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Hydrostatic and Stability
Hydrostatic and Stability
CONTENT:
A- Calculations done at each draft line: Next web page update: soon.
Displacement
Could be either mass displacement (m). The mass of the yacht, or volume displacement
(V or D)The volume of the immersed part of the yacht. Mc, Vc, and Dc are the corresponding
notation without keel.
Midship section
For ships, this section is located midway between the fore and aft perpendiculars. For
yachts it is more common to put it midways before and aft ends of the waterline. The area of the
amidships section (Submerged part ) is denoted Am, with and index c indicating that the keel
is not included.
Maximum area section
For yachts the maximum area section is usually located behind the amidships section. Its
area is denoted Ax (Axc).
Prismatic coefficient (Cp)
This is the ratio of the volume displacement and the maximum section area multiplied by
the waterline length. Cp = D/(Ax . Lwl). This value is very much influenced by the keel and in
most yacht applications only canoe body is considered. The prismatic coefficient is
representative of the fullness of the yacht. The ends, the larger the Cp. Its optimum value
depends on the speed.
Centre of buoyancy (B)
The centre of gravity of the displaced volume of water. Its longitudinal position denoted
as LCB and vertical position denoted by VCB.
Centre of gravity (G)
The centre of gravity of the yacht must be on the same vertical line as the centre of
buoyancy. In drawing G is often marked with a special symbol created by a circle and a cross.
This is used also for marking geometric centres of gravity.
Sheer line
The intersection between the deck and the topside. Traditionally, the projection of this
line on the symmetry plane is concave, the sheer is positive. Zero and negative sheer may be
found on some extreme racing yachts and powerboats.
Freeboard
The vertical distance between the sheer line and the waterline. This is the reserve of
buoyancy.
2-Calculation methods:
Due to the shape curved of the frames, there is not too easy to calculate the frame areas.
There are different ways to obtain the areas on closed curves:
-
One way might be to draw the closed curve on a square grid and just count the number of
squares. In most cases this method is accurate enough, but it is tedious.
One other way is to make use of the planimeter, this method is fast and accurate but few
amateur designers have access to this handy instrument.
By using CAD (Computer Aided Design) programs: CAD techniques are always used
nowadays by professional designers. The CAD programs without much work fair hull can
be produced rapidly and different requirements my be satisfied such as a given prismatic
coefficient or longitudinal centre of buoyancy, displacement, stability at small and large
heel angles.
The best choice for many designers is to compute the area using a simple numerical method
This method is called Simpson's rule
Figure 2.1
3-Simpons Rule
Simpsons rule is quite popular in naval architecture. Since the sequenc e of operations is always
the same when applying Simpsons rule as special scheme, shown in Fig. 1.
The distance between the end points of the interval, in this case Xo and X10, is divided into an
even number of equidistant steps, in this case 10. The step size is denoted S. Values of the
function Y are computed for all X-values and may be inserted into the table in the column
Ordinate value. By multiplying each value by its Simpson multiplier, 1 for the end values
and 4 and 2 alternating for the others, and adding all the products the sum of products is
obtained. The area A under the curve Y is the simply obtained as this sum multiplied by the step
size divide by 3.
Ordinate No.
Ordinate Value
S.M.
Product
0
1
Yo
Y1
Yo
4Y1
2
3
4
Y2
Y3
Y4
1
4
2
5
6
Y5
Y6
7
8
9
10
Y7
Y8
Y9
Y10
4
2
4
2
4
2
4
1
2Y2
4Y3
2Y4
4Y5
2Y6
4Y7
2Y8
4Y9
Y10
Sum of products
A = S / 3. (Sum of products)
Note that the frame 0 is minimum submerged and frame No.10 is completely out, and the keel
is not taken in account for calculations. The Keel volume I will calculate later.
Figure 4.2
4 Calculating displacement.
4.2 Using Simpsons rule.
Here the area of each section I obtained dividing each frame with 10 lines, spaced S distance.
Once obtained the areas, I use again Simpson's rule to obtain the Displacement.
Figure 4.3
Section N.0
Ordinate
S.M (B) Product
value A
(AXB)
0
1
0,00
0,0028
4
0,01
0,0055
2
0,01
0,0082
4
0,03
0,0109
2
0,02
0,0136
4
0,05
0,0162
2
0,03
0,0188
4
0,08
0,0212
2
0,04
0,0236
4
0,09
0,026
1
0,03
Suma of products =
0,40
A = S/3 x (Sum of Products)
S=
0,0074
S/3
0,002466667
S/3 x (sum of products) =
0,0010
As = A x 2 (both sides)=
0,0020
Ordinate
No.
Y0
Y1
Y2
Y3
Y4
Y5
Y6
Y7
Y8
Y9
Y10
Section N.2
Ordinate
S.M (B) Product
value A
(AXB)
0
1
0,00
0,1824
4
0,73
0,3861
2
0,77
0,554
4
2,22
0,6631
2
1,33
0,7439
4
2,98
0,8066
2
1,61
0,8558
4
3,42
0,895
2
1,79
0,9262
4
3,70
0,9506
1
0,95
Suma of products =
19,50
A = S/3 x (Sum of Products)
S=
0,0696
S/3
0,0232
S/3 x (sum of products) =
0,4524
Ordinate
No.
Y0
Y1
Y2
Y3
Y4
Y5
Y6
Y7
Y8
Y9
Y10
As = A x 2 (both sides)=
0,9049
Ordinate
No.
Y0
Y1
Y2
Y3
Y4
Y5
Y6
Y7
Y8
Y9
Y10
Section N.1
Ordinate value A S.M (B)
Product
(AXB)
0,00
0,51
0,43
1,13
0,67
1,50
0,82
1,77
0,94
1,98
0,51
10,27
0
1
0,128
4
0,2172
2
0,2823
4
0,3327
2
0,3746
4
0,4115
2
0,4436
4
0,4711
2
0,4939
4
0,5119
1
Suma of products =
A = S/3 x (Sum of Products)
S=
0,0539
S/3
0,017966667
S/3 x (sum of products) =
0,1845
As = A x 2 (both sides)=
0,3689
Ordinate
No.
Y0
Y1
Y2
Y3
Y4
Y5
Y6
Y7
Y8
Y9
Y10
Section N.3
Ordinate value A S.M (B)
Product
(AXB)
0,00
1,07
1,06
3,19
1,95
4,33
2,33
4,89
2,53
5,20
1,33
27,89
0
1
0,2682
4
0,5298
2
0,7983
4
0,9728
2
1,0837
4
1,1636
2
1,2225
4
1,267
2
1,3008
4
1,3261
1
Suma of products =
A = S/3 x (Sum of Products)
S=
0,078
S/3
0,026
S/3 x (sum of products) =
0,7250
As = A x 2 (both sides)=
1,4501
Section N.4
Ordinate
S.M (B) Product
value A
(AXB)
0
1
0,00
0,3187
4
1,27
0,6784
2
1,36
0,9934
4
3,97
1,2324
2
2,46
1,3583
4
5,43
1,4450
2
2,89
1,5106
4
6,04
1,5598
2
3,12
1,5955
4
6,38
1,6203
1
1,62
Suma of products =
34,56
A = S/3 x (Sum of Products)
S=
0,0828
S/3
0,0276
S/3 x (sum of products) =
0,9538
Ordinate
No.
Y0
Y1
Y2
Y3
Y4
Y5
Y6
Y7
Y8
Y9
Y10
As = A x 2 (both sides)=
1,9076
Section N.6
Ordinate
S.M (B) Product
value A
(AXB)
0
1
0,00
0,4498
4
1,80
0,8772
2
1,75
1,2794
4
5,12
1,5332
2
3,07
1,665
4
6,66
1,7594
2
3,52
1,8351
4
7,34
1,8916
2
3,78
1,9318
4
7,73
1,9578
1
1,96
Suma of products =
42,73
A = S/3 x (Sum of Products)
S=
0,0806
S/3
0,026866667
S/3 x (sum of products) =
1,1479
As = A x 2 (both sides)=
2,2958
Ordinate
No.
Y0
Y1
Y2
Y3
Y4
Y5
Y6
Y7
Y8
Y9
Y10
Ordinate
No.
Y0
Y1
Y2
Y3
Y4
Y5
Y6
Y7
Y8
Y9
Y10
Section N.5
Ordinate value A S.M (B)
Product
(AXB)
0,00
1,35
1,45
4,69
2,84
6,24
3,32
6,89
3,53
7,19
1,82
39,33
0
1
0,3379
4
0,7269
2
1,1734
4
1,4178
2
1,5610
4
1,6577
2
1,7227
4
1,7669
2
1,7974
4
1,8180
1
Suma of products =
A = S/3 x (Sum of Products)
S=
0,0836
S/3
0,027866667
S/3 x (sum of products) =
1,0959
As = A x 2 (both sides)=
Ordinate
No.
Y0
Y1
Y2
Y3
Y4
Y5
Y6
Y7
Y8
Y9
Y10
2,1918
Section N.7
Ordinate value A S.M (B)
Product
(AXB)
0,00
1,75
1,67
5,12
3,06
6,61
3,50
7,27
3,74
7,66
1,95
42,33
0
1
0,4366
4
0,8326
2
1,2798
4
1,5316
2
1,652
4
1,7503
2
1,8187
4
1,8718
2
1,9159
4
1,9472
1
Suma of products =
A = S/3 x (Sum of Products)
S=
0,0728
S/3
0,024266667
S/3 x (sum of products) =
1,0273
As = A x 2 (both sides)=
2,0545
Ordinate
No.
Y0
Y1
Y2
Y3
Y4
Y5
Y6
Y7
Y8
Y9
Y10
Section N.8
Ordinate
S.M (B)
value A
0
1
0,3567
4
0,7207
2
1,0929
4
1,3758
2
1,4951
4
1,5823
2
1,6534
4
1,7088
2
1,7529
4
1,7907
1
Product
(AXB)
0,36
2,88
2,19
4,37
2,75
5,98
3,16
6,61
3,42
7,01
1,79
Section N.9
Ordinate
S.M (B) Product
value A
(AXB)
Y0
9
1
9,00
Y1
0,2285
4
0,91
Y2
0,4644
2
0,93
Y3
0,6980
4
2,79
Y4
0,9324
2
1,86
Y5
1,1285
4
4,51
Y6
1,2339
2
2,47
Y7
1,3033
4
5,21
Y8
1,3572
2
2,71
Y9
1,4023
4
5,61
Y10
1,4414
1
1,44
Suma of products
=
37,46
A = S/3 x (Sum of Products)
0,0362
0,012066667
Ordinate No.
Suma of products =
40,53
A = S/3 x (Sum of Products)
S=
0,05393
S/3
0,017976667
S/3 x (sum of products)
0,7285
=
As = A x 2 (both sides)=
1,4571
S=
S/3
0,4520
As = A x 2 (both sides)=
0,9040
S.M (B)
1
4
2
4
2
4
2
4
2
4
1
Product (A X B)
0,002
1,4756
1,8098
5,8004
3,8152
8,7672
4,5916
8,218
2,9142
3,616
0
41,01
Dc = S/3 X (sum of products)
Metric Tons
Note: There is one small difference between Displacement calculated using AutoCAD to obtain
sectional areas with the displacement obtained using Simpson's rule also to obtain the sectional
areas.
Displacement obtained with AutoCad program = 18.15 m3
Displacement obtained using Simpsons rule = 17.59 m3
2,3804 m =
25,622 foot
[Section No. 6]
Dc =
18,15
m3 =
LWL =
12,87
mts =
42,224 Feet
Cp = 0,59
The area inside the designed waterline (DWL) is important in several respects:
1- Its size determines the weight per mm immersion. It is the weight required to sink the hull a certain
distance.
2- Its centre of gravity is located on the axis around which the hull is trimmed, when moving a weight
longitudinally on board.
3- The so-called moment of inertia (called also second moment of area) around a longitudinal axis
determines the stability at small angles of heel.
4- The moment of inertia around a transverse axis through the centre of gravity (of the area) yields the
longitudinal stability, it is the moment required to trim the hull a certain angle.
The calculation of the area is done using Simpson's rule as shown here:
" Wayra " Water Line Plane Area (ADWL).
Calculation using Simpsons rule. Calculo del area del plano en la linea del
calado de diseo. Usando " El metodo de Simpson"
Half beam of each
Section at DWL
0,0028
0,5200
0,9680
1,3560
1,6490
1,8490
1,9960
1,9160
1,6850
1,1290
0,0000
Ordinate No.
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
SM
1
4
2
4
2
4
2
4
2
4
1
Product
0,0028
2,0800
1,9360
5,4240
3,2980
7,3960
3,9920
7,6640
3,3700
4,5160
0,0000
39,6788
Sum of Products =
1,5000
1,0000
0,5000
0,0000
1
6
Sections
10
11
dist.from
Fp to each
section
( S)
Moment
(A x S)
S.M
Product
(AxS) x SM
0,0016
0,0000
0,0000
0,3920
1,2870
0,504504
1,0090
0,9626
2,5740
2,4777324
9,9109
1,5227
3,8610
5,8791447
11,7583
2,0083
5,1480
10,3387284
41,3549
2,3176
6,4350
14,913756
29,8275
2,3804
7,7220
18,3814488
73,5258
2,1456
9,0090
19,3297104
38,6594
1,5828
10,2960
16,2965088
65,1860
0,7304
11,5830
8,4602232
16,9204
10
0,0000
12,8700
0,0000
Ordinate
No.
Suma of products =
Am = S/3.(Sum of products)
S=
1,287
S/3 =
0,429
X lcb = Am/Dc
Am =
123,62
Dc =
18,60
X lcb =
6,65
Dc=Displacement
Mtrs. from Forward Perpendicular.
288,15
X lcb = Distance from FP to the Centre of buoyancy (El centro de carena se encuentra a 6,65 metros
desde la Perpendicular de Proa )
Beam
(A)
dist.from Fp to
each section
( B)
0,0560
1,0400
1,9360
2,7120
3,2980
3,6980
3,9920
3,8320
3,3700
2,2580
0,0000
0,0000
1,2870
2,5740
3,8610
5,1480
6,4350
7,7220
9,0090
10,2960
11,5830
12,8700
Product
26,1920
7,02
0
1,33848
4,983264
10,471032
16,978104
23,79663
30,826224
34,522488
34,69752
26,154414
0
183,768156
(AXB)
Moment of Inertia of the water plane is a measure of a vessel's resistance to rolling motion
about the vessel's longitudinal axis. For example, the moment of inertia of a log would be very
small, because there is little resistance to rolling motion about its longitudinal axis. A broadbeamed barge, on the other hand, would offer a great deal of resistance to rolling motion about
its longitudinal axis. It would have a large moment of inertia. This moment that resists motion
is actually made up of an infinite number of moments, each of which are composed of the
product of the elementary area and the square of the distance from the axis.
The FP is used as transverse axis to construct the curve of sectional moments of inertia, which
each ordinate is the product of the waterline half- width and the square of distance from the FP
as shown here:
Ordinate
No.
bo = Half-width of
each section
(A)
X (distan.FP to
each Section)
(B)
AXB
S.M
Product
(AxB)xSM
0,0280
0,0000
0,5200
1,6563
0,861276
3,4451
0,9680
6,6254
6,4133872
12,8268
1,3560
14,9073
20,214299
80,8572
1,6490
26,5019
43,701633
87,4033
1,8490
41,4092
76,565611
306,2624
1,9960
59,6292
119,01988
238,0398
1,9160
81,1620
155,50639
622,0256
1,6850
106,0076
178,62281
357,2456
1,1290
134,1658
151,47319
605,8928
10
0,0000
0,0000
Sum of Products =
S=
1,287
ILFP = 2 * S/3 * (Sum of products)
ILFP =
1985,41
M4
34,04
IL = ILFP - (Aw. Xf )
Xf =
Xf =
Awp.Xf =
IL =
m
Aw = Waterplane area
7,02
49,23
m
Xf = Distance from FP to center of flotation
1675,90
309,51
M4
2313,9985
bo = Half beam
each section (A)
0,028
0,520
0,968
1,356
1,649
1,849
1,996
1,916
1,685
1,129
0,000
bo (B)
S.M
Product (A X B)
0
0,1406
0,9070
2,4933
4,4840
6,3214
7,9521
7,0337
4,7841
1,4391
0,0000
1
4
2
4
2
4
2
4
2
4
1
0,0000
0,5624
1,8141
9,9733
8,9679
25,2855
15,9042
28,1350
9,5682
5,7563
0,0000
Sum of Products =
S=
1,287
bo half beam in watel line
A = S/3 * (Sum of products)
A=
45,46
IT = 2/3 x A
IT =
30,31
M4
105,9668
10
11
Sections
displacement Dc. Using this formula and some simples geometric relation the fighting moment may be
obtained as explained in the figure 4.9
Since the stability of the yacht is proportional to GM there are two principal ways to increasing it. Either G
may be lowered or M may be raised.
Figure 10.1
A- Calculations done at each draft line and More: Next web page update:
soon.