was
observed in one of the two test pits.
Three fields were surveyed, and pottery was found in the same field as
where the test pits were located.
Laminci Donje Dubrave (N 45.107
E 17.383)
postavljenih na razmaku od 25 m na
priblino I-Z osi, pomou arheoloke
burgije iskopana su i tri kratka transekta. Kada je u pitanju Koievo,
nalazi, a naroito keramika, ukazuju
na to da lokalitet datira iz kasnog neolita. Naalost, nisu otkrivene kosti,
pa se ovo hronoloko obiljeje ne
moe testirati radiokarbonski. U jednoj od dvije probne sonde uoena je
mala arheoloka cjelina (jama?). Izvren je pregled tri terena i, na istom
gdje su se nalazile probne sonde,
pronaena je keramika.
Work on this site was conducted on March 19th 2014. This site is
located close to the same meander
of the Matura as the previous one,
and bordered on two sides by small
woodland. The site was also indicated by Mr. Milan urevi, on basis
of excavations conducted during
the 1980s. Two 2x1m test pits were
opened (TP5, TP6), separated by a
distance of c.15m and aligned on a
roughly NW-SE axis, corresponding to the general slope of the site.
In both cases, the stratigraphic sequence was relatively shallow, with
approx. 40cm of deposits underneath
the basis of the plough horizon. The
material culture found in both test
pits points to a Late Bronze Age date,
in accordance with the results of
the 1980s excavations. Three fields
were surveyed in the surrounding
Rad na ovom lokalitetu izvren je

19. marta, 2014. godine. Ovaj lokalitet se nalazi blizu istog meandra rijeke Matura, kao i prethodni, i na dvije
strane omeen malim umovitim krajem. I na ovaj lokalitet ukazao je Milan urevi, na osnovu iskopavanja
sprovedenih 80-ih godina. Otvorene
su dvije probne sonde (TP5, TP6) veliine 2x1 m, oko 15 m udaljene jedna
od druge i vizirane na osi priblinog
pravca SZ-JI, u skladu sa padinom
lokaliteta. Stratigrafska sekvenca je,
u oba sluaja, bila relativno plitka,
sa oko 40 cm naslaga ispod dna horizonta oranice. Nalazi materijalne
kulture u obje probne sonde upuuju
na period kasnog bronzanog doba, u
skladu sa rezultatima iskopavanja iz
80-ih godina. Izvren je pregled tri
150
Laminci Donje Dubrave (S 45.107

I 17.383)
area, yielding some lithics and a fair

amount of (Bronze Age?) pottery.
Laminci Jaruani Njiva (N 45.108
E 17.373)
Contrary to the previous sites,
work was conducted in this locality over several days, lasting from
March 20th until March 22nd 2014.
The site is on the same meander of
the Matura as Laminci Jaruani, approximately 1km to the ESE on the
south-eastern bank. The field is relatively flat and is bordered on three
sides by forest. Two first 2x1 test pits
(TP7, TP8) were set at a 25m interval
on a roughly E-W axis, corresponding to the general axis of the slope.
Given the extent of the finds recovered in both of them, and following
the results of the auger transects,
two further 2x1m test pits were also
opened (TP9, TP10). TP 10 was set
at an equal distance between TP7 and
TP8, whilst TP9 was opened 20m to
the NE of TP7. Whilst TP 10 turned
out to be negative (sterile natural
sand immediately underneath the
plough horizon), the presence in TP9
of an extensive amount of material
culture, and the possible presence of
a cut feature, required its extension.
It was thus decided to extend it by
2m to the S, and to widen it to 2m. In
addition to this 4x2m small trench, a
further 2x1m were dug at the N end
to maximise the profile of this end of
terena u okolnom podruju i ona su

sadravala neto kremena i prilinu
koliinu keramike (bronzano doba?).
Laminci Jaruani Njiva ( S 45.108
I 17.373)
Za razliku od prethodnih lokaliteta,
rad na ovom lokalitetu trajao je nekoliko dana, od 20. - 22. marta, 2014.
godine. Lokalitet je na istom meandru rjeice Matura kao Laminci Jaruani, oko 1 km prema IJI na jugoistonoj obali. Teren je relativno ravan
i sa tri strane omeen umom. Dvije
prve 2x1 probne sonde (TP7, TP8)
postavljene su na razmaku od 25 m
na priblino I-Z osi, podudarajui se
sa glavnom osom padine. S obzirom
na koliinu nalaza otkrivenih u obje
i nakon rezultata transekata raenih
pomou arheoloke burgije, otvorene su jo dvije probne sonde veliine
2x1 m (TP9, TP 10). TP 10 je postavljena na jednakoj udaljenosti izmeu TP7 i TP8, dok je TP9 otvorena
20 m SI od TP7. Ispostavilo se da
je TP 10 negativna (sterilni prirodni
pijesak neposredno ispod horizonta
oranice), dok se u TP nalazila velika koliina materijalne kulture, kao i
mogue postojanje presjeene arheoloke cjeline, to je zahtijevalo njeno
proirenje. Na osnovu toga odlueno je da se produi 2 m prema jugu
i proiri 2m. Pored ove male sonde
dimenzija 4x2 m, na sjevernom kraju
je iskopano jo dodatnih 2x1 m kako
151
the test pit. The cut feature eventually appeared to be the edge of a palaeochannel, bordering the gravel rise
on which the site is set. Several fields
were surveyed in the area, but finds
were only found in the fields immediately adjacent to where the excavations were set.
The material culture retrieved in
relatively large quantity on the site,
including both ceramics and lithics,
points to a Late Neolithic chronological attribution. Unfortunately, given
the general absence of bone remains
(with the exception of an extremely
weathered jaw found in TP9), this
date cannot be tested by the radiocarbon method.
Kosjerovo
The second week of excavations
was entirely dedicated to the site of
Kosjerovo, where work was conducted from March 24th until March
27th. The site is located on a relatively flat area of ground in between the
course of the currently dry Kurjaa
river and the modern flow of the Vrbas river, approximately 1km from
each. A large dry meander of the Vrbas river is present on the western
bank. The site has been investigated
at various times in the past due to the
presence of a large upstanding probable Bronze Age mound with a diameter of approximately 25m. The site
152
bi se poveao profil ovog kraja probne sonde. Na kraju se ustanovilo da

je presjeena arheoloka cjelina ivica
paleokanala, koji omeuje ljunkovito uzvienje na kojem se lokalitet
nalazi. Pregledano je nekoliko terena
na podruju, ali nalazi su pronaeni
samo u onima u neposrednoj blizini
mjesta iskopavanja.
Relativno velika koliina materijalne kulture pronaene na lokalitetu,
ukljuujui i keramike i kremene
nalaze, hronoloki upuuje na kasni
neolit. Naalost, s obzirom na generalno nepostojanje ostataka kostiju
(izuzetak je vilica, prilino oteena
vremenom, pronaena u TP9) ovaj
datum ne moe se ispitati radiokarbonskom metodom.
Kosjerovo
Druga sedmica iskopavanja u potpunosti je bila posveena lokalitetu
Kosjerovo, gdje je rad trajao od 24.
- 27. marta. Lokalitet je smjeten na
relativno ravnom podruju izmeu
toka trenutno presuene rijeke Kurjaa i savremenog vodenog toka rijeke
Vrbas, oko 1 km od svake. Na zapadnoj obali se nalazi veliki, presueni,
meandar rijeke Vrbas. Na lokalitetu
su, u nekoliko navrata ranije, vrena istraivanja zbog postojanja velikog uspravnog nasipa, vjerovatno
iz bronzanog doba, prenika od priblino 25 m. Charles French i Tonko
was visited and augured in 2012 by

Prof. Charles French and Mr. Tonko
Rajokovaa. The boreholes showed
an old land surface immediately beneath the plough soil.
Rajkovaa su 2012. godine pregledali lokalitet i pomou arheoloke burgije napravili buotine koje su otkrile
staru povrinu zemlje neposredno ispod oranice.
A total of four test pits were dug:

the first two ones were set in the
field immediately to the east of the
mound. The first TP (TP11) was set
at the edge of the slope of the mound,
in order to catch any possibly buried
soil trapped underneath the body of
the mound, while TP 12 was located 20m to the east. The last test pit
proved to be completely sterile, while
a human grave was found in TP11.
The body was placed in a supine position, head to the west, and was not
accompanied by any grave goods. A
fragment of rib was sent for radiocarbon dating to the SUERC laboratory,
and indicates that the grave belongs
to the late 15th to early 17th century
AD (Table 20; Figure 39). It is noticeable that a comparable grave had
already been found at the top of the
mound during the 1980s, suggesting
that the mound was re-used during
the post-Medieval period by a Christian cemetery. Careful excavation of
the grave has indicated that several
bones had been subject to post-depositional movement, suggesting that
the taphonomical history of the grave
is somewhat complicated (Figure
40).
Iskopane su ukupno etiri probne

sonde: prve dvije postavljene su u
polje istono od nasipa. Prva probna
sonda (TP11) je postavljena na ivici
padine nasipa, kako bi se dolo do
moguh pohranjenih slojeva zemljita ispod glavnog dijela nasipa, dok
se probna sonda TP12 nalazila 20 m
istono. Pokazalo se da je posljednja
probna sonda u potpunosti sterilna,
a u TP11 je pronaen ljudski grob.
Tijelo je bilo na leima, lica okrenutog prema gore, glave okrenute
prema zapadu, i u grobu nije bilo nikakvih grobne opreme. Dio rebra je
poslan na radiokarbonsko datovanje
u SUERC laboratoriji, i upuuje da
grob pripada kasnom 15. do ranom
17. vijeku n.e. (tabela 20; slika 39).
Primjetno je da je 1980-ih slian
grob ve otkriven na vrhu nasipa, to
navodi na zakljuak da je nasip bio
ponovo koriten kao hriansko groblje u periodu nakon srednjeg vijeka.
Paljivo iskopavanje groba upuuje
na to da je nekoliko kostiju bilo predmetom post-depozitnog kretanja, to
govori o donekle komplikovanoj tafonomskoj istoriji groba. (Slika 40).
153
Table 20: Radiocarbon date for

Grave 1, Kosjerovo
Standard
Date BP
deviation
Lab. Ref. Datum
Standardna
P. D.
devijacija
SUERC
-54880
321
30
Sample
Uzorak
68.2%
Delta13 Context
probability
C () Kontekst
vjerovatnoa
95.4%
probability
vjerovatnoa
1517-1595
1482Homo
AD (53.5%)
-15.1 Grave 1
1645 AD
sapiens
1618-1640
(95.4%)
AD (14.7%)
Figure 39: Kosjerovo, Grave 1

with view of the Bronze Age mound
154
Tabela 20: Radiokarbonski datum

za grob 1, Kosjerovo
Slika 39: Kosjerovo, grob 1 sa pogledom na nasip iz bronzanog doba
Slika 40: Kosjerovo, grob 40

155
Survey in all fields indicated the

presence of a high density of pottery and lithics to the north-east
of the mound. Likewise, augering
survey suggested the existence of
a well-preserved buried soil. It was
therefore decided to open two test
pits in the area, set approx. 20m apart
(TP13, TP14). TP13 was opened as
a 2x1m, but it was quickly decided
to extend it to a 4x1m small trench,
aligned on a rough North-South axis.
Conversely, TP14 was opened as a
2x2m, in order to allow easier identification of any possible cut feature.
Both test pits yielded vast quantity of
material culture, including pottery,
lithics, and bones. A cut feature, under the form of a ditch, was observed
in TP13 under the level of the buried
soil, whilst a small possible posthole
was discovered in TP14. The material culture suggests a Late Neolithic
date, a chronological attribution confirmed by radiocarbon analysis.
In addition to the aforementioned
human rib fragment, four radiocarbon
samples were submitted for dating to
the SUERC laboratory. All samples
come from Test Pit 13 and cover the
entire stratigraphic sequence. The
uppermost sample corresponds to
several seeds of Fabaceae, and was
selected in order to date the seeds
of Papaver sominiferum which had
been discovered in the same flotation
156
Istraivanja na svim terenima su

ukazala na postojanje guste koncentracije keramike i kremenih obiljeja
sjeveroistono od nasipa. Isto tako,
istraivanje uz pomo arheoloke
burgije je ukazalo na postojanje dobro ouvanog pohranjenog sloja zemlje. Zbog toga je odlueno da se
otvore dvije probne sonde na tom podruju, a postavljene su na razmaku
od oko 20 m (TP13, TP14). TP13 je
prvobitno bila dimenzije 2x1 m, ali
je ubrzo odlueno da se proiri do veliine 4x1 m, grubo orijentisane prema sjever-jug osi. Za razliku od nje,
TP14 je otvorena sa dimenzijama 2x2
m, kako bi se omoguila laka identifikacija bilo kakve mogue usjeke.
Obje probne sonde saravale su veliku koliinu materijalne kulture, ukljuujui keramiku, kremene nalaze i
kosti. Presjeena arheoloka cjelina,
u obliku rova, uoena je u TP13 ispod sloja pohranjene zemlje, dok je u
TP14 otkrivena mala rupa, vjerovatno od stuba. Materijalna kultura upuuje na kasni neolit, to je potvreno
radiokarbonskom analizom.
Pored gore spomenutog dijela
ljudskog rebra, etiri radiokarbonska uzorka su odnijeta u laboratoriju
u SUERC-u na datiranje. Svi uzorci
su iz probne sonde 13 i pokrivaju cijelu stratigrafsku sekvencu. Najvii
uzorak odgovara nekolicini sjemenki mahunarki Fabaceae, a izabran je
sample. Recent research has demonstrated in western and central Europe

the cultivation of poppy during the
Neolithic period (e.g. Salavert 2010),
and we wanted to test the possible attribution of these seeds to this period
in Kosjerovo. Unfortunately, these
prove to be dated to c. 1400-1250 cal
BC, that is the Late Bronze Age. This
result is particularly interesting given the nearby presence of a Bronze
Age mound, and raises questions as
to the nature of this landscape during the second millennium cal. BC.
Three further dates, covering the bottom part of the sequence, including
the fill of the possible ditch were also
obtained, in all cases bones samples
having been preferred. The results,
as reported in Table 20 are coherent
with the expectations based on the
pottery and indicate that the site of
Kosjerovo was in use during the Late
Neolithic, more precisely between c.
4850-4550 cal. BC. It is noticeable
that this period of use is strictly contemporaneous with the second period of use of the site of Koievo (see
section 2.7)
kako bi se izvrilo datiranje sjemena

maka Papaver sominiferum otkrivenog u istom flotacijskom uzorku. Nedavna istraivanja su dokazala uzgoj
maka u zapadnoj i centralnoj Evropi u periodu neolita (npr. Salavert
2010), i mi smo htjeli ispitati da li se
ove sjemenke mogu pripisati ovom
periodu u Kosjerovu. Naalost, pokazalo se da datiraju iz oko 14001250 kalc. p.n.e., tj. iz kasnog bronzanog doba. Ovaj rezultat je naroito
interesantan s obzirom na oblinje
prisustvu nasipa iz bronzanog doba,
i postavlja pitanje o prirodi ovog pejzaa tokom drugog milenijuma kalc.
p.n.e.. Druga tri datuma, koja obuhvataju donji dio niza, ukljuujui i
ispunu mogueg rova, takoe su dobijena i, u svim sluajevima, preferirani su uzorci kostiju. Rezultati su,
kao to je prikazano u Tabeli 20, u
skladu sa oekivanjima zasnovanim
na keramici, i upuuju na to da se
lokalitet Kosjerovo koristio u vrijeme kasnog neolita, tanije, izmeu
priblino 4850 - 4550 kalc. p.n.e..
Moe se primjetiti da je ovaj period
koritenja istovremen sa treim periodom koritenja lokaliteta Koievo.
(vidjeti poglavlje 2.7).
157
3.2. Geoarchaeology Landscape

Survey
3.2. Geoarheoloko istraivanje

pejzaa
By Gary P. Marriner, Charles

French and Tonko Rajkovaa
Autori Gary P. Marriner, Charles

French i Tonko Rajkovaa
Introduction
Uvod
As part of the ongoing research

based at Koievo, work was undertaken in the 2014 season to examine
the site in its wider landscape context. The work during this season involved a combination of field walking, augering and test pitting with the
aim of covering an extensive area of
the landscape, investigating the past
environment, examining Koievo
in a wider context and highlighting
areas for future excavation. A total of
96 borehole profiles were recorded
alongside 14 test pits, ranging in size
from two to four square metres. To
further supplement the borehole data
samples were taken from appropriate test pits for geochemical analysis (magnetic susceptibility, particle
size, total organic, total carbonate,
electrical conductivity, pH, reduction/oxidisation and multi-elemental
analysis) and micromorphological
analysis. In addition archaeobotanical samples were taken from appropriate contexts.
Kao dio aktuelnog istraivanja u

Koievu, u sezoni 2014. zapoelo
se sa radom kako bi se izvrilo istraivanje konteksta lokaliteta i njegovog ireg pejzaa. Rad tokom ove
sezone predstavljao je kombinaciju
rekognosciranja, buotina raenih arheolokom burgijom i probnih sondi
s ciljem da se pokrije iroko podruje
pejzaa, istrai ranija okolina, istrai
Koievo na irem podruju i oznae podruja za budua iskopavanja.
Zabiljeeno je ukupno 96 profila buotina pored 14 probnih sondi, veliine od dva do etiri kvadratna metra.
Da bi se dopunili podaci o buotinama, uzeti su uzorci iz odgovarajuih probnih sondi radi geohemijske
analize (magnetna susceptibilnost,
veliina estice, koncentracija ukupnog organskog karbona, elektrina
provodljivost, pH, redukcija/oksidacija i multielementna analiza) i mikromorfoloka analiza. Pored toga
iz odgovarajuih konteksta uzeti su
arheobotaniki uzorci.
158
The fieldwork built upon two successful seasons of test excavations at

the Neolithic site of Koievo which
aimed to place this site in its wider archaeological and geographical
landscape. Other sites on the foothills
of the valley have also been previous
investigated using geoarchaeological
methods (Marriner et al. 2011). With
this in mind the work was focused in
the area to the north of the Koievo, heading towards the River Sava
and a number of smaller tributaries
including the Rivers Matura, Osorna, Kurjaa and Aaba. All work was
carried out on the floodplain to the
west of the current Vrbas channel.
Additionally a site to the south of
the previous work (Kosjerovo) was
investigated as preliminary assessment highlighted good preservation
of artefacts at the site and also high
potential for geoarchaeological data
(French et al. 2012).
Terenski rad, zasnovan na dvije

uspjene sezone probnih iskopavanja
na neolitskom lokalitetu Koievo,
imao je za cilj smjestiti ovaj lokalitet
u njegov iri arheoloki i geografski
pejza. Drugi lokaliteti u podnoju
doline takoe su prethodno istraeni
koritenjem geoarheolokih metoda
(Marriner et al. 2011). Imajui to na
umu, fokus rada bio je na podruju
sjeverno od Koieva, prema rijeci
Savi i brojnim manjim pritokama,
ukljuujui rijeke Maturu, Osornu,
Kurjau i Aabu. Rad je u cjelosti izvren na plavnom podruju zapadno
od sadanjeg kanala Vrbasa. Pored
toga, istraen je lokalitet juno od
prethodnih radova (Kosjerevo) budui da su prethodne procjene istakle
dobru ouvanost artefakata na lokalitetu, kao i visok potencijal za geoarheoloke podatke (French i dr. 2012).
Koievo
Rad u Koievu je zapoet tokom

sezone 2014. godine, i detaljno je
prikazan u poglavlju 2.2..
Work was undertaken during the

2014 field season at Koievo and is
reported in detail in section 2.2.
Koievo
159
Laminci Jaruani
Laminci Jaruani
The site sits on the northern bank

of a meander of the Matura Brook
and a nearby site was excavated by
local colleagues in the recent past.
Additionally the site was visited by
Charles French and Tonko Rajkovaa in 2012 with a 2x2m test pit
excavated 30m south of BH14-12.
The area investigated in 2014 consisted of two fields to either side of a
small wood. Three short auger transects were made in addition to two
test pits (Figure 41).
Lokalitet se nalazi na sjevernoj

obali meandra rjeice Mature, a iskopavanje oblinjeg lokaliteta nedavno su izvrile lokalne kolege. Pored
toga, lokalitet su 2012. godine obili
Charles French i Tonko Rajkovaa,
i probna sonda dimenzije 2x2 m je
iskopana 30 m juno od BH14-12.
Podruje koje je istraeno u 2014.
godine, sastojalo se od dva polja sa
obje strane umice. Pored dvije sonde napravljena su i tri kratka transekta arheolokom burgijom. (Slika 41).
Figure 41: Laminci Jaruani, location of boreholes
Slika 41: Laminci Jaruani, lokacija buotina
160
TP 3 is located in the same area as

BH14-09 and samples for geochemical testing were taken every 0.10m
starting at 0.05m from the surface,
0.35m from the eastern edge of the
test pit. Here the profile comprises
0-0.09m dark brown humic silt (Ap),
0.09m-0.51m paler brown compact
silt (B1), 0.51m-0.81m dark brown
silt with anthropogenic inclusions and
occasional sub rounded stones (Ab),
0.81m-1.10m compact pale brown
sandy silt (B2), 1.10m-1.21m moderately compact pale yellow brown
sandy silt (C). Two micromorphological samples were also taken. One
from the transition of the B horizon
and the buried soil (0.45m-0.55m),
0.70m from the eastern section; one
from the base of the buried soil and
the top of the buried B horizon (B2)
(0.65m-0.71m), 0.45m from the eastern section of the test pit.
TP4 is located in the same area
as BH14-11 and geochemical samples were taken at 0.10m intervals
starting at 0.05m and with the final
sample being from the base of the
test pit. Here the profile comprises,
0-0.10m, dark brown humic silt (Ap)
0.10m-0.55m, paler brown compact
silt (B1) 0.55m-0.82m, dark brown
silt with anthropogenic inclusions
and occasional sub-rounded stones
(Ab), 0.82m-1.10m, pale yellow
brown silty sand, 1.10m+ medi-
TP 3 se nalazi na istom podruju

kao BH14-09, a uzorci za geohemijsko testiranje uzimani su na svakih
0.10 m poevi od 0.05 m od povrine, 0.35 m od istone ivice sonde.
Profil se sastoji od 0-0.09 m tamno
smeeg humusnog mulja (Ap), 0.09
m-0.51m blijedo smeeg kompaktnog mulja (B1), 0.51 m-0.81m tamno smeeg mulja sa primjesama i
povremenim djelimino zaobljenim
kamenjem (Ab), 0.81m-1.10 m kompaktnog blijedo smeeg pjeskovitog
mulja (B2), 1.10 m-1.21m umjereno
kompaktnog blijedo utkasto smeeg pjeskovitog mulja (C). Uzeta su
i dva mikromorfoloka uzorka; jedan
sa prelaza B horizonta i pohranjenog
sloja zemlje (0.45 m-0.55 m), 0.70
m od istonog presjeka; jedan sa
dna pohranjenog sloja zemlje i vrha
pohranjenog B horizonta (B2) (0.65
m-0.71m), 0.45 m od istonog presjeka sonde.
TP4 se nalazi na istom podruju
kao i BH14-11 i geohemijski uzorci
su uzimani na svakih 0.10 m poevi
od 0.05 m, a posljedni uzorak uzet je
sa dna sonde. Ovdje se profil sastoji
od 0-0.10 m, tamno smeeg humusnog mulja (Ap) 0.10m-0.55m, blijedo smeeg kompaktnog mulja (B1)
0.55m-0.82m, tamno smeeg mulja
sa primjesama i povremenim djelimino zaobljenim kamenjem (Ab),
0.82m-1.10m, blijedo ukasto sme161
um dense sub-rounded gravel in a

brownish yellow matrix. Two micromorphological samples were also
taken. One from the transition of the
Modern B and the Ab (0.52m-0.62m)
and one from the middle of the Ab
horizon(0.62m-0.72m).
The first two transects (BH14-09
to BH14-11 and BH14-12 to BH1414) showed good preservation and
a potential buried soil was located
towards the centre of the field, with
the two out-lying boreholes (BH1014 and BH 12-14) showing evidence
of alluvial displacement of sediment.
Where the buried soil was present it
was c. 0.50m deep beneath a modern
Cambisol with a B horizon. The final transect (BH14-15 to BH14-17)
showed a deep profile without any
remaining buried soil. None of these
boreholes were bottomed due to the
ground water table being encountered, however all showed evidence
of gleying in the form of orange grey
mottling in a silty sand matrix. This
suggests the site was located on an
area of higher ground surrounded
by an otherwise very wet landscape,
similar to Koievo in many respects.
162
eg muljevitog pijeska, 1.10m+srednje gustog djelimino zaobljenog

ljunka u smekasto utoj matrici.
Uzeta su i dva mikromorfoloka
uzorka. Jedan sa prelaza savrementog B i Ab (0.52 m-0.62 m), a jedan
sa sredine Ab horizonta (0.62 m-0.72
m).
Prva dva transekta (BH14-09 do
BH14-11 i BH14-12 do BH14-14) su
pokazala dobru ouvanost i mogu
pohranjen sloj zemlje koji se nalazio
prema sreditu polja, sa dvije udaljene buotine (BH10-14 i BH 12-14)
koje daju dokaz aluvijalnog pomjeranja sedimenata. Na mjestima gdje
je bilo pohranjenog sloja zemlje, on
se nalazio na oko 0.50 m ispod savremenog Cambisol-a sa B horizontom.
Posljednji transekt (BH14-15 do
BH14-17) je pokazao dubok profil
bez preostalog pohranjenog sloja zemlje. Ni jedna od ovih buotina nema
dna jer se dolo do vodene plohe,
meutim, sve su pokazale postojanje
zamljita zasienog podzemnim vodama, karakteristine boje - narandasto sive proaranosti u muljevitoj
pjeskovitoj matrici. Ovo upuuje na
to da se lokalitet nalazio na uzvienom podruju okruen inae veoma
vlanim pejzaom, u mnogim pogledima, slino Koievu.
Koievo-Bardaa Lake Transect
Transekt Koievo-jezero Bardaa
Of primary interest to this field

season was how the main site in
Koievo related to its wider environment and with that in mind a transect measuring approximately 3km
long was field-walked and augured
approximately 1.5km west of the
main site. The boreholes were placed
at approximately 50m intervals using
a hand-held GPS for locational measurements. As only fields which had
been ploughed but not planted could
be used, there are unfortunately unavoidable gaps in the transect. Additionally some locations were wooded
and this made penetration difficult.
The transect roughly followed the
course of the river Aaba running
SSW to NNE. A second short transect
was excavated across the main line at
the approximate mid-point running
WNW to ESE for a total of 0.5km. A
total of 48 boreholes were excavated
along the two transect (Figure 38).
Od primarnog interesa za ovu terensku sezonu bilo je otkriti odnos

glavnog lokaliteta u Koievu sa svojom irom okolinom, i s tim u vidu,
transekt dug oko 3 km je terenski
pregledan i arheolokom burgijom
su napravljene buotine oko 1.5 km
zapadno od glavnog lokaliteta. Buotine su rasporeene na razmacima
od po oko 50 m, uz koritenje runog
GPS za terenska mjerenja. Poto se
moglo koristiti samo zemljite koje
je preorano ali koje nije usijano, naalost, postoje neizbjene praznine u
transektu. Pored toga, neka mjesta su
poumljena, to je otealo probijanje.
Transekt grubo prati tok rijeke Aabe koja tee u smjeru JJZ prema SSI.
Drugi krai transekt je iskopan preko
glavne linije pribline sredinje take u smjeru ZSZ prema IJI u ukupnoj
duini od 0.5km. Ukupno 48 buotina je iskopano du oba transekta (Slika 38).
The northern most boreholes show

a modern Cambisol soil profile developed upon a sand based parent
material. Today the land to the north
of here is arable fields, however in
the very recent past large lakes dominated the landscape. The sand at the
base of these boreholes is suggestive
of a previous lake bottom. Heading south the next five boreholes all
Najsjevernije buotine pokazuju

savremen profil Cambisol-a razvijenog na pjeskovitom supstratu. Danas, tereni sjeverno odavde su obradiva polja, ipak u skoranjoj prolosti
velika jezera su dominirala krajolikom. Pijesak na dnu ovih buotina
ukazuje na nekadanje dno jezera.
Juno odavde, svih pet narednih buotina pokazuju savremeno formi163
show modern soil formation of over

0.50m on top of mixed sized rounded to sub-rounded gravel in a brown
silty matrix. This is likely an old lake
shore. The westernmost boreholes in
the middle part of the transect show
a distinctly different parent material,
consisting of orange/grey mottled
clayey silt. This is consistent with
previous work on the higher ground
around the valley and is a product of
the degradation of the natural Mesozoic limestone. In the centre of the
transect BH14-73 showed a 0.30m
thick band on top of gravel starting a
depth of 0.72m. The immediately surrounding boreholes had deep gravel,
followed by the degraded natural
rock. This area is likely to have been
part of a river channel or other hydrological feature such as an oxbow
lake in the past. The southern part of
the transect alternates between deep
and shallow modern soil horizons
on top of gravel, except sand around
BH34-14 and BH37-14. This area is
again likely caused by the movement
of water in the past. Generally the
large transect furthered the idea that
the area around Koievo was a very
active hydrological system. The apparent scarcity of any preserved land
surfaces is likely a result of centuries of shifting waterways combined
with erosion caused by modern agriculture. The well draining parent
164
rano tlo od preko 0.5.m na povrini

mjeavine veliina zaobljenog i djelimino zaobljenog ljunka u smeoj
muljevitoj matrici. Ovo je najvjerovatnije nekadanja obala jezera. Najzapadnije buotine u srednjem dijelu
transekta pokazuju izrazito drugaiji supstrat, koji se sastoji od narandasto/smeeg proaranog glinastog
mulja. Ovo je u skladu sa prethodnim
radom na viem tlu u okolici doline
i to je proizvod degradacije prirodnog mezozoikog krenjaka. Sredite transekta BH14-73 pokazuje 0.30
m debeo pojas preko ljunka koji
poinje na dubini od 0.72 m. Neposredno okruenje buotina se sastoji
od duboko ljunkovitog sloja, zatim
slijedi degradirani prirodni kamen.
Ovo podruje je vjerovatno u prolosti bilo dio rijenog kanala ili nekog
drugog hidrolokog obiljeja kao to
je polukruna okuka jezera. Juni dio
transekta varira izmeu dubokih i
plitkih horizonata savremenog tla na
ljunku, osim pijeska oko BH34-14 i
BH37-14. Ovo podruje je vjerovatno nastalo kretanjima vode u prolosti. Uopteno, veliki transekt je produbio ideju da je prodruje oko Koieva bio veoma aktivan hidroloki
sistem. Oit deficit ouvanih povrina je vjerovatno rezultat vjekovnih
promjena izazvanih kretanjem vode
u kombinaciji sa erozijom uzrokovanom dananjom poljoprivredom.
material on which soils can form in

the area allows them to dry quickly,
meaning erosion can occur in a relatively short period of time.
Laminci Jaruani Njiva
The site is on the same meander
of the Brook Matura as Laminci
Jaruani approximately 1km to the
ESE on the south eastern bank. The
field is relatively flat and is bordered
on three sides by forest. The site was
augered on a rough grid pattern with
boreholes spaced 20m apart (Figure
42). A higher resolution was used for
the centre of the grid due to the high
number of surface finds in the area.
Across the site the modern Cambic
plough soil consisted of a dark brown
humic silt with a lighter yellowish
brown silt B horizon beneath. The
survey showed that there was a band
of buried soil running from SW to
NE which was well preserved across
the site. Where found it consisted
of mid-orangey brown silt with rare
small rounded grit. The upper part of
the buried soil was free from anthropogenic inclusions with the lower
part abundant in ceramic, charcoal
and small flecks of bone. Beneath the
Ab a paler brown compact silt with
rare anthropogenic inclusions was
found, which is likely a degraded
Supstrat koji ima dobra svojstva cijeenja na kojima se tlo moe formirati dozvoljava im da se brzo sue, to
znai da za relativno kratko vrijeme
moe doi do erozije.
Lokalitet je na istom meandru rjeice Matura kao i Laminci Jaruani
oko 1km u smjeru istok-jugoistok na
jugoistonoj obali. Polje je relativno
ravno i sa tri strane oivieno umom.
Lokalitet je ispitan arheolokom burgijom na gruboj mrei sa buotinama
na svakih 20 m (Slika 42). Vea rezolucija je koritena u sreditu mree zbog visokog broja provinskih
pronalazaka u tom podruju. irom
lokaliteta savremeno Cambisol tlo se
sastoji od tamnosmeeg humusnog
mulja sa svjetlijim ukastosmeim
muljevitim B horizontom ispod.
Pregled je pokazao da postoji pojas
pohranjenog sloja zemlje na potezu jugozapad - sjeveroistok koji je
dobro ouvan na cijelom lokalitetu.
Pojas se sastoji od srednje narandastosmeeg mulja sa rijetkim oblim
ljunkom. Gornji dio pohranjenog
sloja zemlje je osloboen antropogenih primjesa, sa donjim dijelom koji
obiluje keramikom, ugljem i sitnim
komadiima kostiju. Ispod Ab je pronaen bljei kompaktni mulj sa rijet165
buried B horizon. Towards the northwest of the site (TP8 and BH14-32)
only the degraded B horizon survives. The parent material across
the site varies between coarse pale
whiteish yellow sands and compact
well rounded gravels.
kim antopogenim primjesama, koji je

vjerovatno degradirani pohranjeni B
horizont. Prema sjeverozapadu lokaliteta TP8 i BH14-32 je opstao samo
degradirani B horizont. Supstrat irom lokaliteta variara izmeu grubog blijedo bjelkasto-utog pijeska
i kompaktnog veoma oblog ljunka.
Figure 42: Laminci Jaruani Njiva, location of boreholes
Slika 42: Laminci Jaruani Njiva,

pozicija buotina
166
TP7 was located at the centre of

the field close to the highest concentration of surface finds. Samples
were taken from the south facing
profile at every 0.10m starting at
0.05m from the surface 0.95m from
the E edge of excavations. The profile comprises; 0-0.41m mid to dark
brown clayey silt with rare small
grit (Ap), 0.41m-1.05m mixed succession of moist grey mottled buried soils (Ab), 1.05m+ yellow silty
sand. Three samples were taken for
micromorphological analysis, one
from the transition of the Ap and the
Ab (0.32m-0.43m) 0.73m from the
eastern section; one from the middle of the buried soil (0.53m-0.61m)
0.46m from the eastern sectionand
one from the lower part of the buried
soil (0.61m-0.71m) 0.15m from the
eastern profile.
TP8 is located at the northwestern
edge of the area on the highest point.
Samples were taken from the south
facing profile at every 0.10m starting
at 0.05m from the surface and 0.15m
from the western edge of excavations. The profile comprises; 0-0.30m
mid to dark brown clayey silt with
rare small grit, (Ap), 0.30m-0.44m
pale brown compact silt with little organic material (Ap/B mix),
0.44m-0.77m (mid to pale brown
compact silt (B1), 0.77m-0.94m
pale yellow brown compact clayey
TP7 se nalazi u sreditu polja u blizini najvee koncentracije povrinskih nalaza. Uzorci su uzeti sa profila okrenutog prema jugu na svakih
0.10m poevi od 0.05m od povrine
i 0.95m od istone ivice iskopina.
Profil se sastoji od: 0-0.41m srednje
do tamnosmeeg glinaskog mulja sa
rijetkim sitnim kameniima (Ap),
0.41m-1.05m mijeani slijed vlanog
sivo proaranog pohranjenog sloja
zemlje (Ab), 1.05m+ uti muljeviti
pijesak. Tri uzorka su uzeta za mikromorfoloku analizu, jedan sa prelaza izmeu Ap i Ab (0.32m-0.43m)
0.73m od istonog presjeka; jedan
iz sredita pohranjenog sloja zemlje
(0.53m-0.61m) 0.46m od istonog
dijela, i jedan iz donjeg sloja pohranjenog sloja zemlje (0.61m-0.71m)
0.15m od istonog profila.
TP8 se nalazi na sjeverozapadnoj ivici podruja na najvioj taki.
Uzorci su uzeti iz juno okrenutog
profila na svakih 0.10m poevi
0.05m od povrine i 0.15m od zapadne ivice iskopina. Profil se sastoji od:
0-0.30m srednje do tamnosmeeg
glinastog mulja sa rijetkim sitnim
kameniima, (Ap), 0.30m-0.44m
blijedosmeeg kompaktnog mulja
sa malo organskog materijala (Ap/B
mix), 0.44m-0.77m (srednje do blijedosmeeg kompaktnog mulja (B1),
0.77m-0.94m blijedo uto-smeeg
glinastog mulja (pohranjeni B2),
167
silt (buried B2), 0.94m+ pale yellow

grey mottled silty sand (C). Samples
were taken for geochemical analysis
but not for micromorphology due to
better preservation of the buried soil
elsewhere.
0.94m+ blijedo uto-sivo proaranog muljevitog pijeska (C). Uzorci

su uzeti za geohemijsku analizu, ali
ne i za mikromorfologiju radi boljeg
ouvanja pohranjenog sloja zemlje
na ostalim mjestima.
TP9 is located in the centre of the

field towards the northeast. Samples
were taken from the north facing
profile at 0.10m intervals starting at
0.05m from the surface 0.15m from
the western edge of excavations.
The profile comprises; 0-0.23m
mid-dark browns clayey silt (Ap),
0.23m-0.90m buried soil, 0.90m+
natural moist yellow silty sand. The
bottom surface was then augered and
the profile continued; 1.20m-1.56m
pale orange brown slightly gritty silt
and 1.56m+ coarse dark brown sand.
The profile shows a slope beneath
the surface with all horizons dropping from east to west. Two micromorphological samples were taken,
one from the centre of the buried
soil (0.48m-0.58m) 0.20m from the
western edge; a second from a lower
part of the buried soil (0.80m-0.90m)
0.20m from the western edge. Samples could not be taken from other
areas as backfilling had already commenced.
TP9 se nalazi u sreditu polja prema sjeveroistoku. Uzorci su uzeti iz sjeverno okrenutog profila na
svakih 0.10m poevi od 0.05m
od povrine 0.15m od zapadne ivice iskopina. Profil se sastoji od:
0-0.23m srednjesmeeg glinastog
mulja (Ap), 0.23m-0.90m pohranjenog sloja zemlje, 0.90m+ prirodnog
vlanog utog muljevitog pijeska.
Donja povrina je zatim ispitana arheolokom burgijom i profil je nastavljen; 1.20m-1.56m blijedo naranadastosmeeg ljunkovitog mulja
i 1.56m+ grubog tamno smeeg pijeska. Profil pokazuje nagib ispod
povrine sa padom svih horizonata
od istoka prema zapadu. Dva mikromorfoloka uzorka su uzeta jedan
iz sredita pohranjenog sloja zemlje
(0.48m-0.58m) 0.20m od zapadne
ivice; i drugi iz donjeg dijela pohranjenog sloja zemlje (0.80m-0.90m)
0.20m od zapadne ivice. Uzorci nisu
mogli biti uzeti sa drugih podruja
jer je zatrpavanje ve bilo zapoeto.
The site generally supports the

existing hypothesis of a highly dynamic past which shows that erosional factors have removed the bur-
Lokalitet generalno podrava postojeu teoriju visoko dinamine

prolosti to pokazuje da su erozivni
faktori u potpunosti uklonili pohra-
168
ied A horizon entirely. BH14-20 and

BH14-23 show again the undulating
nature of the surface of the gravels
suggestive of river migration in the
past. The survival of the buried soil
across the middle of the site is likely
a combination of being high enough
to avoid the effects of deposition and
or alluvial removal and low enough
that eroding material has covered it
in the past. Similar to Koievo, the
site is likely to be a small-scale camp
or settlement on the banks of a river
channel.
njenog sloj A horizonta. BH14-20 i

BH14-23 ponovo pokazuju talasastu
prirodu povrine ljunka koje ukazuju na kretanje rijeke u prolosti.
Opstanak pohranjenog sloja zemlje
preko sredita lokaliteta je vjerovatno kombinacija injenice da je locirano dovoljno visoko da bi se izbjegli efekti sedimentacije i/ili plavnih
nanoenja, i to je dovoljno nisko da
je u prolosti prekriveno erodivnim
materijalom. Slino Koievu, lokalitet je vjerovatno bio manji kamp ili
naselje na obalama rijenog kanala.
Kosjerovo
Kosjerovo
The site is located on a relatively

flat area of ground in-between the
course of the currently dry Kurjaa
river and the modern flow of the Vrbas river, approximately 1km from
each. A large dry meander of the Vrbas river is present on the western
bank. The site has been investigated
at various times in the past due to the
presence of a large upstanding probable Bronze Age mound with a radius
of approximately 25m. The site was
visited and augured in 2012 by C.
French and T. Rajkovaa. The boreholes showed an old land surface
immediately beneath the ploughsoil. Two separate areas were investigated during the 2014 season. The
Lokalitet se nalazi na relativno

ravnom terenu izmeu toka trenutno
presuene rijeke Kurjae i dananjeg
toka rijeke Vrbas, na udaljenosti od
oko otprilike 1km od svake. Veliki
presueni meandar rijeke Vrbas se
nalazi na lijevoj obali. Lokalitet je
istraivan u vie navrata u prolosti
zbog postojanja velikog uspravnog
nasipa, promjera od oko 25m, koji
vjerovatno potie iz bronzanog doba.
Lokalitet su 2012. godine obili i pomou arheoloke burgije ispitali C.
French i T. Rajkovaa. Buotine pokazuju staru povrinu zemlje odmah
ispod oranice. Dva odvojena podruja su istraena tokom sezone 2014.
Prvi, kratak transekt od tri buotine
169
first, a short transect of three boreholes looked at the area immediately

around the mound, whilst a second
grid of 12 holes was excavated in the
area of the highest surface finds concentrations (Figure 43).
prema podruju neposredno iza nasipa, dok je drugi mrea od 12 rupa

iskopanih u podruju najvee koncentracije povrinskih pronalazaka
(Slika 43).
Figure 43: Kojserovo, location of

boreholes
Slika 43: Kosjerovo, pozicija buotina
The first borehole (BH14-58)

showed a buried soil (Ab) consisting
of a well mixed dark brown silt with
rare charcoal flecks and well rounded gravel 0.70m from the surface,
beneath which was dense gravel at
a depth of 0.88m. This is consistent
Prva buotina BH14-58 prikazuje pohranjeni sloj zemlje (Ab) koji

se sastoji od dobro izmijeanog tamnosmeeg mulja sa rijetkim ugljenim esticama i veoma oblim ljunkom 0.70m od povrine, ispod kojeg
se nalazi gust ljunak na dubini od
170
with the expectations of the mound

and probably relates to the surface on
which the mound was constructed.
The same buried soil was not found
in the next borehole (BH14-59) but
this is related to disturbance caused
by the grave found. BH14-60 shows
a similar layer 1.20m from the modern surface before dense stone was
encountered at 1.46m. This suggests
that the mound was constructed on a
relatively stable land surface which
had formed from alluvial sediment
deposited directly on the gravel. The
grave found in TP11 was cut into the
gravel further suggesting that little
soil formation had occurred between
the construction of the mound and
the deposition of the body.
0.88m. To je u skladu sa onim to

se oekuje od nasipa i vjerovatno je
povezano sa povrinom na kojoj je
nasip napravljen. Takav pohranjeni
sloj zemlje nije pronaen u narednoj
buotini (BH14-59), ali to je povezano sa naruavanjem uzrokovanim
pronaenim grobom. BH14-60 prikazuje slian sloj 1.20m od savremene povrine, prije nego se naie na
zbijeni kamen na dubini od 1.46m.
Ovo ukazuje da je nasip napravljen
na relativno stabilnoj povrini formiranoj od aluvijalnih naslaga nataloenih direktno na ljunak. Grob koji
je naen u TP11 je urezan u ljunak,
to dodatno ukazuje da nije mnogo
tla formirano od momenta izgradnje
nasipa do polaganja tijela.
The second area of the site was

subject to an inverted F-shaped series of boreholes. The southwestern
corner of the area showed modern
soil formation on top of undulating
gravel as seen elsewhere in the area.
To the north and east of this, including TP13, a deeper more complex
profile emerged. Here a small level
of buried A horizon remains immediately below the modern Ap horizon. It is characterised by a dark
brown dense clayey silt with a large
amount of anthropogenic inclusions
including ceramic and charcoal and
is between 0.20m and 0.40m thick.
Below this an orangey brown com-
Na drugom podruju lokaliteta

je napravljen niz buotina u obliku
obrnutog slova F. Jugozapadni ugao
ovog podruja je pokazao da je savremeno tlo formirano preko talastastog sloja ljunka, kao to je ve vieno na drugim mjestima ovog podruja. Sjeverno i istono od toga, to
ukljuuje i TP13, pojavio se dublji i
kompleksniji profil. Na tim mjestima
mali sloj pohranjenog A horizonta
je ostao neposredno ispod savremenog Ap horizonta. Odlikuje se tamnosmeim glinovitim muljom sa
velikom koliinom antropogenih primjesa, ukljuujui i keramiku i ugalj,
a debljina sloja je izmeu 0.20m i
171
pact clayey silt forms the buried B

horizon. The parent material is a very
compact yellowish brown sandy silt.
With the except of BH14-78 all boreholes along the eastern side of the
area investigated show no evidence
of the Ab horizon but all feature well
developed remnant B horizons suggesting that modern ploughing has
mixed the modern Ah with the buried Ab. The parent material along
the eastern edge tends towards sand,
presumably overlain on the gravel,
however at three boreholes (BH1474, BH14-75, BH14-78) solid stone
was hit.
TP13, was selected due to the
particularly well developed profile shown in BH14-63. The profile
comprises; 0-0.49m dark brown silt
Ap mixed with Ab, 0.49m-0.71m B
horizon, 0.71m-1.09m lower B horizon, 1.09m-1.50m ditch fill. All samples were taken from the west-facing
profile except for a single micromorphology block which was taken from
the east-facing profile. This was due
to a lack of interface between the
lower B horizon and the sand in the
west-facing profile as the feature interrupted the stratigraphy. Samples
were taken for geochemical analysis 1.50m from the northern edge at
0.10m intervals starting at 0.05m.
Three block samples were taken in a
straight line 2.20m from the northern
172
0.40m. Pohranjeni B horizont, formiran od narandastosmeeg kompatnog glinastog mulja, se nalazi ispod
toga. Supstrat je veoma kompaktan
ukastosmei pjeskoviti mulj. S
izuzetkom BH14-78, ni u jednoj buotini du istone strane istraivanog
podruja nema dokaza za Ab horizont, ali u svim se pojavljuje dobro
razvijen ostatak B horizonata, to
ukazuje da je savremeno oranje izmijealo savremeni Ah sa pohranjenim
Ab. Du istone ivice supstrata je
preteno pijesak, koji najvjerovatnije
prekriva ljunak, ipak u tri buotine
(BH14-74, BH14-75, BH14-78) se
dolo do vrstog kamena.
TP13 je odabran zbog posebno dobro razvijenog profila prikazanog u
BH14-63. Profil obuhvata; 0-0.49m
tamnosmei muljeviti Ap pomijean sa Ab, 0.49m-0.71m B horizont, 0.71m-1.09m donji B horizont,
1.09m-1.50m ispunu rova. Svi uzorci
su uzeti iz profila zapadno okrenutog,
osim jednog mikromorfolokog bloka koji je uzet iz istono okrenutog
profila. Razlog tome je nedostatak
povezanosti izmeu donjeg B horizonta i pijeska u zapadno okrenutom
profilu, jer je objekat naruio stratigrafiju. Uzorci su uzeti za geohemijsku analizu 1.50m od sjeverne ivice
u razmacima od po 0.10m poevi od
0.05m. Tri blokovska uzorka su pravolinijski uzeta 2.20m od sjeverne
edge. The first was between 0.280.38m where the modern Ap begins
to contain anthropogenic inclusions.
This is possibly the top of a heavily plough damaged Ab. The second
was taken between 0.47m-0.58m at
the transition of the Ab and the associated buried B horizon. This may
also be an older buried soil. The final
sample from this profile was taken
from the transition of the buried B
and another, older, buried horizon.
The sample taken from the eastern
facing profile between 0.88m-0.98m
was exactly opposite from the samples from the western facing profile.
This will investigate the transition of
the lowest B horizon and the natural
sand beneath (C horizon).
ivice. Prvi je izmeu 0.28-0.38m gdje

savremeni Ap poinje sadravati antropogene primjese. To je vjerovatno vrh plugom teko oteenog Ab.
Drugi je uzet izmeu 0.47m i 0.58m
na prelazu Ab i vezanog pohranjenog
B horizonta. To bi takoe moglo biti
i stariji pohranjen sloj zemlje. Zadnji
uzorak uzet sa ovog profila je uzet sa
prelaza pohranjenog B i drugog, starijeg, pohranjenog horizonta. Uzorak
uzet iz istono okrenutog profila sa
dubine izmeu 0.88m i 0.98m je bio
potpuna suprotnost uzorcima uzetim
iz zapadno okrenutog profila. Tako
e se ispitati prelaz najnieg B horizonta i prirodnog pijeska ispod njega
(C horizonta).
TP14 was not sampled due to the

relatively short soil profile where the
well developed modern soil sat directly on top of the degrading sand.
Two possible features, a posthole and
a stakehole, were excavated.
Uzorci nisu uzeti iz TP14 zbog

relativno kratkog zemljanog profila,
gdje je dobro razvijeno savremeno
tlo smjeteno direktno preko razgraujueg pijeska. Iskopane su dvije
mogue arheoloke cjeline, rupa od
stuba i rupa od kolca.
Conclusions
Zakljuci
After four years of extensive field

survey in the upper Vrbas valley
an increasingly complex picture is
emerging. Whilst there will always
be more questions to ask some broad
conclusions can now be drawn. Modern (post WW2) manipulation of the
Nakon etiri godine obimnog ispitivanja terena u dolini gornjeg toku

Vrbasa, na povrinu izbija sve sloenija slika. Iako e uvijek biti neodgovorenih pitanja, ipak se mogu donijeti neki uopteni zakljuci. Savremena
(poslije 2. svjetskog rata) manipula173
landscape is widespread and in many

cases catastrophic to the archaeological record. This is in the form of
both erosion caused by ploughing
and natural sediment movement, and
manipulation of water courses and
the hydrological system. However
where archaeological sites are found
in situ a great deal of information
about previous landscape use can be
discovered.
It has been established that ploughing has had a clear impact on the
preservation of archaeological sites
on the foothills of the Vrbas valley
(Marriner et al. 2011). This research
has found that to a limited degree
this is also the case in the floodplain.
Whilst sites have not been necessarily entirely eroded away, successive
years of ploughing have permanently
affected the preservation of palaeosols. However the presence of human
inhumations within 0.50m of the
modern surface suggests that plough
damage in the floodplain may not be
as severe as on the foothills. Rather
the movement of river systems and
the associated erosion and sedimentation has had a larger impact on the
preservation of archaeological sites.
Glacio-fluvial sands and gravels have
been deposited across the landscape
in the early Holocene which have
been subsequently buried through
alluvial deposition. It is within this
174
cija pejzaa je veoma rasprostranjena

i esto ima katastrofalne posljedice
po arheoloke nalaze. Ona se deava
kroz eroziju uzrokovanu oranjem i
prirodnim kretanjima sedimenta, kao
i kroz manipulaciju vodenih tokova i
hidrolokog sistema. Ipak, tamo gdje
su areholoki lokaliteti naeni in situ
moe se otkriti dobar dio informacija
o prethodnom pejzau.
Ustanovljeno je da je oranje imalo
jasan uticaj na ouvanje arheolokih
lokaliteta u podnoju doline Vrbasa
(Marriner et al.). Ovo istraivanje
je otkrilo da je situacija do odreene mjere ista i na plavnom podruju.
Iako lokaliteti nisu ba u potpunosti
erodirali, uzastopne godine oranja
su trajno uticale na oavanje paleotla. Ipak, prisustvo ljudskih grobova
u promjeru od 0.50 m od dananje
povrine ukazuje da teta uzrokovana oranjem u plavnom podruju
nije tako velika kao ona u podnoju.
Zapravo, kretanje rijenih sistema
i pratee erozije i taloenje su imali
znaajniji uticaj na ouvanje arheolokog lokaliteta. Glacijalno-fluvijali pijesak i ljunak su se nataloili
irom pejzaa u ranom holocenu, a
kasnije su pohranjeni u procesu aluvijalne sediminetacije. Upravo u tom
aluvijumu je dolo do formiranja tla.
I prirodna i antropogena kanalna kretanja su dovela do erozije i pretaloenja velike koliine tla irom plavnog
alluvium that soil formation has occurred. Both natural and anthropogenic channel movement has eroded
and redeposited large amounts of soil
throughout the floodplain. The likelihood of finding in situ archaeological
sites is therefore limited as many will
have eroded away.
Comparison of maps published
from the years prior to Google Earth
and the imagery now available
shows extensive hydrological change
including the draining of Bardaa
Lake. This will inevitably have affected the surrounding water table. A
large number of rivers, streams and
brooks, originally marked on maps
are now often dry, for example the
canal Osorna. This modern manipulation of the water table will have
had an impact on the archaeological
record in terms of organic preservation and geochemical signals. Where
sites are found a fluctuating water
table may have destroyed organic remains despite otherwise favourable
conditions. Water table fluctuations
may also have caused leaching of
elemental minerals, which will have
altered the chemical composition of
the soil.
Despite all of the potential problems with the archaeological record,
sites in the area do have in situ palaeo
land surfaces. The discovery of in
situ palaeosols at Laminci Jaruani,
podruja. Stoga je vjerovatnoa pronalaska in situ arheolokih lokaliteta

ograniena, jer je veina erodirala.
Poreenje mapa objavljenih prije
pojave Google Eartha-a i trenutno
dostupnih prikaza, pokazuje obimne
hidroloke promjene, ukljuujui i
isuivanje jezera Bardaa. To e svakako imati uticaj na vodenu plohu.
Velik broj rijeka, potoka i rjeica,
izvorno oznaenih na karti, sad su
presueni, na primjer, kanal Osorna.
Dananja manipulacija vodene plohe
je morala imati uticaj na arheoloke
nalaze to se tie organske konzervacije i geohemijskih signala. Na
mjestima pronalaska lokalitata varirajua vodena ploha je moda unitila organske ostatke uprkos inae povoljnih uslova za ouvanje. Variranje
vodene plohe je moda uzrokovalo i
ispiranje elementarnih minerala, to
e dovesti do promjene hemijskog
sastava tla.
Uprkos svim ovim potencijalnim
problemima vezanim za arheoloke
nalaze, lokaliteti u ovom podruju
imaju in situ praistorijsku zemljanju
povrinu (paleotlo). Pronalazak in
situ paleotla u Laminci Jaruanima,
na Laminci Jaruani Njivi i u podruju Kosjerova je od primarnog interesa. Mikromorfoloka studija u kombinaciji sa geohemijom bi trebala
dati informacije o upotrebi zemlje u
prolosti, kao i o vrstama tehnologija
175
Laminci Jaruani Njiva and Kosjerovo area of primary interest. The dark
brown humic rich nature of the soils
combined with the large number of
artefacts is indicative of human use
of the soil at these sites. Micromorphological study combined with geochemistry should provide information about how the use of land in the
past as well as the types of technology were employed in early farming
in the area.
176
koritenim za rane poljoprivredne radove u tom podruju.
3.3. Plant macro-remains from

surveyed sites, March 2014
By Anne de Vareilles
Methodology
Twelve bulk soil samples were
collected during the 2014 archaeological survey season to evaluate
the concentration and preservation
of archaeobotanical remains at four
sites: Laminci Jaruani (four samples), Laminci Donje Dubrave (one
sample), Laminci Jaruani Njiva
(two samples) and Kosjerovo (five
samples). All test pits were sampled where archaeological layers
were discovered, and soil volumes,
as well as context numbers, can be
found in Table 21. The samples were
processed by the author using a Siraf-type flotation machine (Williams
1973), with a 300m mesh for the
flots and a 1mm mesh for the residues. The flots were sorted under
a binocular microscope (x4 to x40
magnification) and seeds and grains
identified using comparative material
from the reference collection of the
Institute of Archaeology, University
College London. Nomenclature follows Zohary and colleagues (2012)
for cereals, and Stace (2010) for all
other plants.
3.3. Biljni makro-ostaci sa

istraenih lokaliteta, mart 2014.
godine
Autor Anne de Vareilles
Metodologija
Tokom sezone arheolokog istraivanja 2014. godine prikupljeno je
dvanaest uzoraka zemljane mase za
procjenu koncentracije i ouvanosti
arheobotanikih ostataka sa etiri
lokaliteta: Laminci Jaruani (etiri uzorka), Laminci Donja Dubrava
(jedan uzorak), Laminci Jaruani
Njiva (dva uzorka) i Kosjerovo (pet
uzoraka). Sve probne sonde su otvorene na mjestima gdje su pronaeni
arheoloki ostaci, i zemljana masa,
kao i brojevi konteksta, mogu se nai
u tabeli 21. Uzorci su obraeni od
strane autora upotrebom flotacione
maine tipa Siraf (Williams 1973),
sa sitom promjera 300m za plutajue uzorke i sitom promjera 1mm
za mulj. Elementi naeni da plutaju, sortirani su pod binokularinim
mikroskopom (x4 do x40 uveanje)
i sjemenke i zrnevlje identifikovano
pomou komparativnog materijala
iz referentne kolekcije Instituta za
arheologiju, Univerzitetski koled
London. Nomenklatura je u skladu
sa Zohary i kolege (2012) za itarice,
i Stace (2010) za ostale biljke.
177
Table 21: Plant macro-remains

from surveyed sites
Tabela 21: Biljni makro-ostaci sa

istraenih lokaliteta
Site / Lokalitet
Sample / Uzorak
Context / Br. konteksta
Litres floated / Litara flotacije
Charcoal volume per flot / Koliina uglja po
flotaciji
Max/min seed density /
Maks./min. gustoa prosijavanja
Taxa
Common name / obino ime
Triticum
monococcum
single grained Einkorn
L.
Triticum sp.
Indet. Wheat
Triticum/
Wheat or Barley
Hordeum sp.
Indet. Cereal caryopses
Ceralia fragments less than half caryopses
Panicum
Broomcorn millet
miliaceum L.
T. monococcum glume base
T. monococcum/dicoccum glume base
Other possible foods / Ostala mogua hrana
Corylus sp.
Hazel nut fragment
Cornus mas L.
Cornelian-cherry
(frags.)
Sambucus sp. Elder
Indet.
Mesocarp
Fruit stone/shell
fragment
Fabaceae
Pulses/legumes
halves, 2-5mm
Fabaceae
Pulses/legumes
fragments
Linum cf.
usitatissimum
Flax
L.
178
Laminci-Jaruani (L.Neo? /
kasni neolit)
1
Lam.
Donje
D.
(BA?)
1207
28
1502/3
12
1205
41
1303/4 1305
39
36
<1ml.
<1ml.
0.5/0.2
0.08
0.1
0.1
0.08
1 (14)
<1ml. <1ml.
2ml.

Wild/weed seed / divlje sjemenje ili korov
Alchemilla sp. Ladys mantles
Chenopodium
Fat hen
album L.
Rumex sp.
Dock
Fallopia
convolvulus (L.) Black-bindweed
. Lve
Indet.
Pink family seed
Polygonaceae
Papaver
Poppy
somniferum L.
Trifolium/
Clover or Medic
Medicago sp.
Indet.
Brassicaceae
Cabbage family
1mm
Indet.
Bedstraw family
Rubiaceae
Indet. Seed
Other finds /
ostali nalazi
Intrusive modern rootlets, seeds, straw
Charred bone fragments, <4mm across
Key: - 1 or 2; + 10 items.
Site / Lokalitet
Sample / Uzorak
Context / Br. konteksta
Litres floated / Litara flotacije
Charcoal volume per flot / Koliina
uglja po flotaciji
Max/min seed density /
Maks./min. gustoa prosijavanja
Common
name /
Taxa
obino ime
single
Triticum
grained
monococcum L.
Einkorn
P
-
L. Jaruani
Njiva (L.Neo. /
Kosjerovo (Late Neo.)
kasni neolit)
6and7
8
9
10
11
12
13
1602/3 1809/10 2202/3 2303 2203 2206 2203
20
36
22
24
12
12
7
<1ml.
<1ml.
<1ml. <1ml. <1ml.
2ml.
3ml.
0.1
0.09
0.2
12/8
0.7
179

Indet.
Triticum sp.
Wheat
Triticum/Hordeum
Wheat or
sp.
Barley
Indet. Cereal caryopses
Ceralia fragments less than half
caryopses
Panicum miliaceum Broomcorn
L.
millet
T. monococcum glume base
T. monococcum/dicoccum glume
base
Other possible foods / Ostala
mogua hrana
Hazel nut
Corylus sp.
fragment
Cornus mas L.
Cornelian(frags.)
cherry
Sambucus sp.
Elder
Indet. Mesocarp
Fruit stone/
fragment
shell
Fabaceae halves,
Pulses/
2-5mm
legumes
Pulses/
Fabaceae fragments legumes
Linum cf.
usitatissimum L.
Flax
Wild/weed seed / divlje
sjemenje ili korov
Ladys
Alchemilla sp.
mantles
Chenopodium
album L.
Fat hen
Rumex sp.
Dock
Fallopia convolvulus Black(L.) . Lve
bindweed
Pink family
Indet. Polygonaceae seed
Papaver somniferum
L.
Poppy
Trifolium/Medicago Clover or
sp.
Medic
180
30
16
37
2
1
13
78

Indet. Brassicaceae
1mm
Cabbage
family
Bedstraw
family
Indet. Rubiaceae
Indet. Seed
Other finds / ostali
nalazi
Intrusive modern rootlets, seeds,

straw
Charred bone fragments, <4mm
across
Key: - 1 or 2; + 10 items.
1
1
Preservation
Ouvanost
The flots contained few plant

macro-remains, all of which were
charred. Charcoal concentrations
are very low, indicating that in situ
hearths or fires were not sampled.
Cereals remains are heavily puffed
and broken, making identifications
difficult. Furthermore, none of the
pulses from Kosjerovo retained any
hilums or seed coats and could thus
not be identified. They are however large, and more likely to be from
a cultivated variety than an arable
weed. As Table 22 shows, seed densities per litre of soil are all extremely low, except for two samples from
Kosjerovo (the minimum density for
sample 11 is calculated on an estimated 47 pulses).
Pjena je sadravala nekoliko biljnih makroostataka, i svi su ugljenisani. Koncentracija uglja je veoma
mala, to ukazuje da in situ ognjita
ili vatrita nisu bili meu uzorcima.
Ostaci itarica su ozbiljno ekspandireni i slomljeni, to oteava identifikaciju. Pored toga, nijedna od mahunarki iz Kosjerova nije zadrala ni
jedan hilum ili ovojnicu sjemena, i
stoga nije mogla biti idenifikovana.
Ipak krupne su, i vjerovatnije je da
su dio kultivisanih vrsta, nego dio
obradivog korova. Kao to tabela 22
pokazuje, gustina sjemena po litri
zemlje je veoma niska, osim za dva
uzorka iz Kosjerova (minimalna gustina za uzorak 11 je izraunata na
procjenjenih 47 mahunarki).
181
Results and discussion

Laminci Jaruani
The four samples only revealed
three cereal remains, one of which
could be identified to species: a grain
of einkorn (Triticum monococcum).
Remains of cornelian cherry stones
(Cornus mas), and arable weed seeds
of fat-hen (Chenopodium album) and
black bindweed (Fallopia convolvulus) were also found in low quantities. Single seeds of possible flax
(Linum cf. usitatissimum) occurred
in 75% of the samples, suggesting it
may have been an important crop at
this site. As already mentioned, flax
seeds have recently been recorded
from four other Bosnian Neolithic
sites (see Figure 28), though indisputable evidence for the production
of linen is still lacking.
Rezultati i diskusija
Laminci Jaruani
U etiri uzorka su otkrivena samo
tri itna ostatka, od kojih je za jedan
odreena vrsta: jednozrna penica (Triticum monococcum). Ostaci
kopice drena (Cornus mas), i sjemena biljki pepeljuge (Chenopodium
album) i vijuca (Fallopia convolvulus) su takoe pronaeni u malim
koliinama. Pojedinana sjemena
mogueg lana (Linum cf. usitatissimum) su se pojavila u 75% uzoraka,
ukazujui da je lan mogao biti vaan
usjev na tom lokalitetu. Kao to je
ve pomenuto, sjemenke lana su nedavno registrovane na etiri druga
lokaliteta u Bosni i Hercegovini iz
neolitskog perioda (vidjeti sliku 28),
ipak jo uvijek nema nepobitnog dokaza za postojanje proizvodnje lanenog platna.
Laminci Donje Dubrave

Heavily comminuted charcoal
and a single broomcorn millet seed
(Panicum milliaceum) were the only
archaeobotanical remains recovered
from this site. The latter species
could be suggestive of a post-5000
B.C. date (Hunt et al. 2008).
Plant macro-remains (other than
charcoal) were only found in one of
the two samples. One wheat glume
182
Laminci Donje Dubrave

Komad uglja i jedna sjemenka
prosa (Panicum milliaceum) su jedini arheobotaniki ostaci naeni na
lokalitetu. Ova posljednja vrsta bi
mogla ukazivati na period poslije
5000 p.n.e. (Hunt i dr. 2008).
Biljni makroostaci (pored uglja)
su pronaeni samo u jednom ili dva
uzorka. Pronaeni su jedna osnova
base, a fragment of hazelnut shell

(Corylus sp.) and two wild plant
seeds were retrieved.
Kosjerovo
penine pljeve, fragment ljuske ljenika (Corylus sp.) i dvije sjemenke

divljih biljaka.
Kosjerovo
The two richest samples are from

different archaeological periods (see
3.1): context 2203 dates to the Late
Bronze Age, whilst context 2206 is
dated to the Late Neolithic and contemporary with Koievo. Context
2203 contained a relatively high
quantity of einkorn glume bases, indeterminate pulses and four opium
poppy seeds (Papaver somniferum).
Context 2206 was predominantly
composed of einkorn and/or emmer chaff, seven cereal grains and
no other seeds. The type of cereals
and cleanliness of assemblages from
weed seeds is reminiscent of samples
from Koievo (see 2.4). The other
three samples from Kosjerovo contained very few plant remains and are
all of Bronze age or later dates.
Dva najbogatija uzorka su iz drugih arheolokih razdoblja (vidjeti

3.1): kontekst 2203 datira iz kasnog
bronzanog doba, dok kontekst 2206
datira iz kasnog neolita i savremenik
je lokalitetu iz Koieva. Kontekst
2203 je sadravao relativno velik
broj osnova pljeve jednozrne penice, neodreenih mahunarki i etiri
sjemenke maka (Papaver somniferum). Kontekst 2206 se preteno
sastojao od jednozrne i/ili dvozrne
pljeve, sedam itnih zrna i bez drugog sjemenja. Tipovi itarica i istoa zbirke od prisustva sjemena
korova podsjea na uzorke iz Koieva (vidjeti 2.4). Ostala tri uzorka iz
Kosjerova sadre veoma malo biljnih
ostataka i svi su iz bronzanog doba ili
kasnijeg perioda.
Conclusion
Zakljuak
Carbonised plant remains are easily displaced throughout soil profiles

and sediments by leaching and/or bioturbation, so that single finds cannot
be reliably attributed to a particular
Ugljenisani biljni ostaci se lako

pomjeraju irom zemljanih profila i
sedimenata ispiranjem i/ili bioturbacijom, pa se pojedini nalazi ne mogu
pouzdano pripisati konkretnom ar183
archaeological period or a specific

human activity. The combination of a
few plant remains with other archaeological finds from the three Laminci
sites is indicative of an agricultural settlement. Further excavations
could reveal sealed contexts from
which plant remains may be better
preserved, though as results from
Koievo show, rich finds of plant
remains from flat sites are, so far,
rare (see 2.4). Consequently, living
surfaces or house floors, should any
be found, must be sampled as well as
dug features.
The results from Kosjerovo are
very promising and indicate both a
Late Neolithic settlement as well as a
later Bronze age occupation. The former will make an interesting comparison with the settlement at Koievo,
thereby improving our understanding
of the Neolithic in this ancient floodplain.
184
heolokom periodu ili odreenoj

ljudskoj djelatnosti. Kombinacija
nekoliko biljnih ostataka i ostalih
arheolokih nalaza sa tri lokaliteta
u Lamincima je pokazatelj poljoprivrednog naselja. Daljnja iskopavanja
bi mogla otkriti zatvorene kontekste
sa bolje ouvanim biljnim ostacima,
iako su, kako pokazuju rezultati iz
Koieva, bogati nalazi biljnih ostataka na ravnim lokalitetima, do sada,
bili rijetki (vidjeti 2.4). Zbog toga, u
sluaju pronalaska stambenih povrina ili spratova kua, oni moraju biti
uzeti u uzorak kao i iskopane arheoloke cjeline.
Rezultati iz Kosjerova su veoma
obeavajui i ukazuju, kako na kasnoneolitsko naselje, tako i na kasniju naseobinu iz bronzanog dobu.
Ovaj raniji e biti zanimljivo uporediti sa naseljem u Koievu, i tako
poboljati nae razumijevanje neolitskog perioda na ovom drevnom plavnom podruju.
4. Conclusion
4. Zakljuak
By Marc Vander Linden, Gary

Marriner and Ivana Pandi
Autori: Marc Vander Linden, Gary

Marriner i Ivana Pandi
Several archaeological field seasons in the lower Vrbas river valley,

and especially on the site of Koievo, have demonstrated the richness
of the Neolithic archaeological period in this region. From the beginning onwards, this project aimed at
assessing the nature of the Neolithic
landscapes in this relatively under-researched part of northern Bosnia; our
ambition was thus to cover in systematic way a geographically coherent micro-region. The lower Vrbas
river valley proved to be an ideal
situation from this point of view. After passing through narrow gorges
south of the modern city of Banja
Luka, the Vrbas opens into a proper
alluvial valley, delineated to the west
and east by ranges of hills, and to the
north by the Sava river. The archaeological investigations presented in
this volume explicitly focused on the
north-eastern part of the alluvial valley, in a micro-region likely to have
been under the joint influences of the
Sava and its tributary the Vrbas. Our
extensive field walking survey, augering transects and following geoarchaeological laboratory work have
indeed confirmed the key role of the
Nekoliko arheolokih sezona terenskog rada u dolini donjeg toka rijeke Vrbas, posebno na lokalitetu Koievo, su prikazale bogatstvo arheologije neolita na ovom podruju. Od
poetka i cijelo vrijeme trajanja, ovaj
projekat bio je usmjeren na procjenu
prirode neolitskog pejzaa u ovom
relativno nedovoljno istraenom dijelu sjeverne Bosne; naa je ambicija,
stoga, bila da sistematski pokrijemo
geografski koherentu mikro-regiju.
Dolina donjeg toka rijeke Vrbas se,
iz te perspekcije, pokazala idealnom.
Prolaskom kroz uske tokove juno
od savremenog grada Banja Luka,
Vrbas se pretvara u pravilnu aluvijalnu dolinu, s zapadne i sa istone
strane obiljeen brdskim lancem, a sa
sjeverne rijekom Savom. Arheoloka
istraivanja prezentovana u ovom
radu su bila izriito orijentisana na
sjeveroistoni dio aluvijalne doline,
mikro-regiju koja je najvjerovatnije bila izloena zajednikom uticaju
i rijeke Save i njene pritoke, rijeke
Vrbas. Nae obimno rekognosciranje terena, transekti raeni pomou
arheoloke burgije, te geoarheoloki
laboratorijski rad nakon toga su zai185
ever-changing flow of water in the

definition of this landscape.
It appears that human settlement
during the Neolithic period and
probably during parts of the Bronze
Age was structured by these specific environmental conditions and
especially, as the excavations in
Koievo clearly show, by the periodic availability of raised, welldrained and comparatively dryer
grounds in otherwise predominantly
wet surroundings. The past landscape was dotted by such higher
Pleistocene - early Holocene gravel
banks, some of them associated with
later sand deposits. As the 2014 survey demonstrates, when erosion and
the recent introduction and generalisation of deep mechanical ploughing
have not been too destructive, these
raised grounds seem to have been
systematically settled at one or several occasions during the Neolithic
and Bronze Age. Furthermore, this
Neolithic settlement pattern does not
correspond to an opportunistic behaviour, but rather to a well-adapted system, as shown by the range of
macro-botanical remains observed
in Koievo and several other sites.
These gravel banks were repeatedly
used, most likely for a short period in
each instance because of the natural
constraints imposed by the continuously changing water flow (e.g. suspected flood episodes in Koievo).
186
sta potvrdili kljunu ulogu promjenljivog vodenog toka u oblikovanju

ovog pejzaa. Stie se utisak da je
ljudsko naselje tokom perioda neolita a vrlo vjerovatno i tokom dijelova bronzanog doba bilo odreene
ovim specifinim uslovima okolia i
posebno, kako to iskopavanja u Koievu jasno pokazuju, periodinom
dostupnou uzdignutih, dobro isuenih i uporedivo suvljih zemljita u,
inae preteno vlanom okruenju.
Znaaj ovog pejzaa u prolosti bile
su uzviene pleistocenske ljunkovite obale, od kojih su neke dovoene u
vezu sa kasnijim nastajanjem naslaga
pijeska. Kako je to pokazalo istraivanje iz 2014. godine, kada erozija
i skoranje uvoenje i generalizacija dubokog mehanikog oranja nisu
bili previe tetni, ova su uzvienja
izgleda nastala odjednom ili na nekoliko mahova tokom perioda neolita i
bronzanog doba. Nadalje, ovaj obrazac neolitske naseobine nije u skladu sa oportunistikim ponaanjem,
ve prije sa dobro prilagoenim sistemom, kako je to pokazano nizom
makro-botanikih ostataka naenih
u Koievu kao i na nekoliko drugih lokaliteta. Ove ljunkovite obale
su iznova koritene, najvjerovatnije
vrlo kratko svaki put, zbog prirodnih
ogranienja izazvanih konstantnom
izmjenom vodenog toka (npr. kako
se sumnja, periodine poplave u Koievu).
Until recently, limited attention

has been paid to similar wet landscapes across the western Balkans,
implicitly perceived as not suitable and/or poorly interesting areas,
especially when compared to the
traditional assumptions regarding
preferences for particular soils (e.g.
loess). Yet, this picture is now changing and several research projects
have demonstrated the extensive use,
from the early Neolithic sometimes,
of similar wet landscapes. Gulys
and Smegis work, to quote only
one recent well-published example,
in South-Eastern Hungary demonstrates how changing hydraulic regimes during the second half of the
5th mill cal. BC led to more fertile and
open pasture lands, attractive to large
ruminants such as cattle, and red
deer. The latter indeed becomes increasingly present in the corresponding faunal assemblage, part of a new
reliance over hunting. By 4500 cal.
BC however, higher and recurrent
floodwaters are accompanied by a
shrinkage of pasture lands, and eventual withdrawal of the area by human
communities (Gulys and Smegi
2011). Although this particular casestudy cannot be directly matched
to the lower Vrbas river valley, this
situation echoes some of our results:
importance of cattle in the domestic faunal assemblage and relatively
Sve do nedavno, vrlo malo panje

je bilo posveeno slinim vlanim
pejzaima irom zapadnog Balkana,
implicitno percipiranih kao nepogodna i/ili podruja od veoma malog interesa, posebno u poreenju sa tradicionalnim pretpostavkama vezano za
prednosti za odreene vrste tla (npr.
lesno tlo). Ipak, ova slika se sada mijenja i nekoliko istraivakih projekata prikazalo je obimnu upotrebu,
ponekad od ranog neolita, slinih
vlanih podruja. Rad Gulyas-a i
Sumegi-ja u jugoistonoj Maarskoj,
da navedemo samo jedan nedavno
objavljeni primjer, prikazuje kako je
izmjena hidraulinih reima tokom
druge polovine 5. milenijuma kalc.
p.n.e., dovela do stvaranja plodnije
zemlje i otvorenih panjaka, privlanim krupnim preivarima kao to su
stoka i jeleni. I zaista, poveava se
prisutnost jelena u odgovarajuoj fauni, kao dio novog koritenja u odnosu na lov. Ipak, do 4500 kalc. p.n.e.,
vee i uestalije naplavine su popraene smanjenjem polja za ispau,
kao i konanim zauzimanjem ovih
podruja od strane ljudskih zajednica (Gulys, Smegi, 2011). Iako ova
konkretna studija ne moe direktno
da se uporedi sa dolinom donjeg toka
rijeke Vrbas, ova situacija potvruje
neke od naih rezultata: vanost stoke u domaoj korespondentnoj vrsti
i relativno veliku ulogu divljai, po187
high proportion of wild game, especially red deer, in Koievo, and contemporary widespread use of the area
between 4900-4500 cal. BC. Whether or not these similarities run deeper
remains to be tested thanks to further
work and datasets, but the possibility
of a parallel ecological and historical
trajectory between the lower Vrbas
and South-Eastern Hungary ought to
be carefully considered.
The chronological sequence at
Koievo shows that the use of this
landscape goes back to the late 6th
mill cal. BC, if not earlier, and is
well-established during the first half
of the 5th mill. cal. BC. Whether or
not we are witnessing a more widespread human presence in the lower
Vras between 4900 and 4500 cal. BC
so far only rests upon the direct dating of two sites (i.e. Koievo and
Kosjerovo). If correct, this could be
part of a wider contemporary phenomenon first observed in the Visoko
basin, with the demise of large-scale
sites such as Okolite, in favour of
smaller, more numerous settlements
(Hoffmann 2014). Such possible
multiplication of sites has also been
suggested through acquisition and
examination of radiocarbon dates
for several Neolithic sites distributed over the entire territory of Bosnia
and Herzegovina (Vander Linden et
al. 2014).
188
sebno jelena, u Koievu, i velikoj

iskoritenosti tog podruja izmeu
4900 - 4500 kalc. p.n.e.. Bilo da ove
slinosti imaju ili nemaju dublje uporite ostaje da se ispita zahvaljujui
daljnjem radu i skupovima podataka,
ali bi se mogunost paralelne ekoloke i istorijske putanje izmeu donjeg
toka Vrbasa i jugoistone Maarske
trebala paljivo sagledati.
Hronoloki slijed u Koievu pokazuje da koritenje ovog podruja see u kasni 6. milenijum kalc.
p.n.e., ako ne i ranije, a dobro je uspostavljeno tokom prve polovine 5.
milenijuma kalc. p.n.e.. Za sada se
pitanje o tome da li ili ne svjedoimo veoj prisutnosti ljudske vrste u
donjem toku Vrbasa izmeu 4900 i
4500 kalc. p.n.e., zasniva samo na
direktnom datiranju dva nalazita (tj.
Koievo i Kosjerovo). Ukoliko je
to tano, ovo bi moglo da bude dio
ireg savremenog fenomena prvo
uoenog u slivu Visoko, nestankom
velikih lokaliteta kao to je Okolite,
a u korist manjih, brojnijih naseobina (Hoffmann 2014). Takvo mogue
umnoavanje lokaliteta je takoe sugerisano pribavljanjem i ispitivanjem
radiokarbonskih datuma za nekoliko
neolitiskih lokaliteta rasprostranjenih du itave teritorije Bosne i Hercegovine (Vander Linden et al.).
In conclusion, we hope that this

volume demonstrates the value of a
landscape-oriented approach to the
Neolithic period of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Far from denying the key
role played by long-term excavations
of large-scale sites such as Obre,
Gornja Tuzla or Okolite, the alternative strategy deployed here, with its
focus upon smaller sites and extensive geographical coverage, provides
us with a complimentary vision of the
Neolithic where the complex interplay between environments and past
human communities is given priority.
Thanks to several years of intensive
field work, this project not only fills
a documentary gap by attesting the
presence of several Neolithic sites in
this area, but also contributes to widen the range of documented Neolithic
lifeways in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Na kraju, nadamo se da ovaj rad

prikazuje vrijednost pejzano-orijentisanog pristupa neolitskom periodu Bosne i Hercegovine. Daleko
od toga da se porie kljuna uloga
koju su odigrala dugorona iskopavanja lokaliteta velikih razmjera kao
to su Obre, Gornja Tuzla ili Okolite, alternativna strategija koja je
ovde upotrebljena, s akcentom stavljenim na manje lokalitete i iroku
geografsku pokrivenost, prua nam
zahvalan prikaz neolita, gdje je prioritet dat kompleksnoj interakciji izmeu okruenja i ljudskih zajednica
iz prolosti. Zahvaljujui viegodinjem intenzivnom radu na terenu,
ovaj projekat ne samo da ispunjava
prazninu u dokumentovanju potvrujui postojanje nekoliko neolitskih
lokaliteta na ovom podruju, ve i
doprinosi umnoavanju obima dokumentovanih naina ivota u Bosni i
Hercegovini u periodu neolita.
189
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197
Affiliation of authors
Afilijacije autora
Milan urevi: Zaviajni muzej

Gradika
Milan urevi: Zaviajni muzej

Gradika
Kevan Edinborough: Institute of

Archaeology, University College
London
Kevan Edinborough: Institut za arheologiju, Univerzitetski koled

London
Charles French: McBurney Laboratory of Geoarchaeology, Division

of Archaeology, University of
Cambridge
Charles French: McBurney Laboratorija za geoarheologiju, Odsjek

za arheologiju, Univerzitet u Kembridu
Ivana Jovanovi: Institute of Archaeology, University College London
Ivana Jovanovi: Institut za arheologiju, Univerzitetski koled London
Gary Marriner: Institute of Archaeology, University College London
Gary Marriner: Institut za arheologiju, Univerzitetski koled London
David Orton: Institute of Archaeology, University College London
David Orton: Institut za arheologiju,

Univerzitetski koled London
Ivana Pandi: Muzej Republike

Srpske; Department of History,
Philosophic School, University of
Banja Luka
Ljiljana Pareanin: Republic Institute for Protection of Cultural,
Historical and Natural Heritage of
Republic of Srpska
Marija Radovi: Laboratory for Bioarchaeology, Department of Archaeology, University of Belgrade
Tonko Rajkovaa: McBurney Laboratory of Geoarchaeology, Division of Archaeology, University of
Cambridge
198
Ivana Pandi: Muzej Republike

Srpske, Odsjek za istoriju Filozofskog fakulteta Univerziteta u Banjoj Luci
Ljiljana Pareanin: Republiki zavod
za zatitu kulturno-istorijskog i prirodnog nasljea Republike Srpske
Marija Radovi: Laboratorija za bioarheologiju, Odsek za arheologiju,
Univerzitet u Beogradu
Tonko Rajkovaa: McBurney Laboratorija za geoarheologiju, Odsjek
za arheologiju, Univerzitet u Kembridu
Kelly Reed: Odsjek za inenjerstvo,
Univerzitet u Oksfordu
Kelly Reed: Department of Engineering, University of Oxford

Ljubia Srdi: Republic Institute for
Protection of Cultural, Historical
and Natural Heritage of Republic
of Srpska
Ljubia Srdi: Republiki zavod za

zatitu kulturno-istorijskog i prirodnog nasljea Republike Srpske
Marc Vander Linden: Institut za arheologiju, Univerzitetski koled
London
Marc Vander Linden: Institute of

Archaeology, University College
London
Anne de Vareilles: Institut za arheologiju, Univerzitetski koled London
Anne de Vareilles: Institute of Archaeology, University College

London
Bojan Vujinovi: Zaviajni muzej

Gradika
Bojan Vujinovi: Zaviajni muzej

Gradika
199
List of illustrations
Spisak ilustracija
Figure 1: distribution of Neolithic

sites in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Slika 1: Distribucija neolitskih lokaliteta u Bosni i Hercegovini
Figure 2: Koievo, site plan
Slika 2: Koievo, plan lokaliteta
Figure 3: Koievo, under the snow
Slika 3: Koievo, pod snijegom
Figure 4: Koievo, Test Pit 1 bottom
Slika 4: Koievo, dno probne sonde 1
Figure 5: Koievo, Harris matrix for

the 2012 trench, and corresponding pottery fragmentation rate
Slika 5: Koievo, Harrisova matrica za sondu iz 2012. godine i odgovarajui stepen fragmentovanja
keramike

profile (picture)
profile (drawing)
buried soil, concentration of finds
Figure 9: Koievo, 2012 trench pit
with re-cuts
cut through riverbank
Slika 6: Koievo, sonda iz 2012. godine, profil (slika)

Slika 7: Koievo, sonda iz 2012. godine, profil (crte)
Slika 8: Koievo, sonda iz 2012. godine, geoloki pohranjeni slojevi
zemljita, koncentracije nalaza
Slika 9: Koievo, sonda 2012. godine, sa usjecima/jamama

godine, presjek kroz obalu rijeke

profile (picture)

godine

profile (drawing)


human skeleton (context 1156)
(picture)


human skeleton (context 1156)
(plan)
200

godine, ljudski skelet (kontekst
1156) (slika)

plan of features
Figure 17: location map of the site of
Koievo
profile
B/C substrat
Figure 20: Photomicrograph of illuvial dusty clay

godine, ljudski skelet (kontekst
1156) (plan)
godine, nacrt arheolokih cjelina
Slika 17: Mapa poloaja lokaliteta
Koievo
Slika18: Koievo, sonda iz 2012.
godine, profil
Slika 19: Fotomikrograf B/C supstrata

base of the palaeosol
Slika 20: Fotomikrograf iluvijalne

muljevite gline
Figure 22: Photomicrograph of phosphatic-iron infills in the voids in

the humic palaeosol
Slika 21: Fotomikrograf dna paleotla

strongly humic and amorphous
iron stained sandy silty clay
micritic sandy clay loam
strongly amorphous iron stained,
micritic sandy clay loam with a
groundmass and voids dominated
by dusty or impure silty clay
modern, ploughed, topsoil composed of a vughy, strongly amorphous iron stained, micritic sandy
clay loam
Figure 27: Koievo, profile 2013
Trench
Slika 22: Fotomikrograf fosfatno eljeznih ispuna u upljinama u

humikom paleotlu
Slika 23: Fotomikrograf jake humike i amorfnim eljezom obojene
pjeskovito muljevite gline
Slika 24: Fotomikrograf mikrike
pjeskovito glinaste ilovae
Slika 25: Fotomikrograf veoma
amorfne eljezom obojene, mikrike, pjeskovito glinaste ilovae
sa matricom i upljinama u kojima
dominira neista muljevita glina
Slika 26: Fotomikrograf savremenog,
prekopanog, povrinskog horizonta sastavljenog od upljikave veoma amorfne eljezom obojene, mikrike pjeskovito glinaste ilovae
201
Figure 28: Percentage of crops across

all Neolithic sites of Bosnia and
Herzegovina for which comparable information is available
Figure 29: Ubiquity of cereal grains
from five Neolithic sites of Bosnia
and Herzegovina
Figure 30: Map showing Koievo
in relation to other late Neolithic
sites in Bosnia and Herzegovina,
Croatia, and Serbia with faunal
data available
Figure 31: Mean weight of fragments
in 2012 and 2013 trenches by layer/spit
Figure 32: Percentage NISP by taxon
Figure 33: Selected pig measurements from Koievo, with data
as comparanda
Figure 34: Selected Bos measurements from Koievo, with data
as comparanda
Figure 35: Relative frequencies of selected taxa at Koievo compared
with other central Balkan late Neolithic sites. Sopot culture: Slava
(Miculini and Mihajlovi 2003),
Hermanov vinograd I (Orton n.d.);
Butmir culture: Obre II (Bknyi
1974), Okolite (Benecke 2009);
202
Slika 26: Fotomikrograf savremenog,

preoranog, povrinskog horizonta
sastavljenog od upljikave veoma
amorfne eljezom obojene, mikrike pjeskovito glinaste ilovae
Slika 27: Koievo, profil iz sonde iz
2013. godine.
Slika 28: Procenti usjeva na svim
neolitskim lokacijama u Bosni i
Hercegovini za koje postoje komparativni podaci
Slika 29: Rasprostranjenost zrnevlja
itarica na pet neolitskih lokacija u
Bosni i Hercegovini
Slika 30: Mapa prikazuje odnos Koieva i ostalih kasno neolitskih
lokacija u Bosni i Hercegovini,
Hrvatskoj i Srbiji, sa dostupnim
faunalnim podacima.
Slika 31: Srednja vrijednost teine
fragmenata iz Koieva iz 2012. i
2013. godine po nivou/otkopnom
sloju.
Slika 32: Postoci NISP po taksonu
Slika 33: Odabrane svinjske mjere iz
Koieva, sa uporednim podacima
iz Hermanovog vinograda I (Orton, nepoznata godina) i Gomolave (Orton, 2008)
Slika 34: Odabrane Bos mjere iz Koieva, sa uporednim podacima iz
Hermanovog vinograda I (Orton,
nepoznata godina) i Gomolava
(Orton, 2008)
Vina culture: Gomolava (Orton

2008), Vina-Belo Brdo (Dimitrijevi 2006), Opovo (Russell 1993)
Figure 36: Anatomical representation for cattle (a,c) and domestic
pigs* (b,d), by raw DZ (a,b) and
by weighted DZ (c,d). *includes
indeterminate pig category
Figure 37: Plot of radiocarbon dates
for the site of Koievo
Figure 38: Location of all location
tested and/or augered during the
2014 field season
Slika 35: Relativna frekvencija odabranih klasa u Koievu u poreenju sa drugim kasnoneolitskim nalazitima na centralnom Balkanu.
Sopotska kultura: Slava (Miculini i Mihajlovi, 2003), Hermanov vinograd I (Orton, nepoznata
godina); Butmirska kultura: Obre
II (Bknyi, 1974), Okolite (Benecke, 2009); Vinanska kultura:
Gomolava (Orton. 2008), Vina
- Belo Brdo (Dimitrijevi, 2006),
Opovo (Russell, 1993)
Slika 36: Anatomski primaz za goveda (a,c) i domae svinje *(b,d),

sirovim DZ (a,b) i teinskim DZ
(c,d). *ukljuuje nedefinisanu grupu svinja
Figure 41: Laminci Jaruani, location of boreholes
Slika 37: Dijagram radiokarbonskih

datuma za lokalitet Koievo
Figure 42: Laminci Jaruani Njiva,

location of boreholes
Slika 38: Poloaj svih lokacija koje

su ispitane i/ili gdje se vrilo buenje arheolokom burgijom tokom
terenske sezone 2014. godine.
Figure 39: Kosjerovo, Grave 1 with

view of the Bronze Age mound
Figure 43: Kojserovo, location of

boreholes
Slika 39: Kosjerovo, grob 1 sa pogledom na nasip iz bronzanog doba

Slika 40: Kosjerovo, grob 40
Slika 41: Laminci Jaruani, lokacija
buotina
Slika 42: Laminci Jaruani Njiva,
pozicija buotina
Slika 43: Kosjerovo, pozicija buotina
203
List of Tables
Spisak tabela
Table 1: Table 1: mutli-element analysis from selected samples, 2012

trench
Tabela 1: Multielementna analiza

iz selektovanih uzoraka, sonda iz
2012. godine
Table 2: Lithic raw materials
Tabla 2: Kremeni materijal, sirovine
Table 3: Damages, expressed in percentage
Tabela 3: Oteenja, izraena u postotku
Table 4: Proportion of the basic categories of lithic artefacts
Tabela 4: Zastupljenost osnovnih kategorija kremenih artefakata
Table 5: Relation between flakes and

blades
Tabela 5: Odnos izmeu odbojaka i

sjeiva
Table 6: Cores quantity
Tabela 6: Jezgre - koliina
Table 7: Fragmentation of unretouched flakes and blades

Table 8: Morphometry of unretouched flakes and blades (length)
Table 9: Morphometry of unretouched blades and flakes (combining lenght and degree of elongation)
Table 10: Presence of cortex on the
dorsal side of unretouched flakes
and blades (for entire pieces)
Table 11: Morphology of the dorsal
side of unretouched flakes and
blades
Table 12: Striking platform of unretouched flakes and blades (the
whole pieces + proximal fragments)
Table 13: Retouched tools
204
Tabela 7: Fragmentovanost neretuiranih odbitaka i sjeiva

Tabela 8: Morfometrija neretuiranih
odbitaka i sjeiva (duina)
Tabela 9: Morfometrija neretuiranih
sjeiva i odbitaka (kombinacija
duine i stepena elongacije)
Tabela 10: Pristunost korteksa na
dorzalnoj strani neretuiranih odbitakai sjeiva (cijeli primjerci)
Tabela 11: Morfologija dorzalne strane neretuiranih odbitaka i sjeiva
Tabela 12: Platforma udara neretuiranih odbitaka i sjeiva (cijeli primjerci+proksimalni fragmenti)
Tabela 13: Retuirano orue
Tabela 14: Biljni makro-ostaci iz Koieva
Table 14: Plant macro-remains from

Koievo
Table 15: Elements included in Diagnostic Zone (DZ) scheme as applied here
Tabela 15: Elementi koji se nalaze u

emi dijagnostike zone (DZ) primjenjeni na naem primjeru
Tabela 16: Raspored kotanih fragmenta u Koievu
Table 16: Distribution of bone fragments at Koievo
Tabela 17: Taksonomske frekvencije

u Koievu po NISP i DZ
Table 17: Taxonomic frequencies at

Koievo by NISP and DZ
Tabela 18: Mjere kostiju (cm)3
Table 19: Radiocarbon dates for the

site of Koievo
Table 20: Radiocarbon date for Grave
1, Kosjerovo
Table 21: Plant macro-remains from
surveyed sites
Tabela 19: Radiokarbonski datumi za

lokalitet Koievo
Tabela 20: Radiokarbonski datum za
grob 1, Kosjerovo
Tabela 21: Biljni makro-ostaci sa
istraenih lokaliteta
205
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Filozofski fakultet Univerziteta u Banjoj Luci

Ivana Pandi Marc Vander Linden

Idejno rjeenje korica:

THE NEOLITHIC SITE OF KOIEVO

NEOLITSKI LOKALITET KOIEVO

Under the direction of Ivana Pandi and Marc Vander Linden

Banja Luka, 2014.

EUROFARM project funded by / EUROFARM projekat finansiran od strane

EUROFARM project hosted by / EUROFARM projekat realizuju

Knjiga je nastala u okviru Tempus projekta

Archaeological investigations on the Neolithic site of Koievo....................12

2.1. Presentation of the site and results..................................................................12

Archaeological survey in the lower Vrbas valley:

3.1. Presentation and results.................................................................................146

3.3. Plant macro-remains from surveyed sites, March 2014................................177

By Marc Vander Linden and Ivana

Autori: Marc Vander Linden i

Archaeological research on the

Arheoloko istraivanje neolitskog

As the distribution of Neolithic

Kao to se moe dobro vidjeti na

Ivana Pandi Marc Vander Linden

ical Lexicon exemplifies well (Figure 1), our contemporary knowledge

lokom leksikonu (Slika 1), nae savremeno znanje neolitskog perioda

Figure 1: Distribution of Neolithic

Slika 1: Distribucija neolitskih lokaliteta u Bosni i Hercegovini (prema Pandi, 2014.)

The neolithic site of Koievo Neolitski lokalitet Koievo

This report presents the results of

Ovaj izvjetaj predstavlja rezultate viegodinjeg arheolokog rada na

After short exploratory work conducted in November 2009 under the

Nakon kratkog istraivakog rada

Ivana Pandi Marc Vander Linden

ing previous research by the same

2). Nakon prethodnog istraivanja

The neolithic site of Koievo Neolitski lokalitet Koievo

including preliminary information on

geoarheoloke i arheoloke procjene

Ivana Pandi Marc Vander Linden

2.1 Presentation of the site and

2.1. Prikaz lokaliteta i rezultati

By Marc Vander Linden, Ivana

Autori: Marc Vander Linden, Ivana Pandi, Milan urevi, Bojan

The site of Koievo is located in

Lokalitet Koievo se nalazi u

The neolithic site of Koievo Neolitski lokalitet Koievo

Figure 2: Koievo, site plan

Prva geoarheoloka istraivanja

Slika 2: Koievo, plan lokaliteta

Ivana Pandi Marc Vander Linden

Prva serija buotina uraena je u

The next phase of archaeological

Naredna faza arheoloke aktivnosti datira iz marta 2010. godine.

The neolithic site of Koievo Neolitski lokalitet Koievo

ed accordingly. While Test Pit 2 only

slojevima od 10 cm, a sva pronaena materijalna kultura zabiljeena

Ivana Pandi Marc Vander Linden

Figure 3: Koievo, under the

Slika 3: Koievo, pod snijegom

Figure 4: Koievo, Test Pit 1

Slika 4: Koievo, dno probne

The neolithic site of Koievo Neolitski lokalitet Koievo

Preliminarna analiza keramike

Pottery coming from Test Pit 1