MEMOIRS OF A

CHINESE
REVOLUTIONARY

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A Program of National Reconstruction

for China

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SUN YAT-SEN

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1

CONTENTS
PREFACE.

The Causes of China's Stagnation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

CHAPTER
I. The Mistake of the Chinese Sages
(a) First Proof. Labor and Money . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
(b) Second Proof. The Problem of Human Diet . . . . . . . . . 21
11
(c) Third Proof. The Writing of Chinese . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
17

stand
diffi
in hu
all c
etc.
find
if w
both
mon
more
deve
dive
deter
pow

II. "To Understand is Difficult, but to Achieve is Easy"

(seven more proofs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
21
III. The Chinese Need Knowledge and Revolutionary Action . . . .58
30
IV. Problems of the Revolutionary Reorganization of China . . . . .69
35
V. Who Was Right? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .85
43
VI. The Causes of China's Poverty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .93
47
VII. A Plan for the Development of Chinese Industry . . . . . . . . . 102
. 52

its u
there

VIII. The Revolution is the Path to the Regeneration of China.

(How the Kuomintang Organized the Chinese Revolution) . 107
. 54

what
func
say
capa
at th
com
"esta
is th

APPENDIX
I. "San-Min-Chu" (The Three Principles) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .131
66
II. "The Fivefold Constitution" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .141
71

or p
most
4

PREFACE
THE CAUSES OF CHINA'S STAGNATION
For thirty-one years I have toiled hard for the welfare of the
Chinese people. My life has been consecrated to the Chinese people,
and my devotion to the tasks I set myself has remained unchanged
during this long period. Neither the might of the Manchu dynasty nor
all the misfortunes of my life availed to turn me aside from the aims I
placed before me. I strove for what I aspired to: and the more failures I
experienced, the more I yearned for the struggle. That is why I was able
to raise the mass of the Chinese people to revolutionary action, and
thereby overthrow the monarchy and found the Republic.
At first it seemed as if I, as the leader, would be able very easily
to give effect to the program of the revolutionary party, i.e. nationalism,
de-mocracy, Socialism and the Fivefold Constitution, as well as solve
the problems created by the Revolution. If I had succeeded in achieving
this, China would have found her place amongst the family of nations
and would have entered the path of progress and happiness. But,
unfortunately, the Revolution was scarcely completed when the
members of our party unexpectedly turned out to be of a different
opinion from myself, considering my ideals too elevated and
unattainable for the reconstruction of modern China.
These doubts, moreover, were taken for granted, and even some
of my comrades began to entertain doubts concerning the realization of
my program. Therefore it turned out that my program had less chances
of being realized when I held the post of President than when I was the
leader of the Party which was preparing the Revolution. Hence the
attempt at reconstruction was not successful, and the national tasks,
which I put forward, were abandoned after the Revolution.
The Chinese Revolution, in the minds of many, was called upon
to overthrow the Manchu dynasty and replace it by the tyranny of a
group of bandits even more savage and rapacious than the former TaiTsing Government. This was the direct cause of the further intolerable
yoke that cast a shadow over the Chinese people. If we analyze our first
promptings to carry out the Chinese Revolution, we shall see that we
1 2

had in view the salvation of the Chinese people and the country;
whereas the result has been quite the opposite, and the Chinese people
is becoming more and more oppressed, the country more and more
unhappy.
To a considerable extent this results from my inability to
influence my party comrades and, apparently, my incapacity to guide
them. But, on the other hand, my party comrades also cannot escape the
reproach of insufficient conviction and effort in the realization of our
revolutionary ideals and the carrying out of our revolutionary program.
As for the causes of their loss of heart, they do not all spring from the
temptation of place and profit: their efforts slacken rather from their
mode of thought.
What was that wrong mode of thought? It was, in their
understanding, the idea that "actions are difficult, but knowledge is
easy." This view was first expressed by Fu-Kueh, under the Emperor
Wu-Ting of the Shan dynasty, two thousand years ago. Since that time
it has taken root so deep in the mind of the Chinese people that now it is
seemingly difficult to tear out. My whole plan for the reconstruction of
China was paralyzed by this saying.
When the first revolutionary wave went by, and organic
reconstruction had to begin, I could not help being agitated and
delighted, because at last I had united the ideal which had long matured
within me with my plan of revolutionary action, in a program of
national reconstruction for China. I desired immediately to give effect
to my program, in the hope of leading China up the steps of progressive
modern science. But there were already people to say to me: "We all
recognize that your ideal is lofty and full of merit, and your plan is
profound and all-embracing. But do you know that actions are always
difficult, while knowledge is always easy?"
When I first heard this I was dumbfounded and much confused,
because I myself, like other Chinese, believed in this theory, and
considered it indubitable that our ancient scholars taught us the truth.
However, a little later 1 made up my mind to test this principle and
overcome this obstacle. It turned out that my object was easily
attainable. I inspired my comrades with the doctrine of Wang-YuanMing, which preaches "unity of action and knowledge," i.e. the theory
that knowledge is action and action knowledge.
3

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But in time I discovered that the bold mind of the Chinese

revolutionaries could not outstrip their courage. The whole Chinese
people was in the same position. Later I devoted myself to the study of
the question of "difficulty of action and easiness of knowledge." I
studied this question for several years, and finally came to the
conviction that the old tradition was false: the exact opposite is the case.
I was happy because I had understood the cause of China's stagnation. It
is due to the fact that the Chinese are ignorant of many things, and not
at all because they cannot act.
The fact that, even though they have knowledge, they do not act,
is due to their misconception that knowledge is easy but action difficult.
Imagine that we can prove the opposite, and force the Chinese to act
fearlessly. Without doubt the affairs of China will move forward
considerably. Therefore I shall try to prove it by a number of examples,
in order to confirm the theory of the easiness of action and the difficulty
of knowledge; which may serve, on the one hand, for the subject of
discussion by scholars, and, on the other hand, may teach the people to
forget undesirable and harmful traditions and superstitions.
The theory of the difficulty of action and the easiness of
knowledge came to us two thousand years ago, and was accepted all
over the country. In the minds of a people of 400 millions it has struck
such deep roots that they cannot be torn up without great effort. If we
merely tell the Chinese that it only seems to be the truth, but in reality is
a pure invention, it is hardly likely that we shall convince them.
The theory of Fu-Kueh is my enemy, a thousand times more
powerful than the authority of the Manchu dynasty. The power of the
Manchus could achieve only the killing of our bodies, but it could not
deprive us of our will. The might of the theory of Fu-Kueh not only
destroyed the iron will of my comrades, but deceived the millions of the
Chinese people. During the time of the Manchu dynasty, when I was
agitating for the Revolution, I could hope for progress, but in the days
that followed the establishment of the Republic my plans for the
reconstruction of China could in no way be carried out. My thirty years'
faithfulness to my ideal was almost crushed by this blow, my iron will
almost killed. It was terrible and hateful.
"The best method of struggle is to kill the mind. "So ancient
military strategy teaches us. That is why the national program of
2 4

beco
purp
Nati
be a
psyc
our
diffi
teach
on m

reconstruction of our Party suffered from the blow inflicted on our

minds by the enemy. The nation is an assembly of individuals, and
individuals, in their turn, are receptacles of mind. Thus the affairs of the
people are the result of the expressions of mind in groups of these
individuals. While we believe in our minds in the practicability of any
plan, be it to move mountains or to fill up the sea, it can be easily
accomplished. But when we are convinced in the impracticability, even
of such simple acts as to move our hand or to break a twig, they cannot
be carried out. Truly, great is the power of mind.
Mind is the beginning of everything that happens in the world.
The overthrow of the monarchy was carried out by mind, the
construc-tion of the Republic was delayed and later brought to naught
by this same mind. Just at the beginning of the victory of the Chinese
Revolution, the revolutionaries themselves became the slaves of the
theory of the difficulty of action and the easiness of knowledge, began
to look on my plan as a Utopia and empty words, and renounced
responsibility for the reconstruction of China. That responsibility, of
course, was not to have been their monopoly, but should have been
borne by all the citizens of China. But seven years have passed since the
foundation of the Chinese Republic, and literally nothing has been done
in this direction. On the contrary, the affairs of the Chinese Republic
have become more and more complicated and the difficulties of the
Chinese people have grown with every passing day.
When I think of this, day after day, my heart aches. The
reconstruction of China cannot be postponed day after day. The
question arises in my mind: "Chinese, why do you not carry out that
which should and must be carried out since, postponing it, you only
obstruct your fulfilling your own appointed task? Why is this? Is it
because you do not wish to fulfill it? Or is it because you are incapable
of grappling with it?" I think that this arises, not because the Chinese
are incapable, not because they have no inclination, but simply because
they do not know it. When they become aware of it, the work of
reconstruction will be just as easy as the turning of a hand or the
breaking of a twig.
When I recalled all that I had taught the members of our Party,
and what they had contemned: when I saw that my teaching was again
coming to the surface as a new current in modern thought, and might
5

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CHAPTER I

become a plan for the national building-up

of China, I conceived the
CONTENTS
purpose of writing a book about it under the title of A Program of
National Reconstruction
China,
in the
hope that
my teaching
PREFACE. forThe
Causes
of China's
Stagnation
. . . . would
........... 1
be accepted by all Chinese. However, I waited. I feared that the
psychology CHAPTER
of the Chinese masses was the same as the psychology of
our Party. Perhaps the Chinese still hold the opinion that actions are
difficult butI. knowledge
easy?
If Chinese
so, the Sages
result of my book and my
The Mistake
of the
teaching will be the(a)
same
seven years
will .look
FirstasProof.
Laborago:
andthey
Money
. . . .on
. . my
. . . plan,
.......... 4
on my program for (b)
the Second
reconstruction
China,
as a Utopia.
Proof. ofThe
Problem
of Human Diet . . . . . . . . . 11
However, I (c)
stillThird
beginProof.
the writing
of this book,
first of. .all
The Writing
of Chinese
. . for
. . .the
. . . . . . . . 17
purpose of crushing the enemy with the help of my theory, and leading
the thoughtsII.of "To
my Chinese
fellow-countrymen
of the blind
alley in
Understand
is Difficult, but out
to Achieve
is Easy"
which they are at present.
Thenproofs)
they will
(seven more
. . .not
. . .look
. . . .on
. . .my
. . .program
. . . . . . . as
. . .a . . . . . . 21
Utopia, and millions of them will be my sympathizers, will fight for the
reconstruction
China,
will consolidate
the Republic,
and will create
a . . . . 30
III. ofThe
Chinese
Need Knowledge
and Revolutionary
Action
Government by the people, of the people and for the people. I believe in
this, since I IV.
believe
in the Chinese
people.
Problems
of the Revolutionary
Reorganization of China . . . . . 35

THE MISTAKE OF THE CHINESE SAGES

(a) First Proof. Labor and Money
Let us take the circulation of money, and examine it from the
standpoint of proving my theory that "action is easy and knowledge
difficult." Of course, the circulation of money is not something inborn
in human nature, but is rather only a habit of human life, practiced by
all civilized people. We need money to purchase our daily food, clothes,
etc. We need it at home and during a journey. We spend it daily, and
find that quite natural. We know that we can be masters of everything,
if we have money; and, on the contrary, we shall find it hard to make
both ends meet, and will be in very great difficulties, if we have no
money. Therefore we all hunt after money, and begin to depend on it
more and more as society becomes more civilized, industry more
developed, and the utilization of money more widespread and
diversified. Human bliss, sorrow or pleasure nearly everything is
determined by the money question. Therefore belief in the allpowerfulness of money has taken deep root in the mind of man.
The relations between man and money are so close, the mode of
its use is so universally accepted yet I ask: "How many people are
there who know what money is and what is its functional peculiarity?"
I should like first of all, reader, to have a talk with you about
what money is. There is an old definition that money carries out the
functions of exchange (for commodities). The Western economists also
say that money itself belongs to the category of commodities, and is
capable of determining the two important peculiarities, first, exchange
at the average value of a commodity, and, second, to be a measure of all
commodities. The writer takes them into account, calls money
"established (or conditional) value," and defines it as follows: "Money
is the established value of all commodities."
In far-off times money in China was made of shells, silk, beads
or pearls; later on of gold, silver and copper. At the present time the
most savage and uncivilized tribes and peoples have almost the same

SUNV.YAT-SEN
Who Was Right? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Shanghai,
December
30,Causes
the 7th of
Year
of thePoverty
Republic
VI. The
China's
. . (1918)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
VII. A Plan for the Development of Chinese Industry . . . . . . . . . . 52

The
The
that
only
Is it
able
nese
ause
k of
the

VIII. The Revolution is the Path to the Regeneration of China.

(How the Kuomintang Organized the Chinese Revolution) . . 54

APPENDIX
I. "San-Min-Chu" (The Three Principles) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
II. "The Fivefold Constitution" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

arty,
gain
might
3 6

kind as
of we
money
as we
had intimes.
primitive
times.the
Amongst theIn order to show
In order
to we
show
this,
wetwo
shall
take twoSome
examples.
this,
shall
take
examples.
scoreSome score
kind of money
Chinese
hadChinese
in primitive
Amongst
nomad
peoples
oxen were
and sheep
wereasreckoned
as fishing
money, inoffishing
yearswas
agoathere
a great
famine
in theofprovinces
of Shensi and
years agoofthere
greatwas
famine
in the
provinces
Shensi and
nomad peoples
oxen
and sheep
reckoned
money, in
countries
fish and
shells, in agricultural
countries
fruit and
Shansi, in consequence
of which cannibalism
was rife.ofMillions of
Shansi,In in consequence
of which cannibalism
was rife. Millions
countries fish
and shells,
in agricultural
countries fruit
and millet.
In millet.
Mon-golia
Tibet
it often
tea andperished
people
perished
of this
Both these
famous for their
of this
famine.
Bothfamine.
these regions
wereregions
famouswere
for their
present-day present-day
Mon-golia and
Tibet it and
often
happens
thathappens
they usethat
teathey
and usepeople
saltIn
asshort,
money.
In short,
therethings
are many
the world
may andfertility
and abundance.
Their had
population
hadofvast
sumsand
of money, and
fertility
abundance.
Their population
vast sums
money,
salt as money.
there
are many
in thethings
worldinwhich
may which
be money,
countedand
as money,
andreckons
each tribe
reckons
to thing
be coin
the thing
banks
in bothwere
provinces
full of
forof
thethese
people of these
thewhich
banks inthe
both
provinces
full of were
deposits,
fordeposits,
the people
be counted as
each tribe
to be
coin the
which
is most
suitable for it.
provinces
every year
brought
large sums
earnedinasthewages in the
provinces every
year brought
home
large home
sums earned
as wages
is most suitable
for it.
Specialists
of money-circulation
talkasofa money
a
other However,
provinces. the
However,
drought
and badforharvests for
otheras provinces.
droughtthe
came,
and came,
bad harvests
Specialists on
questionsonofquestions
money-circulation
talk of money
which
canbest
actestablished
as the best value
established
for all commodities,
several
led to the of
exhaustion
of food
the gold which
led toyears
the exhaustion
food stocks.
Yet stocks.
the goldYet
which
thing whichthing
can act
as the
for allvalue
commodities,
if severalifyears
possesses
the sevenimportant
followingqualities:
important(1)qualities:
(1) if it is had
suitable
had beendid
collected
did notMany
diminish.
of the
starving possessed
been collected
not diminish.
of theMany
starving
possessed
it possesses itthe
seven following
if it is suitable
and (2)
has convenience
value; (2) convenience
for(3)
transport;
(3) indestructibility;
gold,
but they
could
not get
a single
bushelforofmillions
millet for
but they
could
not get
a single
bushel
of millet
of millions of
and has value;
for transport;
indestructibility;
(4) gold, (4)
constant
price;divisibility;
(6) easy divisibility;
if it isdollars,
easily anddollars,
and were
drivenbytostarvation.
death by As
starvation.
As there
were driven
to death
there were
no were no
purity; (5) purity;
constant(5)price;
(6) easy
(7) if it is(7)
easily
distinguished
from other
things.
A thing
whichthese
possesses
seven
commodities,
gold was useless.
commodities,
gold was useless.
distinguished
from other things.
A thing
which
possesses
seven these
qualities
may
called
the best
possible
to serve as money.
Have
you readCrusoe?
Robinson
Try and
imagine
Have you read
Robinson
TryCrusoe?
and imagine
yourself
in ayourself in a
qualities may
be called
thebebest
possible
to serve
as money.
the Chow
dynastygold
in China
gold
the best coinage,
similarYou
position.
You have
brought
goldand
with you, and
similar position.
have brought
a vast
sum aofvast
goldsum
withofyou,
During the During
Chow dynasty
in China
was the
bestwas
coinage,
silver the
the third.
Chien have
dynasty
have been
to a desert
You have
on it. The birds
been exiled
to a exiled
desert island.
Youisland.
have landed
on it.landed
The birds
silver the second,
andsecond,
copper and
the copper
third. When
the When
Chien the
dynasty
conquered
andthrone
seizedofthethethrone
the Chow
dynasty,
a single chirped
coinage to greet
chirped
greet
you, the
flowers
werethe
beautiful,
you,tothe
flowers
were
beautiful,
fruits inthe
thefruits
forestin the forest
conquered and
seized the
Chowofdynasty,
a single
coinage
was established.
Theygold
reckoned
goldand
sterlings
cashthe
as streams
and the
streams
the rocks
wereand
delightful
and The
accessible.
in the
rocksinwere
delightful
accessible.
whole The whole
was established.
They reckoned
sterlings
copper and
cashcopper
as and
deprived
pearls of
andvalue.
shellsAfter
of value.
After and
the Chow
and
island
belongs
and all its
entirely
at your disposal,
island
belongs
to you,
and to
allyou,
its treasures
aretreasures
entirely are
at your
disposal,
money, but money,
deprivedbutpearls
and shells
the Chow
Chienthe
dynasties,
wastosubjected
to changes
but never
went them
to spend
youifwish.
Buthungry,
if you are
you must
to spend
as youthem
wish.asBut
you are
youhungry,
must procure
the procure the
Chien dynasties,
coinage the
wascoinage
subjected
changes but
never went
beyond of
thethe
bounds
of theofutilization
of gold,
silver and
and yourself;
the
fruit
yourself;
when
you are
bymust
thirst,get
you
mustfrom
get water from
fruit
when
you are
tortured
by tortured
thirst, you
water
beyond the bounds
utilization
gold, silver
and copper,
and copper,
the
same
applies
of all
moderncountries.
civilized Some
countries.theSome
the stream. Everything
flourishes
on there
this island,
is any
stream. Everything
flourishes on
this island,
is anythere
amount
of amount of
same applies
to the
coinsto oftheallcoins
modern
civilized
countriesgold
introduce
gold as
the chief
coinage,
withcopper
silver and
as commodities
theirbut
raw
state,
there
is no
and
commodities
in their raw in
state,
there
is but
no trade
andtrade
therefore
notherefore no
countries introduce
as the chief
coinage,
with
silver and
as copper
auxiliaries,
insistshould
that silver
should
chief andneed
copper
need
of live
gold.not
You
by but
yourbygold,
by your
What is
of gold.
You
by live
yournot
gold,
yourbut
labor.
Whatlabor.
is
auxiliaries, while
otherswhile
insistothers
that silver
be the
chief be
andthe
copper
theThe
auxiliary.
reason all
prompting
recognize
gold, inimportant
in such
a situation
gold
labor?
In this
wayfor
the reason for
important
such a situation
gold or labor?
In or
this
way the
reason
the auxiliary.
reason The
prompting
countriesalltocountries
recognizeto gold,
silver as
andmoney
copperisas
money
is their of
possession
of the
principal qualities
gold in
civilized
societiessuch
possesses
such
a magic
effect is now
which gold which
in civilized
societies
possesses
a magic
effect
is now
silver and copper
their
possession
the principal
qualities
of "established
value."
clear
and can be exhaustively
studied.
clear and can
be exhaustively
studied.
of "established
value."
and importance
From theitforegoing
it isany
clear
that any commodity
I want the
to discuss
the nature
nature and
importance
of money. of
Themoney. The
From the foregoing
is clear that
commodity
suitable for suitable forI want to discuss
worldyet
hasseen
never
yetwhich
seen trade
if money.
there is no money.
may be transformed
is only
has never
trade
couldwhich
exist could
if thereexist
is no
"established"established
value" may value"
be transformed
into money,into
andmoney,
gold is and
onlygoldworld
What is it,
however,
leads us
to utilize
money
and what
one of the
of such
a kind of commodity.
But
why has
gold
What
is it, however,
that
leads usthat
to utilize
money
and what
drives
us to drives us to
one of the varieties
of varieties
such a kind
of commodity.
But why has
gold
occupywith
ourselves
trade?consider
We must
consider
this more
retained
power of
up toThe
our answer
times? The
answer
that the ourselves
trade? with
We must
this
more closely
in closely in
retained such
power such
of attraction
upattraction
to our times?
is that
the isoccupy
order
all of
thethe
secrets
of thesystem.
monetary
system.
Before we can
andgold
power
gold by
arethe
drawn
the from
latter the
only from
orderthe
to know
alltotheknow
secrets
monetary
Before
we can
importance importance
and power of
are of
drawn
latterbyonly
discover
to the of
utilization
of money,
we mustit consider it
of commodities.
If there
were no
of what
discover
leads what
to theleads
utilization
money, we
must consider
process of process
exchangeof ofexchange
commodities.
If there were
no process
of process
from theofstandpoint
of theofevolution
of civilization.
of commodities
would be transformed
into sand
fromand
the standpoint
the evolution
civilization.
exchange ofexchange
commodities
gold wouldgold
be transformed
into sand and
Even
there were commodities,
but gold
no trading,
we see,
savage
at the
savage
peoples
at peoples
the present
timepresent
live intime
deeplive in deep
dust. Even ifdust.
there
wereif commodities,
but no trading,
would gold
also would alsoAs we see,As
lose its significance.
remote mountains,
gathered
clans and tribes.
valleys and valleys
remote and
mountains,
gathered together
in together
clans andin tribes.
lose its significance.
wear clothes
homespun
feed
on kill
whatthemselves.
they kill themselves.
They wear They
homespun
and clothes
feed onand
what
they
8

Although
theytolive
to one
another,
they communicate
other
away as unnecessary,
would not know
away
as unnecessary,
while otherswhile
who others
neededwho
themneeded
wouldthem
not know
Although they
live close
oneclose
another,
they
communicate
with other with
tribesand
very
little Their
and rarely.
Their
verydescribed
like those described
wherethem.
to procure them.
where to procure
tribes very little
rarely.
customs
arecustoms
very likeare
those
in our being
old books,
just and
as "simple
and
sincere."
More developedWhen one When
one toman
to do simultaneously
the a work of a
man has
do has
simultaneously
the work of
in our old books,
just asbeing
"simple
sincere."
More
developed
liveand
in valleys
and plains
whereis the
earth produce
is fruitful, merchant,
produce amerchant,
a tiller
of the
soil and a itcraftsman,
it involves unproductive
tiller of the
soil and
a craftsman,
involves unproductive
peoples livepeoples
in valleys
plains where
the earth
fruitful,
abundant, communications
whichrelations
facilitates
relations
waste
time.a Yet
suchofa division
of labor
the agriculturist
or
wastethe
of time.
Yetofsuch
division
labor obliges
the obliges
agriculturist
or
abundant, communications
easy, whicheasy,
facilitates
between
thebetween
various tribes.
to work
assume
work There
of a trader.
There are,
craftsman tocraftsman
assume the
of the
a trader.
are, besides
this,besides
many this, many
various tribes.
From
the way
matters
at day
the present
weofcan judge
of in
difficulties
kind of Aexchange.
A certain
Mr.aW.
wrote a book
difficulties
this kindinofthis
exchange.
certain Mr.
W. wrote
book
From the way
matters
stand
at the stand
present
we can day
judge
the case
days
gonethen
by. People
then families
constituted
about his
journey
the Philippines,
which
tells how, when
aboutand
his journey
through
the through
Philippines,
in which heintells
how,hewhen
what was thewhat
casewas
in days
goneinby.
People
constituted
andfamilies
and maintained
became
a little
more intohethewent
into the
villagestribes,
of savage
tribes,
not get
a single piece
he went
villages
of savage
he could
nothegetcould
a single
piece
tribes, and tribes,
maintained
themselves. themselves.
When they When
becamethey
a little
more
civilized,
beganintobarter.
engageEven
in barter.
Evenconservative
the most conservative
bread
all day,
didthe
notuse
know
the use of money,
of bread allofday,
because
thebecause
savages the
didsavages
not know
of money,
civilized, they
began they
to engage
the most
scholars,
such as How-Shien,
who the
preached
of selfwhile
did what
not require
he had
they did
notthey
require
he hadwhat
prepared
forprepared
barter. for barter.
scholars, such
as How-Shien,
who preached
doctrinetheof doctrine
self- while
plowingourselves
could
People
living times,
in olden
andtoday,
savages
today, often
in olden
and times,
savages
often
maintenancemaintenance
weaving
andweaving
plowingand
ourselves
could nothold
outnot hold outPeople living
current and
of events,
and were
forced tohats
exchange
hats or this
experience
thisasdifficulty,
as is the
seenfollowing
from thecircumstance.
following circumstance.
experience
difficulty,
is seen from
against the against
current the
of events,
were forced
to exchange
or
for was
rice.the
Barter
was the
guiding
thread to trade.
The agriculturist
surplus
foodclothes:
and needs
clothes:
he goes to the
The agriculturist
has a surplushas
ofafood
and of
needs
he goes
to the
crockery forcrockery
rice. Barter
guiding
thread
to trade.
But the
is asked,
then is the between
difference between
man who
makes
andtoasks
him toBut
exchange.
Butdoes
the latter does
man who makes
clothes
and clothes
asks him
exchange.
the latter
But the question
is question
asked, what
then iswhat
the difference
The isdifference
is this:
barter
is the ofexchange
of food,
not but
need
food, but
requires
sheep:
he sheep
goes tofarmer
the sheep
farmer and asks
not need
requires
sheep:
he goes
to the
and asks
barter and barter
trade? and
The trade?
difference
this: barter
is the
exchange
for commodity,
trade is theofexchange
of commodities
him toa exchange
for his
Butfarmer
the sheep
him to exchange
sheep for ahissheep
clothes.
Butclothes.
the sheep
doesfarmer
not does not
commodity commodity
for commodity,
while trade while
is the exchange
commodities
for money.
Before
moneybarter
appeared,
barter
This barter
want
such an because
exchange,
requiresHe
crockery.
He brings his
want out
such an
exchange,
he because
requires he
crockery.
brings his
for money. Before
money
appeared,
existed.
Thisexisted.
barter arose
out arose
to the tocraftsman
exchange
forbut
crockery,
but the craftsman
of the
division
As theby
fulfillment
oneone
mantribe
or by
tribe of
to thesheep
craftsman
exchangetofor
crockery,
the craftsman
of the division
of labor.
Asof
thelabor.
fulfillment
one man by
or by
of onesheep
several
different
kinds
of work
the might
same time
harm the
workfood.wants
food.
his turn,
to the
wants
He, in
his He,
turn,inbrings
his brings
crockeryhistocrockery
the owner
of owner of
several different
kinds
of work
at the
same attime
harmmight
the work
foodstuffs,
the latter
would
like to get clothes.
they did,
division
labor was
invented
withofthe
object ofit.perfecting
it. but
foodstuffs,
the latterbut
would
like to
get clothes.
they did, division
of labor
wasofinvented
with
the object
perfecting
all of
the the
tillers
circle will
of wishes
crush
Agriculturists
beganthemselves
to devote exclusively
themselves exclusively
tilling the soil,This circle This
of wishes
crush will
all the
tillers
soil,of the soil,
Agriculturists
began to devote
to tilling thetosoil,
craftsmen,
sheep
farmers,etc.
weavers,
Each
them
has his surplus
weavers
began to
produce
cloth.
way the productivity
of sheep
farmers,
weavers,
Each ofetc.
them
hasofhis
surplus
weavers began
to produce
only
cloth. only
In this
wayInthethis
productivity
of craftsmen,
and needselse,
something
else, but,
each
laborand
increased
andnothere
no loss
of time.
Thanks
to this
of something
and needs
but, because
the because
wish of the
eachwish
doesofnot
falldoes
in not fall in
labor increased
there was
loss was
of time.
Thanks
to this
division
of division
receive satisfaction.
This
with the
wishes none
of others,
nonereceive
of them
labor, productivity
increased,
andthere
as a was
resulta there
was
a surplus with
product
the wishes
of others,
of them
satisfaction.
This
labor, productivity
increased, and
as a result
surplus
product
on the
a proper
theycome
could all come
could
be used for barter.
depends on depends
the absence
of aabsence
proper of
place,
whereplace,
they where
could all
which couldwhich
be used
for barter.
andtheir
carry
out theirOwing
exchange.
Owing
to the
absence
Thusof
thebarter
period
of barterarepresents
a higher development
than andtogether
together
carry out
exchange.
to the
absence
of such
a of such a
Thus the period
represents
higher development
than
a lot
of on
labor
both on and
production
and on exchange,
period of self-maintenance.
Yet nevertheless
was bythe
no means
thetheymarket
market
waste athey
lot waste
of labor
both
production
on exchange,
the period ofthe
self-maintenance.
Yet nevertheless
it was by noitmeans
butresults,
with little
and
of course
progress is delayed.
in the
division
of labor.
People
might
become specialized,
but little
but with
and results,
of course
progress
is delayed.
last word inlast
the word
division
of labor.
People
might
become
specialized,
but
An old
Chinesenamed
Emperor,
named Shien-Lung,
foreseeing this,
theycombine
could not
combine and
production
andtotrade:
i.e. to do simultaneouslyAn old Chinese
Emperor,
Shien-Lung,
foreseeing this,
they could not
production
trade: i.e.
do simultaneously
taught to
the"assemble
people to in
"assemble
in the market-place
midday." Thus
work of aand
craftsman
and aThe
merchant.
The agriculturist
to bringthe people
the market-place
at midday."atThus
the work of the
a craftsman
a merchant.
agriculturist
had to bringhad taught
and commodities
could be assembled.
After people
the barter, people
thehis
surplus
of his
rice, the surplus
weaver of
thehis
surplus
to thepeople
marketand people
commodities
could be assembled.
After the barter,
the surplus of
rice, the
weaver
cloth of
to his
the cloth
market
for with
exchange
with oneThe
another.
The same
waswith
the the
case with
the home
returned
home Ifsatisfied.
market isthiscreated,
thisthelightens the
returned
satisfied.
a marketIf isa created,
lightens
for exchange
one another.
same was
the case
difficulties
barter.
As for
the four
people mentioned,
they could have
fisherman,
hunter, woodcutter,
fact, all craftsmen:
difficulties of
barter. Asoffor
the four
people
mentioned,
they could have
fisherman, hunter,
woodcutter,
blacksmith blacksmith
and, in fact,and,
all in
craftsmen:
come
together
in the market-place
theand
same
timeand
andseek
place, and seek
theytheir
brought
their
for for
exchange
for what
they required.
come together
in the
market-place
at the same at
time
place,
they brought
surplus
for surplus
exchange
what they
required.
what they
required.
wouldwhat
exchange
what they
Otherwise
the of
possessors
of thesecould
surpluses
them
what
they required.
They
wouldThey
exchange
they require
and require
would and would
Otherwise the
possessors
these surpluses
only could
throw only
themthrow
leaveThe
satisfied.
market
time facilities
and givesforfacilities
leave satisfied.
marketThe
saves
time saves
and gives
barter. for barter.
10

11

From the
market is recognized,
no more obstaclesAccording According
to my researches,
the introduction
to my researches,
the introduction
of the use of
of the use of
From the moment
themoment
market isthe
recognized,
there are nothere
moreare
obstacles
took the
place
after the in
"assembly
in the market-place
money tookmoney
place after
"assembly
the market-place
at midday,"at midday,"
to barter. to barter.
The same
with theofutilization
of money.
Hence thei.e.
author
after the
Emperor Shien-Lung.
The usewas
of money
known at the
after thei.e.
Emperor
Shien-Lung.
The use of money
known was
at the
The same occurs
with occurs
the utilization
money. Hence
the author
draws the that
conclusion
that the
method of "assembling
in the time
marketof the
Chowwhen
dynasty,
when civilization
already moved
of thetime
Chow
dynasty,
civilization
had alreadyhad
moved
draws the conclusion
the method
of "assembling
in the marketplace is
at the
midday"
is the
guiding
to theofutilization
of money.
Some greatly.
forward
interval
between
them two
was thousand
about two thousand
forward
Thegreatly.
intervalThe
between
them
was about
place at midday"
guiding
thread
to thethread
utilization
money. Some
money
This supposition
years. But
culture
thatnot
time
washigher
not only
than in previous
at that
timeatwas
only
thanhigher
in previous
economists economists
affirm that affirm
money that
arose
from arose
barter.from
Thisbarter.
supposition
is years. isBut culture
mistaken.
They
do that
not during
know that
periodthere
of barter
there
times,
but not
evenbecould
not bebysurpassed
by thecenturies.
followingThis
centuries. This
times,
but even
could
surpassed
the following
mistaken. They
do not
know
the during
period the
of barter
existed
"value" for commodities,
just aswe
nowadays
we have
valuereally
in the
wasgreatest
really the
greatest
progress,
resulting
from theofutilization
progress,
resulting
from
the utilization
money. of money.
existed a "value"
fora commodities,
just as nowadays
have a value
in a was
period
of trade.
Duringofthe
period
of trade,
money
serves asFrom
a value
From
wethe
may
draw the that
conclusion
the useserves
of money
this we
maythis
draw
conclusion
the use that
of money
as a serves as a
the period ofthe
trade.
During
the period
trade,
money
serves
as a value
for all commodities,
thebarter
period
of barter "assembly
in the
in of
thecivilization.
growth of civilization.
thanks to of
circulation of
great
factor great
in thefactor
growth
Only thanksOnly
to circulation
for all commodities,
while in thewhile
periodin of
"assembly
in the
midday"
money,
as the
measure ofmoney
value. wasmoney
was able
humanity
to step
forward
fromtimes
primitive
humanity
to stepable
forward
from
primitive
to times to
market-placemarket-place
at midday"atserved,
like served,
money, like
as the
measure
of value.
A utilize
man might
utilizei.e.
thisa value,
i.e. a opportunity,
convenient opportunity,
to civilization.
modern civilization.
modern
A man might
this value,
convenient
to
securewhile
benefits,
could
not do so many
underwent manySome thousands
Someofthousands
ofthe
years
after the appearance
of money, modern
years after
appearance
of money, modern
secure benefits,
thosewhile
who those
could who
not do
so underwent
Before
money
use, the facilitating
institution facilitating
machines
wereAfter
invented.
After
this race
the human
race went
forward more
machines were
invented.
this the
human
went forward
more
difficulties. difficulties.
Before money
entered
intoentered
use, theinto
institution
exchange
was in
"assembly
in the market-place
that his andquickly,
material developed
conditions and
developed
and still
flourished
materialand
conditions
flourished
more. still more.
exchange was
"assembly
the market-place
at midday,"atsomidday,"
that his so quickly,
must be as
considered
originOnce
of money.
Once there
was afford
Machines
afford theof
possibility
subjecting
natural
Machines
the possibility
subjectingofnatural
forces
to theforces
powerto the power
must be considered
the cradleasofthe
thecradle
originofofthe
money.
there was
anin"assembly
in the market-place
at midday"took
exchange
took place
very andofutilize
man, them
and utilize
them
in place
of hand
What could
previously could
of man,
in place
of hand
labor.
Whatlabor.
previously
an "assembly
the market-place
at midday" exchange
place very
easily,
as many commodities
set out
on view
before At
the crowd.
bethe
done
with the
a man
is now excellently
not beAtdonenot
with
strength
of strength
a man is of
now
excellently
fulfilled by fulfilled by
easily, as many
commodities
were set outwere
on view
before
the crowd.
the same
time great
this gave
greatofeconomy
of human
also When
machines.
When
we usetomachines
to weights,
load heavy
weights,
machines.
we use
machines
load heavy
they
developthey develop
the same time
this gave
economy
human labor,
and labor,
also and
an effort
can be only
compared
only the
aroused in
anthe
increase
desire to buy.
an effort with
which with
can which
be compared
the strength
of strength
several of several
aroused an increase
desireintothe
buy.
thousand
human
hands.
When
them to
transport
people exchanged
only necessary
the most and
necessary
and human
thousand
hands.
When
we use
themwe
to use
transport
goods,
they goods,
can they can
Previously Previously
people exchanged
only the most
in onegreat
day carry
great
for manyofhundreds
of miles.
essential commodities,
now
theyattention
pay more
to theofexchange
in oneofday carry
weights
for weights
many hundreds
miles. When
we When we
essential commodities,
now they pay
more
to attention
the exchange
use under
machines,
under the
control
onetilling
man, the
for soil,
tilling
the soil, they
elegant
articles.
Before commodities
were themselves
machines,
the control
of one
man,offor
they
elegant articles.
Before
commodities
were themselves
exchanged, exchanged,
they use they
reap
rye as
will feed
several
hundred
When
were exchanged
elegantand
articles,
and the
latter
reap
as much
ryeasasmuch
will feed
several
hundred
men.
When men.
we use
themwe use them
were exchanged
even earliereven
for earlier
elegantforarticles,
the latter
weaving,
theyone
canman's
undermanagement
one man's management
produce
in for
theircommodities.
turn for commodities.
Elegant
articles,
suchweaving,
as for
they
can under
produce clothes
for clothes for
exchanged exchanged
in their turn
Elegant articles,
such
as for
a thousand
shells,stones
precious
pearls,
began tothe
represent
the value
of men,
a thousand
and somen,
on. and so on.
shells, precious
and stones
pearls, and
began
to represent
value of
revolution
industry, and
This created
invention
an entire in
commodities:
such isofthe
originThus
of money.
at first
was notThis invention
an created
entire revolution
industry,inand
commodities:
such is the origin
money.
at firstThus
money
was money
not
moneybegan
gradually
began
to lose
its force.
Why?
Before theofinvention of
the chief
thing.theBut
from
timedeveloped
that barterinto
developed
into exchange,
money gradually
to lose
its force.
Why?
Before
the invention
the chief thing.
But from
time
thatthe
barter
exchange,
machines,
world was
production
carried
by hand
labor. The volume
money
began
to play anpart.
important
part.isAsused
money
is used in exchange
machines, world
production
carried was
on by
hand on
labor.
The volume
money began
to play
an important
As money
in exchange
of limited,
trade was
the totalof quantity
of commodities
for a commodity,
possessorcan
nowadays
cantrader
go toand
anybuy
trader and
buy was
of trade
thelimited,
total quantity
commodities
did not go did not go
for a commodity,
its possessoritsnowadays
go to any
beyond of
thethe
bounds
sphereBut
of money.
But when
world production
what heavoiding
requires,hisavoiding
double obligations
and athe bounds
sphereofofthemoney.
when world
production
what he requires,
double his
obligations
as a trader as
anda atraderbeyond
from
hand to
machine
whichonis by
carried
on by the united
craftsman.
way the appearance
of money
greatly
thefrompassed
passed
hand to
machine
labor,
whichlabor,
is carried
the united
craftsman. In
this wayInthethis
appearance
of money greatly
lightens
thelightens
forces
of man,
natureproduction
and man, increased
productionthousands
increasedofthousands
of times, and
of greatly
mankind, increases
greatly the
increases
the production
of nature
and
times, and
difficulties difficulties
of mankind,
production
of forcesof
volume
of trade correspondingly
increased
commodities,
and is astenadvantageous
times as advantageous
as in
"assembly
the the
of trade
correspondingly
increased many
times.many
This times.
forced This forced
commodities,
and is ten times
as "assembly
the theinvolume
nature
of trade Commercial
to change. Commercial
accountsbegan
gradually
midday."
The development
mankind
was hastened,
the nature ofthetrade
to change.
accounts gradually
to began to
market-placemarket-place
at midday."atThe
development
of mankind of
was
hastened,
which are
nowadays are
by credit
means obligations,
of credit obligations,
and civilization
moved
forward considerably,
with the introduction
of be bymanaged
means of
which nowadays
and civilization
moved forward
considerably,
with the introduction
of be managed
driving out money.
theof
circulation
driving out money.
the circulation
money. of money.
12

13

spent on commerce,
the same
timeadvantages
produces advantages
for
can beby
illustrated
by theexamples.
followingAexamples.
merchant
sends on
a commerce,
and at the and
sameattime
produces
for
This can beThis
illustrated
the following
merchantAsends
a spent
ship from
Canton,
goods
value of dollars,
1,000,000
to
society?
society?
ship from Canton,
with
goods with
to the
valueto ofthe1,000,000
to dollars,
Shanghai,
them, and
divides
them
into He
ten makes
parts. 1He makes 1Hence in modern
commerce
is by
carried on by
Hence in
modernstates
civilized
states is
civilized
commerce
carried on
Shanghai, sells
them, sells
and divides
them
into ten
parts.
percent,
profit
on i.e.
every
part,dollars
i.e. 1,000
dollars
each.
All thismeans
is paidof credit
means(bills
of credit
(bills andGold
cheques).
must
lose Ifitsthe
power. If the
and cheques).
must Gold
lose its
power.
percent, profit
on every
part,
1,000
on each.
Allonthis
is paid
in reckon
cash. Ifitwe
it upeach
in dollars,
each
part 4950
will weigh
lan people
Chinese
still superstitiously
that of
thegold
power
Chinese
still people
superstitiously
believe thatbelieve
the power
has of gold has
him in cash.him
If we
upreckon
in dollars,
part will
weigh
lan 4950
[One 1lan1/3equals
1/3silver.].
ounce of
silver.]. he
Supposing
he gathers
not very
fallen,much
this resembles
very muchthe
resembles
the way How-Shien,
notthem
fallen, this
way How-Shien,
towards thetowards the
[One lan equals
ounce1 of
Supposing
gathers them
together.
Then
he goes
to the
market
buy other
goods,
in self-supporting
of dynasty,
the Chowstill
dynasty,
stillin believed
end lots.
of the end
Chow
believed
self-supporting
economy. economy.
together. Then
he goes
to the
market
to buy
othertogoods,
in ten
lots. in ten
of goods
from tothehimself,
seller tohe himself,
must do People
not that
yet know
that moment
from thethere
moment
People
not yet doknow
from the
beganthere
"the began "the
Besides theBesides
dispatchtheof dispatch
goods from
the seller
must he
forward
the seller
a large
quantityThe
of dollars.
Thehisman
sells his
goods inassembly
in the market-place
midday," self-supporting
assembly
the market-place
at midday,"atself-supporting
by mixed by mixed
forward to the
seller to
a large
quantity
of dollars.
man sells
goods
in ten lots,
receives
theirinequivalent
in dollars:
must buy
goods
forms
labor was unnecessary.
When
came
into use, "assembly
forms
of labor
wasofunnecessary.
When money
camemoney
into use,
"assembly
in ten lots, receives
their
equivalent
dollars: then
he mustthen
buyhegoods
pay
for all he
received
also This
in tenmeans
lots. This
meanswaste
the purest
in the market-place
in its turn,
became
obsolete.
in waste
the market-place
at midday," at
inmidday,"
its turn, became
obsolete.
Since
men Since men
and pay for and
all he
received
also
in ten lots.
the purest
time and
andinvolves
moreover
involves
began
to use
(bills and money
cheques),
also has become
began to use
credit
(billscredit
and cheques),
alsomoney
has become
of time and of
energy,
and energy,
moreover
great
risk. great risk.
Further,
trade on
is by
carried
by many in
merchants
in one
valueless.
valueless.
Further, when
trade when
is carried
manyonmerchants
one
place,
all their
taken
are worth
In theoffirst
of the
Chinesewhen
Republic,
when that
I proposed that
the year
Chinese
Republic,
I proposed
place, all their
goods
takengoods
together
aretogether
worth millions
andmillions
billionsand
of billions ofIn the first year
and their
trading require
operations
too much
time for
gold be from
withdrawn
from and
circulation
and bank-notes
be to
introduced to
goldtheir
be withdrawn
circulation
bank-notes
be introduced
dollars, anddollars,
their trading
operations
too require
much time
for their
money
which
passesthethrough
the these
hands of
thesethe lighten
burden
the State
and to
developmyindustry, my
lighten
burden the
on the
Stateonfinances
andfinances
to develop
industry,
completion. completion.
The moneyThe
which
passes
through
hands of
will enormous
constitute sums.
enormous
gold shouted
audience
that
this was impossible.
theWar
last Great War
audience
thatshouted
this was
impossible.
During the During
last Great
merchants merchants
will constitute
The sums.
silver The
and silver
gold and
on the
will not
suffice
for such
trade. Therefore
paper
somedid
countries
did away
withintroduced
gold and introduced
some countries
away with
gold and
paper money
in money in
accumulatedaccumulated
on the market
will market
not suffice
for such
trade.
Therefore
of it, i.e.
what proposed
the authorseven
proposed
years ago. If
gold in
andsuch
silver
in such lose
conditions
lose their
place of
of it, place
i.e. exactly
whatexactly
the author
yearsseven
ago. If
gold and silver
conditions
their value.
The value.
strengthThe
of strength
the proper
will fully
replace the use
money
becomesand
exhausted,
its place
is taken
by credit obligations.
paper moneypaper
is setmoney
going is
inset
thegoing
properinway,
it will way,
fully itreplace
the use
money becomes
exhausted,
its placeand
is taken
by credit
obligations.
of gold.
value
bills and mortgages?
can be
of easily
gold.
What is theWhat
valueisofthe
bills
andofmortgages?
This can beThis
easily
But
some put
thisduring
objection:
duringand
ourMing
Yuan and Ming
by one
of commercial
affairs.
forward
thisforward
objection:
our Yuan
understood understood
even by oneeven
ignorant
of ignorant
commercial
affairs. In the
case In
of the case ofBut some put
dynasties,
four
hundred
years money
ago, paper
was also
Cantonalready
merchant
already mentioned,
who
shipped
goodsdynasties,
to the four
hundred
years
ago, paper
was money
also issued,
but issued, but
the Canton the
merchant
mentioned,
who shipped
goods
to the
they only
hastened
their
downfall
andthe
increased
value of dollars
1,000,000
dollars tohe
Shanghai,
he insold
in ten lots
and theythereby
thereby
only hastened
their
downfall
and
increased
poverty the
of poverty of
value of 1,000,000
to Shanghai,
sold them
tenthem
lots and
the people.
During
theinCivil
War inStates,
the United
their Government
madeprofit.
1 percent,
profit.heTherefore
receivedBut
1,010,000.
But thisthe
means
people. During
the Civil
War
the United
theirStates,
Government
made 1 percent,
Therefore
received he
1,010,000.
this means
also
paper
and thisthe
produced
the same
not 49,500
but only
sheets
paper.
It means
either aorbanknote,
or
also issued
paperissued
money,
andmoney,
this produced
same result.
Whatresult.
was What was
not 49,500 lan,
but onlylan,
sheets
of paper.
It of
means
either
a banknote,
reason?
was issued
that they
issued
paper
money in and
unlimited and
the note
of some
financial
house,
share
of someorcompany,
thea bill.
reason?the
It was
that Itthey
paper
money
in unlimited
the note of some
financial
house,
the share
ofthe
some
company,
a bill. or
excessive and
quantities,
this led
to theirasdownfall,
the total money
When
his lotsthe
of buying
goods, and
the buying
to quantities,
excessive
this ledand
to their
downfall,
the total as
money
When he sold
his he
lotssold
of goods,
selling and
was selling
limitedwas
to limited
issued constantly
the ofquantity
of commodities
sheetsApart
of paper.
from the
delivering
the goods,
they will
never constantly
issued
increased, increased,
while the while
quantity
commodities
ten sheets oftenpaper.
from Apart
delivering
goods, they
will never
pay one
another
in gold. Afrom
merchant
from
Fukien,
ordering
in theremained
remained
same. the same.
pay one another
in gold.
A merchant
Fukien,
ordering
goods
in goods
However,
some
did notGovernment
the Pekin Government
[The Government
of
Shanghai,
payssame
withpaper.
the same
paper. inTherefore
in such transactions
However, some
ask, did
not ask,
the Pekin
[The Government
of
Shanghai, pays
with the
Therefore
such transactions
(1912-1916)]
cash onIsitsnot
bonds?
value are
of millions
are sold
without
being
need to Yuan-Shih-Kai
(1912-1916)]
stop paying stop
cashpaying
on its bonds?
this Is not this
goods to thegoods
valuetoofthe
millions
sold without
there
being there
any need
to anyYuan-Shih-Kai
money?
there
not the
results
gold and
withthis
one,means
and this
means by
economy,
by eliminating
the theofabolition
money? of
Why
were Why
there were
not the
results
which
you which you
bring gold bring
with one,
economy,
eliminating
the the abolition
on thepanic
contrary
panic and hesitation?
oftransmission
the double transmission
of lan
the from
49,500
from
seller to but,expect,
on thebut,
contrary
and hesitation?
We think itWe
wasthink it was
necessity ofnecessity
the double
of the 49,500
thelan
seller
to the expect,
the Pekin Government,
when this
publishing
decree, copied
the back.
buyerThis
and also
back.preserves
This alsomoney
preserves
loss or accident.
because thebecause
Pekin Government,
when publishing
decree,this
copied
the buyer and
frommoney
loss orfrom
accident.
part of theadopted
measures
adopted
in otherIncountries.
In other countries
it bethis
said
that thistrade,
facilitates
trade,
thetime
cares and
onlytime
part ofonly
the measures
in other
countries.
other countries
Need it be Need
said that
facilitates
reduces
the reduces
cares and
the Govern-ments
on bills in
or specie,
chequesbut
in at
specie,
the Govern-ments
did not pay did
on not
billspay
or cheques
the but at the
14

15

same did
timenotthey
did specie.
not accept
The Pekin Government
acted ofcounselor
of theWu-Ti
Emperor
Wu-Ti
the Han
dynasty, the
introduced the
the Emperor
of the
Han of
dynasty,
introduced
same time they
accept
Thespecie.
Pekin Government
acted counselor
otherwise.
Whenthe
publishing
decree,that
it thought
would measure
not pay of measure
of "the
prices of com-modities"
down to their
"the lowering
of lowering
the pricesofofthe
com-modities"
down to their
otherwise. When
publishing
decree, itthethought
it wouldthat
notitpay
to the
did not
the of
possibility
of value,
nominal
value, then
in order
then to
release commodities
nominal
in order
to release
commodities
for proper for proper
in specie tointhespecie
people,
but people,
that thisbut
didthat
not this
exclude
the exclude
possibility
notthe
accepting
the bank-notes
it had
itself.was
Butonly
this was
only
circulation.
Collecting
them inperiod,
a normal
period,hishereserve
threw his reserve
circulation.
Collecting them
in a normal
he threw
not accepting
bank-notes
it had issued
itself.issued
But this
deceiving
theworthless
people byand
worthless
and
valueless
why the intosupplies
intowhen
the market
rose,
and thus
lowered
the market
priceswhen
rose, prices
and thus
lowered
prices
againprices again
deceiving the
people by
valueless
paper.
That paper.
is whyThat
the is supplies
Pekin Government
fell.
to their
normal
When
need
for of
some
kind of commodity
was
to their normal
value.
Whenvalue.
the need
forthe
some
kind
commodity
was
Pekin Government
fell.
Great
Britain
stopped
paying of
on her
account
felt in alocality
particular
and its
thisprice
raised
in that
felt inhera particular
andlocality
this raised
in its
thatprice
locality:
or locality: or
When GreatWhen
Britain
stopped
paying
on account
bills,of
herher bills,
thestopped
same time
stoppedspecie.
accepting
specie.even
Therefore
even
whena there
was a of
superfluity
of some commodity
and
its price
when
there was
superfluity
some commodity
and therefore
itstherefore
price
GovernmentGovernment
at the same at
time
accepting
Therefore
war costs,
whichtoamounted
60 or 70
millions
day,for
were
forheinwasfell,
able his
to transfer
supplies
fromtoone
place to
fell,
ableheto was
transfer
supplieshis
from
one place
another,
in another, in
war costs, which
amounted
60 or 70 to
millions
a day,
were apaid
in paid
whichceaselessly
circulated ceaselessly
on and
the market
and which everyone
prices.
did this
order
thereby to
regulate commodity
order thereby
to regulate
commodity
prices. He did
thisHe
because
he because he
paper, whichpaper,
circulated
on the market
which everyone
wasuse.
gladThis
to went
use. This
wentseveral
on for
severalWhen
months.
knew
the real
is athat
great
pitymeasures
that these measures
knewthe
the real
meaning
of meaning
money. Itofismoney.
a greatItpity
these
was glad to
on for
months.
the When
issuedloan,
a national
it was
paid up
in paper.were
Those
wereintroduced
not again after
introduced
after
time of San-Hen-Yang,
not again
the time
of the
San-Hen-Yang,
as Chinese as Chinese
GovernmentGovernment
issued a national
it was loan,
also paid
upalso
in paper.
Those
who had
had to
specie
had toit exchange
for paper in
bank-notes
to economy
nationaltoday
economy
moreisthan
is inand
a chaotic
and confused
national
more today
than ever
in aever
chaotic
confused
who had specie
exchange
for paper it
bank-notes
the banksintothe banks
pay or
their
taxes or
purchase commodities,
otherwise
speciecondition.
would condition.
pay their taxes
purchase
commodities,
otherwise their
specie their
would
have beenThat
worthless.
is Britain
how Great
Britain
ceased
paying in cashAt the present
At the
day,
after the
the Great
day,present
after the
outbreak
of outbreak
the GreatofWar,
nearlyWar, nearly
have been worthless.
is howThat
Great
ceased
paying
in cash
(specie).
But Government
the Pekin Government
did the
not paper
accept itthe
had adult
the whole
adult in
population
in the countries
belligerentwas
countries
population
the belligerent
called was
to called to
(specie). But
the Pekin
did not accept
hadpapertheit whole
itself. It discredited
its own
notes,
and everyone
yet forcedtoeveryone
arms.
Industry
came to at
a standstill
thisthe
time,
andofthe
value of money
arms. to
Industry
came
to a standstill
this time,atand
value
money
issued itself.issued
It discredited
its own notes,
and yet
forced
trustaccept
them them.
and accept
them.
Is such
a thingIt possible?
It is hardly
The Governments
of all countries
belligerentwere
countries
were obliged
felllikely
heavily.fell
Theheavily.
Governments
of all belligerent
obliged
trust them and
Is such
a thing
possible?
is hardly likely
a skilfulormerchant,
or broker,
even a bad
broker,
would
do such
yetovertoa take
overofa branches
number ofofbranches
and commerce,
and to
to take
number
industry of
andindustry
commerce,
and to
that a skilfulthat
merchant,
even a bad
would
do such
a thing:
yet a thing:
them for
military This
purposes.
This wasfirst
achieved
was
done by a Government
itself the representative
of the
them adapt
for military
purposes.
was achieved
of all first
in of all in
it was doneit by
a Government
calling itselfcalling
the representative
of the adapt
Germany
but other followed
countriestheir
followed
their example
This istoequivalent
to proclaiming
oneself a bankrupt. Germany and
Austria,andbutAustria,
other countries
example
people. Thispeople.
is equivalent
proclaiming
oneself a bankrupt.
wasthe
in essence
policy of San-Hen-Yang.
Pekin Government
is quitein ignorant
in theofquestion
of immediately.
immediately.
This was in This
essence
policy ofthe
San-Hen-Yang.
The Pekin The
Government
is quite ignorant
the question
to the ofteaching
of scientists,
European human
scientists, human
currency.
Many
people are dis-tinguished
by this
to the teaching
European
currency. Many
people
are dis-tinguished
by this failing,
evenfailing,
thougheven thoughAccording According
existence
can beinto
divided
threeThegrades.
The first represents
they some-times
spend
dealDuring
of money.
During
the Han dynasty,
existence can
be divided
three into
grades.
first represents
they some-times
spend a great
deal aofgreat
money.
the Han
dynasty,
lackmakes
of which
makes life insupportable.
whichtheinherited
of dynasty,
the Chien
all adults
in the requirements,
the lack of the
which
life insupportable.
The secondThe second
which inherited
ruin of the
the ruin
Chien
alldynasty,
adults were
in thewererequirements,
stage the
represents
the conveniences,
without
army,
oldmen
and served
weak men
served
in corps,
the supply
work was
very
stage
represents
conveniences,
without which
life which
is not life
quiteis not quite
army, old and
weak
in the
supply
workcorps,
was very
pleasant.
The is
third
stagewhich
is luxury,
not very
to life.
difficult,
and theposition
financial
of Chinaonbordered
on bankruptcy.
pleasant. The
third stage
luxury,
is notwhich
very is
essential
to essential
life.
difficult, and
the financial
of position
China bordered
bankruptcy.
ourifhappiness
if we
possess
it, not
but destroy
it does not
The Government
of the day
was due to insufficiency
of We
ourincrease
happiness
we possess
it, but
it does
our destroy our
The Government
of the day decided
thatdecided
this wasthat
duethis
to insufficiency
of We increase
convenience
if we
lose it. ifNaturally,
we study
stages in their
currency,
andbegan
therefore
began tothe
stimulate
thecoin
people
to coin convenience
money.
if we lose it.
Naturally,
we studyifthese
stagesthese
in their
currency, and
therefore
to stimulate
people to
money.
humanity
theya will
a very
elastic meaning.
However,
by little
it began
to beby
disquieted
by the overproduction
application application
to humanitytotoday,
they today,
will have
veryhave
elastic
meaning.
However, little
by littlelittle
it began
to be
disquieted
the overproduction
of coined
obligedit toaltogether.
forbid it Of
altogether.
Whatconsiders
one mana considers
necessity,
reckonofan article of
What Of
one man
necessity,aothers
will others
reckon will
an article
of coined money,
andmoney,
finally and
was finally
obligedwas
to forbid
was notmethod
a correct
of The
procedure.
or andcomfort,
andasyet
others as
a luxury.
But if
speak
of these
comfort,
yet others
a luxury.
But
if we speak
ofwe
these
stages
with stages with
course, thiscourse,
was notthisa correct
of method
procedure.
wealth The
or wealth
of anonation
no means
on the
quantitybut
of money,
but toreference
to various
epochs,
these stand
differences
stand
out very sharply.
reference
various epochs,
these
differences
out very
sharply.
poverty of apoverty
nation by
meansbydepends
on depends
the quantity
of money,
on the
quantity of commodities
andcirculation.
their wide circulation.The writer considers
The writerthat
considers
thatwhich
the times
whichthepreceded
the use of money
the times
preceded
use of money
rather on therather
quantity
of commodities
and their wide
At theofbeginning
of the Han
the latter's were
difficulties
were
the age necessities.
of primary necessities.
Human at
aspirations
were
the agewere
of primary
Human aspirations
that time at
didthat time did
At the beginning
the Han dynasty,
thedynasty,
latter's difficulties
connected
a lack of commodities,
later more
on became
not go
bounds
of to
thebedesire
well
fed and clothed.
notacute
go beyond
the beyond
bounds the
of the
desire
well to
fedbeand
clothed.
connected with
a lack with
of commodities,
and later onand
became
acute more
did for
notother
strivethings,
for other
and strive
could for
not strive for
owing
to their insufficient
Therefore San-Hen-Yang,
thethenPeople
did notthen
strive
and things,
could not
owing to their
insufficient
circulation. circulation.
Therefore San-Hen-Yang,
the People
16

17

China
is now
living
second
stage of economic
From the
camethere
into began
use, there
living
through
thethrough
second the
stage
of economic
them. Fromthem.
the moment
thatmoment
money that
camemoney
into use,
the began theChina is now
which
the age ofthe
procuring
theachieving
means for achieving
development.
and handi-crafts
are still
served by hand
development.
Agriculture Agriculture
and handi-crafts
are still served
by hand
epoch whichepoch
we can
call we
the can
age call
of procuring
means for
comfort,human
because
human
desires
wereand
growing
could labor.
not be
labor.
has not yet
stage of
utilizingand
machines,
She has
not She
yet reached
the reached
stage ofthe
utilizing
machines,
thus and thus
comfort, because
desires
were
growing
could and
not be
by clothing
food andalone:
clothing
alone: because
the more
because
could the
harnessing
forces
nature
help hand
by the of
application of
forces ofthe
nature
to of
help
handtolabor,
by thelabor,
application
satisfied bysatisfied
food and
the more
they
could theyharnessing
procure
things
which
brought
themFrom
comfort.
Fromofthe
of thegas, steam,
gas,and
electricity
and water-power.
Nevertheless,
with the opening
electricity
water-power.
Nevertheless,
with the opening
procure things
which
brought
them
comfort.
the time
thetimesteam,
machines
begins
the ageOnly
of luxury.
in can
this period
can trade
ouractivity
economic
of with
port other
trade countries,
with other our
countries,
of port
economic
hasactivity
greatly has greatly
invention ofinvention
machinesofbegins
the age
of luxury.
in thisOnly
period
we observe over-production.
increased.
This is not
foreignhave
merchants
have more money
increased. This
is not because
the because
foreign the
merchants
more money
we observe over-production.
We poverty
do not fear
anywemore,
but weofare
afraid of inequality
thanbecause
we, but
of goods
im-ported
goods
than we, but
thebecause
quantitytheof quantity
im-ported
exceeds
theexceeds the
We do not fear
anypoverty
more, but
are afraid
inequality
of distribution.
Countries
with developed
a strongly industry
developedtryindustry
try to exported
quantity
by us: theamounts
difference
to two
milliard dollars
byexported
us: the difference
to amounts
two milliard
dollars
to quantity
of distribution.
Countries with
a strongly
theirandmarket,
and their
to export
their manufactured
a year.
it will
amountmilliards.
to twentyIfmilliards.
a year.toIn ten
yearsInit ten
willyears
amount
to twenty
this goes Ifon,this goes on,
extend theirextend
market,
to export
manufactured
goods to goods
countries
a less industry.
developedMany
industry.
Manycountries,
civilized countries,
will be irreparable,
evenpiles
if weofhad
of gold
the damage the
willdamage
be irreparable,
even if we had
goldpiles
as high
as as high as
countries with
a lesswith
developed
civilized
unfortunately,
the nonsensical
point
view
that onlymountains,
articles
mountains,
and innumerable
and bottomless
copper
and innumerable
and bottomless
copper mines.
We mines.
know We know
unfortunately,
maintain themaintain
nonsensical
point of view
thatofonly
articles
of luxury
benefit to
mankind. Corresponding
with theofevolution
of thewell
daywhen
will come
when our
reach its culminating
well that
daythat
willthe
come
our poverty
willpoverty
reach itswill
culminating
of luxury bring
benefitbring
to mankind.
Corresponding
with the evolution
the three
stages of development
economic development
point,
andwill
our dis-appear.
wealth will What
dis-appear.
is the
way
out?
point,the
and our
wealth
is the What
way out?
The
one
andThe one and
the three stages
of economic
there takes there
placetakes
the place
in the understanding
of conditional
value.
age way
of outonly
way aout
of such is
a condition
is the introduction
of machinery.
of such
condition
the introduction
of machinery.
evolution inevolution
the understanding
of conditional
value. In the
age In
of the only
primary"assembly
necessity in
"assembly
in the market-place
midday" affordedWhen we examine
When wetheexamine
the yearly
industrial countries
yearly incomes
of incomes
industrialofcountries
primary necessity
the market-place
at midday" at
afforded
the of
possibility
In comfort,
the age of
comfort,
money,
we and
by the
number
of the population,
see that every
and divide
themdivide
by thethem
number
of the
population,
we see thatwe
every
the possibility
exchange.of Inexchange.
the age of
money,
which
we which
still
use, was
current.
the agemoney
of luxury
money by
is replaced
creditcan citizen
or eightdollars,
hundred
on the
receive
sevenor hundred
citizen
receivecan
seven
hundred
eight hundred
on dollars,
the
still use, was
current.
In the
age ofInluxury
is replaced
credit by
average,
yearly.
In our
country,
only of hand
(cheques, bills).
average, yearly.
In our
country,
which
still which
makes still
use makes
only ofuse
hand
(cheques, bills).
Theseinalterations
in the conditional
of all three
in the would
population
would
receive of
anseven
average of seven
labor,are
everylabor,
personevery
in theperson
population
receive
an average
These alterations
the conditional
value of all value
three epochs
are epochs
or eight
of yearlyBut
income.
we machine
bring in machine
to theofhappiness
mankind,
and men
take advantage
or eight dollars
of dollars
yearly income.
if we But
bringif in
conducive toconducive
the happiness
mankind,ofand
men should
take should
advantage
we shallbenaturally
be able the
to achieve
the same
of this
them.
Butnot
thismean
doesthat
not itmean
is no use
having
to production,
production,
we shall naturally
able to achieve
same results
as results as
of them. But
does
is nothat
useithaving
recourse
to recourse
the countries,
industrial and
countries,
and then
seven or eight
other
methods
than those
already
Forin example,
days of characterize
the industrial
then those
seventhose
or eight
other methods
than
those already
existing.
Forexisting.
example,
the days in
of the characterize
i.e. our
national
an hundredfold
"assembly
in the market-place
midday,"
still tocontinued
dollars,toi.e. dollars,
our national
wealth,
willwealth,
increasewill
an increase
hundredfold
compared compared
"assembly in
the market-place
at midday,"atpeople
still people
continued
with the
present
time.then
Wemove
can then
on tostage
a higher
conduct self-supporting
economy.
were
are still
withwho
the present
time.
We can
on tomove
a higher
of stage of
conduct self-supporting
economy. There
were There
and are
stilland
people
who people
economic well-being.
practicein"assembly
in the market-place
at midday"
duringofthe period
of well-being.
economic
practice "assembly
the market-place
at midday" during
the period
The revolution
industrial revolution
in the and
European
and American
the of
utilization
of thesystem,
monetary
system,
as fora example,
in the European
American
the utilization
the monetary
as for
example,
fair whicha fair whichThe industrial
countriesa produced
a sudden
change
in their
living conditions.
Their
days. place
This takes
in the neighborhood
of produced
sudden change
in their
living
conditions.
Their
takes place takes
every place
three every
days. three
This takes
in theplace
neighborhood
of countries
of luxury
and great creature
daily life
rapidly
period and
before
people
the agethey
of luxury,
already
knew
daily
life rapidly
entered
theentered
period the
of luxury
great creature
towns. Eventowns.
beforeEven
people
reached
the reached
age of luxury,
alreadythey
knew
effect is
onexactly
society similar
is exactly
similar
to that
which Henry
the use
of bills paid
(cheques),
in place in
of the
money,
of Itscomforts.
comforts.
effect onItssociety
to that
which
Henry
the use of bills
(cheques),
out in paid
placeout
of money,
shapeinofthe shape
Georgeindescribed
his book:and
Progress
so-called
bills" and
"money
of the Tan
and described
George
his book:inProgress
Poverty.and
HePoverty.
said thatHe
thesaid that the
the so-calledthe
"flying
bills""flying
and "money
notes"
of thenotes"
Tan dynasty,
anddynasty,
progresscivilization
of modern civilization
is like
a sharp
wedge
suddenly
"notes
hand"on
andcall"
"notes
on call"
during the Sun-dynasty.
were of modern
progress
is like a sharp
wedge
suddenly
driven
in driven in
"notes of hand"
andof"notes
during
the Sun-dynasty.
These were These
the lower
upper classes.
and lower
classes.
whothis
are sharp
above this sharp
the forerunners
of bills ofInexchange.
our we
ownhave
times
to use thebetween
upper and
Those
who Those
are above
the forerunners
of bills of exchange.
our own In
times
to we
use havebetween
a small
of This
capitalists.
This
is pushed up
bills (orotherwise
cheques),we
otherwise
we cannot
carry on
industry or commerce
wedge are awedge
small are
minority
of minority
capitalists.
minority
is minority
pushed up
bills (or cheques),
cannot carry
on industry
or commerce
higher
by the
wedge
on a large
But it at
is the
possible
thetosame
to use
evenand higher
who live below
higher
higher and
by the
wedge
every
day. every
Those day.
who Those
live below
on a large scale.
But itscale.
is possible
same at
time
use time
money,
evenmoney,
though
this
be not so and
convenient
and advantageous
represent
the vastof majority
workers.
They are
dragged
vast majority
workers.ofThey
are dragged
lower
and lower and
though this be
not so
convenient
advantageous
as cheques. as cheques. represent the
everymeans
day. This
means
the rich
become
while the poor
lower everylower
day. This
that the
richthat
become
richer,
whilericher,
the poor
18

10

10

19

become
results
of the revolution
industrial bring
revolution bringAnd so I sayAnd
I say that
people unfortunately
knowtoonly
how to spend
thatsopeople
unfortunately
know only how
spend
become ever
poorer.ever
Thepoorer.
results The
of the
industrial
happiness
only members
to a fewofmembers
and but money,
but very
rarely its
understand
its secrets.
This proof
is the of
first proof of
money,
very rarely
understand
secrets. This
is the first
happiness only
to a few
society, of
butsociety,
inflict but
pain inflict
and pain
theofgreat
of the
It is not that
surprising
thattheory
the that
my "action
theory that
"action
is easy but difficult."
knowledge difficult."
my
is easy
but knowledge
suffering onsuffering
the greatonpart
the part
people.
It ispeople.
not surprising
the
social revolutionary
movement
as it that
is natural
that the
social revolutionary
movement is
growing,isasgrowing,
it is natural
the
majority
longer betosacrificed
to thelife
luxurious
majority cannot
any cannot
longer any
be sacrificed
the luxurious
of the life of the
minority. minority.
Second
Proof.
TheofProblem
Human Diet
(b) Second(b)
Proof.
The
Problem
Human of
Diet
Why
arelosses
such great
losses andinflicted
sufferings
on humanity?
Why are such
great
and sufferings
on inflicted
humanity?
Because
do not
how themselves
to adapt themselves
to newLet us takeLetanother
Because people
do people
not know
how know
to adapt
to new
us take
another examplehuman
examplehuman
diet. This diet.
is a This
very is a very
conditions.
During the of
supremacy
of hand
labor, of
thelaisseztheory of important
laissez- function
conditions. During
the supremacy
hand labor,
the theory
important
of ourAt
organism.
the itsame
it is a function
of function
our organism.
the sameAttime
is a time
function
faire inprevailed,
order to free
encourage
free competition,
faire prevailed,
order to in
encourage
competition,
suppress thesuppress
living
can Acarry
A child
which
whichtheeverywhich
livingevery
creature
cancreature
carry out.
childout.
which
has left
its has left its
of monopolies
and income
distributeamongst
incomethe
amongst
whole womb,
growth of growth
monopolies
and distribute
whole themother's
mother's
womb,
a chick
which out
has of
broken
outcan
of the
egg
a chick
which
has broken
the egg
carry
it can
out carry it out
This wasunconsciously
practiced unconsciously
several thousand
popula-tion.popula-tion.
This was practiced
for several for
thousand
without
beingtrained.
specially
Butreflect
when and
we reflect and
equally wellequally
withoutwell
being
specially
Buttrained.
when we
Only after
Adam
in thecentury,
eighteenth
century, the
discovered
the
years. Only years.
after Adam
Smith,
in theSmith,
eighteenth
discovered
askdo
ourselves,
we the
fullysecret
knowofthe
secret
this,
then
not only cannot
ask ourselves,
we fully do
know
this,
thenofnot
only
cannot
truth at of
theallbottom
of all
did what
he express
what
everyonethe
wanted
truth at the bottom
activity,
didactivity,
he express
everyone
wanted
in reply
the street
in the affirmative,
but, even
man inthe
theman
street
in thereply
affirmative,
but, even after
the after the
say but
not, brought
and thishim
brought
him the
of his
to say but tocould
not, could
and this
the respect
of respect
his
remarkable
and of
inventions
of modern
remarkable
discoveries discoveries
and inventions
modern science,
notscience,
a singlenot a single
contemporaries
even ofofthe
people
of our own day.
contemporaries
and even of and
the people
our
own day.
doctor,physicist
hygienist,
or chemist,
even after devoting
physiologist,physiologist,
doctor, hygienist,
or physicist
chemist, even
after devoting
Aboutpassed
a century
after the publication
of The
of
About a century
afterpassed
the publication
of The Wealth
of Wealth
their
of this
question,
whether
their whole
lives whole
to the lives
studytoofthe
thisstudy
question,
and
whetherand
they
lived athey lived a
Nations
before therevolution
industrialwas
revolution
was fully From
developed.
that years
Nations before
the industrial
fully developed.
that From
day, grasp
can fully
grasp all its
hundred
or at the
hundred
ago years
or at ago
the present
day,present
can fully
all its
turning
point humanity
onwards, began
humanity
began
to use for
machines
for the
turning point
onwards,
to use
machines
the
significance.
significance.
of production.
Those whomachinery
possessedwere
machinery
were enabledOur China, Our
extension ofextension
production.
Those who possessed
enabled
China,
althoughand
backward
andinimperfect
in everything,
has
although
backward
imperfect
everything,
has
to rulebythe
worldofbytheir
reason
of their
wealth.
If wethe
stillcustom
retain thenot
custom
to rule the world
reason
wealth.
If we
still retain
not been
a single
country
in the development
been outdone
by outdone
a single by
country
in the
development
of the art ofof the art of
of free competition,
or the
of laissez-faire,
it will preparing
be like various
of free competition,
or the method
of method
laissez-faire,
it will be like
preparing
various
kinds
of dishes
food. The
dishesbyprepared
by the Chinese
kinds
of food.
The
prepared
the Chinese
man with
to contend
with an automobile
in a race.
Eventhose
encouragingencouraging
a lame man atolame
contend
an automobile
in a race. Even
surpass
of thecountries
Europeanascountries
as do our
surpass
of thethose
European
much as as
do much
our methods
of methods of
a child
can see the impossibility
of such a contest.
a child can see
the impossibility
of such a contest.
As for
taste of the
the newest
and most up-to-date
cookery. Ascookery.
for the taste
of the Chinese,
theChinese,
newest and
most up-to-date
From thewe
foregoing
draw the that
conclusion
that weprinciples
cannot invented
From the foregoing
can drawwethecan
conclusion
we cannot
principles
Western
and cannot
hygienists
cannot surpass
byinvented
Westernby
doctors
anddoctors
hygienists
surpass
the lawscurrency
governing
currency
we dothe
notevolution
study the evolution
ascertain theascertain
laws governing
if we
do notifstudy
us leave
aside such
dishes
areordinary,
out of the ordinary,
the Chinese.the
LetChinese.
us leaveLet
aside
such dishes
as are
out ofasthe
of and
civilization
and the
understand
the development
of thesystem.
monetary the
system.
of civilization
understand
development
of the monetary
so-called
"eight delicacies."
Butdishes
as regards
dishes
daily use, such,
so-calledthe
"eight
delicacies."
But as regards
of daily
use,ofsuch,
We also
laws
we do not
carefully
study thefor
history
We also cannot
knowcannot
these know
laws ifthese
we do
notifcarefully
study
the history
as "Chien-Chen,"
beankidney
jelly and
kidney
example,forasexample,
"Chien-Chen,"
bean jelly and
beans,
thesebeans,
are these are
ofand
commerce
and
industry,
originetc.
of money,
of commerce
industry,
banking,
thebanking,
origin ofthe
money,
In short,etc. In
theofbest
form ofdish,
vegetable
dish, but do
Europeans
not even
theshort,
best form
vegetable
but Europeans
not evendo
know
that know that
European
and citizens,
Americanlike
citizens,
like the Chinese,
the majoritytheof majority
Europeanof and
American
the Chinese,
be used
as Dishes
food at made
all. Dishes
of and
the internal
giblets and internal
they can be they
usedcan
as food
at all.
of themade
giblets
unfortunately,
only
knowofthe
powerApart
of money.
Apartthey
from
they areof domestic
unfortunately,
only know the
power
money.
from this,
arethis, organs
organs of
domestic
animals
alwaysdainties
reckoned
dainties
animals
were
alwayswere
reckoned
amongst
theamongst the
quite
laws ofThey
currency.
They are
inclined
that theChinese;
quite ignorant
of ignorant
the laws of
of the
currency.
are inclined
to think
thatto think
the and
Americans
English
did not
them, but now
Chinese;
Americans
Englishand
formerly
didformerly
not eat them,
buteatnow
money on
is founded
on commodities.
Onlycan
Socialists
can that
understand
that
money is founded
commodities.
Only Socialists
understand
do so.
do so.
money on
is founded
on human
laborall
(including
handlabor).
and brain labor).In Canton IInmet
money is founded
human labor
(including
hand andallbrain
Canton
I met awho
foreigner
whousdespised
us as
a foreigner
despised
as savages
andsavages and
rests
in human
and not in money.
Thus power Thus
rests power
in human
labor
and notlabor
in money.
barbarians,
we eat black-puddings.
doctor has ascertained
barbarians, because
we because
eat black-puddings.
But a doctorBut
hasaascertained
that pig's
blood isofcomposed
a mass of ingredients
containing iron,
that pig's blood
is composed
a mass ofofingredients
containing iron,
is anmeans
excellent
means
for the of
restoration
of energy.
which is an which
excellent
for the
restoration
energy. All
WesternAll Western
20

11

11

21

who
formerly
given
iron after
illness, child-birth
American
envy
Chinese
spread
various rumors
people who people
formerly
were
given were
purified
ironpurified
after illness,
child-birth
American cooks
envy cooks
Chinese
very
much. very
Theymuch.
spreadThey
various
rumors
or anemia,
now take black-puddings
instead
of iron,
to that
the effect
thatsauce
the bean
used by
Chinesepoisons
contains poisons
or anemia, now
take black-puddings
instead of iron,
because
the because
ferrous thetoferrous
the effect
the bean
used sauce
by Chinese
contains
theyarecontain
are oforigin,
organic
moreare destructive
which are destructive
of human
health. Convinced
by this invention,
compounds compounds
which theywhich
contain
of organic
andorigin,
more and
which
of human health.
Convinced
by this invention,
convenient
physical
health than
purifiediron.
inorganic
iron. Thusone
blackonecouncil
municipal
council
issued
order that
Chinese
on no account
convenient for
physicalfor
health
than purified
inorganic
Thus blackmunicipal
issued
an order
thatanChinese
were
on no were
account
puddings,
usedcan
as serve
a food,
cantoserve
both toastrengthen
a sick
to bean
to sauce.
make bean
Later on,
medical established
researches established
puddings, used
as a food,
both
strengthen
sick man and
to man
toand
make
Latersauce.
on, medical
researches
that bean that bean
benefitman;
a healthy
man;
and the
Chinese,
who
use it are
as anot
food,sauce
are notnot sauce
butmany
contains
many nutritive
not onlynocontains
benefit a healthy
and the
Chinese,
who
use it as
a food,
only contains
poisons,nobutpoisons,
contains
nutritive
or savages,
but enlightened
hygienic
is only ingredients,
similar
to those
in They
meat juice.
They
not no
only
inflict no harm
barbarians orbarbarians
savages, but
enlightened
and hygienicand
people.
Thispeople.
is onlyThisingredients,
similar to those
in meat
juice.
not only
inflict
harm
one
but a great
number
mightAbenumber
quoted.ofAdishes,
number ofupon
dishes,
uponbut
theonbody,
but on the
are very The
beneficial.
The prohibition
one example,
butexample,
a great number
might
be quoted.
the body,
the contrary
arecontrary
very beneficial.
prohibition
by the
but quitetounknown
Westerncountries

was withdrawn.
prepared byprepared
the Chinese
butChinese
quite unknown
Western to
countries
was withdrawn.
such as "Yen-Okh"
and "Yu-Chih"
(fins) areChinese cooking
Chinese
is widespread
not only throughout
such as "Yen-Okh"
(swallows' (swallows'
nests) and nests)
"Yu-Chih"
(fins) are
is cooking
widespread
not only throughout
America, America,
the most food
delightful
by thewhile
Chinese,
while Western
also where
in Europe,
there
are Chinese
now many
Chinese in
restaurants in
considered considered
the most delightful
by thefood
Chinese,
Western
but also in but
Europe,
therewhere
are now
many
restaurants
can only
be used as such.
the large
Since the
reforms
Japan, the
Japanese
copy Western
peoples can peoples
only wonder
that wonder
they canthat
be they
used can
as such.
the large towns.
Sincetowns.
the reforms
in Japan,
theinJapanese
copy
Western
If painting,
which
pleases
eyes, which
and music,
which
the civilization
in everything;
so far is
as concerned,
cooking is concerned,
If painting, which
pleases
the eyes,
andthe
music,
pleases
the pleases
civilization
in everything;
nevertheless,nevertheless,
so far as cooking
ears,
can be considered
arts, then
such undoubtedly
also still
be prefer
they the
still Chinese
prefer the
ChineseToday
methods.
thereChinese
are many Chinese
ears, can be
considered
arts, then such
undoubtedly
can also becan they
methods.
thereToday
are many
consideredwhich
delicacies
pleaseTherefore
the palate.the
Therefore
the preparation
restaurants
considered delicacies
pleasewhich
the palate.
preparation
restaurants in
Tokyo. in Tokyo.
foodisinanitsart.
way
is French
an art. The
French are the
considered
thein
best cooks inNot only areNot
only
are dishes
there many
dishes
by the
and the
of food in itsofway
The
are considered
best cooks
there
many
invented
by invented
the Chinese,
andChinese,
the
Western and
countries,
andFrance
it is in
thatthe
wehighest
find the skilful
highestpreparation
skilful preparation
of food which
generally,
which
cannot be by
surpassed by
Western countries,
it is in
thatFrance
we find
of food generally,
cannot
be surpassed
otherbut
countries,
Chinese
taste also, unconsciously
coinciding with
Hencethat
wegood
learnmethods
that good
preparing
civilization. civilization.
Hence we learn
of methods
preparingoffood
are food
otherare
countries,
Chinesebut
taste
also, unconsciously
coinciding with
the rules the
underlying
modernofprinciples
of science
and
by civilization:
and thisAispeople
natural.untouched
A people for
untouched
a underlying
produced byproduced
civilization:
and this is natural.
a
the for
rules
modern the
principles
science and
hygiene,
is hygiene, is
aboveInallChina
praise.theIncommon
China the
common
drink aristocratic
green
time by is
civilization
of distinguishing
the most above
delicate
long time bylong
civilization
incapableisofincapable
distinguishing
the most delicate
all praise.
people
drinkpeople
aristocratic
green
tea, food
whileistheir
food
is with
a ricevegetables
dish with and
vegetables
and This
bean jelly. This
if there
is no fine of
distinction
of flavors,
there
no their
flavors, andflavors,
if thereand
is no
fine distinction
flavors, there
will be
no will
tea,bewhile
a rice
dish
bean jelly.
kind
food, sotell
hygienists
tellmost
us, is
the most
for the health.
skilful
cookery.
The skilful preparation
of food
by the
skilful cookery.
The
skilful preparation
of food by the
Chinese
willChinese
be a will
kindbeofa food,
so of
hygienists
us, is the
valuable
forvaluable
the health.
This is by
confirmed
fact that
people
living districts,
in remote districts,
sufficientofindication
of the progress
astounding
progress civilization.
of Chinese civilization.
sufficient indication
the astounding
of Chinese
This is confirmed
the fact by
thatthepeople
living
in remote
In times
there
was no between
commerceChina
between
and wine
without
wine reach
and meat,
reach an age.
advanced
age.that
Thethe
fact that the
In times when
there when
was no
commerce
and China
without
and meat,
an advanced
The fact
Westernthe
countries,
Western
peoples
knew that
famous survive
Chinese
survive
and other
diseases
is partly attributable
to the
Western countries,
Westernthe
peoples
knew
that France
was France
famouswas Chinese
plague
and plague
other diseases
is partly
attributable
to the
the best
in But
the world.
But learned
when they
learned of fact
Chinese
factChinese
that thefood
Chinese
food unconsciously
for the bestfor
cookery
in cookery
the world.
when they
of Chinese
that the
unconsciously
conforms toconforms
the rulesto ofthe rules of
cookery,
beganthe
to admire
Chinese.
The first
Westernhygiene.
person Therefore
hygiene.the
Therefore
canthe
undertake
serious
cookery, they
began they
to admire
Chinese.the
The
first Western
person
Chinesethe
canChinese
undertake
serious the
study
of thestudy of the
who
in our
interior was
provinces
was the Portuguese
science of
and tryit.toThis
master
This will
certainly strengthen
who traveled
in traveled
our interior
provinces
the Portuguese
Matthew Matthew
science of hygiene,
andhygiene,
try to master
willit.certainly
strengthen
Ricci.
reign
of ourYao-Huang,
Emperor Yao-Huang,
of thetheChing
Chinese
further in comparison
withposition.
its present position.
Ricci. During
the During
reign oftheour
Emperor
of the Ching
Chinese the
people
evenpeople
furthereven
in comparison
with its present
he traveled
through
manyonprovinces
onTibet.
his way
diettheir
rely on their
Theadvocates
Western of
advocates
of a vegetarian
dynasty, he dynasty,
traveled through
many
provinces
his way to
In to
hisTibet. In hisThe Western
a vegetarian
diet rely on
reminiscences
of his
he more
than onceChinese
extolled knowledge
Chinese of
knowledge
of hygiene
for that
theiritclaim
that it
prolongs
more than
once extolled
reminiscences
of his journey
he journey
hygiene for
their claim
prolongs
life.
But as life.
theirBut as their
withenthusiasm
particular about
enthusiasm
about our cooking.
rangeis of
is notand
so attractive,
ample andand
attractive,
and their are
seasonings are
civilization, civilization,
writing withwriting
particular
our cooking.
range of dishes
notdishes
so ample
their seasonings
In recent
whenappeared
Chinese abroad,
appearedChinese
abroad, not
Chinese
good
as often
ours, undermine
they often their
undermine
health by insufficient
In recent years,
whenyears,
Chinese
as goodnot
as as
ours,
they
health their
by insufficient
vegetarian food.
cookery
in some
sort, fashionable.
In New
the
nourishment
while enthusiastically
nourishment
even while even
enthusiastically
advocating advocating
vegetarian food.
cookery became,
in became,
some sort,
fashionable.
In New York
alone York
the alone
Chinese restaurants
reaches
some There
hundreds.
is novegetarianism
Hence vegetarianism
is scarcely
likely widespread.
to become widespread.
Chinese
Hence
is scarcely likely
to become
Chinese
hundreds.
is noThere
number of number
Chinese of
restaurants
reaches some
American
town
withoutrestaurant.
a ChineseThe
restaurant.
The seek
Americans
after
vegetarians
must
eat since
bean this
jelly,issince
thiselse
is nothing
else than so-called
vegetarians
must eat bean
jelly,
nothing
than so-called
American town
without
a Chinese
Americans
after seek
Chineselike
cookery
like somadmen,
muchthesoprofessional
that the professional
meat."
It qualities
has all the
but isitsfree from its
"vegetarian "vegetarian
meat." It has
all the
of qualities
meat, butofismeat,
free from
much soso that
Chinese cookery
madmen,
22

12

12

23

Yet the
Chinese
have
become accustomed
it without
the aidThe human The
bodybyis cells:
created
cells: functioning
the organs functioning
like
bodyhuman
is created
theby
organs
like
poisons. Yetpoisons.
the Chinese
have
become
accustomed
to it withouttothe
aid
the system
digestive
are cell The
factories.
The food
the digestive
are system
cell factories.
food which
manwhich
eats man eats
of science. of science.
Thedrink
Europeans
drink and
soureat
wines
andmeat.
eat tainted
meat. They
have thebecomes
the food
of cells.
Whileonman
the are
earth,
cells are bound
becomes
food of cells.
While
man lives
the lives
earth,oncells
bound
The Europeans
sour wines
tainted
They have
become so accustomed
thiscannot
that they
alter it,
although
withjoined
him. Cells
joined
together in
different
body are like
up there
with him.upCells
together
in different
parts
of the parts
body of
arethe
like
become so accustomed
to this that to
they
altercannot
it, although
there
exist
amongst
laws, the
prohibiting
the sale
(asliving
people
living intowns.
different
Thecondition
very firstfor
condition
people
in different
The towns.
very first
human for human
exist amongst
them
drasticthem
penaldrastic
laws, penal
prohibiting
sale of wines
(asof wines
America
anddiscoveries
also new discoveries
in the
of is existence
to clothed:
be fed and
the same
applies
to cells. Therefore
existence
to be fed isand
theclothed:
same applies
to cells.
Therefore
in America inand
Russia),and
andRussia),
also new
in the sphere
of sphere
hygiene.
respectand
of drinking,
eating andwedrinking,
we have acquired
first requirement
and chief requirement
of cells
fuel and Eightmaterials. Eightthe first andthechief
of cells is fuel
and ismaterials.
hygiene. Luckily,
in Luckily,
respect ofineating
have acquired
thancountries.
any otherIncountries.
In from
distinction
otherof what
as fuel,
while the isremainder is
tenths
eat are as
consumed
tenths
weofeatwhat
are we
consumed
fuel, while
the remainder
much bettermuch
habitsbetter
than habits
any other
distinction
other from
we have
acquired
these good
habits
without en-couragement
oras restorative
utilized asmaterials.
restorative materials.
utilized
nations, we nations,
have acquired
these
good habits
without
en-couragement
or
We must
always
them,
in order
to set an
The
fuel
has twoOne
purposes.
One istheto body:
warm this
the is
body: this is
two
purposes.
is to warm
intimidation.intimidation.
We must always
retain
them,retain
in order
to set
an example
to example toThe fuel has
the whole world.
themen
fact burn
that wood
men burn
wood themselves
to protect themselves
comparable comparable
to the fact tothat
to protect
the whole world.
ancient
sayisthat
is "thein universe
cold.purpose
The other
to do
same coal
as burning
againstincold.against
The other
is topurpose
do the is
same
as the
burning
in the coal in the
The ancientThe
sages
used sages
to sayused
that toman
"theman
universe
miniature,"
butrather
we should
rather
saya that
is a "little
the ofstokehold
a factory
boiler,
namely, energy
to produce
and transform
stokehold
a factoryof
boiler,
namely,
to produce
and energy
transform
miniature," but
we should
say that
he is
"littleheState,"
sinceState,"
the since
andwith
intestines,
with their appropriate
functions,
really resemble
it into
As aworks
man who
works
requires
power,
it into power.
As apower.
man who
requires
more
power,more
he eats
morehe eats more
stomach andstomach
intestines,
their appropriate
functions, really
resemble
State institutions
the their
affairs
of theirAscountry.
for the
man who
little andrequires
therefore
power. If there
a man than
who aworks
little works
and therefore
lessrequires
power. less
If there
State institutions
transacting transacting
the affairs of
country.
for the As than
various
of the
the perfection
body, the of
perfection
of theirand
organism
and
the thanissufficient
more thanfood
sufficient
foodhim
to supply
himthe
with
heat will
the surplus
will be
more
to supply
with heat
surplus
be
various parts
of theparts
body,
their organism
the is
rapidity
of their
action
are quite unattainable
by State institutions.
in the of
storing-up
of fat for unforeseen
circumstances.
usedAnd
in the used
storing-up
fat for unforeseen
circumstances.
If there is If there is
rapidity of their
action
are quite
unattainable
by State institutions.
And
all these
secrets
of life
very
far from
being understood
yet by insufficient
heat,
theextract
cells must
extract
the stored,
fat already
stored,
heat, the cells
must
the fat
already
and use
it and use it
all these secrets
of life
are very
farare
from
being
understood
as yet by asinsufficient
modern knowledge.
as fat
fuel.has
If been
the fat
hasup,
been
usedtoup,
has toout
beof
drawn
out of the body
as fuel. If the
used
it has
be itdrawn
the body
modern knowledge.
Researches
of modern
scientists
show
that the
material of
which
muscles.
This iswhy
the reason
man
has notfood
sufficient food
and
muscles.and
This
is the reason
a man why
who ahas
notwho
sufficient
Researches of
modern scientists
show
that the
material
of which
the human
and
all living
things areiscomposed
is nothing
than toisbe
inclined
to emaciated.
be thin and emaciated.
is inclined
thin and
the human being
and allbeing
living
things
are composed
nothing else
than else
cells,atoms.
i.e. living
atoms.
what
cell? small
It is aobject,
very small
Foodstuffs
thetosame
time to supplement
the cells needed
at the serve
same at
time
supplement
the cells needed
cells, i.e. living
But what
is But
a cell?
It is a very
veryobject, veryFoodstuffs serve
surprising
and mysterious.
extremely mysterious.
According
to the discoveries
of for
body.
there
are morethan
materials
than are required,
up building
the body.upIfthe
there
are If
more
materials
are required,
surprising and
extremely
According to
the discoveries
of for building
modern
it is very
and Itintelligent.
It canand
act, move
they are all transformed
and areupnot
up inThis
the body. This
they and
are all transformed
into heat andinto
areheat
not stored
instored
the body.
modern science,
it isscience,
very sensitive
andsensitive
intelligent.
can act, move
It has
and What
intentions.
What
is it our
that body
makessoour is
body
is very
similar
waysurplus
in which
surplus
buildinginmaterials
in the
verysosimilar
to the
way to
in the
which
building
materials
the
think. It hasthink.
reasons
andreasons
intentions.
is it that
makes
extraordinary,
and mysterious,
if not this cell?
towns for
are fuel,
burned
for fuel,
as notrequired.
otherwise
required.
Thus there should
towns are burned
as not
otherwise
Thus
there should
extraordinary,
astonishing astonishing
and mysterious,
if not this cell?
Various phenomena
in the
and world
vegetable
arean excess
not beofanfood,
excess
of food,itotherwise
it will
up the
not be
otherwise
will swallow
upswallow
the energy
of energy of
Various phenomena
in the animal
and animal
vegetable
are world
of theand
exchange
and combination
of cells.
While humanity
organs in transforming
the food being
many organsmany
in transforming
it into heat. itIninto
the heat.
eventInofthe
theevent
food of
being
expressions expressions
of the exchange
combination
of cells. While
humanity
builds ships,
its houses,
ships,towns
carriages,
towns and
the cellunsuitable
creates for
unsuitable
fuel, the
of the
willenergy
wasteof
the energy of
fuel, thefor
remnants
ofremnants
the burning
willburning
waste the
builds its houses,
carriages,
and bridges,
thebridges,
cell creates
humanity
andliving
all other
living
objects.
in the
air are airplanes
will beand
overtired and
in their elimination.
the kidneysthe
in kidneys
their elimination.
The kidneysThe
willkidneys
be overtired
humanity and
all other
objects.
Birds
in theBirds
air are
airplanes
created
by cells.
fish in
water are submarines
created by
cells. damaged.
thereforeTherefore
damaged. itTherefore
it is undesirable
extremely undesirable
therefore
is extremely
to have an to have an
created by cells.
Scaly
fish inScaly
the water
arethe
submarines
created by cells.
excess of food.
people call
also and
the instinct
excess of food.
What peopleWhat
call instinct
and instinct
intuitionand
areintuition
also the are
instinct
intuitionand intuition
can into
be divided
into two categoriesthe
first,ofas a kind of
of cells.
Since
moderndiscovered
scientists discovered
thatsensitive,
cells are sensitive,Food can beFood
divided
two categoriesthe
first, as a kind
of cells. Since
modern
scientists
that cells are
is the distinguishing
feature of vegetables;
which
the old philosophers
could not understand,
muchbecan fuel:
now be
this isfuel:
the this
distinguishing
feature of vegetables;
the second the
as second as
which the old
philosophers
could not understand,
much can now
explained.
newnow
erabegun,
has now
for knowledge
greatly
reconstructing
materials:
these
abound
in meat.
If excess
there isofan excess of
materials: these
abound
in meat.
If there
is an
explained. A
new eraAhas
for begun,
knowledge
has greatly has reconstructing
of our understanding.
these reconstructing
materials,
used but,
up asonfuel:
these reconstructing
materials, they
can be they
usedcan
up be
as fuel:
the but, on the
widened thewidened
limits ofthe
ourlimits
understanding.
fuel, beit turned
cannot into
be turned into
hand,
is of
an fuel,
excessit of
other hand,other
if there
is ifan there
excess
cannot
24

13

13

25

reconstructing
material. an
Therefore
an insufficiency
of such materials
still
act in
thebecause
same way,
they
not yet lost their
civilization civilization
still act in the
same
way,
theybecause
have not
yethave
lost their
reconstructing
material. Therefore
insufficiency
of such materials
cannot beaspermitted,
it would
mean the destruction
of the intestines
is still
limited.
and their
for satisfaction
nature, and nature,
their capacity
forcapacity
satisfaction
is still limited.
Hence
theyHence they
cannot be permitted,
it would as
mean
the destruction
of the intestines
and
men know
these truths,
elementary
truths, the preservation
to the
It is with
otherwise
with civilized
rarely ofyieldrarely
to theyield
passion
for passion
eating. for
It iseating.
otherwise
civilized
and stomach.
If stomach.
men knowIf these
elementary
the preservation
of
health
and the prolongation
of life
will gain greatly.
the civilization,
the evil
moreis the
evil is developed
people. Thepeople.
higher The
the higher
civilization,
the more the
developed
health and the
prolongation
of life will gain
greatly.
Food
usuallyof consists
several
most elements:
important elements:
(wine,
that isto harmful
to theandhealth), and
(wine, opium
and opium
much and
else much
that iselse
harmful
the health),
Food usually
consists
several of
most
important
nitrogen, carbohydrates
fats. In
addition,
there
are salt,
also water,
salt, unsatisfied
desires
in thethat
measure
that civilization
unsatisfied
desires grow
in thegrow
measure
civilization
develops. develops.
nitrogen, carbohydrates
and fats. In and
addition,
there
are also
water,
iron, phosphorus,
organic compounds
(chemists
haveit isHence
it is not that
surprising
thata we
a vast
Hence
not surprising
we have
vasthave
number
of number
people of people
iron, phosphorus,
magnesium magnesium
and organicand
compounds
(chemists have
not yet discovered
whatconstitute
elements the
constitute
latter),
are from
suffering
lackofoftheir
control
of their nourishment.
suffering
lack offrom
control
nourishment.
latter), the
which
are which
not yet discovered
what elements
man.ofInnitrogen
1 gram there
of nitrogen
are 4-1
calories
also once
suffered
from which
an illness
also writer
once suffered
from
an illness
was which
the was the
necessary tonecessary
man. In 1togram
are 4-1there
calories
of heat:
in of heat: inThe writer The
1 gram of
carbonic
acid, 4-1
1 gram
of fats, 9-3
In consequence
of overloading
theThe
stomach.
The was
beginning
consequence
of overloading
the stomach.
beginning
very was very
1 gram of carbonic
acid,
4-1 calories:
in 1calories:
gram ofinfats,
9-3 calories.
In calories.
domestic
andis fish
there
is much
Inthere
vegetables
there isbut Islight,
I let develop,
the illness
as Iwith
was other
busy matters.
with other matters.
slight,
let thebut
illness
as develop,
I was busy
domestic animals
andanimals
fish there
much
nitrogen.
In nitrogen.
vegetables
is
also
nitrogen, particularly
it proved
very
serious.
began treatment.
to receive The
treatment. The
However, itHowever,
proved very
serious.
I began
to Ireceive
also nitrogen,
particularly
in beans. in beans.
for thewhich
amounts
which
man mustdaily,
consume
heresubsided,
illness and
subsided,
gave up as
treatment,
as other
matters again
illness
I gaveand
up Itreatment,
other matters
again
As for the As
amounts
a man
musta consume
here daily,
physiologists
differ.
Some
that 100
gram ofareproteins
are my
distracted
myFor
attention.
Formy
some
time my
maladystationary,
remained stationary,
distracted
attention.
some time
malady
remained
physiologists
differ. Some
affirm
that affirm
100 gram
of proteins
sufficient,
others
50 are
enough.
Onephysiologist
Austrian physiologist
but in of
thetime
course
of timeand
medicines
and pills
ceased
help, and I was
but in the course
medicines
pills ceased
to help,
andtoI was
sufficient, others
say that
50say
are that
enough.
One
Austrian
foundkilogram
that every
the body
required
from
34 to 40 forced
caloriesto turn
forced
to turn my
attention
to my
the health.
state ofImy
my attention
seriously
to seriously
the state of
atehealth.
only I ate only
found that every
ofkilogram
the body of
required
from
34 to 40
calories
a man on
is engaged
on mental
from
40 to 60 boiled
caloriesrice, boiled
rice, meat
milk.
first this
greatly
me, but
meat extract
and extract
milk. Atand
first
this At
greatly
assisted
me,assisted
but
when a manwhen
is engaged
mental work,
whilework,
from while
40 to 60
calories
remained
myfor
condition
for six
by a manin engaged
physical
work. aTherefore
a man
cure me completely,
and thismy
did
not curedidmenot
completely,
and this remained
condition
six
are requiredarebyrequired
a man engaged
physical inwork.
Therefore
man
months.
Then the
sickness
worse,
in my
stomach was
kilogram
requires
2,800
calories
in the
first
case and
3500- Then
months.
the sickness
grew
worse,grew
the pain
in the
my pain
stomach
was
weighing 70weighing
kilogram70
requires
2,800
calories
in the
first case
and
3500constant,
untilnothere
was no
medicine
could
helpit.
me to cure it.
4000
calories
in the second.
constant, until
there was
medicine
which
couldwhich
help me
to cure
4000 calories
in the
second.
ThentheI altered
of and
treatment,
and hadto recourse to
another
scientist
whodrew
testeda this
drew adifferent
somewhat differentThen I altered
method the
of method
treatment,
had recourse
But anotherBut
scientist
who
tested this
somewhat
first satisfactory
this gave satisfactory
results: inhowever,
45 gram daily
of proteins
daily and
1800 Atmassage.
massage.
first thisAtgave
results: however,
a few in a few
conclusion. conclusion.
He weighedHe
86 weighed
kilo, ate 86
45 kilo,
gramate
of proteins
and 1800
months
the again
old malady
again
asserted
itself,
and grew
worse and worse.
calories
of fuel in
addition.
Then,
his weight by
diminished
by 13the old
malady
asserted
itself,
and grew
worse
and worse.
calories of fuel
in addition.
Then,
although
hisalthough
weight diminished
13 months
I tried
to find
a doctor with
acquainted
withand
medicine
surgery.
I met a
kilo, he nevertheless
felt more
and strong.
Then the
he reduced
I triedtheto find
a doctor
acquainted
medicine
surgery.and
I met
a
kilo, he nevertheless
felt more vigorous
andvigorous
strong. Then
he reduced
Japanese,
K. The
method
of is
thisundoubtedly
doctor is undoubtedly
proteins
to 38the
gram
the fuel
to 1500
but stilltheremained
the Mr.
Japanese,
K. TheMr.
method
of this
doctor
excellent excellent
proteins to 38
gram and
fueland
to 1500
calories,
butcalories,
still remained
He has
written
a book
On the Maintenance
of the
Health by the
same as
before.
Many physiologists
are now
making experiments
He has written
a book
entitled
On entitled
the Maintenance
of Health by
same as before.
Many
physiologists
are now making
experiments
of Resistance,
concerning
how many
of food
man mustAccording
consume.to
According
to of Method
he recommends
Method
Resistance,
in which in
he which
recommends
a method aof method of
concerning how
many gram
of foodgram
a man
must aconsume.
their
opinion,
not50-100
less than
units of nitrogen,
quite
to theThe
ordinary.
Western
doctors order
nourishmentnourishment
quite opposite
to opposite
the ordinary.
WesternThe
doctors
order
their opinion,
there
must there
be notmust
less be
than
units50-100
of nitrogen,
a man
for theofrebuilding
his body.
be not
easilyfoods
digestible
theand
sick
man, and
to avoid heavy
digestible
for thefoods
sick for
man,
instruct
himinstruct
to avoidhim
heavy
which a manwhich
requires
for requires
the rebuilding
his body.ofThere
must There
be notmusteasily
less than 3,000-4,000
calories
of fuel.
when
a man,
in
or
compact
foods.
Mr.you
K. advises
to meats
avoid and
both meats and
or compact
foods.
Whereas
Mr.Whereas
K. advises
to avoidyou
both
less than 3,000-4,000
calories of fuel.
Cases
whenCases
a man,
engaged
in engaged
very heavy
labor,
five or six
thousand
are very liquid
rare. food,liquid
food,
such
as milk,
rice,meat
eggsjuice,
and meat
such as
milk,
boiled
rice, boiled
eggs and
but tojuice,
eat but to eat
very heavy labor,
requires
fiverequires
or six thousand
calories
are calories
very rare.
of man
arise from insufficient
for vegetables
his
hard and
vegetables
and fresh
green
leaves,
selecting
which are easily
fresh green
leaves,
selecting
those
whichthose
are easily
The illnessesThe
of illnesses
man usually
ariseusually
from insufficient
care for his carehard
In the
animal
world, all
their in digested,
in order
arouse the
andand
intestines
increase their
digested,
order to arouse
thetostomach
andstomach
intestines
increaseand
their
nourishment.nourishment.
In the animal
world,
all animals
areanimals
guided are
by guided
their by
instinct,
they are
entirely
under the
control
of their requirements,
and andactivity,
and to
thus
return
them their
natural functions.
thus return
them
theirtonatural
functions.
instinct, they
are entirely
under
the control
of their
requirements,
and activity,
of reaches
their food
certain
limits. WhenAt first I didAtnot
first
I did not
believe
in this,
but Ilater
whenthat
I reflected
that I
believe
in this,
but later
when
reflected
I
therefore thetherefore
quantitythe
of quantity
their food
onlyreaches
certainonly
limits.
When
limit
has been
reached,
eatInany
more.times
In far-off
had been
milk and
for six
months
without results,
hadtimes
been taking
milktaking
and boiled
rice boiled
for six rice
months
without
results,
the limit hasthe
been
reached,
they
will notthey
eat will
any not
more.
far-off
men in
also
thissavage
way, and
savage
tribes by
untouched
modern
try this
method of
healing?observing
Moreoverthat
observing that
shouldwhy
I notshould
try thisI not
method
of healing?
Moreover
men also acted
thisacted
way,inand
tribes
untouched
modern by why
26

14

14

27

Mr. K.'shad
methods
already
my discomfort,
I resolved
cases in
arewhich
knownaninexcessive
which anquantity
excessive
of meat
body. to
Manybody.
casesMany
are known
of quantity
meat
Mr. K.'s methods
alreadyhad
relieved
myrelieved
discomfort,
I resolved to
followMr.
his advice.
K. said:
"Healing
is only acure;
temporary
you
has
brought
thequantity
body. The
quantity
mustaccording
be variedtoaccording to
hasif brought
harm
to the harm
body.toThe
must
be varied
follow his advice.
K. said:Mr.
"Healing
is only
a temporary
if you cure;
to free
yourself of
completely
of your
illness,
theevil,
root you
of the evil,
Young
whotostill
have
grow,
canthan
eat adults,
more than adults,
age. you
Youngage.
people,
whopeople,
still have
grow,
canto eat
more
want to freewant
yourself
completely
your illness,
the root
of the
must
maintain
health
by the
method of resistance."
I followed
an oldeat
man
must eat less.
whilehis
an oldwhile
man must
less.
must maintain
your
health your
by the
method
of resistance."
I followed his
and the
heand
suggested,
achieved satisfactory
results.That vegetarian
That food
vegetarian
food for
is the
for the prolongation
is the best
the best
prolongation
of life has of life has
advice, and advice,
the methods
he methods
suggested,
achievedand
satisfactory
results.
A few
after mywhen
recovery,
when
I againmilk,
ate eggs,
milk,
been by
recognized
by allhygienists,
scientists, physiologists
hygienists, physiologists
been
recognized
all scientists,
and doctors.and doctors.
A few months
aftermonths
my recovery,
I again
ate eggs,
my returned
old trouble
returned
to me.
At firstthat
I thought
But in
should be recognized
that the
Chinese
But was
in addition
it addition
should beit recognized
that the Chinese
method
of method of
tea, etc., mytea,
oldetc.,
trouble
to me.
At first
I thought
this wasthat this
to other
causes, unconnected
with
diet,
times it food
preparing
food from isvegetables
is thejelly
best.must
Beanbe
jelly
must be regarded
from vegetables
the best. Bean
regarded
due to otherdue
causes,
unconnected
with my diet,
butmy
three
or but
fourthree
timesoritfourpreparing
led to
the same consequences,
and I was
obliged
carry the
out exactly
the andasinmeat,
andweinshould
its usenot
we exceed
should the
not quantity
exceed the
quantity
by a
as meat,
its use
required
by required
a
led to the same
consequences,
and I was obliged
to carry
out to
exactly
of Mr. K., avoiding
completely
avoiding
eggs,
milk and
every
Whenthe
estimating
quantity
this food
a man
man.
When man.
estimating
quantitythe
of this
food of
which
a manwhich
can eat,
it can eat, it
instructions instructions
of Mr. K., completely
meat,
eggs, meat,
milk and
every
kindfood.
of irritant
food. Irice,
eat boiled
rice, and
vegetables
little fish.
My istonecessary
to followhygiene
subjective
hygieneasaspossible.
closely as possible.
is necessary
follow subjective
as closely
kind of irritant
I eat boiled
vegetables
a little and
fish.aMy
illnessthese
has gone
these
last My
two diet
years.
dietmy
hasbody
madeasmy body asWhat changes
What
changes
does foodduring
undergo
during itsindigestion
in the
does
food undergo
its digestion
the
illness has gone
last two
years.
hasMy
made
as it wasAfter
formerly.
food
I do not any
experience
any i.e.
stomach,
i.e. ithow
does when
it change
when theand
stomach
and intestines
stomach,
how does
change
the stomach
intestines
strong as it strong
was formerly.
takingAfter
food taking
I do not
experience
feeling of over-loading,
but, on the
contrary,
I feelThis
veryI well.
I did it transform
it into
blood?
These
secrets
aredifficult
even more
difficult
transform
into blood?
These
secrets
are even
more
to clear
up to clear up
feeling of over-loading,
but, on the contrary,
I feel
very well.
did This
not before:
experience
it hasonly
happened
these
last twothan
years.
than theofproblems
of diet.
enters itthemust
mouth,
the problems
diet. When
food When
enters food
the mouth,
firstitofmust first of
not experience
it hasbefore:
happened
during only
theseduring
last two
years.
school of and
medicine,
thought
wellthe test
all pass
thetongue,
test of in
theorder
tongue,
order
we can
discover
all pass
of the
thatinwe
can that
discover
whether
it iswhether it is
I studied inI astudied
schoolinofa medicine,
thoughtand
myself
wellmyself
in and
physiology
Butmy
I despised
my own
in for suitable
for theand
stomach,
whether
it can beIf digested.
suitable
the stomach,
whetherand
it can
be digested.
it is not If it is not
grounded ingrounded
physiology
hygiene.and
Buthygiene.
I despised
own hygiene
in hygiene
anda acquired
stomachwhich
ailment
almost byaccepted
by the
stomach,
nausea
at and
onceitarises
and itout.
is thrown
the stomach,
nausea
at once
arises
is thrown
If it out. If it
small thingssmall
and things
acquired
stomach aailment
was which
almostwas accepted
was lucky
enough
learn
K. how to
my the
is suitable,
the tongue
accepts
mixes
it with
saliva,
the teeth chew
is suitable,
tongue accepts
it and
mixesititand
with
saliva,
the teeth
chew
incurable. I incurable.
was lucky Ienough
to learn
fromtoMr.
K.from
how Mr.
to maintain
mymaintain
health
by the
method of thanks
resistance,
thanksI was
to which
I was
it up,helps
the saliva
helps
to moisten
soften and
moisten
it, in order to
it and at
breakititand
up, break
the saliva
to soften
and
it, in
order to
health by the
method
of resistance,
to which
enabled,
at enabled,
length,
getsickness
rid of my
sickness
of long
standing.
The
theory
Mr. K. the
transform
thesugar.
starch into sugar.
starch into
length, to get
rid oftomy
of long
standing.
The
theory of
Mr.
K. oftransform
is truly
a greatindiscovery
in medical
science.
From
When the
has been in
completed
in the food
mouth,
has process
been completed
the mouth,
is the food is
is truly a great
discovery
medical science.
From
this we
alsothis
canwe
seealso can seeWhen the process
is to
know
the right
method of nourishment.
conveyed
with
thetongue
tip of through
the tongue
the gullet into
conveyed with
the help
of the help
tip ofofthe
the through
gullet into
how difficulthow
it isdifficult
to knowitthe
right
method
of nourishment.
Moreover,
different
have
different
this,
of
the
stomach.
passage
it to its destination.
When
stomach.
The
passageThe
expands
andexpands
carries itand
to carries
its destination.
When
Moreover, different
people
havepeople
different
natures,
andnatures,
this, ofand the
must
taken into considera-tion
before prescribing
anyone
the food
enters the
theoflower
end of the
stomach immediately
food enters
the stomach,
thestomach,
lower end
the stomach
immediately
course, mustcourse,
be taken
intobeconsidera-tion
before prescribing
for anyone forthe
a specific
diet.
A thing
which for
is suitable
onenot
mansuit
may closes,
not suitand closes,
and thedistributes
stomach the
distributes
the food
within
If it is
the stomach
food within
itself.
If it itself.
is
a specific diet.
A thing
which
is suitable
one manformay
another.
thethe
same
way the
methodvarious
of curing
various
illnessessatisfied,
cannot itssatisfied,
its cells immediately
informand
the the
brain,
andinthe
cells immediately
inform the brain,
latter
turnlatter in turn
another. In the
same In
way
method
of curing
illnesses
cannot
uniform or generalized.
Butthe
generally
rulesfood
for taking
givestothe
to stop
is why
wesatisfied
often feel
satisfied after
givesand
the order
stoporder
eating.
Thateating.
is whyThat
we often
feel
after
be uniform be
or generalized.
But generally
rules forthe
taking
and food
health
cannot
be to
other
than
to eat
in and
good time
one of theoffunctions
of theasstomach,
as it the
establishes the
food.and
This isfood.
one This
of theis functions
the stomach,
it establishes
maintainingmaintaining
one's healthone's
cannot
be other
than
eat in
good
time
to eat to excess.
food we
by day.
When
we feelwesatisfied, we
quantity of quantity
food we ofrequire
day require
by day.day
When
we feel
satisfied,
not to eat to not
excess.
These elementary
principles
must bebyobserved
by every
man.
must stop
eating,we
otherwise
hurt the of
well-being
must
stop eating,
otherwise
only hurtwe
theonly
well-being
our body.of our body.
These elementary
principles must
be observed
every man.
Whenhas
thebeen
foodsupplied,
has beenthe
supplied,
thethe
juices
of the stomach
enters
into our
dietary, first
is intended
of all
to create heatWhen the food
juices of
stomach
Meat, whichMeat,
enterswhich
into our
dietary,
is intended
of all tofirst
create
heat
thetobody
and to
theofformation
of Vital
its tissues.
energy
beginthe
softening
proteinsthe
in exactly
the as
same
waysoftens
as saliva softens
softening
proteinsthe
in exactly
same way
saliva
in the bodyinand
facilitate
thefacilitate
formation
its tissues.
energyVitalbegin
alsoondepends
on meat.
Thisimportant,
is very important,
be The
the starch.
muscles
of the
stomach
expand alternately,
the starch.
musclesThe
of the
stomach
contract
andcontract
expand and
alternately,
also depends
meat. This
is very
and cannotand
be cannot
But the which
quantity
whichmust
a man
must be
eat must
be and
expanding
and the
squeezing
the itfood
until ita paste.
becomes
a paste.
expanding
squeezing
food until
becomes
Then
the Then the
overlooked. overlooked.
But the quantity
a man
eat must
proportionate
thebody.
size of
body. In ac-cordance
with the foregoing,
stomach
opens
lower
endthe
and
shifts
food to thehere
intestines;
here it
stomach opens
its lower
enditsand
shifts
food
to the intestines;
it
proportionate
to the size oftohis
Inhis
ac-cordance
with the foregoing,
too must
muchnot
food
be taken,itotherwise
it only
to the with
is mingled
with the
intestinal
Whatand
thestomach
saliva and
stomach juices
is mingled
the intestinal
juices.
Whatjuices.
the saliva
juices
too much food
bemust
taken,nototherwise
only causes
harmcauses
to the harm
28

15

15

29

German
said very
that, if woman
a German
woman
have been
unable is
to dissolved
dissolve isbydissolved
by thejuices.
intestinal
The doctor
German
said doctor
very wittily,
that,wittily,
if a German
slept
six slept six
have been unable
to dissolve
the intestinal
The juices.
food then
into What
the liver.
What isforvaluable
for isthe hours
body longer
is
hours
in her
flat,have
she would
haveinmore
fats in
hershe
body than she
in herlonger
flat, she
would
more fats
her body
than
is valuable
the body
food then passes
into passes
the liver.
to whence
the heart,
is carried
by the
and to buy.
was able to buy.
was able
transferred transferred
to the heart,
it whence
is carriedit by
the arteries
andarteries
distributed
over parts
the various
parts of
the body
to feed What
the tissues.
What isHence it isHence
it is notto difficult
state in
of affairs in
not difficult
imagine totheimagine
state oftheaffairs
distributed over
the various
of the body
to feed
the tissues.
is
for istheimmediately
body is immediately
the not
liver and
not atGermany
at that
The introduced
methods introduced
by the German
Germany
that time.
The time.
methods
by the German
rejected by rejected
the liverbyand
useless for useless
the body
allowed
enter Then
the blood.
Then
it passes
the gall-bladder
to
Government
were than
none socialization
other than socialization
careful utilization.
Government
were none other
and careful and
utilization.
allowed to enter
thetoblood.
it passes
through
the through
gall-bladder
to
the smallagain,
intestines
again, the
to produce
the juicesfor
necessary
for secretion.
at the
previous
food of
production
Germany,
If we look If
at we
the look
previous
food
production
Germany,ofwe
shall seewe shall see
the small intestines
to produce
juices necessary
secretion.
uselessand
remnants
and refuse
intointestine,
the larger intestine,
it could
support 80
percent,
of the
people,
while,inimproved
in the
that it couldthat
support
80 percent,
of the
people,
while,
improved
the
Finally, the Finally,
useless the
remnants
refuse pass
into thepass
larger
they accumulate
to thequantity
necessary
and out
are as
thrown
outindicated,
as wayitindicated,
it could bebyincreased
by20
more
than Therefore
20 percent. Therefore
way
could be increased
more than
percent.
where they where
accumulate
to the necessary
andquantity
are thrown
excrement.
This isprocess
the whole
process of
nutrition.
Much
can stillthe
be said
was to prohibit
the first ofdecision
of the Government
German Government
first decision
the German
was to prohibit
excrement. This
is the whole
of nutrition.
Much
can still
be said
of what
to the transformed
enters But
the blood.
But
extravagance
foodstuffs
to limit
excess. It aintroduced
extravagance
in foodstuffsinand
to limitand
excess.
It introduced
method a method
of what happens
to happens
the transformed
food which food
enterswhich
the blood.
thisunderstood
cannot be by
understood
by persons
who
have physiology,
not studied physiology,
of distribution
foodstuffs
by whichhad
everyone
hadquantity
a definite quantity
of distribution
of foodstuffsofby
which everyone
a definite
this cannot be
persons who
have not
studied
and even physiologists
not fully with
acquainted
with the process.of food daily.
of food
Thus
the total
food
was notbut
increased,
but it
Thus daily.
the total
quantity
of quantity
food wasofnot
increased,
it
and even physiologists
are not fullyare
acquainted
the process.
has
beenrefers
said above
to the
internal
of the
was distributed
amongst
people
moresatisfactorily.
or less satisfactorily.
distributed
amongst the
people the
more
or less
All that has All
beenthat
said
above
to therefers
internal
structure
of structure
the was
digestive
and theof process
nutrition.
natural production
Moreover, was
production
wasAll
increased.
Allun\cultivated
parks and un\cultivated
lands,
increased.
parks and
lands,
digestive system
andsystem
the process
nutrition.of This
is a This
naturalis a Moreover,
phenomenon,
it can
said that
all itsfeatures
important
is with
covered
over to agricultural
produce, and
covered
grass, with
weregrass,
givenwere
over given
to agricultural
produce, and
phenomenon,
yet it can beyet
said
that be
to grasp
all to
its grasp
important
is features
very
us now
consider
suchasquestions
as the of
production
of were
measures
were
for the of
production
artificial
All that
measures
adopted
for adopted
the production
artificial of
manures.
Allmanures.
that
very difficult.
Letdifficult.
us now Let
consider
such
questions
the production
food, its
and distribution,
and the of
prevention
of famine,
German
hadand
suffered,
firstthey
two years they
thewhich
Germanthe
people
had people
suffered,
that forand
the that
firstfor
twotheyears
food, its transport
andtransport
distribution,
and the prevention
famine, which
areresult
the direct
result
of man's intervention,
and also
cannot behad
studied
had looked
upon as anevil,
incurable
evil, was
quite satisfactorily
by
looked upon
as an incurable
was settled
quitesettled
satisfactorily
by
are the direct
of man's
intervention,
and also cannot
be studied
Poverty
simply and easily.
rational distribution.
this systemthis
of system
rational ofdistribution.
Poverty was
leveledwas
out,leveled
and out, and
simply and easily.
necessary requirements
for their achievements,
Social
policy countries
in modernreached
countries
its highest
state of requirements
moderately moderately
fulfilled. Asfulfilled.
for their As
achievements,
Social policy
in modern
its reached
highest state
of necessary
cannot be
to theofdifficulty
of on
action,
but on the contrary,
Germany.
the great war,
Imperialist
war, Germany
they cannot they
be ascribed
to ascribed
the difficulty
action, but
the contrary,
organizationorganization
in Germany.inDuring
the During
great Imperialist
Germany
to the knowledge
to act is acquired
which iswith
acquired
wasby
blockaded
by Great
Britain
at sea.
It been
mightexpected
have been
expected
thatknowledge
to the
of how to of
acthow
which
great with great
was blockaded
Great Britain
at sea.
It might
have
that
German
people
would
be left
without
foodThe
supplies.
panic difficulty.
difficulty.
the Germanthe
people
would
be left
without
food
supplies.
panic The
Summing
up the foregoing,
i.e. theof process
of digestion,
thewas
Germans
wasThe
general.
The population
suffered manySumming up
the foregoing,
i.e. the process
digestion,
amongst theamongst
Germans
general.
population
suffered many
consumption,
and destruction
of the elements
hardships.
Butafter
two the
years
the the
warGerman
began the
German Government
consumption,
purification,purification,
constructionconstruction
and destruction
of the elements
hardships. But
two years
warafter
began
Government
of food,
which the
constitute
nutrition,
the following
appliedmethods
scientificto methods
to theof problem
of food
supply. Germany
of food, which
constitute
processtheof process
nutrition,of the
following
applied scientific
the problem
food supply.
Germany
can be
If a how
man raw
sees materials
how raw are
materials are
emerged
from
the and
foodthe
crisis,
and
the panic
This gave Germany
conclusions conclusions
can be drawn.
If adrawn.
man sees
emerged from
the food
crisis,
panic
ceased.
Thisceased.
gave Germany
to aandfactory
thereupworked
up by and
machines and
theholding
means out
of holding
out in
isolation
two years:
this, todelivered
delivered
a factory
there and
worked
by machines
the means of
in isolation
another
twoanother
years: without
this,without
into
beautiful
doesthat
thishemean
thatthat
he can
Germany
had toimmediately
surrender immediately
into beautiful
things,
doesthings,
this mean
can say
all say that all
Germany would
have would
had to have
surrender
to the Allies.to the Allies.transformedtransformed
thisby
was
done by Of
machines?
Of course
not. Why?
Because
Up tothe
that
time, the
German
people,
when
wishing
thisfood,
was done
machines?
course not.
Why? Because
there
also there also
Up to that time,
German
people,
when
wishing
to buy
food,to buy
exists
human
power,
which
theand
machines,
and which
had had
to standawaiting
in queues
awaiting
their turn.
Many were
policemen
were
exists
human
power,
which
controls
thecontrols
machines,
which must
be must be
had had to stand
in queues
their
turn. Many
policemen
taken into
unusualoffunctions
of various
organs,
required to
maintain
order. The shopkeepers
supplied
to the
taken
into account.
Theaccount.
unusualThe
functions
various organs,
which
can which can
required to maintain
order.
The shopkeepers
supplied their
goods their
to thegoods
them,
are not
created
by themselves,
the organs themselves,
but by
purchasers
order
of their
coming.
When
supplies
gave out,
be those
attributedbetoattributed
them, aretonot
created
by the
organs
but by
purchasers in
the order in
ofthe
their
coming.
When
supplies
gave
out, those
the cells
working
Hence
can
draw the that
conclusion that
of returned
the queueempty-handed.
returned empty-handed.
the who
cells working
within
them.within
Hencethem.
we can
drawwethe
conclusion
at the backatofthetheback
queue
Thus those Thus
who those
the understanding
of the
process of
is very
difficult. Though
desired food
to receive
give
up their
sleep
for the preceding
the understanding
of the process
of nutrition
is nutrition
very difficult.
Though
desired to receive
had tofood
givehad
up to
their
sleep
for the
preceding
go toand
the there
shop,wait
and for
there
for until
the queue
the management
of foodis supplies
practiced
by many citizens,
the One
management
of food supplies
practicedis by
many citizens,
night, go tonight,
the shop,
thewait
queue
dawn. until
One dawn.
30

16

16

31

their
rational distribution
is not
easily understood
shown
fact years
that 5,000
years
ago our
countrya occupied
a tiny
shownbyby the
fact by
thatthe5,000
ago our
country
occupied
tiny
neverthelessnevertheless
their rational
distribution
is not easily
understood
by
everyone.
that "knowledge
action
thethe
valley
of the
Yellow
River,
whereas
it has become
in thespace
valleyin of
Yellow
River,
whereas
now
it has now
become
everyone. This
again This
showsagain
that shows
"knowledge
is difficult, isbutdifficult,
action butspace
easy."
immeasurably
greatest
country
in Although
the world.during
Although
immeasurably
the greatestthe
country
in the
world.
the during the
easy."
centuries
was often
seized by
foreignit invaders,
it was never
centuries China
was China
often seized
by foreign
invaders,
was never
swallowed
up and
by these
nations,
despite itsand
weakness and
swallowed up
and enslaved
byenslaved
these nations,
despite
its weakness
powerlessness,
but on the
the conquerors
were assimilated
by
but on the contrary
thecontrary
conquerors
were assimilated
by
(c) Third
Proof.
The
(c) Third Proof.
The
Writing
ofWriting
Chineseof Chinese powerlessness,
Chinese
as the
of acan
table.
can be
ascribed only
the Chinese the
as easily
as as
theeasily
moving
of amoving
table. This
be This
ascribed
only
to the exceptional
of the
Chinese language.
to the In
exceptional
peculiaritiespeculiarities
of the Chinese
language.
ourthe
theory
the art books.
of writing
Further we Further
illustratewe
ourillustrate
theory by
art ofbywriting
In books.
SomeChinese
modernwriters
Chinese
writers
for the ofabolition of
agitate
for agitate
the abolition
theseveral
coursethousand
of severalyears
thousand
years the
Chinese
created a greatSome modern
the course of
the Chinese
have
createdhave
a great
Chinese
letters and but
characters,
butholds
the author
holds the
that the
Chinese
and characters,
the author
the opinion
thatopinion
the
literature.inEveryone
in China,with
beginning
withand
emperors
and kings
and letters
literature. Everyone
China, beginning
emperors
kings and
under no circumstances
be abolished.
latter
shouldlatter
undershould
no circumstances
be abolished.
with the
common
pirates,
all have
been
ending with ending
the common
people,
evenpeople,
robberseven
and robbers
pirates, and
all have
been
The use ofand
machines
money,
hasabove,
been said
money,and
as has
beenas
said
helpsabove, helps
value and
delight in
as an art.
this excessiveThe use of machines
able to valueable
andtodelight
in literature
asliterature
an art. Through
thisThrough
excessive
achieve
better (comfortable
and luxurious)
achieve tobetter
(comfortable
and luxurious)
material material
passion forthe
literature,
look upon
personsthis
possessing
this gift tomankind
passion for literature,
Chinese the
lookChinese
upon persons
possessing
gift mankind
so far as intellectual
progress is only
concerned,
but so far asbut
intellectual
progress is concerned,
to the only to the
as all-powerful.
Many
and gifted
persons
up all conditions;
as all-powerful.
Many talented
andtalented
gifted persons
have
given have
up allgivenconditions;
language
it been
given to
continue
it. Itthat
is certain that
language
it been has
given
to continue
and
extend and
it. Itextend
is certain
other occupations
in orderthemselves
to devote entirely
themselves
entirely
of has
other occupations
in order to devote
to the
studytoofthe study
material
and intellectual
mutuallyeach
influence each
material
andprogress
intellectual
civilization civilization
mutually influence
literature.
Thisresult
led tothat
theevery
resultother
that every
kind ofdied
profession
died progress
literature. This
led to the
kind ofother
profession
othereach
and on
wait
in theprogress.
commonThe
progress.
other and wait
theeach
otheroninthe
theother
common
slow The slow
and our
country
out, and ourout,
country
grew
weak. grew weak.
of China's
materialretards
conditions
retards the of
aspirations
of its
improvement
of China's material
conditions
the aspirations
its
far as our
is we
concerned,
we admit
cannotthat
butitadmit
that it improvement
So far as ourSoliterature
is literature
concerned,
cannot but
does notfollow
therefore
that we
intellectual
civilization.civilization.
However, itHowever,
does not it
therefore
that follow
we
is exceptionally
and full
of value.
Since the
Chinese
Fu- intellectual
is exceptionally
fine and fullfine
of value.
Since
the Chinese
Emperor
Fu-Emperor
work in
of the
research
theages
sphere
agesOn
long past. On
should give should
up the give
workup
of the
research
sphereinof
longofpast.
Shi
wroteDiagrams"
his "Eight in
Diagrams"
the most
ancient
times, the evolution
Shi wrote his
"Eight
the most in
ancient
times,
the evolution
if wemodern
compare
moderncivilization
Chinese civilization
theof contrary,
we compare
Chinese
with the with the
of writing
hasfor
continued
for years.
over 5,000
years.not
Although
not all
the theifcontrary,
of writing has
continued
over 5,000
Although
all of the
European,
wethat,
shallwhile
see that,
while
we fall
the in
Europeans in
shall see
we fall
behind
the behind
Europeans
of the
Chinese
canwrite,
read nearly
and write,
nearlyEuropean,
all are we
400 millions400
of millions
the Chinese
people
can people
read and
all are
material conditions,
yet in of
theintellectual
sphere of intellectual
the
material
yet in the sphere
developmentdevelopment
the
underorthe
direct influence
or indirectofinfluence
of ChineseBeyond
literature.
the conditions,
under the direct
indirect
Chinese literature.
the Beyond
Chinese
have many achievements
equal
to those
of the Europeans,
and
Chinese
many achievements
equal to those
of the
Europeans,
and
boundaries
of our
this
influence
and have
boundaries of
our country,
thiscountry,
influence
extends
overextends
Japan, over
KoreaJapan,
and Korea
in some
more progressive.
However,
there
are also those
even cases
more even
progressive.
However, there
are also
those
whichthemselves
consider themselves
to the
in some
their cases
Indo-China,Indo-China,
which consider
akin to the akin
Chinese
in Chinese
their in
which
cannot bewith
compared
withliterature.
European literature.
which cannot
be compared
European
language. language.
Those wrong
are utterly
who wave
Chinese civilization
aside
whowrong
wave Chinese
civilization
aside
of of
thetime
length
of time
during
which the ChineseThose are utterly
If we speakIf ofwethespeak
length
during
which
the Chinese
a stroke
of the pen,
ever on
meditating
on Further,
the matter. Further,
withdead
a strokewith
of the
pen, without
everwithout
meditating
the matter.
language
been
use, that
we know
it hastheoutlived
language has
been inhasuse,
we inknow
it has that
outlived
dead the
of the
Chinese
thethought
mode of
and of
thethe
ideals
theofmode
andthought
the ideals
Chinese
today,
weretoday,
all were all
languages
of Egypt,
Rome,and
Babylon
Greece.
its of
languages of
Egypt, Rome,
Babylon
Greece.and
If we
speakIf ofweitsspeak
shaped
by their forefathers.
Consequently,
whenattempt
we now
shaped by their
forefathers.
Consequently,
when we now
to attempt to
diffusion,
compare
it with
the so-called"
geographicalgeographical
diffusion, and
compareand
it with
English
English
the so-called"
and alter
various
aspects
life andwe
manners,
improve andimprove
alter various
aspects
of our
life of
andour
manners,
must we must
most widely-adopted"
tongue,
whichasishas
spoken,
has been ascertained,
most widely-adopted"
tongue, which
is spoken,
been as
ascertained,
striveourto ancient
study our
ancient
modes of
ideals,to in order to
to study
modes
of thought
andthought
ideals, and
in order
by 200
million
people
the
Chineseislanguage
twice asstrive
widely
by 200 million
people
the
Chinese
language
twice as iswidely
and development
of those
ideals,their
to grasp their
source the
and source
development
of those ideals,
to grasp
since itbyis400
spoken
by 400
million
people.
When anyascertain
people theascertain
distributed, distributed,
since it is spoken
million
people.
When
any people
good
andand
badthus
sides,
and thus to them
understand
Only after such
sides,
to understand
better.them
Onlybetter.
after such
stage its
of own
havingnational
its ownliterature,
national this
literature,
this and
is bad
develops todevelops
the stageto ofthehaving
is good
a careful
study
can we
waythe
to prejudices,
correct the the
prejudices, the
a careful
can we
discover
thediscover
way to the
correct
great step
forward.
But important
even moremust
important
be a study
considered aconsidered
great stepa forward.
But
even more
be a must
and the peculiarities
which characterize
Chinese. And
inclinations inclinations
and the peculiarities
which characterize
the Chinese.theAnd
literature
whichable
hastobeen
exert itsover
influence
over neighboring
literature which
has been
exertable
its to
influence
neighboring
as written
worksthearemeans
only and
the means
and the intermediaries
for the
written
are only
the intermediaries
for the
countries,
them, orthem
refashion
them
its own
likeness.
is works
countries, absorb
them,absorb
or refashion
after its
ownafter
likeness.
This
is asThis
32

17

17

33

ideas, this
qualitycan
of writing
can bewith
compared
the withbyChinese.
side withA Chinese.
thousand
duringof the
by side
thousandAyears
later, years
duringlater,
the time
the time of the
transmissiontransmission
of ideas, thisofquality
of writing
be compared
the with
of the system,
monetarywhich
system,
which
of dynasties"
an
"fivethe
dynasties"
Lian dynasties,
and Yunanand
dynasties,
andthousand
again two thousand
Lian andthe
Yunan
again two
function offunction
the monetary
plays
the plays
part oftheanpart "five
in Ifexchange.
wethe
insist
on theofabolition
Chinese
i.e. in of
thethe
period
the last
Manchuwhen
dynasty,
later, years
i.e. inlater,
the period
last of
Manchu
dynasty,
the when the
intermediaryintermediary
in exchange.
we insistIf on
abolition
Chinese of years
characters,
howapproach
shall wethe
approach
ancient
mode of
and Tibetans
Mongols,
Tibetans
andwere
Manchus
trying
to seize
China and were
Mongols,
and
Manchus
tryingwere
to seize
China
and were
characters, how
shall we
ancient the
mode
of thought
andthought
dialects
of these
dominating dominating
the Chinese,thetheChinese,
dialects the
of these
tribes
more tribes
or lessmore
left or less left
study it ? study it ?
since the of
beginning
history,
these their
Chinese
impress
on the
Chinese language.
impresstheir
on the
Chinese
language.
Furthermore,Furthermore,
since the beginning
history, of
these
Chinese
characters
have
toldofthe
of which
all events
Three
thousand
years ago,
during
the Han
years
ago, during
the Han
dynasty,
thedynasty,
Chinesethe Chinese
characters have
told the
story
all story
events
took which
place took
duringplace duringThree thousand
or fiveyears,
thousand
years,
and continuously.
is anto write
but the spoken
soughttheto Chinese
write thecharacters
Chinese beautifully,
characters beautifully,
sought
but the spoken
these four orthese
five four
thousand
exactly
and exactly
continuously.
This is an This
peculiarity
of the
ChineseItlanguage.
It only
should
only be was
language
left toondevelop
its own.
werein changes in
left towas
develop
its own.onThere
wereThere
changes
exceptional exceptional
peculiarity of
the Chinese
language.
should not
be not language
at itsby
true
worth by
but also
utilized
bybethem.conversational
If it be conversational
Chinese
but noBut
progress.
in the written
Chinese speech,
butspeech,
no progress.
in the But
written
appraised atappraised
its true worth
scholars,
butscholars,
also utilized
by them.
If it
utilized
the proper
and ifuse
weofmake
use of scholars,
the ancient scholars,
language,
thewere
characters
were
inherited
language, although
thealthough
characters
inherited
from
formerfrom
time,former
the time, the
utilized in the
properinway,
and if way,
we make
the ancient
not leadif us
we utilize
instead
of being enslaved
of theirwas
formation
wasand
improved,
were and
their finish and
technique oftechnique
their formation
improved,
so wereand
theirsofinish
they will notthey
leadwill
us astray;
weastray;
utilizeifthem
insteadthem
of being
enslaved
by them,
ancient and
chronicles
and docu-ments
help us
the Hence
elegance.
Hence
Chinese
is the
strangest
and most
awkward
elegance.
Chinese
is the
strangest
and
most awkward
language
in language in
by them, ancient
chronicles
docu-ments
will help uswill
to study
theto study
ancientwho
scholars,
who as
willhistorians
serve as for
historians
And the
the world:
it impossible
used to be to
impossible
to convey
of a
themore
world: often
it usedoften
to be
convey the
meaningthe
of meaning
a
ancient scholars,
will serve
us. Andfor
theus.more
numerous
are,European
the better.scholars
European
areeven
not afraid
even otherwise
of
wordthan
otherwise
than by writing.
word
by writing.
numerous they
are, thethey
better.
arescholars
not afraid
of
the deadofcharacters
Egypt and
Babylonthose
(although
those two countriesThe Chinese
The are
Chinese
are not
bad but
writers;
very clumsy
not bad
writers;
very but
clumsy
the dead characters
Egypt andofBabylon
(although
two countries
perished
long
ago,
and their
tongues
have
longinto
ago disuse).
fallen into conversationalists.
disuse). conversationalists.
This be
can explained.
easily be The
explained.
art of writing
This can easily
art of The
writing
perished long
ago, and
their
tongues
have
long ago
fallen
could down
be handed
fromremote
the most
remote
ages.
The old classics
areofnot
afraid ofand
collecting
studying
even theoffragments
of the
be handed
from down
the most
ages.
The old
classics
They are notThey
afraid
collecting
studyingand
even
the fragments
the could
easily be
imitated.
But while
may be distinguished
by the
history
and of
restoring
since they
that the
easilycould
be imitated.
But
while speech
mayspeech
be distinguished
by the
history of the
past, of
andtheofpast,
restoring
them,
since them,
they consider
thatconsider
the could
polish of well-turned
phrases,
both in ordinary
ideastimes
of ancient
times
be for
veryour
useful
for our
modern knowledge.
compositioncomposition
and polish and
of well-turned
phrases, both
in ordinary
ideas of ancient
may be
verymay
useful
modern
knowledge.
conversation
andthese
in oratory,
these unfortunately
cannot befor
conveyed for
In China
written are
languages
at all
and in oratory,
unfortunately
cannot be conveyed
In China the
spoken the
andspoken
writtenand
languages
not at are
all notconversation
theyHence
are lost.
lack of and
recording,
thus
in are
timelost.
identical.
course,writing
Chinese
on the lack
spoken
of recording,
thus inand
time
they
ariseHence
the arise the
identical. Of
course, Of
Chinese
is writing
founded isonfounded
the spoken
progressand
of writing
and of
thespeech.
regress of speech.
language.
But language
the spokenhas
language
has changes
undergone
changes at different
progress of writing
the regress
language. But
the spoken
undergone
at different
in languages
European the
languages
So far writing
as Chinese
writing is however,
concerned,although
however,
in European
writingthe
of writing
words isof words is
periods. So periods.
far as Chinese
is concerned,
thealthough theMoreover, Moreover,
founded
vocal
and written
books are
written
in the customary
of it has
changedtimes,
at various
times, nevertheless
these founded
changes upon
vocal upon
sounds,
andsounds,
books are
in the
customary
manner of itmanner
has changed
at various
nevertheless
these changes
tongue:
whensounds
the vocal
sounds
change,
does theand
language,
and the
cannot bewith
compared
withalterations
the rapid in
alterations
in language.
the spoken language.
tongue: when
the vocal
change,
so does
the so
language,
the
cannot be compared
the rapid
the spoken
written
language
changes accordingly.
Things areinotherwise
Thus,
in very
far-off
before
our dynasties,"
first "three when
dynasties,"
ourlanguage
written
changes
accordingly.
Things are otherwise
Chinese. in Chinese.
Thus, in very
far-off
times,
beforetimes,
our first
"three
our when
In the
Chinesethe
language
mode words
of writing
words
based on two
characters
were formed,
only being
and of
theChinese
spread of
ChineseInculture
the Chinese
language
mode ofthewriting
is based
onistwo
characters were
only being
andformed,
the spread
culture
principles.
The the
firstcharacter
is that the
character
bear a resemblance
to the
limited
of the
Yellow
writing The
first is that
must
bear a must
resemblance
to the
was limited was
to the
valleytoofthe
thevalley
Yellow
River,
both River,
speechboth
and speech
writing andprinciples.
thing it the
represents:
second
is that
it must beincomposed
in such a way
werethis
identical:
cannot beBygainsaid.
of the thing
"Chow
it represents:
second isthe
that
it must
be composed
such a way
were identical:
cannot this
be gainsaid.
the timeByofthe
thetime
"Chow
that its
can from
be guessed
from of
an its
analysis
of its parts.
component parts.
dynasty,"
already
spread far
boundsthat
of its
themeaning
canmeaning
be guessed
an analysis
component
dynasty," culture
had culture
alreadyhad
spread
far beyond
the beyond
bounds the
of the
If the composition
of the
Chineseischaracters
is so complicated,
it is not
Yellow
tribesHunan,
of Hupeh,
Hunan,
Anhwei,
If theand
composition
of the Chinese
characters
so complicated,
it is not
Yellow River
valley.River
The valley.
tribes ofThe
Hupeh,
Anhwei,
Fukien
and Fukien
surprising
Chinese
not been by
influenced
by the changes
Kiangsu
under theofinfluence
Chinese
but each
still that
surprising
Chinesethat
writing
has writing
not beenhas
influenced
the changes
Kiangsu were
under were
the influence
Chinese of
writing,
butwriting,
each still
its localand
language,
andthethis
was of
thethe
origin
of the difference
in speech. in speech.
retained its retained
local language,
this was
origin
difference
between
written speech.
and spoken speech.
The compositions
of gifted
writers inhistory
Chinese
history excel
The compositions
of gifted writers
in Chinese
excel
between written
and spoken
those writers
of foreign
writers
this is universally
Whendynasty
the Chow
dynasty
beganvarious
to decline,
various
tribes
those
of foreign
this
is universally
recognized. recognized.
As ChineseAs Chinese
When the Chow
began
to decline,
savage
tribessavage
writing
is itself
an art,writers
and gifted
writers
are inartists,
their way
artists, thanks
plainsForeign
of China.
Foreignbegan
languages
be heard
sideis itself
writing
an art,
and gifted
are in
their way
thanks
occupied theoccupied
plains ofthe
China.
languages
to be began
heard to
side
34

18

18

35

to their painstakingly
polished
works, of
knowledge
of Chinese literatureBut in China
But
up there
to thisisday
there thing
is no as
such
thing as grammar.
upintoChina
this day
no such
grammar.
to their painstakingly
polished works,
knowledge
Chinese literature
cannot be
by mind.
an average
mind.we
Ofmay
course
we may
to the or
repetition or
learn unless
to write,
ThosethewhoThose
learn who
to write,
theyunless
keep they
to thekeep
repetition
cannot be acquired
by acquired
an average
Of course
condemn
thecondemn
to an un-expected
that all
have of
paraphrase
model or
classicalinexamples,
order,
by this
paraphrase
model orofclassical
examples,
order, byinthis
means
to means to
evil, whichevil,
has which
spread has
to spread
an un-expected
extent, thatextent,
all have
art ofthe
study ofliterature
have
style,
write
ChineseTherefore
correctly. those
Therefore
learn
style, learn
cannot
writecannot
Chinese
correctly.
who those
are who are
concentratedconcentrated
on one formonofone
art form
theofstudy
literature
and have and
already
at their
veryand
earnestly,
and havea acquired a
already working
at working
their subject
verysubject
earnestly,
have acquired
neglected allneglected
others. all others.
There first-class
are many writers
first-class
writers
in the
history of grasp
Chinese
grasp
of it,well.
can Whereas
write well.
Whereas
thoseknow
who how
don'tto
know
how to begin
of it, can
write
those
who don't
begin
There are many
in the
history
of Chinese
literature;
butour
still
I ask our
Chinese
didall
they
this never
study will
never
any result
they the
rake over the
thisrules
study will
achieve
anyachieve
result even
if theyeven
rakeif over
literature; but
still I ask
Chinese
writers,
did writers,
they know
theknow
rules all the
Chinese
writing
literary
reply bookshops
a dozen
yearsand
together,
and willtocontinue
bookshops
for a dozenforyears
together,
will continue
write to write
of Chinese of
writing
before
they before
began they
their began
literarytheir
career?
Thecareer?
reply The
will
"No."
have noPersons
grammar.
who study
ChineseChinese
writing incorrectly
Chinese just
incorrectly
just the same.
the same.
will be "No."
Webehave
noWe
grammar.
whoPersons
study Chinese
writing
begin by
devoting to
themselves
of the and
characters, andIf we give our
If we
give our
tentocharacters
to learn
a day, and explain
children
tenchildren
characters
learn a day,
and explain
often begin often
by devoting
themselves
the studytoofthe
thestudy
characters,
onlyachieve
gradually
the under-standing
modestheir
of writing:
their
to will
them,know
they three
will know
threecharacters
thousand incharacters
in a
theirtheir
meaning
to meaning
them, they
thousand
a
only gradually
the achieve
under-standing
of the modesofofthe
writing:
style unconsciously
rules ofItgrammar.
be if you
year;ask
butthem
if you
them
write the
simplest composi-tion
year; but
to ask
write
the to
simplest
composi-tion
out of these out of these
style unconsciously
adapts itselfadapts
to the itself
rules toof the
grammar.
would beIt would
difficult
to find
writers
whose
could be
analyzed
view to they
characters,
will not
beit.able
do don't
it. Asknow
they don't
know grammar,
will notthey
be able
to do
As to
they
grammar,
difficult to find
writers
whose
works
couldworks
be analyzed
with
a viewwith
to a characters,
ought
to have
been" the distribution
of words
andcannot
therefore
find the
way
to write
a thing correctly,
and and
therefore
find cannot
the shortest
wayshortest
to write
a thing
correctly,
determiningdetermining
"what ought"what
to have
been"
the distribution
of words and
and "why"
eachused.
word When
was used.
theyabout
are asked
about
have
to way
gropeintheir
way for
in the
dark years.
for several
years.
they
have tothey
grope
their
the dark
several
It is just
theIt is just the
phrases, andphrases,
"why" each
word was
they When
are asked
their
mode they
of thought,
justify by
themselves
by every
sayingman
that every
same aasstream.
crossing
stream.
there isorno
bridge
or boat
handy, a traveler
sameman
as crossing
If athere
is noIfbridge
boat
handy,
a traveler
their mode of
thought,
justify they
themselves
saying that
learn and
develop independently,
and no established
or a long
mustway
go around
long before
way round
before
finds
the way
to cross
must go
he finds
thehe
way
to cross
to the
other to the other
must learn must
and develop
independently,
and no established
rules or rules
be This
givenreply
you. shows
This reply
poorlyour
informed
side. Truly
unhappy
lot of the Chinese.
side. our
Truly unhappy
is the
lot of is
thethe
Chinese.
methods canmethods
be givencan
you.
how shows
poorly how
informed
From theofmoment
of the appearance
of entitled
the book entitled
are. The
Chinese
respect
as persons
who study theFrom the moment
the appearance
of the book
scholars are.scholars
The Chinese
respect
scholars
as scholars
persons who
study the
Chinese China
Grammar,
China
thebecame
first time
became ofpossessed
of this
of "what
be"itand
"whybe."
it should
only Grammar,
Chinese
for the
firstfor
time
possessed
this
meaning of meaning
"what ought
to be"ought
and to
"why
should
If theybe."
onlyIf they
branch of knowledge.
author
this book
spent
tens
know
thatact
onein must
act inway,
a certain
way, but
cannot
explain branch
it, theyof knowledge.
The author The
of this
bookofspent
tens of
years
in of years in
know that one
must
a certain
but cannot
explain
it, they
and study
when it.
composing
But if we
examine
cannot be
research andresearch
study when
composing
But if weit.examine
more
closelymore closely
cannot be respected
asrespected
scholars. as scholars.
the significance
this
book,
see thatonly
it contains
only the proof
Whentowe
desire
to know
to be"works,
in literarythe
works,
significance
of this book,ofwe
shall
seewe
thatshall
it contains
the proof
When we desire
know
"what
ought"what
to be"ought
in literary
that the
writings
of the
classics unconsciously
coincide
with
we must
beginofthe
rules ofWhen
language.
Whentowe desire
towritings
that the
of the
classics
unconsciously
coincide with
the rules
of the rules of
we must begin
the study
thestudy
rules ofof the
language.
we desire
grammar,
and a confirmation
of theofnecessity
"why
should
we must
study the
science ofThe
reflection.
The and
grammar,
a confirmation
of the necessity
grammarofforgrammar
Chinesefor Chinese
know "why know
it should
be"it we
mustbe"
study
the science
of reflection.
writers
order to
improve
work.itAlthough
it may
study
rules ofinlanguage
in thecountries
Western iscountries
calledin order
to in
improve
their
work. their
Although
may be used
as be
a used as a
study of the
rulesof ofthelanguage
the Western
called iswriters
it cannot
as afor
text-book for
reference
book writers,
by skilled
writers,serve
teaches
us phrases,
to analyze
phrases,words
to divide
words amongst
reference book
by skilled
it cannot
as a serve
text-book
"grammar." "grammar."
It teaches usIt to
analyze
to divide
amongst
different
partstoofmake
speech,
makeofthe
syntax which
of a phrase
which has
been beginners.
beginners.
different parts
of speech,
the to
syntax
a phrase
has been
Sincework
the great
work
Mr. Ma,
books
on the same
composed:
order
that you
should
thought correctly.Since the great
of Mr.
Ma,ofmany
booksmany
on the
same
composed: all
in order all
thatinyou
should
express
yourexpress
thoughtyour
correctly.
Every
country
has itsbuilt
grammar,
built up appropriately
to itshavesubject
have been
But
although
they are helpful
considered
subject
been printed.
Butprinted.
although
they
are considered
for helpful for
Every country
in the
West in
hasthe
itsWest
grammar,
up appropriately
to its
It is an elementary-study
for Hence,
beginners.
Hence,
time itbeginners,
that their
authors
it is nevertheless
beginners,
is nevertheless
regrettable regrettable
that their authors
were
not were not
language. Itlanguage.
is an elementary-study
for beginners.
by the
timeby the
areold,
ten they
yearsusually
old, they
usually
theiralready,
grammar acquainted
already, with
acquainted
with of
thethe
secrets
of the
Chineseand
language,
and consequently
the secrets
Chinese
language,
consequently
children arechildren
ten years
know
their know
grammar
and with
can deal
with the
words
theyforrequire
writing
contain
someand
mistakes
turns Moreover,
of speech. to
Moreover, to
containthey
some
mistakes
vulgar and
turnsvulgar
of speech.
and can deal
the words
which
theywhich
require
writingfor they
composi-tions.
this way, notwithstanding
differing attainments
in theillustrate
thewhich
principles
they
establish
they quote exclusively
the
principles
they which
establish
they
quote exclusively
the
composi-tions.
In this way,In
notwithstanding
the differingthe
attainments
in illustrate
knowledge
of different
older or
younger,
none
them will
writewritings,
ancient
writings,
making
no use speech,
of modern
andthese
therefore these
ancient
making
no use
of modern
andspeech,
therefore
knowledge of
different pupils,
olderpupils,
or younger,
none
of them
willofwrite
when composing
a literaryand
exercise,
it willworks
rarelycannot
works
cannot be understood
by persons
little with
acquainted
with classical
be understood
by persons little
acquainted
classical
incorrectly incorrectly
when composing
a literary exercise,
it willand
rarely
already the
mastered
they wrongly.
use a word wrongly.
literature.
the has
man already
who has
literature. While
the While
man who
mastered
Chinesethe Chinese
happen that happen
they usethat
a word
36

19

19

37

language
does not
require
them:
he has
already discovered
so-called "Manillans"
have country,
their own
country,
began calling
so-calledthe"Manillans"
have their own
they
began they
calling
language does
not require
them:
he has
already
discovered
the ford the ford
whereby
cross
theheriver,
does
not need
to seek a bridge.Spain "Great
"Little So
Manilla."
Spain
"Greatand
Manilla"
and the
island
Manilla"
the island
"Little
Manilla."
it has So it has
whereby to cross
the to
river,
and
does and
not he
need
to seek
a bridge.
We value
bridges
so long
have not
in toremained
this the
day.point
Fromofthe
point
of view ofaccuracy
scientific
remained
this day. to
From
view
of scientific
weaccuracy we
We value bridges
so long
as we
have as
notwecrossed
the crossed
river: inthe river:
thechildren
same way
age,know
who don't
know
how to
can of
only
speak of
"Spain,"inincluding
in but
it Manilla,
but cannot
canwrite,
only speak
"Spain,"
including
it Manilla,
cannot speak
of speak of
the same way
tenchildren
years often
age,years
whoofdon't
how to
write,
need
help
orderI sincerely
to learn. Ihope
sincerely
hope
thatChinese
the great "Manilla"
Chinese and
"Manilla"
include
thethe
term.
But the
Chinese
abroad know
include and
Spain
in theSpain
term. in
But
Chinese
abroad
know
need help in
order
to inlearn.
that the
great
occupy with
themselves
with
the grammatical
systems
no other
Spain than and
"Manilla,"
to use side
that by
name, side by
other Spain
than "Manilla,"
continueand
to continue
use that name,
scholars willscholars
occupy will
themselves
studying
thestudying
grammatical
systems no
of various
on a large
scale,
andadapting
then with
adapting
the Chinese
real name.
Chinese
logicians
who
translate
"logic" by the
siderules
with theside
realwith
name.
logicians
who
translate
"logic"
by the
of various countries
oncountries
a large scale,
and then
with
their
rules their
to the
Chineseaslanguage,
as its improve-ment
If its part
nameare
ofsimilar
its partto
arethese
similar
to these
Chinese abroad.
name of
Chinese
abroad.
to the Chinese
language,
its improve-ment
undoubtedlyundoubtedly
demands. Ifdemands.
there isgrammar,
a Chineseand
grammar,
and the
Chinese
people
is made acquaintedBut what isBut
this rendered?
word best The
rendered? The
whatand
is how
logic,isand
logic,
thishow
wordis best
there is a Chinese
the Chinese
people
is made
acquainted
it, anditwill
know it sufficiently
use proper expressions,
willwould
author
would
like this
to consider
this
question.
Those
who are
author
like to
consider
question.
Those
who are
familiar
withfamiliar with
with it, and with
will know
sufficiently
to use propertoexpressions,
they will they
be able,
thanks
to thistogrammar,
to the
understand
the ancient
it is the
science
of all the
sciences,
logicand
know logic
that itknow
is thethat
science
of all
the sciences,
opening
theopening
way to the way to
be able, thanks
to this
grammar,
understand
ancient writings,
andwritings,
will to
be write
as easy
to write
Chinese
wellaashand.
to turn
a hand.
Thenthinking
correct
acts.
There
is a vast
numberwho
of people who
correct
andthinking
correct and
acts.correct
There is
a vast
number
of people
then it will then
be asit easy
Chinese
well
as to turn
Then
between
and conversational
be re- unconsciously
thinkalthough
logically,they
although
never
studied
think logically,
never they
studied
logic.
In logic. In
uniformity uniformity
between written
andwritten
conversational
speech canspeech
be re- can unconsciously
China this
hasInnothename.
In the
opinion
of its
thename
author, its name
China this science
has science
no name.
opinion
of the
author,
established. established.
is the
writing reflections?
In the Western
must beastranslated
as This
"li-chieh."
branch of
must be translated
"li-chieh."
branchThis
of learning
haslearning
not yet has not yet
What is theWhat
science
of science
writing of
reflections?
In the Western
it is called
logic. uses
The author
uses the expression:
science
been fully Those
developed.
devote them-selves
fully developed.
who Those
devote who
them-selves
to it cannot to
beitofcannot be of
countries it countries
is called logic.
The author
the expression:
"the science"thebeen
of writing reflections"
to translate
the word
"logic" not
it issame
the opinion
the same
opinion
aboutareit.very
There
are very
many opinions.
conflicting opinions.
the
about
it. There
many
conflicting
of writing reflections"
to translate the
word "logic"
not because
it isbecause
the
most
he thinks
that logic
applied isto writing
Those
do themselves
not devote to
themselves
to are
the indifferent
science are to
indifferent
to it,
Those is
who do
not who
devote
the science
it,
most suitable,
butsuitable,
becausebut
he because
thinks that
logic applied
to writing
amongst
man's
inborn qualities.
reflection.
Modern
writers
usually
apply this
science
order as
to draw
as of
thelogical
power reflection
of logicalisreflection
the power
amongst isman's
inborn
qualities.
reflection. Modern
writers
usually
apply
this science
in order
to in
draw
When
skilful
in deep meditation
and produce
correct conclusions,
andsome
therefore
somethetranslate
word When
as "theskilful
writers
are writers
plungedarein plunged
deep meditation
and produce
correct conclusions,
and therefore
translate
word asthe"the
immortal
do this unconsciously.
If weby
askwhat
them, by what
of reflection,"
othersit translate
as "the
of works,
immortal
theyworks,
do thisthey
unconsciously.
If we ask them,
science of science
reflection,"
while otherswhile
translate
as "the it
science
of science
paths they
reached
these
teh1 us. Furthermore,
they
argu-mentation."
course,
these
are by the
no means
the most
exact
paths
they reached
these
heights,
theyheights,
cannot they
teh1 cannot
us. Furthermore,
they
argu-mentation."
Of course, Of
these
are by
no means
most exact
are quiteof ignorant
thewhich
paths they
by which
Not knowing
sciencededuction
of correctembraces
deductiononly
embraces
only
partquite
of ignorant
the pathsofby
moved.they
Notmoved.
knowing
translations.translations.
The scienceThe
of correct
one part
of oneare
grammar,
they do
not "that
even which
know "that
which
while argumentation
only
part of and
deduction,
and its
scope they
grammar,
do not even
know
should
haveshould
been." have been."
logic, whilelogic,
argumentation
is only one is
part
of one
deduction,
its scope
Letanmeexample
quote an
makeclear.
my point
clear. Mr. Chenis very
Of course,
the expressions
dothe
notwhole
cover of
the whole ofLet me quote
to example
make mytopoint
Mr. Chenis very limited.
Of limited.
course, the
expressions
do not cover
Kuo-Fan
was, asthe
wegreatest
know, the
greatest
scholar
at the fall
timeofof the fall of
logic, convey
and cannot
convey
its exact translation.
Kuo-Fan was,
as we know,
scholar
at the
time of
logic, and cannot
its exact
translation.
the Ching
dynasty.
When
he was literary
discussing
literary productions
with
whothe
translate
the term
as "theof science
of dynasty.
the Ching
When
he was
discussing
productions
with
Those whoThose
translate
term "logic"
as "logic"
"the science
others,well-known
he quoted well-known
ancient expressions,
as: "the spring
reflection"
or "the
science of argumentation"
seeof
only
part of the
truth.he quoted
others,
ancient expressions,
such as: "thesuch
spring
reflection" or
"the science
of argumentation"
see only a part
theatruth.
breezes
blow, the
summer
"untie to
theclothe
clothes
to clothe me,"
is just
as the
liveparts
in foreign
calling
Spain blow,
breezes
the summer
rains
rain," rains
"untierain,"
the clothes
me,"
It is just theItsame
as the
the same
Chinese
whoChinese
live in who
foreign
callingparts
Spain
"giveto me
me,"that
to similar
prove that
similar
words"breezes
Manilla.
This is an
historical
error.
island in
Oceania,
near
"give
me food
feedfood
me,"to tofeed
prove
words
"breezes
Manilla. This
is an historical
error.
Manilla
is anManilla
island is
in an
Oceania,
near
blow,"
"rains "clothes
rain,"
clothe,"
"foodare
used
feed," are used
China. of
Thousands
years ago
Chinese often
navigators
these"rains
blow,"
rain,"
"clothes
clothe,"
"food
feed,"
China. Thousands
years agoofChinese
navigators
visitedoften
thesevisited
here in
different
senses.
the were
first words
nouns proper,
andthe
therefore
Chinese
became accustomed
to thehere
name.
in different
senses.
He said
thatHe
thesaid
firstthat
words
nouns were
proper,
places, and places,
therefore
Chinesethe
became
accustomed
to the name.
while were
the second
usedMr.
virtually."
Mr. Chen this
considered this
Later on,
was
by Spain.
Sincethe
that
time, the while
Chinese
the second
"nounswere
used"nouns
virtually."
Chen considered
Later on, Manilla
wasManilla
occupied
byoccupied
Spain. Since
that time,
Chinese
discovery
without and,
precedent,
having
given this explanation,
he
visited
Manilla
called the Manillans.
Spaniards Later
Manillans.
Later on,
when awithout
a discovery
precedent,
havingand,
given
this explanation,
he
who visitedwho
Manilla
called
the Spaniards
on, when
considered
that hethe
hadkey
found
thesecrets
key to locked
the secrets
up in ancient
visited States
the United
States ofMexico,
America,
Mexico,
Chileand
and Peru,
and that
considered
he had found
to the
up inlocked
ancient
they visited they
the United
of America,
Chile
and Peru,
manuscripts.
from the grammatical
point
view
the are
first words are
saw thethere
Spaniards
there dominating
various they
territories,
to
manuscripts.
But from theBut
grammatical
point of view
the of
first
words
saw the Spaniards
dominating
various territories,
began they
to began
nouns, are
the verbs,
secondand
are this
verbs,
and very
this seems
But the most
call thesealso
Spaniards
also Later
Manillans.
Later they
still, learned
when they
thatthe second
nouns,
seems
simple.very
But simple.
the most
call these Spaniards
Manillans.
still, when
thatlearned
38

20

20

39

writer
of olden
times
didthis,
not and
know
this, andverbs
explained
gifted writergifted
of olden
times
did not
know
explained
as verbs as
CHAPTER
II
CHAPTER
II
used virtually."
"nouns, used"nouns,
virtually."
who are
not the
know
also the purpose
Those who Those
are ignorant
of ignorant
logic do of
notlogic
knowdoalso
purpose
"TO UNDERSTAND
IS DIFFICULT,
"TO UNDERSTAND
IS DIFFICULT,
for") of
ChineseInwritings.
a recent
work
("what for")("what
of Chinese
writings.
a recent In
work
entitled,
A entitled,
Short A Short
BUT
TO
ACHIEVE
IS EASY"
BUT
TO
ACHIEVE
IS
EASY"
Sketch of
Chinese the
Grammar,
the third
chapter
the following
Sketch of Chinese
Grammar,
third chapter
contains
thecontains
following
passage:
"Proper
only topersons
designate
passage: "Proper
names
servenames
only serve
to designate
andpersons
things. and things.
(Seven
More Proofs)
(Seven More
Proofs)
Mr. in
F. his
I. How,
hisWang-Heng,
sketch of Wang-Heng,
during
Thus, Mr. F.Thus,
I. How,
sketchin of
Chancellor Chancellor
during
the Chin
dynasty,
said:
' Just
as, about
years ago, Chin-Kuo-Liang
the Chin dynasty,
said:
' Just as,
about
2,000
years 2,000
ago, Chin-Kuo-Liang
to me
that of
thethe
theory
of the
of the
action and the
meseems
that the
theory
easiness
of easiness
action and
was
loyal to
and
to the end
the Han
dynasty,
so was Wang-It seems to It
was loyal and
honest
thehonest
end towards
the towards
Han dynasty,
so was
Wangof understanding
might be sufficiently
considered sufficiently
difficulty
understanding
might be considered
proved by proved by
Heng
the Chin
dynasty.'
Mr. Kung-Chi-Kuei,
in to
his Appeal
to ofdifficulty
Heng towards
the towards
Chin dynasty.'
Mr.
Kung-Chi-Kuei,
in his Appeal
the threealready
examples
already
is said
the three examples
given.
But itgiven.
is saidBut
thatit this
maythat
be this
true,may
yet be true, yet
Northern writes:
Mountains,
writes:
'There isbehind
emptiness
behind the splendid
the Northernthe
Mountains,
'There
is emptiness
the splendid
gaptowhich
has to
filled,
that other cases
nevertheless
this leaves athis
gapleaves
whicha has
be filled,
in be
that
otherincases
the complains,
nightingale man
complains,
man
gone to
ape is nevertheless
curtains, thecurtains,
nightingale
has gone
to has
the hills,
thethe
apehills,
is the
might be different.
might
be different.
In the given,
examples
given,Chin-Kuo-Liang
although Chin-Kuo-Liang
and
astonished.' astonished.'
In the examples
although
and
I shall
prove the correctness
of by
my theory by
shall try to
provetry
thetocorrectness
of my theory
are human
beings,
while the and
nightingale
the ape belongTherefore I Therefore
Wang-HengWang-Heng
are human beings,
while
the nightingale
the ape and
belong
morenamely,
examples,
buildingshipbuilding,
of houses, shipbuilding,
the
more seven
examples,
the namely,
buildingthe
of houses,
the
to world,
the animal
world,
all four
nouns names,
are proper
names,
not all
to the animal
all four
nouns
are proper
because
notbecause
all seven
of fortifications,
digging electricity,
of canals, chemistry
electricity, chemistry
building
fortifications,
the digging the
of canals,
human
are called Chin-Kuo-Liang
or Wang-Heng,
every of building
human beings
are beings
called Chin-Kuo-Liang
or Wang-Heng,
not every not
evolution,
shall see
theory
true in all these
we shalland
seewe
whether
thewhether
theory isthetrue
in allis these
a bird
ape. Such
nounsproper
are called
proper
In evolution,
this andand
animal is a animal
bird or isape.
Suchornouns
are called
names."
In names."
this and
cases.
cases.
the book
considers Chin-Kuo-Liang,
example theexample
writer ofthe
thewriter
book of
referred
to, referred
considersto,Chin-Kuo-Liang,
science of architecture
only
appeared years
a thousand
of architecture
only appeared
a thousand
after years after
the night-ingale,
the ape,
the This,
same type. This,The scienceThe
Wang-Heng,Wang-Heng,
the night-ingale,
the ape, as names
ofas
thenames
same of
type.
dwellings
many comforts.
mankind
beganthemselves
building themselves
building
dwellings with
many with
comforts.
course,
is quite
wrong,
not eyes
only of
in one
the eyes
onethrough
who runs mankind
through began
of course, isofquite
wrong,
not only
in the
who of
runs
up has
to this
has no architecture.
Chinese
houses
China up toChina
this day
no day
architecture.
Chinese houses
are not
builtare not built
text-book,
even for an uneducated
man
whologically.
can reflect logically.
a text-book,abut
even forbut
an uneducated
man who can
reflect
plans of architectural
It is quitewith
otherwise with
the plans to
of the
architectural
science. It isscience.
quite otherwise
But
did make
the writer
make thisBecause
mistake?
China toaccording
But why did
thewhy
writer
this mistake?
in Because
China inaccording
on architectural
science.
foreign All
buildings.
them are
of themAllareoffounded
onfounded
architectural
science.
no such
sciencewhile
as logic,
of the buildings.
there is no there
such is
science
as logic,
men while
rarely men
makerarely
use ofmake
the useforeign
First
a sketch
is amade,
a planout,
is worked
out,
anddoonly
First a sketch
is made,
then
plan then
is worked
and only
then
theythen do they
powerthinking
of logical
thinking
born in them.
power of logical
born
in them.
begin construction.
Thiscarried
is action
the first
beginareconstruction.
This is action
out carried
in the out
first inplace
by place by
Chinese
and their
numerous,
Chinese authors
are authors
talentedare
andtalented
numerous,
workstheir
are works
Thebuildings
plans ofinbuildings
Shanghai
out by
knowledge.
The plans of
Shanghaiinare
workedare
outworked
by
excellent
elegant.
theyinspire
write can
inspire
and knowledge.
excellent and
elegant.and
That
which That
they which
write can
heaven
and heaven
foreignwhile
architects,
while
work of
buildingout
is by
carried
out by Chinese
foreign
the work
ofthe
building
is carried
Chinese
as Mr. Yuan-Hsiung
once
Butthousands
for severalofthousands
of yearsarchitects,
earth, as Mr.earth,
Yuan-Hsiung
once said. But
forsaid.
several
years
coolies.
case
thepossess
men who
possess knowledge
are the foreign
coolies.
caseInthethis
men
who
knowledge
are the foreign
Chinese
haveonly
beentoable
only
to they
knowwrite.
how they
write. In this
the Chinesethe
have
been able
write,
nottotowrite,
knownot
how
architects,
whilewho
the assume
men who
labor of com-pleting
the
the men
the assume
labor ofthecom-pleting
the
Thehave
Chinese
have
one grammar
to inventorgrammar
or logicarchitects,
before while
The Chinese
had no
onehad
to no
invent
logic before
buildings
are the
ChineseThe
workers.
Theis structure
completed
by the
the Chinese
workers.
structure
completedis by
the
foreigners these
introduced
these
sciences
into our
this an are
foreigners introduced
sciences
into
our country.
Is country.
not this Is
an not buildings
efforts and co-operation
of and
knowledge
efforts and co-operation
of knowledge
action. and action.
example
of the
fact that
actions
easy, but difficult?"
knowledge difficult?"
example of the
fact that
" actions
are"easy,
butare
knowledge
looksuperficially,
at things superficially,
it will
to us that the
If we look If
at we
things
it will appear
to usappear
that the
architects
have
onwork,
the lighter
work,
theywith
work only with
architects have
taken on
thetaken
lighter
because
theybecause
work only
their
But if we
the matter
more
we shall realize
their pen: But
if pen:
we consider
theconsider
matter more
closely,
we closely,
shall realize
the vastbetween
difference
of the
and the
the vast difference
thebetween
difficultytheofdifficulty
the plan and
theplan
easiness
of easiness of
work
as heaven
far apartand
as heaven
the work the
as far
apart
earth. and earth.
that a man
wishes
to build
a house
costing ten thousand
Imagine thatImagine
a man wishes
to build
a house
costing
ten thousand
Heofgoes
first
all to an
architect
andtoasks
dollars. He dollars.
goes first
all to
an of
architect
and
asks him
drawhim
up to
a draw up a
40
41
21
21

plan, and him

questions
about theofcapacity
of and
the house
and the exaggeration,
without exaggeration,
that in the foreign
East, in shipyards,
the foreignthe
shipyards,
without
that in the East,
ships the ships
plan, and questions
about him
the capacity
the house
the
materialsThe
required.
Thewho
architect
who undertakes
the to
workhave
has all
to been
have
all by
been
built bybecause
Chinese,
built
Chinese,
thebecause
contractstheforcontracts
buildingfor
gobuilding go
materials required.
architect
undertakes
the work has
the various
materials
which
have to beand
procured,
their the through
hands of Chinese.
through
hands ofthe
Chinese.
calculate thecalculate
various materials
which
will have
towill
be procured,
their and
variouswithout
qualities,
without
going
bounds
of ten thousandThe author The
author several
has visited
severaltoshipyards
to become acquainted
has visited
shipyards
become acquainted
various qualities,
going
beyond
the beyond
bounds the
of ten
thousand
This isofa practical
problem of
practicalSecondly,
economy.the
Secondly,
with the
works.
When questioning
Chinese about
workmen
with the works.
When
questioning
Chinese workmen
the about the
dollars. Thisdollars.
is a problem
economy.
architectthe architect
hasout
to the
reckon
the land
area on
of the
landtheonhouse
whichisthe
house to
is to stand,
to oftechnique
of shipbuilding,
I observed
that the
process of construction
is
technique
shipbuilding,
I observed that
the process
of construction
is
has to reckon
area out
of the
which
to stand,
in cubic
yards, the
of thethebuilding,
not at allbutdifficult,
but thelies
difficulty
lies in the
not attheall difficult,
the difficulty
in the drawing
of drawing
plans andof plans and
calculate itscalculate
capacity its
in capacity
cubic yards,
the pressure
of pressure
the building,
weight
which the foundations
pilesAll
canthis
bear.
this the architect
the latter
have been completed,
thework
structural
sketches. Ifsketches.
the latterIfhave
been completed,
the structural
will work will
weight which
the foundations
or piles canorbear.
the All
architect
reckon out and
accurately,
and all this
involves a of
knowledge
applied according
proceedtoaccording
them
and will
be soon completed.
them andto
will
be soon
completed.
must reckonmust
out accurately,
all this involves
a knowledge
applied ofproceed
physics. how
Further,
be built: fashionably,Last year (1917),
Stateswar
declared
war on
Last year
(1917),
when the
United
when
the United
States
declared
on
physics. Further,
shouldhowthe should
house the
be house
built: fashionably,
or handsomely?
Thisfrom
is drawn
fromaesthetics.
practical aesthetics.
Germany,
the most
powerful which
armament,
had to be
at all
Germany, the
most powerful
armament,
had towhich
be procured
at procured
all
comfortablycomfortably
or handsomely?
This is drawn
practical
Then of
knowledge
of how
theshould
sun's rays
should behow
absorbed,
the air
costs,
was the construction
of a fleet.
to take unheard-of
was the
construction
of a fleet. America
hadAmerica
to take had
unheard-of
Then knowledge
how the sun's
rays
be absorbed,
the air howcosts,
is to move
freely
building,
howisthe
house
is to be protected
steps to
its shipbuilding
works.
year as
was
steps to increase
its increase
shipbuilding
works. A year
was Agiven
thegiven
time as the time
is to move freely
through
the through
building,the
how
the house
to be
protected
coldhow
anddirt
heat,
dirt and
is to be
building
this for
building
a total of
to 4,000,000
average oftons.
4,000,000
ships
with aships
total with
to average
When tons.
this When this
against coldagainst
and heat,
andhow
rubbish
is torubbish
be disposed
of disposed
this offor
fromofthe
sphere of
domesticLastly,
sanitation.
Lastly, the
architect
plan wasbypublished
the whole
grew
anxious. If such
planmust
was published
America,bytheAmerica,
whole world
grew world
anxious.
If such
comes fromcomes
the sphere
domestic
sanitation.
the architect
must
know
how the drawing-room
should
be the
fitted,
howshould
the study
a plan
had been
in normal
times,would
the world
a planbe
had been
proposed
in proposed
normal times,
the world
have would
lookedhave looked
know how the
drawing-room
should be fitted,
how
study
be should
equipped,
howshould
the rooms
should
be and
made
cosy and comfortable
it as and
a frantic
and proposal.
ridiculous But
proposal.
Butworked
America worked
ridiculous
America
equipped, how
the rooms
be made
cosy
comfortable
this on itthisas aonfrantic
Thewere
shipyards
able toships
complete
ships
of over 10,000
fromof
thesocial
sphere
of social psychology.
The
to draw intensively.
The shipyards
able towere
complete
of over
10,000
comes fromcomes
the sphere
psychology.
The architect
hasarchitect
to drawhas intensively.
tons
in a few
weeks.
overshipyards
a hundredinshipyards
plans,on relying
on information
from the ofbranches
tons inofa few
weeks.
There
were There
over awere
hundred
America.in America.
his plans, his
relying
information
drawn fromdrawn
the branches
The undertook
large yardstoundertook
to build
dozens
ships:
the small
knowledge if
mentioned,
desiresfamous.
to become famous.
The large yards
build dozens
of ships:
theofsmall
yards
took yards took
knowledge mentioned,
he desiresiftohebecome
a smaller
quantity.
work simultaneously,
Lofty of
buildings
several
private
of quantity.
a smaller
They
beganThey
workbegan
simultaneously,
and carried and
it oncarried it on
Lofty buildings
several ofstories
andstories
privateand
houses
of houses
so that
intensively
that by thetime
appointed
time
they hadthe
completed
Shanghai
are builttoaccording
plans
of verysoskilful
intensively
by the appointed
they had
completed
whole the whole
foreigners inforeigners
Shanghaiinare
built according
the planstoofthe
very
skilful
architects.
Butbuilt
they by
were
built by
Chinese
coolies.
we are to
judge program.
program.
architects. But
they were
Chinese
coolies.
If we
are toIfjudge
Japanesebuilt
shipyard
built
vessel tons
of 10,000
tons in
from thiswhich
example,
which
is the
easier, knowledge
or action? ThusRecently a Recently
Japanese ashipyard
a vessel
of a10,000
in
from this example,
is the
easier,
knowledge
or action? Thus
twenty-three
days.a This
wasrecord.
a world's
maytheserve
as proof
the fourth
of the correctness
of the
twenty-three
days. This was
world's
But record.
such a But
feat such
is thea feat is the
architecture architecture
may serve as
fourth
of theproof
correctness
of the
modernBasing
science!
Basing
itself on knowledge,
theoryisthat
action
is easy but difficult.
knowledge difficult.
outcome ofoutcome
modern of
science!
itself
on knowledge,
mankind mankind
theory that action
easy
but knowledge
discusses
before
about their fulfillment.
The of
fulfillment of
of theof 7th
of our(1918)
Republic
(1918) a discusses
Chinese plans
beforeplans
setting
aboutsetting
their fulfillment.
The fulfillment
In October In
of October
the 7th year
our year
Republic
a Chinese
plans is extraordinary
andIt amazing.
It is worth com-paring
with
Shanghai
a ship
of threetons.
thousand
it was
plans these
is extraordinary
and amazing.
is worth com-paring
with
shipyard at shipyard
Shanghaiatbuilt
a ship built
of three
thousand
When tons.
it wasWhenthese
the of
difficulties
of shipbuilding
before the of
application
of modern science.
foreign
loudly the
welcomed
thePress
fact. said
The Press
said
the difficulties
shipbuilding
before the application
modern science.
launched thelaunched
foreign the
Press
loudlyPress
welcomed
fact. The
By this comparison
can most
vividly
convinceofourselves
was ship
the largest
shipinever
builtand
in worthy
China, and
worthy ofBy
notice.
this comparison
we can mostwe
vividly
convince
ourselves
the truth of the truth
that this wasthat
thethis
largest
ever built
China,
of notice.
the "action
theory that
"action
is easy, but difficult."
knowledge difficult."
Yetwas
the built
ship after
was built
after the
of of
theWestern
ships of Western
of the theoryofthat
is easy,
but knowledge
Yet the ship
the pattern
of pattern
the ships
At theofbeginning
the Ming
dynasty
(1398) the
Emperor Chenit involved
the of
application
of of
knowledge
of modern sciencesAt the beginning
the Mingof
dynasty
(1398)
the Emperor
Chencountries; itcountries;
involved the
application
knowledge
modern sciences
Chu seven
times
sent his
eunuch, on
Chien-Ho,
on a naval to
expedition to
andmachines.
of foreignItmachines.
It is
of workmen
late all theinworkmen
in the
Chu
seven times
sent his
eunuch,
Chien-Ho,
a naval expedition
and of foreign
is said that
of said
late that
all the
the
andabdicated
arrest theEmperor
abdicatedChien-Wen.
Emperor Chien-Wen.
The first time
foreignatshipyards
Shanghai,
Kong
and of
theOceania
islands of Oceania
discover anddiscover
arrest the
The first time
foreign shipyards
Shanghai,atHong
KongHong
and the
islands
eunuch
the sixth
have been
Chinese.
Only a fewand
engineers
and the
directors
from
a the
month
the third
lunar year of
eunuch
sailed
was sailed
in the was
sixthinmonth
of the
thirdoflunar
year of
have been Chinese.
Only
a few engineers
the directors
come
from acomethe
there many
are already
with a displacement
of He
Tuien-Lo.
the ninth
month
theyear
fifthof
lunar
returnedHe
in returned
the ninth inmonth
of the
fifth of
lunar
the year of the
foreign race.foreign
Today race.
thereToday
are already
ships many
with aships
displacement
of Tuien-Lo.
he the
visited
all the
islands of the
over tentons,
thousand
tons,
built
in such
word,
can say
sameDuring
Emperor.
During
these
months all
Emperor.
these
months
he visited
islands
of the
over ten thousand
built in
such
yards.
In a yards.
word, In
wea can
saywe same
42

22

22

43

ocean
and even
SanWhen
Francisco.
When we
of varied,
yet very
raw
materials
not yetand
abundant,
and of
the science of
yet very
raw varied,
materials
were
not yetwere
abundant,
the science
ocean and even
reached
Sanreached
Francisco.
we calculate
thecalculate
length ofthe length
the time
during
which
he was
we architecture
still in its
embryo
stage,
not so as
diversified
as at
architecture
was still in was
its embryo
stage,
and not
so and
diversified
at
his journey his
andjourney
the timeand
during
which
he was
delayed
on delayed
the way,on
wethe way,
that his
journey
could
notcompleted
have beenincompleted
less than present.
twenty- How
present.
How
could the
Chinese
such a success?
could the
Chinese
achieve
suchachieve
a success?
see that his see
journey
could
not have
been
less than in
twentyeight
us divide twenty-eight
intothe
two
parts: the firstIt is said that
It isthe
said
that the
did this,
driven by The
necessity. The
Chinese
didChinese
this, driven
by necessity.
eight months.
Letmonths.
us divideLet
twenty-eight
months intomonths
two parts:
first
period of preparation,
the second
that of the
Let usWestern
assume sayings
Western
sayings
it thatis necessity
is the
mother
of all inventions.
have
it that have
necessity
the mother
of all
inventions.
the period ofthe
preparation,
the second that
of the journey.
Letjourney.
us assume
the first
at least
fourteen
months.
of this
Although
of dynasty
the Ching
had with
heroic courage
Although
emperorthis
of emperor
the Ching
haddynasty
with heroic
courage
that the firstthat
period
took period
at leasttook
fourteen
months.
During
this During
space ofthis space
time,
the day he
the dayChien-Ho
he sailed, Chien-Ho
conquered
wholewhich
of China,
which
that time
into six
conquered the
whole oftheChina,
was at
that was
time atdivided
intodivided
six
time, from the
dayfrom
he received
thereceived
order to the
the order
day hetosailed,
to lay
storesmen,
for 28,000
men,
arms
forallthem,
else that
they
states,
he was
unable
cross in
theorder
desert
ordertheto crush the
small
states,small
he was
unable
to cross
thetodesert
to in
crush
had to lay inhad
stores
forin
28,000
arms for
them,
and
else and
that all
they
required.
But most
difficult
all wassixty-four
to procurelarge
sixty-four
ships, To Tartars.
to repel unexpected
organize
regular
troops
Tartars.
organizeToregular
troops
to repel
unexpected
attacks wasattacks was
required. But
most difficult
of all
was toofprocure
ships, large
capable
taking
sea.
This waspiece
a gigantic
piece
of work. According
onerous.for
Therefore
for those
times and years
succeeding
years it
difficult anddifficult
onerous.and
Therefore
those times
and succeeding
it
capable of taking
theofsea.
Thisthe
was
a gigantic
of work.
According
to the of
chroniclers
the Ming
all ocean-going
ships were
was more
suitable
to erect
great wall,
making it impregnable
against
was 440
more suitable
to erect
a great
wall,a making
it impregnable
against
to the chroniclers
the Mingofdynasty,
all dynasty,
ocean-going
ships were 440
feet
long
180 Although
feet broad.we
Although
we don't
knowthey
how deep
they the
Tartars.the
Although
Emperor Shih-Huang-Ti
was
cruel and pitiless
the Tartars.
Although
Emperorthe
Shih-Huang-Ti
was cruel and
pitiless
feet long and
180
feetand
broad.
don't know
how deep
thecan
water,
we can
feet were
below the
to his subordinates,
building
the Wall
renderedashumanity
as great
to water
his subordinates,
his buildinghis
of the
Wall of
rendered
humanity
great
were in the were
water,inwe
presume
thatpresume
10 feet that
were10below
the water
level.the
Therefore,
the total
number
ofbe
tons
might
be 4,000
to 5,000.
If we as athat
service
that of
thewho
Great
Yu, who
rescued
from the
Deluge. Now
a service
of theasGreat
Yu,
rescued
us from
the us
Deluge.
Now
level. Therefore,
total number
of tons
might
4,000
to 5,000.
If we
theofconditions
of those
times,
be able at
to its
appraise
we can
see and
conceive
that,not
if been
we had
not beenbyprotected
we at
canitssee and
conceive
that,
if we had
protected
the Greatby the Great
imagine the imagine
conditions
those times,
we shall
be we
ableshall
to appraise
value this remarkable
pieceThere
of work.
was no scientific
Wall,have
we should
have been
crushed
by the
Our have
race would have
Wall, we should
been crushed
by the
Tartars.
OurTartars.
race would
true value true
this remarkable
piece of work.
was There
no scientific
that as
time,
such
as there
is now tosuch
facilitate
work:
been completely
at the of
beginning
the Han
dynasty (206
been
completely
destroyed atdestroyed
the beginning
the Han of
dynasty
(206
knowledge knowledge
at that time,atsuch
there
is now
to facilitate
work: such
were notomachines
to replace handi-craft.
Moreover, Chien-Ho
A.D.)
therenohad
been
wall, the
Chinese
people would
B.C. to 220 B.C.
A.D.)toIf220
there
hadIfbeen
wall,
theno
Chinese
people
would
there were there
no machines
replace handi-craft.
Moreover, Chien-Ho
was not a shipbuilder.
wereany
notships
evenofany
ships
of suchnota have
size flourished
not have later
flourished
wouldbeen
not so
have
beeninsothe
strong in the
on: it later
wouldon:notit have
strong
was not a shipbuilder.
There were There
not even
such
a size
thatChien-Ho
day. Butwas
Chien-Ho
able in
fourteen
months to
build dynasties,
Han-Tongand
dynasties,
andhave
would
notable
havetobeen
unite with itself
Han-Tong
would not
been
uniteable
withto itself
before that before
day. But
able inwas
fourteen
months
to build
sixty-four ocean-going
ships,
capable28,000
of holding
men, on
southern
peoples of China.
thewhich
southernthe
peoples
of China.
sixty-four ocean-going
ships, capable
of holding
men,28,000
on which
he sailed
all of
thethe
islands
ocean,
in order
to show
Chinese
people
reached
maturity, physically
developingand
physically and
people
reached
maturity,
developing
he sailed round
all theround
islands
ocean,ofinthe
order
to show
abroad
the abroad theThe ChineseThe
awe-inspiring
powerand
of caused
China, and
caused thetribes
barbarous
there to at mentally
the under
same time,
under theofprotection
the Great
mentally
the same attime,
the protection
the GreatofWall,
and Wall, and
awe-inspiring
power of China,
the barbarous
there tribes
to
remember
the great
deeds ofand
Chien-Ho
admire the
Chinese
to the China
although
on fell
victim
to the
Mongolstill
invasion,
still the
although
later China
on felllater
a victim
to athe
Mongol
invasion,
the
remember the
great deeds
of Chien-Ho
admire and
the Chinese
to the
It was
indeed
a very
great achievement.
the mingled
Mongols
mingled
and were amalgamated,
not the reverse,
Mongols
with
us andwith
wereusamalgamated,
and not the and
reverse,
present day.present
It wasday.
indeed
a very
great
achievement.
If today theIf today
are able
to build
ships
of with
3,000the
tons
with
help of as
modern
asmay
sometimes
may be
inof
thenations.
history of nations.
sometimes
be observed
in observed
the history
Chinese areChinese
able to build
ships
of 3,000
tons
help
of the
modern
foreign and
machinery,
andgreat
this merits
Although
on the
Chinese
were by
subjugated
by the Manchus,
on the later
Chinese
were
subjugated
the Manchus,
science and science
foreign and
machinery,
this merits
praise,great
whatpraise,
is it inwhat is it inAlthough later
with
onebyship
built by Thus
Chien-Ho?
Thus shipbuilding,
as a could
the latter
couldthe
notsame
escape
theassame
fate as theBut
Mongols.
But before this
the latter
not escape
fate
the Mongols.
before this
comparison comparison
with one ship
built
Chien-Ho?
shipbuilding,
as a
fifth
example,
also
strength
of the
Chinese
people hadand
developed
become consolidated,
strength of the
Chinese
people
had developed
becomeand
consolidated,
fifth example,
also
confirms
ourconfirms
theory. our theory.
defending
The best-known
the Great
so- Chinese
the Great
Chinese
played
its part, our
Wall
playedWall
its part,
defending
people our
frompeople from
The best-known
architecturalarchitectural
achievementachievement
in China is intheChina
so- isthe
invasion
and enslavement
by the tribes
barbarian
tribes
of the northern
Wall. The
Emperor Shih-Huang-Ti,
the Ching invasion
dynasty and
enslavement
by the barbarian
of the
northern
called Greatcalled
Wall.Great
The Emperor
Shih-Huang-Ti,
of the Chingofdynasty
(240 B.C.)
ordered Mong-Tieng
his general Mong-Tieng
to build
wall which
could TheTartars.
emperor
thought
by the
wall to strengthen
Tartars.
emperorThe
thought
by the
building
of building
this wall of
to this
strengthen
(240 B.C.) ordered
his general
to build a wall
whicha could
withstand
thethe
attacks
of the
This began
great work
began at Mukden
the his
power
of his descendants,
make it unshakable
the power of
descendants,
and make itand
unshakable
for ever, byfor ever, by
withstand the
attacks of
Tartars.
ThisTartars.
great work
at Mukden
in the
Eastinand
endedItincrossed
Shansi.mountains
It crossedand
mountains
for a China
protecting
frominvasion.
the TartarHeinvasion.
was and
not aware,
and did
protecting
from China
the Tartar
was not He
aware,
did
in the East and
ended
Shansi.
valleys and
for avalleys
distance
5,000
li. There
were
no such
workstimes:
in ancient
not even
that, in our
defending
as yet immature
notit was
even dream,
that,dream,
in defending
young our
and young
as yet and
immature
distance of 5,000
li. of
There
were
no such
works
in ancient
it wastimes:
wonder
of After
the world.
all, in
of dynasty,
the Ching dynasty,
Chinese civilization
from destruction
at of
the the
hands
of the northern
Chinese civilization
from destruction
at the hands
northern
the wonder the
of the
world.
all, inAfter
the days
of the
the days
Ching
his Wall
would
produce
such vast
results.forced
Necessity
was as yetmachines
unknown,did
machines
not labor
exist,was
handnot
labor Tartars,
was not his Tartars,
Wall would
produce
such
vast results.
Necessity
him forced him
science was science
as yet unknown,
not exist,did
hand
44

23

23

45

build
thecosts,
Wall at
all costs,
risking
he paid no
at tocontinent
the Black
Sea, times
was three
than the western
to build the to
Wall
at all
risking
all else,
andall
he else,
paid and
no attention
at attention
continent
the Blackto Sea,
was three
longertimes
thanlonger
the western
alllabor
to thewhich
vast labor
which and
it involved
the vast
efforts
whichbattlefield.
he had The
battlefield.
Theforces
opposing
faced one
another in
of the
all to the vast
it involved
the vastand
efforts
which
he had
opposing
facedforces
one another
in trenches
of trenches
the
to its
expend
on its construction.
Historians
say that he
achieved
length,
just asinhappened
in Western
The time
to expend on
construction.
Historians also
say thatalso
he achieved
this
samethis
length,same
just as
happened
Western Europe.
TheEurope.
time required
forrequired for
without
knowing how
beforehand
how
he would
out his intention.
thisthe
work
wasSuch
the same.
Suchenterprise
a giganticmight
enterprise
without knowing
beforehand
he would
carry
out hiscarry
intention.
this work was
same.
a gigantic
have might
seemedhave seemed
of the of
supremacy
of science
and the of
perfection
of to us to
impossible
if these
not been
In our daysInofour
the days
supremacy
science and
the perfection
to us impossible
carry out,toifcarry
theseout,
trenches
hadtrenches
not beenhad
a fact.
But a fact. But
machinery,
human
and of
themachinery
powers ofhave
machinery
have surpassed
the both
battlefields
both and
in Western
Eastern
have now
machinery, human
powers
and powers
the powers
surpassed
the battlefields
in Western
Eastern and
Europe
haveEurope
now become
a become a
the possibilities
thethe
past,
and the
science of architecture
goneof history:
matter of
history:
areleft.
no traces
left. Even
military engineering
the possibilities
of the past,ofand
science
of architecture
has gone has
matter
there
are nothere
traces
Even military
engineering
we go civil
to a skilled
civil
andwould
experts
would
discover
them withyet
difficulty:
they Thus
are a fact. Thus
forward veryforward
rapidly.very
Andrapidly.
if todayAnd
we if
gotoday
to a skilled
engineer
andengineer
experts
discover
them
with difficulty:
they areyet
a fact.
for the construction
of a Great
to thefrom
abovethat
it isour
clear
that our
Chinese
and the great
ask him to ask
drawhim
up to
thedraw
plan up
forthe
theplan
construction
of a Great Wall,
to Wall,
from all
aboveallitthe
is clear
Chinese
Great
Wall Great
and theWall
great
reckon
up what
quantity of
materials
it will
howwill
much time
will battlefields
European may
battlefields
serveproof
as a of
sixth
the theory
reckon up what
quantity
of materials
it will
require,
howrequire,
much time
European
serve asmay
a sixth
theproof
theoryofabout
the about the
needed to
the work,
sum isfor
necessary
for this easiness
purpose of action
easiness
action
and the
of knowledge.
be needed tobecomplete
thecomplete
work, what
sum iswhat
necessary
this purpose
andofthe
difficulty
ofdifficulty
knowledge.
and labor
how much
labortowill
have to be Iexpended,
I think
he will reply:There was There
wasmore
still gigantic
one morepiece
gigantic
pieceinofChina,
work in China,
and how much
will have
be expended,
think he will
reply:
still one
of work
"This
is very
difficult to But
ascertain."
But if an
be found
whoonlysecond
the Great
Wall:
was the
Imperial
Grand
"This is very
difficult
to ascertain."
if an engineer
beengineer
found who
second
to the only
GreattoWall:
this was
thethis
Imperial
Grand
Canal.
It Canal. It
willbefore
not quail
beforeand
thewho
task,makes
and who
makes calculation
a detailed calculation
began at and
Hangchow
theofprovinces
Kiangsu, Shantung
will not quail
the task,
a detailed
began at Hangchow
crossedand
the crossed
provinces
Kiangsu,ofShantung
involving
years
of work,everything,
calculates everything,
draws upand
a plan,
Chihli.
It was
crossed
by the Yangtze-kiang,
Yellow
involving several
yearsseveral
of work,
calculates
draws up a plan,
Chihli. and
It was
crossed
by the
Yangtze-kiang,
the Yellow the
River,
the River, the
it to theofjudgment
of the latter
people,
thescarcely
latter will
sayRiver,
White
River, at
and
ended at Tengchow,
thelength
north.isIts
length is 1,000
and submitsand
it tosubmits
the judgment
the people,
will
sayscarcely
White
and ended
Tengchow,
in the north.inIts
1,000
that the(action)
execution
(action) while
is difficult,
while the is
knowledge
is easy.
miles:
it was
first and
longest
in Ittheserved
world.asItanserved as an
that the execution
is difficult,
the knowledge
easy.
miles: it was
the first
andthe
longest
canal
in thecanal
world.
me give
another object-lesson.
ask to
myrecall
readers important
to recall means
important
meanscommunication
of internal communication
by water
between Southern
Let me giveLet
another
object-lesson.
I will ask myI will
readers
of internal
by water between
Southern
the battle-fields
of Europe
duringWar.
the Great
When the
of andChina,
Northern
China,
bringing innumerable
to our country
the battle-fields
of Europe during
the Great
When War.
the attempt
of attempt
and Northern
bringing
innumerable
advantages advantages
to our country
German
troops
to failed
seize Paris
theand
firstthey
time,
and they
and our
people.
China
trading
relations
the German the
troops
to seize
Paris
for thefailed
first for
time,
were
andwere
our people.
After
ChinaAfter
entered
intoentered
tradinginto
relations
with
foreignwith foreign
forced
pass
from thetooffensive
to thethe
defensive,
thea army
a very steamship
countries, communication
steamship communication
to be
forced to pass
fromtothe
offensive
the defensive,
army dug
very dugcountries,
began to bebegan
utilized
on utilized
a large on a large
scale.intercourse
Maritime intercourse
developed,
andbegan
the Canal
trench,from
beginning
fromofthetheshores
theand
North
Sea and
long trench,long
beginning
the shores
NorthofSea
ending
at ending
scale. at
Maritime
developed, and
the Canal
to fallbegan
into to fall into
disuse.toIt bebegan
be and
siltedin up,
andplaces
in many
the Swiss
foot ofmountains,
the Swiss in
mountains,
in a few
weeks.isIts
length is estimated
the foot of the
a few weeks.
Its length
estimated
disuse. It began
siltedto up,
many
it isplaces
almostit is almost
completely
and
to 1,500
have been
miles. Itthree
contained
three
lines of fortifications.
In blocked
to have been
miles.1,500
It contained
lines of
fortifications.
In completely
andblocked
threatens
to threatens
overflow.to overflow.
Ofhave
late been
there many
have been
many
wholowering
suggested lowering
were underground
trenches, earthworks,
every line every
there line
were there
underground
trenches, earthworks,
fortified fortifiedOf late there
people
whopeople
suggested
Canalpoints
at various
points
Yangtze
communication
and storehouses.
far as the complexity
and of the
communication
trenches andtrenches
storehouses.
So far as theSocomplexity
and the level
the level
Canalofatthe
various
between
thebetween
Yangtzethe
River
and River and
the River
Hwai,
in order
to bring
onceuse.
again
into use.who
Engineers who
impregnability
work is one
concerned,
of line
it in every
line Hwai,
impregnability
of this workofisthis
concerned,
mile ofone
it inmile
every
the River
in order
to bring
it once
againit into
Engineers
invited to the
investigate
the possibilities
to the that
conclusion that
more
than all
the workonexpended
the Great
Chinese
meant more meant
than all
the work
expended
the Greaton
Chinese
Wall.
The Wall.
wereThe
invitedwere
to investigate
possibilities
came to thecame
conclusion
be noand
light
task,
that the
expenses
so great as to
length
of lines
thesewas
three
lessmiles.
than 5,000
miles. The
same be itnowould
total length total
of these
three
notlines
lesswas
thannot
5,000
The same
it would
light task,
that
theand
expenses
would
be sowould
great be
as to
renderconsideration
necessary consideration
floating
a foreign
loanit.toItfinance it. It
length was
of trenches
dug of
onthe
theEntente,
side of the
Entente,
in able
order torender
be ablenecessary
length of trenches
dug on was
the side
in order
to be
of floating aofforeign
loan
to finance
stands
to the
reason
that theofdeepening
canal is
an easier
piece of work
resist the Thus
Germans.
Thus of
the this
length
of on
thisboth
worksides
on both
sidesto reason
to resist theto Germans.
the length
work
stands
that
deepening
a canal isofana easier
piece
of work
to 10,000
miles,
twiceofthe
the Great Wall.
it place:
in the the
firstimprovement
place: the improvement
partisof a river is
amounted toamounted
10,000 miles,
i.e. twice
thei.e.
length
thelength
Greatof
Wall.
than cuttingthan
it incutting
the first
of part of aofriver
Thesewere
trenches
were not
out before-hand:
werethan easier
than
the whole
river. But
people
today,
These trenches
not thought
outthought
before-hand:
they were they
easier
creating
thecreating
whole river.
But people
today,
before
evenbefore even
urgency.
But the magnitude
of the the
beginning
the working-out
of a plan,
already
the difficulties
constructed constructed
as a matteras ofa matter
urgency.of But
beginning
working-out
of a plan, already
realize
the realize
difficulties
the magnitude
of the
and the
rapidity
of its completion
to some
onethem,facing
them,
whereas
people
in could
olden brilliantly
days couldaccomplish
brilliantly accomplish
facing
whereas
people
in olden
days
undertakingundertaking
and the rapidity
of its
completion
are to someare
extent,
one extent,
Yet,all.
this
is not
The lineoperations
of militaryinoperations
in the
of a miles
canal long
1000 as
miles
longitas
though
it were
out of
the digging
of adigging
canal 1000
though
were
nothing
out nothing
of
might say, amight
secret.say,
Yet,a secret.
this is not
The
lineall.
of military
Easternstretching
Europe, from
stretching
from the
ordinary.
this so?theBecause
the realofdifficulty
ordinary.theWhy
is thisWhy
so? isBecause
real difficulty
the workof the work
the Baltic
Sea Baltic
across Sea
the across
whole thethewhole
Eastern Europe,
46

24

24

47

not inoftheitsperiod
of itsbut
execution,
at the in
beginning,
in added
he even
to possessions,
the British possessions,
plea that Great
he even
Egyptadded
to theEgypt
British
on the plea on
thatthe
Great
arises, not inarises,
the period
execution,
rather atbut
therather
beginning,
theitsperiod
of its and
discussion
andThe
planning.
peopletimes
of olden
timesmustBritain
protectinthe
Canal,
in order
to have
over the passage
Britain
protectmust
the Canal,
order
to have
control
overcontrol
the passage
the period of
discussion
planning.
people The
of olden
not as
as the
learned
as of
thetoday;
peoplewhen
of today;
when they
to do thebetween
the Mediterranean
andand
Red
Seas and
maintain communication
between
Mediterranean
and Red Seas
maintain
communication
were not aswere
learned
people
they intended
to intended
do
something,
off for
theirlong
work
for long conversations
andwith by
sea with India.
by sea
India.
something, they
did notthey
put did
off not
theirput
work
conversations
and
the very They
beginning.
They
firstthe
settask
about
After his attempt
successful
construct
the Suez
to attempt
constructtothe
Suez Canal,
de Canal, de
discussions discussions
at the very at
beginning.
first set
about
in the task in theAfter his successful
waybydictated
by vital Their
necessity.
Their
and skill advanced
Lesseps
became a world-famous
and universally
respected
Lesseps became
a world-famous
and universally
respected man.
He man. He
way dictated
vital necessity.
success
andsuccess
skill advanced
but unconsciously.
is how
matters
when thethen
Grand
then
beganmuch
to devote
much
to digging
the plan the
of digging
began to
devote
attention
to attention
the plan of
Panama the Panama
together, buttogether,
unconsciously.
That is howThat
matters
stood
when stood
the Grand
Canalbuilt,
was being
i.e. the
Chinese
carried
out
this work
anyin order
Canal,
in orderthe
to provide
theof
possibility
of communication
Canal,
to provide
possibility
communication
between thebetween the
Canal was being
i.e. thebuilt,
Chinese
carried
out this
work
without
anywithout
plan.
soon application
forms for shares
Pacific
Oceans.
Atlantic andAtlantic
Pacific and
Oceans.
Very
soon Very
application
forms for shares
preliminary preliminary
plan.
Therecanals
are many
in The
the world.
The most remarkable
to be
filled
andtaken
they up
were
taken up immediately.
beganare
to be began
filled up,
and
theyup,
were
immediately.
ConstructionConstruction
There are many
in thecanals
world.
most remarkable
are
the Panama
Suez and
Panama
The Suez
is at
of the
began
in 1882:
1889 thewent
Company
went bankrupt,
completelyand
bankrupt,
and de
in 1882:
in 1889
the in
Company
completely
de
the Suez and
Canals.
TheCanals.
Suez Canal
is at Canal
the end
of the
the endbegan
Mediterranean
Sea andit connects
withSea.
the ItRed
Sea. It shortened
was alsoThere
punished.
were two
reasons
for the bankruptcy:
Lesseps wasLesseps
also punished.
were There
two reasons
for the
bankruptcy:
Mediterranean
Sea and connects
with the itRed
shortened
communication
and Indian
Oceans.
From the
most
first,
lack and
of funds,
and the
secondly,
the ofepidemic
malaria which
first,
lack of
funds,
secondly,
epidemic
malaria of
which
communication
between thebetween
Atlantic the
andAtlantic
Indian Oceans.
From
the most
ancient
times the
to dighas
thisexisted.
canal has
existed.
In 1798,
when there.
prevailed
Thecarried
epidemic
off people
too many
on the
prevailed
The there.
epidemic
off carried
too many
on people
the
ancient times
the intention
to intention
dig this canal
In 1798,
when
Napoleon Egypt,
conquered
he determined
construct
canal undertaking,
and of
onthis
account
of this
could not continue.
undertaking,
and on account
it could
not itcontinue.
Napoleon conquered
he Egypt,
determined
to constructto this
canal this
the He
two ordered
seas. He
to investigate
theThe lack ofThe
lackcould,
of money
could, be
of remedied,
course, bebut
remedied,
money
of course,
matters but matters
between thebetween
two seas.
an ordered
engineerantoengineer
investigate
the
isthmus,
a view to preliminary
The
engineer
came much
to were
with theIfepidemic.
If it itcontinued,
it would scarcely
worsemuch
with worse
the epidemic.
it continued,
would scarcely
isthmus, with
a viewwith
to preliminary
operations. operations.
The engineer
came
to were
the conclusion
that the in
difference
in levelthebetween
the Red
and be
possible toScience
continue.
Science
thatnot
time
not able
be possible
to continue.
at that
time atwas
ablewas
to cope
withto cope with
the conclusion
that the difference
level between
Red and
Mediterranean
comes
29 Napoleon's
feet, and Napoleon's
was
the
of making
Isthmus healthy.
of Panama
healthy.work
Therefore work
the problem
of problem
making the
Isthmus the
of Panama
Therefore
Mediterranean
Seas comesSeas
to 29
feet,toand
plan was plan
modernlater
science
was temporarily
However,science
was temporarily
suspended. suspended.
However, modern
on later on
abandoned. abandoned.
that all
diseases
fromand
bacteria,
and theatepidemic at
in last
the '50's
of last
did some Frenchmen
take established
established
that all diseases
come
from come
bacteria,
the epidemic
Only in the Only
'50's of
century
did century
some Frenchmen
again take again
was disseminated
by insects (mosquitoes).
When
it up, and
that the
previous calculations
were and
inaccurate,
and i.e.Panama,
Panama,
malaria,i.e.
wasmalaria,
disseminated
by insects (mosquitoes).
When
it up, and discover
thatdiscover
the previous
calculations
were inaccurate,
the Government
of theStates
United
Statesto decided
continue the
that the indifference
in not
levels
notInso1854
great.
In 1854 de
Ferdinand
de
the Government
of the United
decided
continueto the
that the difference
levels was
so was
great.
Ferdinand
of the
Panama
Canal,
first of allthe
undertook
Lesseps
began
agitate
in favor
oforganizing
the idea ofaorganizing
a company
to construction
construction
of the Panama
Canal,
it first
of allit undertook
work ofthe work of
Lesseps began
to agitate
in to
favor
of the
idea of
company to
destroying
tookofa other
number
of other
steps
ship canal
across the
He awas
madefora subject
for the
destroying
insects, the
andinsects,
took a and
number
steps
to make
theto make the
construct a construct
ship canala across
the isthmus.
Heisthmus.
was made
subject
district
moreWhen
healthy.
this done,
and jokes, particularly
England,
where people
the wholedistrict
people more
had been
done, construction
was
healthy.
this When
had been
construction
was
ridicule andridicule
jokes, particularly
in England,inwhere
the whole
the plan
as quite impracticable,
thought
it must inevitably
resumed,
and was successfully
completed
in from
1918.that
Andtime
from that time
resumed, and
was successfully
completed in
1918. And
rejected the rejected
plan as quite
impracticable,
and thoughtand
it must
inevitably
endBut
in failure.
But de
Lesseps
applied
all his
the communication
Pacific
Oceans
communication
between thebetween
Atlanticthe
andAtlantic
Pacific and
Oceans
became
an became an
end in failure.
de Lesseps
applied
all his
energies
to energies
winning to
thewinning
of his own
people,
in spite
of the
stubbornoffered
resistanceactual
offered
fact. actual fact.
approval of approval
his own people,
in spite
of the
stubborn
resistance
byworld
the whole
plan heFinally,
proposed.
Finally, he insucceeded inHence we see
Hence
that
the chief
reason
for de
Lesseps'
that we
the see
chief
reason
for de
Lesseps'
failure
lay infailure lay in
by the whole
to theworld
plan to
he the
proposed.
he succeeded
and,
with the
supportcapitalists
of Frenchand
capitalists
and
hisofignorance
of the activities
destructive
of insects,
whilefor
the reason for
his ignorance
the destructive
of activities
insects, while
the reason
convincing convincing
the people, the
and,people,
with the
support
of French
Egyptian
the Suez
Canalwas
Company
founded in
of the
United
States Government
wasthat,
entirely that,
the1858.
successtheof success
the United
States
Government
was entirely
the EgyptiantheViceroy,
theViceroy,
Suez Canal
Company
foundedwas
in 1858.
Thethe
next
yearofthe
work of construction
1869 the
Suez
anticipating
peril of
to these
insects,
it took measures
anticipating
the peril of the
sickness
duesickness
to thesedue
insects,
it took
measures
The next year
work
construction
began, and began,
in 1869and
theinSuez
Canal was
officially opened.
to destroy
them.
Thus
this of
case
one ofofthe
of my theory.
to destroy them.
Thus this
case
is one
theisproofs
myproofs
theory.
Canal was officially
opened.
Thereupon
the British
Prime
Minister,
Disraeli,
For aChina
long time
China
has been
proud
being
the first country
has been
proud
of being
theoffirst
country
Thereupon the
British Prime
Minister,
Disraeli,
began
to trybegan
his to try hisFor a long time
hardest for
to acquire
for the
British Government
thethe
shares
Suez ship's
to invent
ship's instruments.
things
by China have
to invent
instruments.
Many other Many
thingsother
invented
byinvented
China have
hardest to acquire
the British
Government
the shares in
Suezin the
Canalwhich
Company,
were
by theKhedives.
EgyptianLater
Khedives.
onassisted
greatly
the development
of world civilization.
Amongst these
greatly
the assisted
development
of world civilization.
Amongst these
Canal Company,
were which
held by
the held
Egyptian
on Later
48

25

25

49

must printing,
be classedgun-powder,
printing, gun-powder,
porcelain,
we can communicate
with one
anotherofby
means of we
electricity,
weall
canofcommunicate
with one another
by means
electricity,
work we work
must be classed
porcelain, silk
and tea,silk
alland
of tea,
which
mankind
therething
is yetmore,
one thing
which with
assisted
with we
electricity,
we cure with
sicknesses
withofthe
help of electricity,
we
electricity,
cure sicknesses
the help
electricity,
we
which mankind
requires.
Butrequires.
there is But
yet one
whichmore,
assisted
in the
growthrelations
of world
a closer connection
thefoodprepare
food onwe
electricity,
it for
etc.many
But I ask: many
prepare
on electricity,
utilize itwe
forutilize
heating,
etc.heating,
But I ask:
in the growth
of world
andrelations
a closerand
connection
between thebetween
peoples.
was the
Chinese
compass.say
Historians
that the compass
people usebut
electricity,
butof
how
many
of what
them itknow
people use electricity,
how many
them
know
is? what it is?
peoples. This
was theThis
Chinese
compass.
Historians
that the say
compass
was
by the
Emperor
legendaryinmonarch,
in 2698When a new
When
a newappears,
invention
invention
forappears,
examplefortheexample
dynamo,thethedynamo, the
was invented
byinvented
the Emperor
Hwangti
(a Hwangti
legendary(amonarch,
2698
B.C.), assert
but others
that it was by
discovered
by Choe-Kung,
a dukegradually
world becomes
graduallyaccustomed
becomes accustomed
to utilize
this For
invention. For
world
to utilize this
invention.
B.C.), but others
that itassert
was discovered
Choe-Kung,
a duke
and prime
at the ofbeginning
of dynasty
the Chow
dynasty (1125-255
example,
the greatofinvention
of recent
times, the
wireless telegraph,
example, the
great invention
recent times,
the wireless
telegraph,
and prime minister
at minister
the beginning
the Chow
(1125-255
B.C.)leaving
However,
leaving
aside the
of the inventor
space
of ahas
few
yearsall
hasover
spread
overYet
the this
world. Yet this
which in thewhich
spacein
ofthe
a few
years
spread
the all
world.
B.C.) However,
aside
the question
of question
the nameofofthe
thename
inventor
of the itcompass,
it was undoubtedly
Chinese
ago swallowed
discovery up
swallowed
of effort,the
exhausted
the of
knowledge of
discovery
centuriesup
of centuries
effort, exhausted
knowledge
of the compass,
was undoubtedly
the Chinesethewho
long who
ago long
discovered
of and
the magnet
compass.
manyfor
scientists,
of his
them
gave his
portion of knowledge,
manythe
scientists,
everyoneforofeveryone
them gave
portion
of knowledge,
discovered the
nature ofthe
thenature
magnet
inventedand
theinvented
compass.the
Later
the Later
Westernapplied
countries
it to ocean-traveling,
which
assistedbefore
in thethe conception
before the of
conception
of wirelesswas
telegraphy
was fully
grasped. Relying
wireless telegraphy
fully grasped.
Relying
Western countries
it toapplied
ocean-traveling,
which assisted
in the
maritime communication.
scientific
truthknowledge,
and exact knowledge,
is not very difficult
on scientificon
truth
and exact
of course, itof
is course,
not veryitdifficult
developmentdevelopment
of maritime of
communication.
there
were no
to indicateit direction,
is unlikely
that machines.
to inventToday
machines.
Todaycan
everyone
carry
on their correspondence
to invent
everyone
carry oncan
their
correspondence
If there wereIfno
compass
to compass
indicate direction,
is unlikelyit that
anyone
would
venture
sail on
distant andsea.
boundless
If there
wireless telegraphy.
Everyone
can also
wirelessbytelegraphy.
Everyone can
also occupy
the occupy
post ofthean post of an
anyone would
venture
to set
sail ontoaset
distant
anda boundless
If theresea.by
were nomaritime
compass,
maritime exploration
would
not have and
developed,
and inoperator
in a telegraph
wireless station.
telegraphThe
station.
The mechanics
who
operator
a wireless
mechanics
who
were no compass,
exploration
would not have
developed,
would
not have
reachedlevel.
its present
Thus the manufacture
benefits manufacture
wirelessapparatus
telegraphare
apparatus
areany
notlonger
faced with
any longer with
wireless telegraph
not faced
civilization civilization
would not have
reached
its present
Thus level.
the benefits
by the
areBut
enormous.
what is theItcompass?
It is task.
a difficult
task. The
heaviest
burden
lies onofthe
backs ofand,
scientists, and,
a difficult
The heaviest
burden
lies on
the backs
scientists,
conferred byconferred
the compass
arecompass
enormous.
what is But
the compass?
is
the well.
rest goes
a simple
electrical
machine.
Men
began
use ofwhen
electricity
when
once this isdifficulty
is overcome,
once
this difficulty
overcome,
all the restallgoes
Fromwell.
the From the
a simple electrical
machine.
Men
began to
make
usetoofmake
electricity
application
electricity
learnmankind
that when
mankind
did not know
theFrom
compass.
From
thethe
time
that the
compass
into of
application
electricityofwe
learn thatwewhen
still
did not still
know
they utilizedthey
the utilized
compass.
the time
that
compass
came
into came
it already
had and
the magnet
utilized
it for the
use,began
mankind
begantheto principles
study the according
principles toaccording
to which
the ofitelectricity
of electricity
already had
the magnet
utilized and
it for
the compass
to compass to
use, mankind
to study
which the
constitutes
the eighth
assist navigation.
Thus constitutes
electricity the
pointer
of the
compassdirected
is always
directed
onesouth,
end toatthe
at the
assist
navigation.
Thus electricity
eighth proof
of theproof of the
pointer of the
compass
is always
at one
end toat the
thesouth,
theoryisthat
action
is easy and difficult.
knowledge difficult.
to Why
the north.
does the
magnet
afterthat action
theory
easy
and knowledge
attract
iron?attract
Only iron?
after Only
other to theother
north.
does Why
the magnet
The development
modern
thousands
years and
of effort
anddid
research
did discover
mankind discoverThe development
of modern of
science
is science
secured is
notsecured
by the not by the
thousands of
years ofof effort
research
mankind
of any
special
branch of knowledge,
butthe
rather
by the united
discovered
thatiselectricity
is not
material,
that its progress
essence of progress
any special
branch
of knowledge,
but rather by
united
electricity. Itelectricity.
discoveredIt that
electricity
not material,
that
its essence
can be transformed
intolight.
heatItand
light. It everywhere
penetrates everywhere
andof various
efforts sciences
of various
and their
mutual inassistance
in this striving
efforts
andsciences
their mutual
assistance
this striving
can be transformed
into heat and
penetrates
and
permeates
of the atmosphere.
When
it passes
along the
earth, One
forward.
branch of
science
which approaches
closest
forward.
branchOne
of science
which
approaches
closest of all
to of all to
permeates the
whole ofthe
thewhole
atmosphere.
When it passes
along
the earth,
it has direction,
a definitefrom
direction,
southWhen
to north.
When the
is iselectricity
electricity
chemistry.is chemistry.
it has a definite
south from
to north.
the magnet
is magnet
under theofinfluence
of itelectricity,
it has the
to and
point north andIf chemistryIfmakes
chemistry
makes noelectricity
progress, also
electricity
also can
no progress,
can hardly
go hardly go
under the influence
electricity,
has the tendency
to tendency
point north
just as a weathercock
under the
the in
wind
in the alone.
forward
And, vice
versa, the
forward
And,alone.
vice versa,
the progress
of progress
chemistryofischemistry
possible is possible
south, just assouth,
a weathercock
under the influence
ofinfluence
the wind of
turns
the turns
which
the wind is moving.
only onofcondition
of new in
inventions
in of
theelectricity.
sphere of The
electricity. The
only on condition
new inventions
the sphere
direction in direction
which theinwind
is moving.
Formerly,
human of
knowledge
electricity
was still
small, of
forerunner
TaoisticInalchemy.
In ancient
times people
forerunner
chemistryof ischemistry
Taoistic is
alchemy.
ancient times
people
Formerly, when
humanwhen
knowledge
electricityofwas
still small,
for ofthelife
elixir
of life
by allmeans,
possible
means,
mankind
looked onand
lightning
as worshipped
gods, and worshipped
sought for sought
the elixir
by all
possible
in the
hopeinofthe hope of
mankind looked
on lightning
thunderand
as thunder
gods, and
them;
usesitsthem
for itsrequirements.
domestic requirements.
Today achieving
we call their
achieving
goal. the
Although
the not
elixirdiscovered,
was not discovered,
these
goal. their
Although
elixir was
these
them; now it
usesnow
themit for
domestic
Today we call
ourage
ageof"the
age of electricity."
Todaycannot
mankind
cannot do experiments
without
experiments
the development
of chemistry.
stimulated stimulated
the development
of chemistry.
The most The most
our age "the
electricity."
Today mankind
do without
If towns
we look
townswe
andsee
ports,
that the consumption
in the
China,
are the production
of
outstanding outstanding
discoveries discoveries
of chemistryof inchemistry
China, are
production
of
electricity. Ifelectricity.
we look at
andat ports,
that we
the see
consumption
electricityday
increases
day.electric
We light
electric
lamps. We
makegunpowder,
vitriol, gunpowder,
porcelain
and Inbean
oil. this
In China
this chemical
vitriol,
porcelain and
bean oil.
China
chemical
of electricityofincreases
by day.day
Weby
light
lamps.
We make
production
existed thousands
for severalofthousands
years,
but the Chinese
use ofinelectricity
traveling,
canthetalk
with
help of electricity,
production has
existed has
for several
years, butofthe
Chinese
use of electricity
traveling,inwe
can talkwe
with
help
of the
electricity,
50

26

26

51

onlyon
continued
on theinold
in this
inner food
valuable
which
the mostscientists
renownedofscientists
today are trying,
only continued
the old track
thistrack
sphere,
not sphere,
knowingnot
theknowing
inner the
valuable
which food
the most
renowned
today areoftrying,
or such
even athatmode
suchofa production
mode of production
called
failing, to discover.
is called isand
significance,significance,
or even that
failing, and
to discover.
Letanother
me quote
anotherthe
example:
the manufacture
chemistry. chemistry.
Let me quote
example:
manufacture
of pottery. of
It pottery. It
presentChinese
modernscientists
Chinese have
scientists
have an uncommon
has on
been
goingfrom
on almost
from times.
prehistoric
times. In
At present At
modern
an uncommon
has been going
almost
prehistoric
In Babylon
andBabylon
Egypt and Egypt
yearning
after
Western
sciences,
and
the most wonder-working
branchusedpeople
used clay
tablets
to make
and manufactured
yearning after
Western
sciences,
and
the most
wonder-working
branch
people
clay tablets
to make
books,
and books,
manufactured
bricks of bricks of
of learning
which
interests
them isThe
chemistry.
The most
partbefore
of clay
before the
Western
people this
discovered
buildingAllmaterial. All
of learning which
interests
them
is chemistry.
most difficult
partdifficult
of clay
the Western
people
discovered
buildingthis
material.
study chemistry,
is organic the
chemistry,
the most part
important
partancestors
of the ofancestors
of thepeoples
civilized
of today
made earthenware
chemistry tochemistry
study is to
organic
most important
of the
the civilized
of peoples
today made
earthenware
that which
treats of Western
foodstuffs.
Western physiologists
recent independently.
that, clay,
by baking
clay,
we can
produce pottery,
which is thatwhich
whichistreats
of foodstuffs.
physiologists
in recent in
independently.
We see that,Webysee
baking
we can
produce
pottery,
have ofbyexperiment
means of experiment
arrived
at the that
conclusion
thatthis
in canand
by which
any nation
which has
the age of fire.
times have times
by means
arrived at the
conclusion
in
and
be this
donecan
by be
anydone
nation
has reached
the reached
age of fire.
animal
there harmful
are manysubstances.
harmful substances.
But the manufacture
is theoriginal
particular
originalofinvention of
animal (meat)
food(meat)
there food
are many
But here But
But here
the manufacture
of porcelainofisporcelain
the particular
invention
anotherarises:
problem
chieflyforrequires
for hisUp to
China.
Up Chinese
to this day
Chineseis porcelain
is the
considered
the most perfect
another problem
that arises:
which that
manwhich
chieflyman
requires
his
China.
this day
porcelain
considered
most perfect
sustenance
contained
chiefly
eat meat
kind.
In 1540
a certain Frenchman,
B., saw
Chineseinporcelain in
sustenance is
containedischiefly
in meat.
If in
wemeat.
ceaseIftowe
eatcease
meat toand
of itsand
kind. of
In its
1540
a certain
Frenchman,
B., saw Chinese
porcelain
seeknutritive
equivalent
nutritive
matter else-where,
find of
any means
of an aristocratic
family. itHetojudged
to be
the most
seek equivalent
matter
else-where,
shall we findshall
anywe
means
an aristocratic
family. He judged
be the itmost
precious
of precious
objects, of objects,
achieving
is why the
of the
hygiene
an determined
old
and determined
to method
imitate the
method
of its manufacture,
achieving this?
This isthis?
why This
the question
of question
the hygiene
of diet
is anof
olddiet isand
to imitate the
of its
manufacture,
in order thatin order that
problem,
which
hard to solve.
common
people
mightthe
alsouse
enjoy
thevaluable
use of this
valuable discovery.
problem, which
scientists
tryscientists
very hardtrytovery
solve.
the commonthe
people
might
also enjoy
of this
discovery.
Of late,hasbiology
has developed
veryMany
quickly.
He technique
studied theoftechnique
of its manufacture
for sixteen
years, and then
Of late, biology
developed
very quickly.
greatMany
He great
studied the
its manufacture
for sixteen years,
and then
have by
been
madechemists.
by FrenchThey
chemists.
They
created built
organic
kind of
pottery workshop.
Thisbeginning
was the of
beginning
of the
discoveries discoveries
have been made
French
created
organic
a kindbuilt
of apottery
workshop.
This was the
the
chemistry.
use of the
method oftosynthesis
to procure imitation
organic byimitation
by Europeans
of themethod
Chineseof method
of manufacturing
chemistry. Making
useMaking
of the method
of synthesis
procure organic
Europeans
of the Chinese
manufacturing
material,
they set
havebefore
even themselves
set before themselves
aim of preparing
material, they
have even
the aim of the
preparing
porcelain. porcelain.
Western has
countries has
recent
times in
chemistry
in the countries
foodstuffs
means ofM.
chemistry.
M. Pasteur
founded bacteri-ology,
byIn recent In
foodstuffs by
means ofby
chemistry.
Pasteur founded
bacteri-ology,
by
times
chemistry
the Western
to an extraordinary
and with
is bringing
with it industrial
which hethe
facilitated
the of
appearance
of biochemistry.
Hishave
followers
have todeveloped
which he facilitated
appearance
biochemistry.
His followers
developed
an extraordinary
degree, and degree,
is bringing
it industrial
development.
The manufacture
of isporcelain
is also
applied bio-chemistry
study of and
foodstuffs,
andcome
havetothus development.
come to
applied bio-chemistry
to the study to
ofthe
foodstuffs,
have thus
The manufacture
of porcelain
also based
on abased on a
knowledge
of and
chemistry,
and its in
production
at the present
the conclusion
that meatpoisonous
contains substances
poisonous substances
that of
the conclusion
that meat contains
and that and
knowledge
chemistry,
its production
the Westinatthe
theWest
present
almost
standard
attained by
ChineseBut
porcelain.
But if it
vegetables
the best food.
vegetables are
the best are
food.
time almost time
reaches
the reaches
standardthe
attained
by Chinese
porcelain.
if it
bewith
compared
with porcelain
the artisticproduced
porcelaininproduced
time of WoenMy friend
Mr. Li-Shi-Chen,
who wasineducated
a
My friend Mr.
Li-Shi-Chen,
who was educated
France, ain France,
be compared
the artistic
the time in
of the
WoenLo-Ching-Tai,
the Ming
and of
and Chien-Lung
of
pupil of
studied agri-culture
and attention
paid greatto attention
to
pupil of Pasteur,
hasPasteur,
studied has
agri-culture
and paid great
Lo-Ching-Tai,
of the Mingof
dynasty,
anddynasty,
of Kiat-Hsi
andKiat-Hsi
Chien-Lung
of
the Ching
its colours
and quality
will be to
discovered
beans. He
the "International
for the Preparation
of dynasty,
beans. He founded
thefounded
"International
Society for Society
the Preparation
of the Ching
its dynasty,
colours and
quality will
be discovered
be much to be much
those ofproductions,
Chinese productions,
are positively
andthat
affirmed
that can
beanentirely
milk can
entirely
replace
cow'sthanlower
Bean Milk,"Bean
and Milk,"
affirmed
bean milk
replace
cow's
lower
those than
of Chinese
which are which
positively
milk,
and bean
meat.
based his conclusions
on the
of unequalled.
milk, and bean
foods,
meat.foods,
He based
hisHe
conclusions
on the theories
of theories
unequalled.
today has
The development
of today
chemistry
manyand
chemists
and on experiments
in vegetarian
the use of food.
vegetarian
many chemists
on experiments
in the use of
He food. HeThe development
of chemistry
has reached
thereached
widest the widest
also
the "Bean
MilkOfSociety."
Chinese
have andbounds,
and the
marvelsofitcourse,
works, have
of course,
have far outstripped
the
also founded
thefounded
"Bean Milk
Society."
course, Of
the course,
Chinesethe
have
bounds,
the marvels
it works,
far outstripped
the
from very
far-off
and,
to say, of wonders
the past. there
Previously
existed a difference
been eating been
bean eating
mash bean
from mash
very far-off
times;
and, times;
needless
to needless
say,
wonders
alchemy of
in alchemy
the past. inPreviously
existedthere
a difference
many
of them
know
how it.
to Even
prepare
Even
in very
remote between
villages organic
between
andchemistry,
inorganicbut
chemistry,
butcan
now
can be no more
many of them
know
how to
prepare
in it.
very
remote
villages
and organic
inorganic
now there
bethere
no more
a small there
population
there are
of bean
since thetechnique
advancingoftechnique
chemistry
may trans-form
with a smallwith
population
are factories
of factories
bean extract.
We extract.
despisedWe despised
distinctions,distinctions,
since the advancing
chemistryofmay
trans-form
food as
the mostBut,
common.
But, by
a strange
irony
of fate, itinorganic
turned chemistry
inorganic into
chemistry
into
organic. the
Moreover,
thetheory
so-called
this food as this
the most
common.
by a strange
irony
of fate,
it turned
organic.
Moreover,
so-called
of theory of
outoftothe
bemost
one of
the mostproducts
wonderful
of organic the
chemistry,
the and
elements
andalso
atoms
hasdestroyed,
also beenasdestroyed,
as theofdiscovery
out to be one
wonderful
of products
organic chemistry,
elements
atoms has
been
the discovery
radium of radium
most economical
and food.
beneficial
food. Furthermore,
it is that
samedownbreaks
down theory
the atomic
and demonstrates
the incorrectness
of
breaks
the atomic
and theory
demonstrates
the incorrectness
of
most economical
and beneficial
Furthermore,
it is that same
52

27

27

53

thenatural
theory selection
of naturaland
selection
and the
for existence.
assertion
that elements
atoms andareelements
are indivisible;
on the contrary,
explain the explain
theory of
the struggle
forstruggle
existence.
the assertionthethat
atoms and
indivisible;
on the contrary,
atoms
consist
of still
smaller
calledThus
electrons.
from
With the publication
of the
thistheory
book, of
theevolution
theory ofproduced
evolutiona produced a
With
the publication
of this book,
these atomsthese
consist
of still
smaller
units,
calledunits,
electrons.
from Thus
now
onwards
new erainischemistry.
opening in chemistry.
complete
change Thoughts
in science.and
Thoughts
and ideals
sharply changed,
complete change
in science.
ideals were
sharplywere
changed,
now onwards
a new
era is aopening
Western
peoples,theimitating
Chinese
in the manufacture
and came
under theofinfluence
this new philosophy.
then all
and came under
the influence
this newofphilosophy.
Since then Since
all
The WesternThe
peoples,
imitating
Chinesethe
in the
manufacture
porcelain,
founded
their
on the
analysis of substances.
far as have
sciences
based on
themselves
on this
Theevolution
theory of evolution
sciences
based have
themselves
this theory.
The theory.
theory of
of porcelain,offounded
their
work on
thework
analysis
of substances.
So far as So
porcelain
are they
concerned
they have
been
is the
natural explanation
of the world-wide
of all creatures.
is the
natural
explanation
of the world-wide
progress of progress
all creatures.
the quality the
and quality
coloringandof coloring
porcelainofare
concerned
have been
mostbut
carefully;
but theoftechnique
of
The
mutual
fornatural
existence,
naturaland
selection,
and the
The mutual
struggle
for struggle
existence,
selection,
the survival
of survival of
chemically chemically
studied moststudied
carefully;
the technique
the firingofofthe firing
porcelain
belongs exclusively
to of
thehuman
spheretalent.
of human
the the
fittest
are therules
principal
of theofevolution
species. These
the kind
fittest are
principal
of therules
evolution
species. of
These
porcelain belongs
exclusively
to the sphere
This talent.
kind This
technique
hasextend,
ceasedand
to extend,
and its development
as have
principles
been
applied
from Age
the Stone
Agefor
onwards,
for the
principles
been have
applied
from
the Stone
onwards,
the
of techniqueofhas
ceased to
its development
was arrested,was
as arrested,
resultit ofis which
it is possible
no longer
to This
imitate
it. This improvement
is why
improvement
of of
the plants.
seeds By
of plants.
By this
meanshas
mankind has
of the seeds
this means
mankind
a result of awhich
no longer
to possible
imitate it.
is why
of all
admire ofporcelain
of and
the Ming
Ching wild
changed
intoplants,
cultivated
and has transformed
wild
grasseswild
intograsses
cultivated
and plants,
has transformed
wild
Europeans Europeans
most of allmost
admire
porcelain
the Ming
Ching andchanged
dynasties,
anddo
very
do thousands
not grudgeofthousands
dollars tobeasts
acquireinto beasts
intoanimals.
domestic
animals.
theory in
domestic
Men
appliedMen
thisapplied
theory this
in practice
forpractice for
dynasties, and
very often
notoften
grudge
dollars toofacquire
it. All
they in
cantheir
collect
in theiris museums
is to
considered
one of ofthousand
of years,
without comprehending
its significance.
years, without
comprehending
its significance.
Only in the Only in the
it. All that they
canthat
collect
museums
considered
be one ofto bethousand
the rarest
of art.
But the
Chinesewho
craftsmen
whokind
made this
age ofenlightenment
scientific enlightenment
at last toit,conceive it,
age kind
of scientific
was Darwinwas
ableDarwin
at last able
to conceive
the rarest works
of art.works
But the
Chinese
craftsmen
made this
porcelain
were
ignorant ofand
chemistry
physics.
Thusischemistry
is
after
working
at the
problem unremittingly
for twenty years.
after working
at the
problem
unremittingly
for twenty years.
of porcelainofwere
ignorant
of chemistry
physics.and
Thus
chemistry
the ninth confirmation
of my theory.
From
weofcan
of theofdifficulty
of knowledge.
From this we
can this
judge
thejudge
difficulty
knowledge.
Darwin's Darwin's
the ninth confirmation
of my theory.
us now
theevolution.
theory ofIts
evolution.
discovery
was was
discovery
waswith
compared
with Isaacdiscovery
Newton'sofdiscovery
discovery
compared
Isaac Newton's
the law of the law of
Let us now Let
consider
theconsider
theory of
discoveryItswas
work of
Darwin,
wrote
a great
book: The
Origin of gravity.
Species. Men
gravity.
Men these
considered
these
the two
greatest discoveries:
considered
the two
greatest
discoveries:
the first in the first in
the work ofthe
Darwin,
who
wrote awho
great
book:
The Origin
of Species.
sphere The
of space.
Sincethe
thatworld
time has
the known
world has
that all
to the
spheretheof second
time, the
second
in the
the sphere
of time,
in the
sphere
of space.
writer The writer
Since that time
that known
all species
are species
obliged are
to obliged
considers
there
are three
degreesoforevolution:
periods ofthe
evolution:
for theirThe
existence.
The most
learned philosophers
ancient that
there arethat
three
degrees
or periods
first of the first of
evolution forevolution
their existence.
most learned
philosophers
of ancient ofconsiders
matter, of
thespecies,
secondand
of species,
the third
of man.
Duringofthe period of
modern
origin could
of species,
could not
provethe second
matter,
the thirdand
of man.
During
the period
and modernand
times,
who times,
studiedwho
the studied
origin ofthespecies,
not prove
vapor,brought
the ether
broughtinto
electrons
electrons produced
this conclusion.
Two years
thousand
ago the
Greek philosopher,
vapor, the ether
electrons
motion,into
the motion,
electronstheproduced
this conclusion.
Two thousand
ago years
the Greek
philosopher,
matterproduced
and matter
realized
that all come
creatures
come
path ofand matter
theproduced
earth. the earth.
Democritus,Democritus,
had realizedhadthat
all creatures
by the
pathby ofthe matter
theoffirst
stage
of worldBut
evolution.
Butother
there are other
evolution.
Butfollowers,
he had noand
followers,
andoftheevolution
theory ofdid
evolution
did notThis was theThis
firstwas
stage
world
evolution.
there are
evolution. But
he had no
the theory
not
heavenly
bodies
which
are stage
still inofthis
stage ofThe
evolution.
The evolution
receive a foundation.
theRenaissance,
European Renaissance,
of bodies
heavenly
which
are still
in this
evolution.
evolution
receive a foundation.
During the During
European
freedom of freedom
mattertowards
is directed
theofformation
of earth.
many million
thinking
again
and the philosopher
Spinoza
of world
matter is of
directed
the towards
formation
earth. How
many How
million
thinking again
reigned,
andreigned,
the philosopher
Spinoza studied
the studied
world the
wereforrequired
for the of
formation
from its
external
aspect,asdeclaring
as favor
a result
in favor
of of
the theory
of our
planet? According
to
years of
were years
required
the formation
our planet?
According
to
from its external
aspect,
declaring
a result in
of the
theory
evolution.
was the
spiritual
father and of
inspiration
Darwin.
calculations
based
on of
the geological
study of geological
twenty
based on the
study
phenomena,phenomena,
twenty
evolution. Spinoza
wasSpinoza
the spiritual
father
and inspiration
Darwin. of calculations
Later
after the Renaissance,
the development
of science
aheadyearsmillion
years have
since
the formation
time of theofformation
million
have passed
sincepassed
the time
of the
the earth.of the earth.
Later on, after
theon,
Renaissance,
the development
of science went
ahead went
rapidly.
Many were
discoveries
were
thatmost
time.remarkable
The most remarkableThe period The
from of
thecells
origin
of cells
to the appearance
of man
fromperiod
the origin
to the
appearance
of man
rapidly. Many
discoveries
made at
thatmade
time.atThe
were
those in
of the
Laplace
realm of astronomy,
Lyell in constitutes
second
period of All
evolution.
species,
the second the
period
of evolution.
species,Allfrom
the from the
discoveries discoveries
were those of
Laplace
realminofthe
astronomy,
Lyell in constitutes
that of
in that of
All men,
theseby
great smallest
men, by to smallest
to the
largest,
from theto simplest
the most complicated,
the largest,
from
the simplest
the mosttocomplicated,
that of geology,
andgeology,
Lamarckand
in Lamarck
that of zoology.
Allzoology.
these great
means
of the conclusions
drawn
by science,
them from
science,
arrived
at the toaccording
of the
for natural
existence,
natural selection,
according
the laws toofthe
thelaws
struggle
forstruggle
existence,
selection,
means of the
conclusions
drawn by them
from
arrived
at the
and the
of were
the fittest,
were
already inwhen
existence
theory of
evolution
may
called its pioneers.
and the survival
of survival
the fittest,
already
in existence
man when man
theory of evolution
and
may be and
called
itsbe
pioneers.
on Thousands
the earth. Thousands
of years
passed
before mankind
Darwin
of the observation
animals.
After onappeared
appeared
the earth.
of years passed
before
mankind
Darwin studied
it bystudied
means itofby
themeans
observation
of animals. of
After
acquired
human
in the of
first
of itsit existence
years of
published
hisOrigin
book The
Origin of acquired
Species, human
nature,
sincenature,
in the since
first period
itsperiod
existence
was in it was in
twenty yearstwenty
of research
he research
publishedhehis
book The
of Species,
to
to
54

28

28

55

no way distinguishable
fromThen
animals.
began the ofevolution ofIf the readerIfstill
the does
reader
does my
not words,
believe Imy
ask him to notice
notstill
believe
askwords,
him toI notice
no way distinguishable
from animals.
beganThen
the evolution
words of "If
Confucius:
"If are
the capable
people are
capablelet
of them
action, let them
the words oftheConfucius:
the people
of action,
mankind. mankind.
The foundations
of the of
evolution
mankind
quite along
proceed
along
path;then
but make
if not,them
then first
makeofthem
first of all understand
proceed
its path;
butits
if not,
all understand
The foundations
of the evolution
mankindof were
quite were
different
fromprinciples
the basicofprinciples
of theofevolution
of other creatures.
From this
that the
this truth." this
Fromtruth."
this saying
we saying
can seewe
thatcanthesee
ancient
sageancient
also sage also
different from
the basic
the evolution
other creatures.
latter the
existence
the law,
whereas
men foreshadowed
foreshadowed
my theory. my theory.
Amongst theAmongst
latter thethe
struggle
for struggle
existenceforwas
the law,was
whereas
men
guided
by the
of Society
mutual aid.
and the
were guidedwere
by the
principle
of principle
mutual aid.
and Society
the sciences
aresciences are
concrete expres-sion
of this
aid.love,
Morality,
love, friendship
the concretethe
expres-sion
of this mutual
aid. mutual
Morality,
friendship
justice
theseofareexpressing
forms of mutual
expressing
aid. Mankind
and justice and
all
these
areallforms
aid. mutual
Mankind
develops
and only
progresses
on the that
condition
thatthese
it obeys these
develops and
progresses
on theonly
condition
it obeys
laws,it otherwise
it perishes.
fact that
has still
fundamentalfundamental
laws, otherwise
perishes. The
fact thatThe
mankind
hasmankind
still
applied
these
laws in
on a large
scale,people
and some people
not applied not
these
laws in
practice
on practice
a large scale,
and some
infringe
man'sfrom
evolution
from the
infringe them,
arisesthem,
from arises
man's from
evolution
the animals,
andanimals,
from and from
the into
thirdwhich
stage, man
into is
which
manas
is "man,"
enteringisasstill
"man," is still
the fact thatthe
thefact
thirdthat
stage,
entering
animalorheritage,
or has
"instinct,"
not yet been
very short. very
The short.
animalThe
heritage,
"instinct,"
not yethasbeen
extinguished,
has not completely
But once mankind
extinguished,
and has notand
completely
disappeared.disappeared.
But once mankind
period of civilization,
his inner
being spontaneously
sought
entered the entered
period ofthecivilization,
his inner being
spontaneously
sought
theofprinciples
of mutual
andto was
able the
to achieve
the fundamental
the principles
mutual aid,
and wasaid,
able
achieve
fundamental
aimevolution.
of humanWhat
evolution.
the endevolution?
of human Itevolution?
It is the
aim of human
is the What
end ofishuman
is the
aimbyindicated
by when
Confucius
when
he said:
your
goal has been
aim indicated
Confucius
he said:
"When
your"When
goal has
been
as in theThese
heavens."
These are the
reached, youreached,
can liveyou
on can
the live
earthonasthe
in earth
the heavens."
are the
hopes of
mankind,
which
desires tothe
transform
the present
painful period
hopes of mankind,
which
desires
to transform
present painful
period
of itsinto
existence
a happy
on earth.
Modern civilization
is
of its existence
a happyinto
paradise
on paradise
earth. Modern
civilization
is
moving
forward
with
gigantic
of the last century
moving forward
with
gigantic
strides,
the strides,
progressthe
of progress
the last century
may bewith
compared
with the
of the lastofthousands
of years, and
may be compared
the progress
of progress
the last thousands
years, and
as inthe
thedevelopment
future the development
of years
the last
tenbeyears
will be comparable
as in the future
of the last ten
will
comparable
with
the road
traveled
in the last
hundred
years,
we canthecalculate the
with the road
traveled
in the
last hundred
years,
we can
calculate
rapidity of
thatwethedream
timesofwearedream
of are not far
rapidity of progress
andprogress
realize and
that realize
the times
not far
From
time that
Darwin the
discovered
theofprinciples
away. Fromaway.
the time
thatthe
Darwin
discovered
principles
evolutionof evolution
the
for life of
animals,
naturalthe
selection,
survival of the
the struggle
for struggle
life of animals,
natural
selection,
survivalthe
of the
fittest began
scientists
began
to treatlove,
morality,
justice and friendship
fittest scientists
to treat
morality,
justicelove,
and friendship
a mirage,
andtheto law
regard
the struggle
law of the
as the
as a mirage,asand
to regard
of the
forstruggle
existenceforasexistence
the
reality.
even
wantthese
to apply
of the
animal
reality. They
even They
want to
apply
laws these
of thelaws
animal
world
to world to
mankind,
do not understand
that applied
that only
to a
mankind, but
they dobutnotthey
understand
that that only
to applied
a
period
in the
history ofmankind
that theofevolution of
transitional transitional
period in the
history
of mankind
that the
evolution
man hasthis
outgrown
thiswhich
principle
which
world of animals.
man has outgrown
principle
governs
thegoverns
world oftheanimals.
Thus of
theevolution
theory ofmay
evolution
may
serveproof
as a tenth
of my theory
Thus the theory
serve as
a tenth
of myproof
theory
concerning
easiness of and
knowledge
and the
concerning the
easiness the
of knowledge
the difficulty
ofdifficulty
action. of action.
56

29

29

57

CHAPTER
III
CHAPTER
III

without understanding
purpose,"
people
becomeand
irresolute,
and fall
without understanding
its purpose,"itspeople
become
irresolute,
fall
under the
theory of Wang-Yuan-Ming.
under the influence
ofinfluence
the theoryofofthe
Wang-Yuan-Ming.
Thus it turnsThus
out it turns out
that the
of Wang-Yuan-Ming
is oftolittle
to man, although
of teaching
Wang-Yuan-Ming
is of little help
man,help
although
THE CHINESE
NEED KNOWLEDGE
AND that the teaching
THE CHINESE
NEED KNOWLEDGE
AND
over
the
minds
of
Chinese
scholars.
it
certainly
exerted
a
great
influence
it
certainly
exerted
a
great
influence
over
the
minds
of
Chinese
scholars.
REVOLUTIONARY
REVOLUTIONARY
ACTION ACTION
Perhapswill
someone
will
ask not
me:Japan
"Did derive
not Japan
derive benefit
Perhaps someone
ask me:
"Did
benefit
from the ofteaching
of Wang-Yuan-Ming
the her
time of her
the teaching
Wang-Yuan-Ming
during the during
time of
As theoften
theory
of "the
easiness
actionfrom
and the
As the ten proofs
theproofs
theoryofofthe
"the
easiness
of action
andofthe
reforms?"
To reply
to this
it istonecessary
to become acquainted
reforms?"
reply to this
question
it isquestion
necessary
become acquainted
of knowledge,"
forth
in thechapters,
previous are
chapters,
are To
difficulty ofdifficulty
knowledge,"
set forth insetthe
previous
withhistory.
Japanese
history.
Before the ofbeginning
of the
reforms feudalism
Japanese
Before
the beginning
the reforms
feudalism
showofthethat
truth
of that
the Chinese
traditional with
Chinese
sufficient tosufficient
show theto truth
theory,
the theory,
traditional
prevailed
in
Japan.
But,
in
proportion
as
foreigners
invaded
prevailed
in
Japan.
But,
in
proportion
as
foreigners
invaded
Japan,
and Japan, and
phrase: "knowledge
is easyisbut
action isand
difficult,"
and the
phrase: "knowledge
is easy but action
difficult,"
the teaching
of teaching of
thisthere
invasion,
the feudal
unable to
feudal nobles
werenobles
unablewere
to prevent
thisprevent
invasion,
arose there arose
Wang-Yuan-Ming
aboutin"the
unity
action of and
knowledge
deeds,"
Wang-Yuan-Ming
about "the unity
action
of in
knowledge
deeds," andthe
thepeople
Japanese
people amovement
patriotic in
movement
Japanese
a patriotic
favor ofinthefavor of the
musthold
loseover
theirthe
hold
overmind.
the human
mind.
Perhaps
of myamongst
readers theamongst
must lose their
human
Perhaps
many
of mymany
readers
of the
"aliens,"
whichsimilar
was very
similar
to the watchwords
of
the "aliens,"
which
was very
to the
watchwords
of
thinkproofs
that these
proofs
canonly
be applied
only factors.
to material
factors.
want to ofexpulsion
think that these
can be
applied
to material
I want
to Iexpulsion
time and
the Boxer movement.
different of
conditions
the Boxer
In different Inconditions
time andofspace,
this space, this
takeofadvantage
of this
quotefrom
an extract
fromofthe "work
of movement.
take advantage
this occasion
to occasion
quote an to
extract
the "work
patriotic reactionary
movement
in two neighboring
countries,
patriotic reactionary
movement in
two neighboring
countries, Japan
and Japan and
Meng-Sin"
the Four
Books,
show
thatisthis
doubt is unnecessary.
Meng-Sin" in
the Four inBooks,
to show
thattothis
doubt
unnecessary.
China,
produced
quite
different results.
China,toproduced
quite
different
results.
it is act
said:
"To act
without consideration,
to act toaccording
There it is There
said: "To
without
consideration,
to act according
its first
defeats
in the
attempt atJapan
resistance,
Japan followed
defeats
in the
attempt
at resistance,
followed
custom,
without and
reflection,
and to
on one's
path, throughoutAfter its firstAfter
custom, without
reflection,
to continue
oncontinue
one's path,
throughout
adopted
their
theof example
of thecountries
Westernand
countries
thelotexample
the Western
adoptedand
their
method
of method of
whole
of life,
without understanding
its this
purpose
of
the whole ofthe
life,
without
understanding
its purpose
is thelotthis
of is the
government.
At
the
same
time
we
see
that
the
success
of
Japan in her
government.
At
the
same
time
we
see
that
the
success
of
Japan
in
her
Thus myhere
theory,
finds confirmation,
and
the mob." the
Thusmob."
my theory,
also, here
finds also,
confirmation,
and
great
on the enterprising
own transformation
depended a depended
great dealaon
the deal
enterprising
nature of nature of
caninsay
in all circumstances
is own transformation
consequentlyconsequently
we can saywethat
all that
circumstances
the theory the
is theory
theThey
Japanese.
They were
of a which
great deal
the Japanese.
were ignorant
of ignorant
a great deal
they which
ought they
to ought to
correct.
undoubtedlyundoubtedly
correct.
done,
but they
worked
without
noticing
this, i.e.
"acting without
have
done, have
but they
worked
without
noticing
this,
i.e. "acting
without
From
a study
works of Wang-Yuan-Ming,
we may
arrive
From a study
of the
worksofofthe
Wang-Yuan-Ming,
we may arrive
reflection,
and on
continuing
on throughout
their path, throughout
thelife,
whole of life,
reflection,
continuing
their path,
the whole of
at the that
conclusion
that
he well
knewthe
very
of " the
of and
at the conclusion
he knew
very
lawwell
of "the
thelaw
easiness
of easiness
without understanding
its purpose."its purpose."
and theofdifficulty
of knowledge;"
but as his
was to understanding
action and action
the difficulty
knowledge;"
but as his purpose
waspurpose
to without
if it bethat
supposed
that theof teaching
of Wang-Yuanit be supposed
the teaching
Wang-Yuangeneral
attention
more upon
"action"
concentrate concentrate
the general the
attention
more
upon "action"
(facts)
than (facts)
upon than uponHowever, ifHowever,
Ming
favorably
affected
the
trans-formation
of
Japan,
the question
Ming
favorably
affected
the
trans-formation
of
Japan,
the
question
"knowledge,"
in order
make the
Chinese
people
pay more
"knowledge,"
in order to make
the to
Chinese
people
pay more
attention
to attention to
why itthen
not save
from
and weakness,
arises,
then does
not does
save itChina
fromChina
poverty
andpoverty
weakness,
than tohespeeches,
hehis
expressed
of thewhy arises,
action than action
to speeches,
expressed
thought his
by thought
speakingbyofspeaking
the
notwithstanding
theamongst
fact thattheamongst
Chinese
there are many
notwithstanding
the fact that
Chinesethethere
are many
unityand
of action
and knowledge,"
andupon
enlarged
this
"functional "functional
unity of action
knowledge,"
and enlarged
this upon
of Wang-Yuan-Ming
The reply
would probably
be: "Most probably
Wang-Yuan-Ming
? The reply?would
be: "Most
his pupils
thus:you
"Doought
whattoyou
do:will
for not
if you disciples
will not of disciples
theme to histheme
pupilstothus:
"Do what
do:ought
for iftoyou
Chineseare
somehow
fond of postponing
because
Chinesethe
somehow
too fondareoftoo
postponing
hard work hard work
act value
thus, is
what
value
is there
in your knowledge?
Your will
knowledge
will thebecause
act thus, what
there
in your
knowledge?
Your knowledge
andavoid
trying
avoid it." Undoubtedly,
Chinese
people
it."toUndoubtedly,
the Chinesethe
people
suffer
from suffer from
lose its
meaning,
and that
worse
still,you
thatthink
whichyou
youknow
thinkwill
youbeknowand
willtrying
be to
lose its meaning,
and
worse still,
which
defect,
canasthis
the main
why the
this defect, this
but can
thisbut
serve
theserve
mainasreason
why reason
the teaching
of teaching of
quitetounknown
to you."
all idea
doubt,of his
idea of encouraging
quite unknown
you." Beyond
all Beyond
doubt, his
encouraging
Wang-Yuan-Ming
loses
its
potency
in
China?
Wang-Yuan-Ming
loses
its
potency
in
China?
dovery
goodimportant,
was very but
important,
still
he madeina mistake in
people to dopeople
good to
was
still he but
made
a mistake
The
Japanese
began
to carry
reforms
without being
began
to carry
through
theirthrough
reformstheir
without
being
taking the for
"difficult"
for the
and vice
versa:
and this broughtThe Japanese
taking the "difficult"
the "easy,"
and "easy,"
vice versa:
and this
brought
acquainted
with
their
meaning:
while
the
Chinese
are
wont, before
acquainted
with
their
meaning:
while
the
Chinese
are
wont,
before
him to aofdistortion
truth.making
It is like
making
man
him to a distortion
the truth.ofItthe
is like
a man
worka at
thatwork at that
any
to ask themselves,
do itthey
know it thoroughly,
any affair, to
askaffair,
themselves,
do they know
thoroughly,
against
human
nature.
Instead with
of starting
with
habit of undertaking
which goes which
againstgoes
human
nature.
Instead
of starting
the habit
ofthe undertaking
they
arrive atreply,
a positive
reply,be
will
again by
be tortured
if they and,
arriveif at
a positive
will again
tortured
doubt as by doubt as
"acting
without consideration,
acting to
according
custom, and,
without
"acting without
consideration,
acting according
custom, towithout
to whether
be able
it, and
the work once
will bethey
able will
to cope
withtoit,cope
and with
complete
thecomplete
work once
reflection,
and on
continuing
on throughout
their path, throughout
thelife,
wholetoofwhether
life, they
reflection, and
continuing
their path,
the whole of
58

30

30

59

it 'has
This, is
of correct
course, from
is correct
fromoftheview
point
view of forces
"difficult"
forces theChinese
irresolute
Chinese
afraidaofwrong
making a wrong
the irresolute
to be
afraid to
ofbe
making
it 'has begun.
This,begun.
of course,
the point
of of "difficult"
andstill
so sits
China
still sits
lolling,onasher
usual,
on Why?
her couch.decision.
Why? Therefore
decision. the
Therefore
Chinese
never
Chinesethe
never
secure
goodsecure
resultsgood
fromresults
the from the
science; andscience;
so China
lolling,
as usual,
couch.
sons are
confused
by thephrase
traditional
They
oneproblems
side the involved
problemsininvolved in
work
they work
begin.they
Theybegin.
put on
oneput
sideonthe
Because herBecause
sons areher
confused
and
deceivedand
bydeceived
the traditional
phrase
is easyisbut
action isAnd
difficult."
And
therefore
they dare
not outcarrying
outand
their
plan, and
usually
devote to
themselves
studying those
carrying
their plan,
usually
devote
themselves
studying to
those
"knowledge"knowledge
is easy but action
difficult."
therefore
they
dare not
begin
work since
at reform,
since that
they they
thinkhave
that insufficient
they have insufficient
problems.
Many
of them
reach As
their
goal. As
a result,
problems. Many
of them
never
reachnever
their goal.
a result,
when
any when any
begin to work
at to
reform,
they think
while
"action is difficult."
Chinese,
20 or
years of
stubborn
toil, does
arrive at a certain
Chinese, after
20 or after
30 years
of 30
stubborn
toil,
does arrive
at a certain
knowledge, knowledge,
while "action
is difficult."
Theofmajority
of the of
reformers
of Japan, had
probably,
had no of
knowledge
of his
subject,
he canapply
no longer
apply it in
practice, because
knowledge
his subject,
he can
no longer
it in practice,
because
The majority
the reformers
Japan, probably,
no
conception
of thewhich
problems
them,
but the reforming
"action is difficult."
"action is difficult."
conception of
the problems
stoodwhich
beforestood
them,before
but the
reforming
of Japan
proved success,
a brilliant
success,
thanks
to the of
enterprise
of theThus no work
Thus can
no work
can beoutcarried
by the acquisition
of
thanks
to the
enterprise
the
of Japan proved
a brilliant
be carried
by theoutacquisition
of
Japanese.
arewith
otherwise
when the
Chineseknowledge
people
knowledge
and can
no come
work can
come
of theof absence of
Japanese. Things
are Things
otherwise
China:with
whenChina:
the Chinese
people
alone, and alone,
no work
out of
the out
absence
feel theofnecessity
of reform,
theyofmust
first of all comprehend
its full
"knowledge."
is why
Chinalower
is falling
lower and
lower, drifting
"knowledge."
That is whyThat
China
is falling
and lower,
drifting
feel the necessity
reform, they
must first
all comprehend
its full
if they
notsoable
to dothesocourse
duringofthetheir
coursedown-stream.
of their
down-stream.
significance,significance,
and, if they and,
are not
able are
to do
during
whole will
life, come
death before
will come
at the application
we at
look
at the
history we
of shall
China,find
we many
shall find many
theback
history
of China,
whole life, death
workbefore
at thework
application
of reforms of reformsIf we look Ifback
can begin.
While,
if they do
become thoroughly
acquainted
tracesgreatness.
of formerThe
greatness.
The most
remote
tracesthe
of former
most remote
times,
thosetimes,
of thethose
Tangof the Tang
can begin. While,
if they
do become
thoroughly
acquainted with
the with
of reform,
will
into effect
becauseand
"action
Yuan were
dynasties,
wereway
in their
way theof infancy
Yuan and
dynasties,
in their
the infancy
Chineseof Chinese
significancesignificance
of reform, they
will notthey
carry
it not
intocarry
effectitbecause
"action
difficult."
Thus the
of Wang-Yuan-Ming
didbut
not help,
but
civilization.
the Chow
dynasty
mightthebeperiod
called the period
civilization.
The times ofThe
thetimes
Chowofdynasty
might
be called
is difficult."isThus
the teaching
of teaching
Wang-Yuan-Ming
did not help,
couldthe
notenterprising
hinder the enterprising
in the of
application
reforms
It was
thatthe
time that the
of theof maturity
Chinese civilization.
the maturity
Chinese of
civilization.
It was at that
timeatthat
could not hinder
Japanese in Japanese
the application
reforms of of
to their
but it undoubtedly
prevented
theChinese
irresolute political,
Chinese economic
political, and
economic
and educational
systems,and
literature
educational
systems, literature
the artsand the arts
to their country:
butcountry:
it undoubtedly
prevented the
irresolute
attained
China
the same development,
they in
have today in
fromand
doing
this, and
thereby unquestionably
brought
theinsame
development,
roughly, as roughly,
they haveastoday
from doing this,
thereby
unquestionably
brought them
harm. them harm.attained in China
modern
WesternThis
countries.
This
was the
Age of Chinese
Moreover,
of Wang-Yuan-Ming
applicable
the only
modern the
Western
countries.
was the
Golden
AgeGolden
of Chinese
Moreover, the
teachingthe
of teaching
Wang-Yuan-Ming
is applicableisonly
civilization.
As the civilization
of of
thethe
period
the Chow
a certain
period
andwork,
to certain
work, but
certainly
be
civilization.
As the civilization
of the period
Chowofdynasty
wasdynasty was
to a certain to
period
of time
and of
to time
certain
but certainly
cannot
be cannot
at aofhigh
stage of development,
saythethat
from theages
primitive ages
applied
in all circumstances.
modern
sciencemore
develops
and stage
at a high
development,
we can say we
thatcan
from
primitive
applied in all
circumstances.
As modern As
science
develops
and more
the Chow
the first
period ofwhile
progress, while
day, the
contactknowledge
between knowledge
also tooftheChina
of China
Chowtodynasty
wasdynasty
the firstwas
period
of progress,
more everymore
day, every
the contact
between
and action and
also action
from dynasty
the Chow
dynasty
to the
was the
second
becomes
moreremote.
and more
modern
division
of labor
it Chow
from the
to the
present
daypresent
was theday
second
period
of period of
becomes more
and more
Theremote.
modernThe
division
of labor
makes
it makes
decay.
a man
at one
and
thetosame
timeknowledge
to possess knowledge
decay.
unnecessaryunnecessary
for a man atfor
one
and the
same
time
possess
lawsevolution
of humanusually
evolution
usually go
anddefinite
to execute
definite
tasks. The
division
of labor
human
go forward,
butforward,
there arebut there are
and to execute
tasks.
The division
of labor
dictates
the dictates
division the divisionThe laws ofThe
of theoffunctions
of and
knowledge
and In
execution.
In such how
conditions
howas has
times,
as hasinhappened
in the
history when
of China,
they take the
times,
happened
the history
of China,
they when
take the
of the functions
knowledge
execution.
such conditions
can the
of Wang-Yuan-Ming,
does not correspond
to path.
backward
this so?
me thatfrom
it follows
backward
Why ispath.
this Why
so? Itisseems
to It
meseems
that ittofollows
the from the
can the teaching
of teaching
Wang-Yuan-Ming,
which does which
not correspond
to
data of the experimental
sciences,
overofthe
of the formula
traditional
of the"knowledge
Chinese: "knowledge
easy, is
but action is
traditional
of formula
the Chinese:
is easy, butisaction
the modern the
datamodern
of the experimental
sciences, rule
over therule
minds
theminds
difficult."
ancient
difficult." The
peopleTheof people
ancient oftimes
weretimes
very were
simpleveryandsimple and
Chinese? Chinese?
the other
why written
is so much
written literature
in Chinese literature
unsophisticated:
worked
without and
analyzing,
thought
little of
unsophisticated:
they workedthey
without
analyzing,
thoughtand
little
of
On the otherOn
hand,
why ishand,
so much
in Chinese
about this
theory?they
Because
they
see theofsalvation
Chinathein necessity
the the ofnecessity
knowing
the on
principles
on which
knowingofthe
principles
which their
work their
was work was
about this theory?
Because
see the
salvation
China inofthe
of this
theory.
Chinapoor
has and
beenweak
poorfor
andover
weak
for over
four They
founded.
were concerned
chiefly
founded.
wereThey
concerned
chiefly with
the with
resultstheandresults and
discovery ofdiscovery
this theory.
China
has been
four
of their
Thus
not attention
pay muchto attention to
centuries.
of the
this"easiness
lies in theof"easiness
of and
knowledge
and the consequences
of their work.
Thus work.
they did
notthey
paydid
much
centuries. The
cause ofThe
thiscause
lies in
knowledge
the consequences
of action."
theory
overofthe
of the methods
Chinese or methods
or laborbyprocesses
by given
which thing
any given
thing was produced:
labor processes
which any
was produced:
difficulty ofdifficulty
action." This
theory This
reigned
overreigned
the minds
theminds
Chinese
result
of their
labor.they
Therefore
they also never
scholars,
and they the
influenced
masses
of the
Chinese
theyThe
lookedthey
onlylooked
to the only
resulttoofthe
their
labor.
Therefore
also never
scholars, and
they influenced
masses the
of the
Chinese
people.
Thepeople.
was this
easy:was
andthethis was the
for difficult
what was
and easy:
what and
of the for
"difficult"
for the
of for
the the
"easy"looked
for thefor looked
what was
anddifficult
what was
mistaking ofmistaking
the "difficult"
the "easy,"
and "easy,"
of the and
"easy"
60

31

31

61

why the civilization

the Chow
dynasty
far is
knowledge
easy," thenations
European
happily
passed through
knowledge
easy," theisEuropean
havenations
happilyhave
passed
through
reason why reason
the civilization
of the periodofofthetheperiod
Chowofdynasty
went
far went
ahead,
almost
to of
theits
bounds
of its
possible development.
This gives
us periods,
all three
periods,
have
the highest
stage of civilization,
and are
all three
have
reached
the reached
highest stage
of civilization,
and are
ahead, almost
to the
bounds
possible
development.
This gives us
call this
period of performance
action)
nowwithout
advancing
without
thinking
of any obstacles.
advancing
thinking
of any
obstacles.
the right tothe
callright
this toperiod
"the period
period "the
of performance
(by action) (bynow
without understanding
(without analysis)."
Polo, who
an Italian
whoanoccupied
Marco Polo,Marco
an Italian
occupied
official an
postofficial
under post under
without understanding
(without analysis)."
With of
theintellectual
growth of development,
intellectual development,
and the
of Genghis-Khan,
of dynasty,
the Yunan
dynasty,
wrote
a book
Genghis-Khan,
of the Yunan
wrote
a book
about
Chinaabout
whenChina when
With the growth
and the progress
of progress
and experience,
Chinese
began and
to question
and doubt.
he left
post and
his native
land.
he From
left his post
andhisreturned
to returned
his nativeto land.
As soon
as As
thissoon
bookas this book
thought andthought
experience,
the Chinese the
began
to question
doubt. From
time ofdynasty
the Chow
Chinese
to ask the
themselves
the in appeared
in Europe,
thewere
Europeans
greatly
and would not
appeared
Europe, the
Europeans
greatlywere
amazed,
andamazed,
would not
the time of the Chow
the dynasty
Chinesethe
began
to askbegan
themselves
questions
"why?"
and
anybefore
affair them,
lay before
them, thatbelieve
that there
the world
such asa country
believe
there could
exist could
in theexist
worldin such
a country
China. as China.
questions "why?"
"how?"
and"how?"
so forth.
If so
anyforth.
affairIf lay
asked themselves
whether
they thoroughly
or not.
of the declared
Europeans
that aChina
wasinvented
a country
of theSome
Europeans
thatdeclared
China was
country
byinvented by
they asked they
themselves
whether they
thoroughly
understood understood
it or not. itSome
I callone
thisof
period
onewith
of "action
with It
reflection."
just atPolo,Marco
as all the information
China
of that
day
Marco
as all Polo,
the information
about Chinaabout
of that
day set
down
byset down by
Therefore I Therefore
call this period
"action
reflection."
was just atIt was
thisintime,
and in application
thisarose
ideal,the
thattheory
arose of
the"the
theoryhim
of "the
him bore
witness
to the
fact had
that gone
Chinamuch
had gone
much
further ahead
bore witness
to the
fact that
China
further
ahead
this time, and
application
to this ideal,tothat
of and
knowledge
and theofdifficulty
of action."
As of
the people
of European
than thecountries,
Europeanand
countries,
anda even
dealthey
of which they
than the
even had
great had
dealaofgreat
which
easiness of easiness
knowledge
the difficulty
action." As
the people
that time
doubted in they
everything
theyeasy
did, to
it was
to with
catch them
the least conception.
It was
as the impression
had with
not the had
leastnot
conception.
It was roughly
the roughly
same as the
the same
impression
that time doubted
in everything
did, it was
catcheasy
them
the phrase
"action is
difficult, easy;"
knowledge
forgot that
their on created
on the
Chinese
twenty
years
the book
about Europe
created
the Chinese
twenty
years
ago by
the ago
bookbyabout
Europe
the phrase "action
is difficult,
knowledge
they easy;"
forgot they
that their
ancestorstheir
attained
their knowledge
to theirandcurious
and Hsus-Shii-Chi,
written by Chang-Tah.
Hsus-Shii-Chi,
written by Chang-Tah.
ancestors attained
knowledge
thanks to thanks
their curious
mind.
From thewe
foregoing
see thatcivilization
European civilization
From the foregoing
see that we
European
600 years 600 years
courageous courageous
mind.
First thewere
Chinese
werestage
in the
stage ofwithout
"action ago
without
agoyoung
was very
young in comparison
with the civilization
of China. We
was very
in comparison
with the civilization
of China. We
First the Chinese
in the
of "action
shall
this vividly
still more
from theof example
of the
understanding,"
stage of
with reflection,"
shallthen
see this
stillseemore
fromvividly
the example
the reforms
in reforms in
understanding,"
then in thethen
stagein ofthe"action
with"action
reflection,"
then
Only have
fifty years
sinceof the
of the
after reflection,"
finally "understanding
before Japan.
action."OnlyJapan.
fifty years
passedhave
sincepassed
the time
the time
reforms
in reforms in
"action after"action
reflection,"
and finally and
"understanding
before action."
and already
she hasbecome
alreadya become
country
with excellently
people times
of ancient
could
achieve
onlyofone Japan,
field ofand Japan,
she has
country awith
excellently
Very often Very
peopleoften
of ancient
couldtimes
achieve
only
one field
after and
centuries
and millenniums
stubborn
This trade,
developed
trade,
anda arts,
with a well-trained
armya and fleet, a
developed
industry
andindustry
arts, with
well-trained
army and fleet,
knowledge knowledge
after centuries
millenniums
of stubbornoftoil.
This toil.
knowledge
handed
on to their descendants,
and they,it acquiring
it
well-organized
and educational,
economic
and political
well-organized
GovernmentGovernment
and educational,
economic and
political
knowledge they
handedthey
on to
their descendants,
and they, acquiring
hard work,
began
to come
to the that
conclusion
that "knowledge
is Briefly,
systems.
her civilization
todaysurpasses
not only her
surpasses
herBriefly,
civilization
today not only
own her own
without hardwithout
work, began
to come
to the
conclusion
"knowledge
is systems.
easy."
the idea of "understanding
before
hand civilization
in hand
civilization
of ayears
thousand
ago,thebutculture
also the
culture of many
of a thousand
ago, years
but also
of many
easy." As the
idea As
of "understanding
before action
"wentaction
hand "went
in hand
with the
formula
"action isbutdifficult,
but knowledge
is easy,"European
people countries.
EuropeanAll
countries.
thisplace
has taken
thanks From
to science.
this has All
taken
thanksplace
to science.
the From the
with the formula
"action
is difficult,
knowledge
is easy," people
ceased
to want
to carrythrough
anything
through in
practice,
and were
more
time of theofdiscovery
of science
men
to use instruments,
i.e. first
time
of the discovery
science men
began to
usebegan
instruments,
i.e. first
ceased to want
to carry
anything
in practice,
and
were more
concerned
with full beforehand.
knowledge beforehand.
This
the key
to the
they accumulated
and then
applied
it inThis
practice. This
they
accumulated
knowledge, knowledge,
and then applied
it in
practice.
concerned with
full knowledge
This gives us
thegives
key tousthe
I call of
the"understanding
period of "understanding
before the performance
of
comprehension
ofthe
why,
afterdynasty,
the Chow
dynasty, aperiod
retrograde
periodinI callperiod
the period
before the performance
of
comprehension
of why, after
Chow
a retrograde
in period
Thisperiod
is the third
period of evolution.
Chinese
history began.
action." Thisaction."
is the third
of evolution.
Chinese history
began.
Asthe
science
is the knowledge
systematic of
knowledge
rulesevery
and facts, every
From thepoint
scientific
point
that theofevolution ofAs science is
systematic
rules andof
facts,
From the scientific
of view
we ofseeview
that we
thesee
evolution
piece of may
knowledge
may be aunless
deception
unless it is consecrated
by the
humanity
may be
in threetheperiods:
the first
periodpiece
(from
of knowledge
be a deception
it is consecrated
by the
humanity may
be divided
in divided
three periods:
first period
(from
scientific
Chinese
people
in by
years
gone that
by thought
that the
prehistoric
to theoffirst
stage of civilization)
onewithout
of "action scientific
without method.
Themethod.
ChineseThe
people
in years
gone
thought
the
prehistoric times
to the times
first stage
civilization)
one of "action
sky " and
is round
moves,
while isthesquare
understanding;"
the second
(from
theoffirst
stage of civilization
earth and
is square
sky " tois round
moves,and
while
the earth
stands and stands
understanding;"
the second period
(fromperiod
the first
stage
civilization
to
motionless."
what
an irony!
With
the helpwe
of see
science
its age ofone
maturity)
one of "understanding
after
and the
third
motionless."
See what anSee
irony!
With
the help
of science
that we
all see that all
its age of maturity)
of "understanding
after action;"
andaction;"
the third
is false.
In China
is of
thecalling
customanofadopted
calling son
an adopted
period
the discovery
and development
this isof
false.this
In China
there
is the there
custom
"the son "the
period (after
the (after
discovery
and development
of science)of ofscience)
son of a caterpillar,"
as it is
supposed
a wasp
has young,
not its own young,
"understanding
before
action."
Withoutofknowing
of these
and
son of
a caterpillar,"
as it is supposed
that
a wasp that
has not
its own
"understanding
before action."
Without
knowing
these stages,
and stages,
but, asstory
a popular
has has
it, always
has a in
caterpillar
of the
tradition
"action isbutdifficult,
buta popular
but, as
has it,story
always
a caterpillar
its nest. in
In its nest. In
particularly particularly
in ignorancein ofignorance
the tradition
that
"actionthat
is difficult,
62

32

32

63

is wasp
not sofirst
: thetakes
waspa first
takes ainto
caterpillar
its nest,
formula "knowledge
is easyisbut
action isand
difficult,"
and at the same
the then,
formula the
"knowledge
is easy but action
difficult,"
at the same
reality this isreality
not sothis
: the
caterpillar
its nest,into
then,
lettingpoisonous
a certain fluid
poisonous
fluid
intoofthe
of the caterpillar,
time energies
bend their
for the fundamental
time bend their
to energies
agitation to
foragitation
the fundamental
watch-wordswatch-words
by letting abycertain
into the
head
thehead
caterpillar,
makes it but
motionless
not kill
it. Then
it lays
its body
eggs in the
of our Revolution
the foundations
of the
of body
our Revolution
(nationalism,(nationalism,
democracy, democracy,
the foundations
of the
makes it motionless
does notbut
killdoes
it. Then
it lays
its eggs
in the
of the Thus
caterpillar.
Thus thecannot
caterpillar
for it has
been Constitution),
Chinese Constitution),
China will
rapidly
become
strong and mighty
Chinese
China will rapidly
become
a strong
anda mighty
of the caterpillar.
the caterpillar
crawlcannot
away,crawl
for it away,
has been
powerand
of motion
it cannot
sinceitit is Republic.
alive; it Republic.
deprived of deprived
the powerofofthe
motion
it cannotand
decay,
sincedecay,
it is alive;
can only
become
a food
for young
the wasp's
young
In proof
of myand
assertions,
and
oblige the
Chinese to renounce
assertions,
to oblige
thetoChinese
to renounce
can only become
a food
for the
wasp's
which
hatchwhich
out ofhatch
the out of theIn proof of my
eggs in the caterpillar's
body.
It is
as thegiven
anesthetic
by a ideas,
harmful
ideas,
I shall
with the of
revolution
of the
harmful
I shall
acquaint
myacquaint
readers my
withreaders
the revolution
the
eggs in the caterpillar's
body. It is the
same
as the
the same
anesthetic
by a given
butof
it ais wasp
a caseand
of a wasp
and a cater-pillar.
We seeStates
United
States of
with the
reforms of Japan.
of America
andAmerica
with theand
reforms
of Japan.
surgeon to asurgeon
patient, to
buta patient,
it is a case
cater-pillar.
We see United
thatinvented
the wasp
invented
thismany
anesthetic
manyofthousands
of year beforeThe revolution
Theof
revolution
of States
the United
States of
America
the United
of America
was
carried was
out carried out
that the wasp
this
anesthetic
thousands
year before
doctors.
waspit required
it to
the from
caterpillar
over
thirteen along
provinces
by three
million
people,over
scattered
by from
three million
people,
scattered
thirteen
provinces
the along the
our doctors.ourThe
wasp The
required
to prevent
theprevent
caterpillar
crawling
and at
thetosame
timethe
to prevent
body itof theshores
of the
Atlantic
They were
placed at a disadvantage
for a
Atlantic
Ocean.
TheyOcean.
were placed
at a disadvantage
for a
crawling away,
and ataway,
the same
time
prevent
decay ofthe
thedecay
body of
it theshores
needed
for of
theits
welfare
its young.
This circumstance
may
helpstruggle,
us civil
struggle,
since
to fight
savage
tribes
since
they had
to they
fighthad
savage
Indian
tribesIndian
on one
sideon one side
needed for the
welfare
young.ofThis
circumstance
may also help
usalsocivil
convincethat
ourselves
"action
easy but is
knowledge
and enemy,
a powerful
whothem,
blockaded
the other. Nevertheless,
and a powerful
whoenemy,
blockaded
on thethem,
other.onNevertheless,
to convincetoourselves
"action that
is easy
but is
knowledge
difficult,"is difficult,"
since
wasp
is quite
so that we
that thethe
theory
the fought
Americans
foughttothetheBritish
death
for eight
years, and finally
Americans
the British
death to
forthe
eight
years,
and finally
since the wasp
is the
quite
ignorant,
butignorant,
acts; so but
thatacts;
we see
the see
theory
justified in application,
not only
to men,
but also to insects. secured from
secured
Great
the recognition
of the independence
of
Great from
Britain
the Britain
recognition
of the independence
of
is justified inisapplication,
not only to men,
but also
to insects.
As above,
mentioned
above, theofevolution
mankind
falls into
three which
America,
which
thus was transformed
from
intoIfa republic. If
America,
thus was
transformed
from a colony
intoa colony
a republic.
As mentioned
the evolution
mankind of
falls
into three
periods:
"action
without understanding,"
"understanding
after we
action,"
the in
conditions
which the had
Americans
to begin their
comparewe
thecompare
conditions
which theinAmericans
to beginhad
their
periods: "action
without
understanding,"
"understanding
after action,"
revolution
with the of
conditions
of theRevolution,
Chinese Revolution,
and "understanding
before
action."
we divide
people toaccording
to with
revolution
the conditions
the Chinese
we shall we shall
and "understanding
before action."
If we
divideIf people
according
thatwas
their
pathdifficult
was more
difficult
than ours.
Science
their individualities,
we three
shall groups:
find three
the first,
whothat realize
realize
their path
more
than
ours. Science
at that
time at that time
their individualities,
we shall find
the groups:
first, those
who those
was not soas
developed
as at the
day, the of
population
create and
(they pioneers
are calledand
pioneers
andtheleaders),
second,
not so developed
at the present
day,present
the population
America of America
create and invent
(theyinvent
are called
leaders),
second, the was
only one-hundredth
ours, andthenaturally
the Americans
those who
transmit or disseminate
newinventions
ideas and (these
inventions
are represented
represented
only one-hundredth
of ours, andofnaturally
Americans
those who transmit
or disseminate
new ideas and
are (these
had less possibilities
forasetting
up athan
newwe
State
thanBut
wethey
have. But they
called and
disciples),
andare
thethose
third who
are those
carry they
out what
had they
less possibilities
for setting up
new State
have.
called disciples),
the third
carry who
out what
fought
against
Great
and was
won.a This
was odd
a hundred
from of
thethe
people
of the
first two
groups,
withoutand
doubting
andagainst
fought
Great
Britain
and Britain
won. This
hundred
years odd years
receive fromreceive
the people
first two
groups,
without
doubting
ago.
NowStates
the United
one of the
mightiest
Powers
without(these
hesitating
(theseunconscious
are called unconscious
performers
people
Now the
United
is oneStates
of theismightiest
Powers
in the
world.in the world.
without hesitating
are called
performers and
people andago.
about the transformation
of Japan
into State.
a modern State.
All these
areinterdependent
mutually interdependent
andNow about Now
the transformation
of Japan into
a modern
of action). of
Allaction).
these three
groupsthree
are groups
mutually
and
began her
she was
very weak
country,
with a
closelywith
connected
with one another.
When JapanWhen
beganJapan
her reforms,
shereforms,
was a very
weaka country,
with
a
closely connected
one another.
population
notone-tenth
more thanthe
one-tenth
the size
ours,
and with a territory
Sinceand
theChien
Han and
Chien the
dynasties,
Chinese
be not
population
more than
size of ours,
andofwith
a territory
Since the Han
dynasties,
Chinesethecannot
be cannot
equivalent
to one
of our Ifprovinces.
If we
theher
degree of her
compared
with their forefathers,
the Great
Wall equivalent
and the to
one of our
provinces.
we consider
theconsider
degree of
compared with
their forefathers,
the men of the
the men
Greatof Wall
and the
time,admit
we must
was much
Grand
is very regrettable.
civilization civilization
at the time,atwethemust
that itadmit
was that
muchit more
recentmore recent
Grand Canal.
This Canal.
is very This
regrettable.
thattoday.
of China
And
yet now
is strongest
one of the strongest
our Revolution
Chinese Revolution
time of wholesale
than that ofthan
China
And today.
yet now
Japan
is oneJapan
of the
After our After
Chinese
the time the
of wholesale
Powers
in Her
the world.
given
their old prejudices,
reconstruction
arrived.
Now to
is carry
the time
out that
in real Powers
life that in the
world.
people Her
havepeople
given have
up their
oldupprejudices,
reconstruction
has arrived. has
Now
is the time
out to
in carry
real life
which which
we know,
which
we and
can fulfill,
and must
whichfulfill.
we must
have thelearned
of the
West, their
reformed their
they A
have they
learned
lessonstheof lessons
the West,
reformed
which we know,
we can
fulfill,
which we
A fulfill.
with a of
population
over 400
millions,
withofa more
territory administration,
of more administration,
created
armyorganized
and fleet,their
organized
their
finances, and
created an army
andanfleet,
finances,
and
country withcountry
a population
over 400 of
millions,
with
a territory
than
429,000
square
with suchnatural
extensive
natural
richeshave
as few
have
this inofthe
space
of In
fifty
years.
In orderatoGreat
become a Great
done all
thisdone
in theallspace
fifty
years.
order
to become
than 429,000
square
miles,
with miles,
such extensive
riches
as few
possess, undoubtedly
great
field for development.
If the Power,
men ofJapan
Power,
Japanfifty
tookyears
only in
fifty
years
in place
of the
hundred
took only
place
of the
hundred
which
werewhich were
possess, undoubtedly
has a great has
fielda for
development.
If the men of
day willcombat
sincerely
combat
harmful
ideas, particularly
which byrequired
by the
United
States ofConsequently,
America. Consequently,
the United
States
of America.
if we base if we base
my day willmy
sincerely
harmful
ideas,
particularly
those whichthoserequired
thethe
energy
of the
Chinese
for years,
a thousand
i.e. onourselves
on theseand
standards
and relationships
China can
become a very
ourselves
these standards
relationships
China can become
a very
have fetteredhave
the fettered
energy of
Chinese
people
for apeople
thousand
i.e. years,
64

33

33

65

powerful
State if she concentrates
of her transformation
for
will
depend
entirely
of the
disciples
andinfollowers
in their
will depend
entirely
on the
faithon
of the
the faith
disciples
and
followers
their
powerful State
if she concentrates
on the workon
of the
her work
transformation
for
thesay,
space
say,I ten
years.
think
that isthis
space is Itsufficient.
It is, forerunners
pioneers,
and on the
of their contemporaries.
the pioneers,the
and
on the approval
of approval
their contemporaries.
the space of,
ten of,
years.
think
that Ithis
space
sufficient.
is, forerunners
the reader
I shall
illustrate
it by
I have
already
outgroups
that three
groupsinspire
of people inspire
pointed
out pointed
that three
of people
undoubtedly.undoubtedly.
If the readerIfdoubts
this, doubts
I shall this,
illustrate
it by
the case
of the case ofI have already
reforms in Siam.
develop civilization:
and forerunners
the inventors
and developand
civilization:
the pioneersthe
andpioneers
forerunners
the inventors
the reforms the
in Siam.
Siam wasone
originally
one of theruled
countries
ruledAtbythe
China.and
At thinkers,
the
and
thinkers,
who make
great discoveries;
disciples
and followers
who
make great
discoveries;
the disciplestheand
followers
Siam was originally
of the countries
by China.
of the
reforms
thereeight
weremillion
only eight
million
people
and
who
the people
who disseminate
the men
the
people
disseminate
and agitate; and
and agitate;
the menand
of action
of
theaction the
period of theperiod
reforms
there
were only
people
in Siam,
andin Siam,
occupiednot
a territory
not our
larger
than our
Szechuan.
Only
performers,
whoincarry
out in
practice
whatdiscovered
has been discovered
and
performers,
who carry out
practice
what
has been
and
she occupiedshe
a territory
larger than
province
of province
Szechuan.ofOnly
three-fifths
of the were
population
were
Chinese,
while theofremainder
of the The
invented.
The be
latter
may
be quite un-acquainted
with knowledge.
It is
invented.
latter may
quite
un-acquainted
with knowledge.
It is
three-fifths of
the population
Chinese,
while
the remainder
the
the semi-savage
most part semi-savage
tribes.
wholeto say:
foolish
to say:
"There
no men no,
of action:"
thereMany
are many. Many
"There
are no
men are
of action:"
there areno,
many.
people werepeople
for thewere
mostforpart
tribes. Nearly
the Nearly
whole thefoolish
industrial
and commercial
of concentrated
Siam was concentrated
our Partyincomrades
in the Kuomintang
have
habit"Soof saying: "SoPartyof
comrades
the Kuomintang
have the habit
of the
saying:
industrial and
commercial
activity of activity
Siam was
in the ofinourthe
hands ofBut
Chinese.
Butbetween
Siam lay
between
British
Frenchis a and-so
and isSo-and-so
a man of
action."
This is
is a theoretician,
theoretician,
and So-and-so
a man ofis action."
This
is
hands of Chinese.
Siam lay
British
Burma
and Burma
French andand-so
her inposition.
a difficult
If, twenty
ago,everyone
wrong:
everyone
can be a theoretician,
everyone
can
a man of action.
wrong:
can
be a theoretician,
everyone can
be a man
of be
action.
Indo-China.Indo-China.
This placed This
her inplaced
a difficult
If, position.
twenty years
ago, years
Siam
had not great
undertaken
great
she could
never have
sayone
thatoronly
men areactive
practical,
active
in the
To sayasthatTo
only
two one
menoraretwo
practical,
workers
in workers
the
Siam had not
undertaken
reforms,
shereforms,
could never
have existed
as existed
an independent
State.
revolutionary
is the
greatest
look at many
revolutionary
movement, movement,
is the greatest
mistake.
If mistake.
we look If
at we
many
an independent
State.
King
Siam
anddecided
his Court
decidedthetoexample
follow the example
finebelonging
buildingstobelonging
Shanghai,
we see
fine buildings
foreignerstoinforeigners
Shanghai,inwe
see at once
thatat once that
The King ofThe
Siam
andofhis
Court
to follow
of Japan.adopted
Reforms,
adopted
in time,
saved the
country
from partition
they by
were
by ourwho
workmen
who knew nothing
absolutely
nothing about
they were built
ourbuilt
workmen
knew absolutely
about
of Japan. Reforms,
in time,
saved
the country
from
partition
anditspreserved
its independence.
Only after
years did
of reforms
plans
the art ofthebuilding:
the plans
drawn
up by foreigners.
plansdid
and the
art and
of building:
plans were
drawnwere
up by
foreigners.
and preserved
independence.
Only after twenty
yearstwenty
of reforms
Siam
become aand
civilized
and indepen-dent
Its international
Thethe
latter
didofthe
work ofthey
planning:
maythe
beinventors
called the inventors
The latter did
work
planning:
may bethey
called
Siam become
a civilized
indepen-dent
country. Itscountry.
international
prestige
today
is much
than
ours.
In are
Asiaonly
theretwo
are only
two and
seekers.inSimilarly,
in the
up ofit aiscountry
is easy to find
and seekers.
Similarly,
the building
up building
of a country
easy to itfind
prestige today
is much
better
than better
ours. In
Asia
there
Siam.
JapanChina
and Siam.
China
is acalled
a semimenbut
of very
action,
but very
difficult
to find
whoout
can
work out plans
of action,
difficult
to find
people
who people
can work
plans
independentindependent
.countries .countries
Japan and
is called
only
semi-onlymen
Why?
Western
still of reconstruction.
of reconstruction.
independentindependent
State. Why?State.
Because
theBecause
subjectsthe
of subjects
Western of
states
still states
modernorChinese,
say theirtreat
majority,
enjoyspecial
in China
special
treaty For
privileges.
Forthey
example,
they have theThe modernThe
Chinese,
shall weorsayshall
theirwemajority,
the treat the
enjoy in China
treaty
privileges.
example,
have the
of with
knowledge
withand
contempt
and value
action
to live
in special
their own
of the
our so-called
cities, the so-called
foundations foundations
of knowledge
contempt
value action
highly.
Thishighly. This
right to liveright
in their
own
partsspecial
of ourparts
cities,
of science
we must
how to
not quite In
justifiable.
age we
"concessions"
"treaty
and to bebygoverned
laws
not ofquiteisjustifiable.
our age In
of our
science
must know
how know
to
"concessions"
and "treaty and
ports,"
and ports,"
to be governed
the lawsbyofthe is
value as
knowledge
as well as perform-ance.
Mendoofnot
action
their own
country.
above
all, ourright
sovereign
to the maritime
value knowledge
well as perform-ance.
Men of action
at alldo not at all
their own country.
And
above And
all, our
sovereign
to the right
maritime
require
to be men
steeped in knowledge,
it istosufficient
to be able to
customs
still inofthe
hands ofwhile
foreigners,
Japan
Siamrequire
are freeto be
men steeped
in knowledge,
it is sufficient
be able to
customs is still
in theishands
foreigners,
Japanwhile
and Siam
areand
free
carry
out what is
If the
this modern
idea of the
modern
Chinese
from these unprofitable
carry out what
is required.
If required.
this idea of
Chinese
lasts
some lasts some
from these unprofitable
obligations. obligations.
longer,
it will
corrupt
manyyoung
promising
young
people. itMoreover, it
Siam
becamecountry
a strong
a shorter
time thantime
Japan,
longer,time
it will
corrupt
many
promising
people.
Moreover,
Siam became
a strong
in country
a shorterintime
than Japan,
is just asassenseless
as for toa revere
chemista to
revere
maker
of bean jelly,
a shorter
time
than the
United
States ofWe
America.
mayas senseless
is just
for a chemist
maker
of abean
jelly,
Japan in a Japan
shorterintime
than the
United
States
of America.
may We
instead
of giving
to theof
discoverer
of theunderlying
principles underlying
anticipate
that become
China will
become
a strong
country
in an eveninstead
shorterof giving
attention
to attention
the discoverer
the principles
anticipate that
China will
a strong
country
in an
even shorter
the preparation
or for
doctor the
to despise
space
time and
thanSiam,
Japanas
and
Siam,
as it inis more
situated
in more favorable
the preparation
of this food;oforthis
forfood;
a doctor
to adespise
inventorthe
of inventor of
space of time
thanofJapan
it is
situated
favorable
revere the wasp.
conditions
anesthetics, anesthetics,
but to reverebut
thetowasp.
conditions than
they. than they.
I regret
muchthe
to fact
record
that youth
the whole
I return
theory
of "the
easiness
action
and the difficultyI regret very
much very
to record
thatthe
thefact
whole
of youth of
I return to my
theorytoofmy
"the
easiness
of action
andofthe
difficulty
China
from this
defect of
thought. Consequently,
of knowledge."
Let us
suppose,
that
you now
accept thisChina
theory,suffers
fromsuffers
this defect
of thought.
Consequently,
there is no there is no
of knowledge."
Let us suppose,
reader,
that reader,
you now
accept
this theory,
public
opinion
leading civilization
along
path ofbut
progress,
but an
it will
stillfor
beyou
natural
forme,
youhow
to ask
how
can it i.e.
be applied,
i.e. howopinion
leading
civilization
along the path
of the
progress,
an
it will still be
natural
to ask
canme,
it be
applied,
how public
exactly
opposite phenomenon
is to beBy
observed.
By we
such
ways we can
should
we actThe
and reply
work?toThe
to this
be Itvery exactly
short. Itopposite
phenomenon
is to be observed.
such ways
can
should we act
and work?
thisreply
question
willquestion
be verywill
short.
for the
andregeneration
economic regeneration
scarcely findscarcely
the truefind
paththefortrue
thepath
political
andpolitical
economic
66

34

34

67

of China.
is the real
why the
Chinesedoes
Republic
of China. This
is the This
real reason
why reason
the Chinese
Republic
not does not
CHAPTER
IV
CHAPTER
IV
and China
does not
emerge
from notwithstanding
stagnation, notwithstanding
flourish andflourish
China does
not emerge
from
stagnation,
that we established
a republican
form of government
that we established
a republican
form of government
after our after our
PROBLEMS
OF THE REVOLUTIONARY
PROBLEMS
OF THE REVOLUTIONARY
revolution.I Therefore
I consider
myself
bound
democratic democratic
revolution. Therefore
consider myself
bound
to win
the to win the
REORGANIZATION
OF CHINA
REORGANIZATION
OF CHINA
of my fellow-countrymen
women
minds of minds
my fellow-countrymen
and womenandaway
fromaway
the from the
preconceived
ideataken
whichroot
hasintaken
them that "knowledge
is easy
preconceived
idea which has
themroot
thatin"knowledge
is easy
At the
present
in of
thethe
epoch
of the
time,
in thetime,
epoch
triumph
of triumph
science, of science,
action is and
difficult,"
the "action
idea that
ideatothat
is "action
easy butis easy butAt the present
but action but
is difficult,"
to the and
must first comprehend
work
andcarrying
then begin
every creator
mustcreator
first comprehend
his work andhisthen
begin
it carrying it
knowledge
means explanations
of repeated explanations
I every
knowledge is
difficult,"isbydifficult,"
means ofby
repeated
and proofs. and
I proofs.
out. Histofollowers,
to avoid
mistakes
waste
and to achieve
out. His followers,
avoid mistakes
and
waste ofand
time,
andoftotime,
achieve
hopewill
thatallthey
will all
abandon
their preconceived
idea and dogmatic
hope that they
abandon
their
preconceived
idea and dogmatic
success
the work
grasp the conclusions
of their leader
success
workinbegun,
mustbegun,
grasp must
the conclusions
of their leader
phrase,
which
a certaincorrect
measure,
correct with
to people
with a in the
phrase, which
seems,
in aseems,
certaininmeasure,
to people
a
basis
of these conclusions,
up theand
principles
on the and,
basison
of the
these
conclusions,
draw up thedraw
principles
plans and plans
superficial
mind, in
butreality
whichisinunquestionably
reality is unquestionably
If my
superficial mind,
but which
false. If myfalse.and,
to which
should
proceed.
Only
in such can
conditions can
which work
shouldwork
proceed.
Only
in such
conditions
work is the
successful,
future
of be
China
willand
be our
bright,
and our according
country toaccording
work is successful,
future ofthe
China
will
bright,
country
our
task
be
fulfilled
successfully,
despite
all
its
complexity
and
our
task
be
fulfilled
successfully,
despite
all
its
complexity
and
willtime
in atake
shortitstime
take
its place
the mighty
world
will in a short
place
amongst
theamongst
mighty world
Powers
of Powers of
vastness. vastness.
today.
today.
Thus, foratexample,
at the
day being
there built
are being built
Thus, for example,
the present
daypresent
there are
of a very
and complicated
pattern,
wireless telegraph
airplanes ofairplanes
a very delicate
anddelicate
complicated
pattern, wireless
telegraph
or, say ina America,
a railwayofthousands
of miles
stations, or, stations,
say in America,
railway thousands
miles long.
Again,long. Again,
were also gigantic
the construction
the Panama
Suez and
Panama
the construction
of the Suezofand
canals
werecanals
also gigantic
undertakings.
Nevertheless,
one is acquainted
with scientific
undertakings.
Nevertheless,
when one when
is acquainted
with scientific
methods,
when
one the
has plans
studied
the plans
up byand
engineers
and has
methods, when
one has
studied
drawn
up bydrawn
engineers
has
the
become acquainted
with accompanying
all the accompanying
become acquainted
with all the
conditions, conditions,
the
of these undertakings
not a very
difficult
completion completion
of these undertakings
is not a veryisdifficult
task.
All thistask.
has All this has
been established
quiteby exactly
by experience,
and my fellowbeen established
quite exactly
experience,
and my fellowadmit it.that
I believe
that revolutionary
creation must
countrymencountrymen
must admit must
it. I believe
revolutionary
creation must
followof the
path of
modernutilizing
progress,theutilizing
the past experience
of
follow the path
modern
progress,
past experience
of
other avoiding
countries,their
avoiding
theirand
mistakes
use of their
other countries,
mistakes
makingandusemaking
of their
achievements:
only by
maturely considering
andfrom
appraising
from all
achievements:
for only by for
maturely
considering
and appraising
all
sides the of
experience
of revolutions
in other
countries
amongst other
sides the experience
revolutions
in other countries
and
amongstand
other
we hope
to build up revolutionary
tactics.
peoples can peoples
we hopecan
to build
up revolutionary
tactics.
distinguish
phases of development
of the the
revolution: the
I distinguishI three
phasesthree
of development
of the revolution:
first, government;
military government;
second, preparatory;
first, military
the second,the preparatory;
the third, the third,
constitutional
reconstruction.
constitutional
reconstruction.
Thecovers
first phase
coversofthedestruction.
period of destruction.
In itthis period it
The first phase
the period
In this period
introduce
law. The revolutionary
is proposedistoproposed
introducetomartial
law.martial
The revolutionary
troops musttroops must
finally
theofautocracy
of the dynasty,
Tai-Tsing
dynasty,
drive out the
finally destroy
the destroy
autocracy
the Tai-Tsing
drive
out the
corrupt bureaucracy,
out evilget
practices,
get ridslavery,
of unjust slavery,
corrupt bureaucracy,
root out evilroot
practices,
rid of unjust
out of
theopium,
poisoneradicate
of opium,theeradicate
the superstition
of magic and
wipe out thewipe
poison
superstition
of magic and
fortune-telling,
likin
(internal
customs duties).
fortune-telling,
and abolish and
likinabolish
(internal
customs
duties).
68
69
35
35

unworthyemployees.
public employees.
The qualifications
for
In the
second
that of preparation,
thebetask
be to eliminating
eliminating
unworthy public
The qualifications
for
In the second
phase,
that phase,
of preparation,
the task will
to will
of theAssembly
National and
Assembly
of the will
Chambers
will be
establish
local self-government
andthefacilitate
the consolidation
of the membership
establish local
self-government
and facilitate
consolidation
of the membership
of the National
of the and
Chambers
be
power
of the
people,
unitselfof local
self- through
established
medium
of the
of Examinations.
power of the
people,
making
themaking
countrythethecountry
unit ofthe
local
established
the through
mediumthe
of the
Chamber
ofChamber
Examinations.
subdivided
and rural
districts.
Every county,After the confirmation
After the confirmation
of the Constitution,
of the
government,government,
subdivided into
villagesinto
andvillages
rural districts.
Every
county,
of the Constitution,
the electionthe
of election
the
after the
has been
cleared
from itsand
territory
military and
President,
and theofelection
of the Chambers,
the revolutionary
after the enemy
has enemy
been cleared
from
its territory
militaryand President,
the election
the Chambers,
the revolutionary
operations
haveatoprovisional
publish a provisional
shallpower
hand over
to theand
President,
and the preparatory
operations have
ceased,have
willceased,
have towill
publish
constitution constitution
governmentgovernment
shall hand over
to thepower
President,
the preparatory
determine
theduties
rightsofand
duties as
of well
citizens,
as rights
well asofthe
of the
phase
may be at
considered
at an
end
from this moment.
to determinetothe
rights and
citizens,
as the
therights
phase
may be
considered
an end from
this
moment.
revolutionary
years
later the
will elect theirThe third The
of the completion
of the
phase
is the
revolutionary
government.government.
Three years Three
later the
citizens
willcitizens
elect their
phasethird
is the
period
of period
the completion
of the
countyIfauthority.
the county
in evil
rooting
out evil as described
In this
it is toproposed
achieve constitutional
county authority.
the countyIfsucceeds
in succeeds
rooting out
as described
Revolution. Revolution.
In this period
it isperiod
proposed
achieve to
constitutional
of the
citizens
and understand
three
government.
In this
period the self-governing
counties
above, and above,
one-halfand
of one-half
the citizens
realize
and realize
understand
the three the
government.
In this period
the self-governing
counties must
begin must
to begin to
of the democratic
andto are
to thethe
Republic,
the their
exercise
their direct
rights: the
citizens
adult
suffrage in the
principles ofprinciples
the democratic
theory, and theory,
are loyal
the loyal
Republic,
exercise
direct civic
rights:civic
the citizens
enjoy
adult enjoy
suffrage
in the
county authorities
willto beascertain
able to the
ascertain
theofnumbers
of the
management
of their
right of
deciding
political questions,
county authorities
will be able
numbers
the
management
of their county,
the county,
right ofthe
deciding
political
questions,
population
of the
county,the
determine
theorganize
house tax,
police,
andright
alsoofthedismissing
right of dismissing
officials.
population of
the county,
determine
house tax,
theorganize
police, theand
also the
GovernmentGovernment
officials. This
is theThis is the
public
thecommunication
means of communication
alltoaccording
to the constitutional
i.e. thein period
which revolutionary
public hygiene,
thehygiene,
means of
all according
the constitutional
phase, i.e.phase,
the period
which inrevolutionary
by the Constitution.
county reconstruction
is completed.
This outline
in general
outline
is the
principles principles
established established
by the Constitution.
Electing itsElecting
county its reconstruction
is completed.
This in general
is the
scheme
of scheme of
authorities
and thus abecoming
a true self-governing
unit, therevolutionary
county revolutionary
which I recommend.
authorities and
thus becoming
true self-governing
unit, the county
tactics whichtactics
I recommend.
count
on the revolutionary
up a favorableFrom the moment
From the
moment
of the establishment
of theI Republic,
I strove
may count may
on the
revolutionary
governmentgovernment
taking up ataking
favorable
of the
establishment
of the Republic,
strove
attitude
toward
it, and
granting
it all its constitutional
all for
mythe
forces
for the application
of these revolutionary
attitude toward
it, and
granting
it all
its constitutional
rights underrights
the under
with the
all mywith
forces
application
of these revolutionary
tactics in tactics in
ordertheto ultimate
attain the
ultimate
of the
Chinese Revolution
and the
after
six years,
peace has
been
provisional provisional
constitution.constitution.
If, after the If,
lapse
ofthe
six lapse
years,ofpeace
has been
order
to attain
aims
of theaims
Chinese
Revolution
and the
realization
the threeofprinciples
of democracy.
But
however
much I
established the
throughout
all the self-governing
will of
established throughout
country,the
all country,
the self-governing
counties willcounties
realization
the threeofprinciples
democracy.
But however
much
I
explained
and my
defended,
Party found
comrades
these tactics
elect one
each toa constitute
a great
National Assembly.
have to electhave
onetodeputy
eachdeputy
to constitute
great National
Assembly.
explained and
defended,
Party my
comrades
thesefound
tactics
My ideas
werefortoothelofty
for the comprehension
of my
of this will
Assembly
will be tofive
establish
five in
Chambers,
in the impracticable.
The task ofThe
this task
Assembly
be to establish
Chambers,
the impracticable.
My ideas were
too lofty
comprehension
of my
comrades,
level of
political intelligence
was
of the "Constitution
of Five
of whose
spirit of thespirit
"Constitution
of Five Forms,"
to Forms,"
organize totheorganize
work ofthe work
comrades,
levelwhose
of political
intelligence
was too low
fortoo
thatlow for that
and I involuntarily
suffered this.
through
this. Revolutionary
the first administrative,
second legislative,
thirdand time,
government:government:
the first administrative,
the second the
legislative,
the third the
time,
I involuntarily
suffered through
Revolutionary
and revolutionary
must beco-closely cothe fourth examinatory,
fifthand
for control
and inspection.
judicial, the judicial,
fourth examinatory,
the fifth for the
control
inspection.
constructionconstruction
and revolutionary
destruction destruction
must be closely
hand
hand. If revolutionary
is not
After theofadoption
of the Constitution,
in the coordinated
After the adoption
the Constitution,
the citizensthein citizens
the coordinated
and go handand
in go
hand.
If in
revolutionary
constructionconstruction
is not
begun immediately
after revolutionary
all will
elect
by ballot atoPresident
the Administrative
counties willcounties
elect bywill
ballot
a President
organize to
theorganize
Administrative
begun immediately
after revolutionary
destruction, destruction,
all will perish.
The perish. The
task of revolu-tionary
must be
on the President.
Chamber,
andelect
will deputies
also electto deputies
constitute
the Legislative
Chamber, and
will also
constituteto the
Legislative
task of revolu-tionary
constructionconstruction
must be imposed
onimposed
the President.
formation
of the Nanking
suggested
after the of
Chamber:
the Chambers
other threewill
Chambers
will bebyappointed
by the President,
Chamber: the
other three
be appointed
the President,
Therefore ITherefore
suggestedI that
after that
the formation
the Nanking
armistice
should beand
proposed
a Peace Conference
with the of
agreement
of the Legislative
Chamber.
All theare
Chambers
are Government
with the agreement
the Legislative
Chamber. All
the Chambers
Government
an armisticeanshould
be proposed
a Peaceand
Conference
convened.
not to thebut
President
but to theAssembly.
National The
Assembly.
The
to the National
responsible responsible
not to the President
convened.
At the
present
all that
the events
that occurred,
resignation
of thecan
Chambers
canonly
takeupon
placetheir
only upon theirAt the present
resignation of
membersof
ofmembers
the Chambers
take place
time,
when,time,
after when,
all theafter
events
occurred,
circumstances
havethere
changed,
therepeople
are many
who
by the ofChamber
of Inspec-tion
Control
the
indictment indictment
by the Chamber
Inspec-tion
and Controland
before
the before
circumstances
have changed,
are many
whopeople
criticize
mecriticize me
to have
into peace negotiations
in
National while
Assembly,
while theofdismissal
of theofChamber
of and
and consider
thatconsider
I ought that
not Itoought
have not
entered
intoentered
peace negotiations
in
National Assembly,
the dismissal
membersofofmembers
the Chamber
the offirst
of theand
Republic
and voluntarily
given
Inspection
Controlafter
is possible
after theirby
accusation
by the National
the first year
theyear
Republic
voluntarily
given up my
postupasmy post as
Inspection and
Controland
is possible
their accusation
the National
President.even
However,
even
if I hadtocontinued
to bePresident
Assembly.
and
of the
Nationalconsist
Assembly
in However,
President.
if I had
continued
be President
but the but the
Assembly. The
powersThe
and powers
duties of
theduties
National
Assembly
in consist
of comrades
my Party after
comrades
after the
period of revolutionary
exercising supervision
of the transformation
of the Constitution
and ofmajority
my Party
the period
of revolutionary
exercising supervision
of the transformation
of the Constitution
and majority
70

36

36

71

destruction
wouldbynot
abide
by their revolutionary
oath not
and would
not were
colleagues
were by
overcome
daring
to raise
destruction would
not abide
their
revolutionary
oath and would
colleagues
overcome
despair, by
notdespair,
daring not
to raise
again
the again the
to the ofguidance
of their
unite banner
all theof revolution.
banner of But
revolution.
But I,that
knowing
that Yuan-Shih-Kai's
wholeader,
could who
unitecould
all the
submit to submit
the guidance
their leader,
I, knowing
Yuan-Shih-Kai's
aspirations aspirations
revolutionaries
it would
still have
been impossible
were toemperor,
become brought
emperor,thebrought
the Kuomintang
revolutionaries
of China of itChina
wouldstill
have been
impossible
to were to become
Kuomintang
to a state to
of a state of
realize
aims of the Revolution.
The result
havethat
been only
that preparedness,
complete preparedness,
and its
dispatched
members throughout
all the
realize the aims
of the Revolution.
The result would
have would
been only
complete
and dispatched
membersitsthroughout
all the
officials
would
the could
old, which
could
scarcely
China toprovinces
to agitate
against the of
restoration
of the autocracy.
new officialsnew
would
replace
the replace
old, which
scarcely
bring
Chinabring
provinces
agitate against
the restoration
the autocracy.
any-thing
reform
of the Government
or theThe spirit ofThe
spirit
ofsown
revoltbywas
me inso
theeffectively
people so effectively
any-thing new
in the new
sensein ofthea sense
reformofofa the
Government
or the
revolt
was
mesown
in thebypeople
strengthening
of herpower.
economic
And since
matters
it was for
sufficient
for the Restoration
showforitsit face for it
strengthening
of her economic
Andpower.
since matters
stood
thus, stood
thatthus,
it wasthat
sufficient
the Restoration
to show itsto face
there was
for me
retain
the post of President.
to be
byofthetheefforts
the whole
people.
there was scarcely
anyscarcely
need forany
meneed
to retain
theto
post
of President.
immediatelyimmediately
to be rebuffed
by rebuffed
the efforts
wholeofpeople.
From
all From all
do not understand
the of
conditions
of the this
Chinese
thisseen
it can
seen that I the
renounced
the Presidency,
for fear of the
the Chinese
Some who Some
do notwho
understand
the conditions
it can be
thatbeI renounced
Presidency,
not for fearnot
of the
that was
my power
thatthat
timeofthanpower
that ofof Yuan-Shih-Kai,
power of Yuan-Shih-Kai,
because
I could
Revolution Revolution
consider thatconsider
my power
less at was
that less
timeatthan
but becausebut
I could
not carry
outnot
thecarry
tasksout
of the tasks of
Yuan-Shih-Kai,
andI therefore
I was
forcedontotheenter
path of revolutionary
thismyway
can my determination
reconstruction.
Yuan-Shih-Kai,
and therefore
was forced
to enter
pathonofthe revolutionary
reconstruction.
Only in thisOnly
wayincan
determination
reconciliation;
some even
slanderers
even
that a1 received
on, andfor,striving
for, of
therevolutionary
work of revolutionary
reconstruction
be
reconciliation;
while some while
slanderers
asserted
thatasserted
1 received
on, anda striving
the work
reconstruction
be
bribe offrom
a million
from Yuan-Shih-Kai,
andyielded
therefore
him up
understood.
bribe of a million
Yuan-Shih-Kai,
and therefore
himyielded
up
understood.
the Presidency.
At the
time
I do
needmyself,
to defend
are the of
problems
of revolutionary
reconstruction?
the Presidency.
At the present
timepresent
I do not
need
to not
defend
as myself, asWhat are What
the problems
revolutionary
reconstruction?
slander without
is obvious
this.if After
if mercenary,
I had been mercenary,
Revolutionary
reconstruction
is emer-gency
and this in its
the slander the
is obvious
this.without
After all,
I had all,
been
Revolutionary
reconstruction
is emer-gency
construction,construction,
and this in its
un-doubtedly
is not for
a million
I should
have
my post
turn construction.
is hurried construction.
must seek permanence
and
un-doubtedly
it is not for it
a million
that
I shouldthat
have
given up
mygiven
post up turn
is hurried
Therefore itTherefore
must seekit permanence
and
President:
see ahow
muchlays
a Tuchun
by in follow
a singlethe natural
follow the
natural
social tendencies,
since construction
that is guided
as President:asdo
you not do
seeyou
hownot
much
Tuchun
by in alays
single
social
tendencies,
since construction
that is guided
or ahow
much acommander
divisional commander
swallows
up? Withpurely
regardby the
purely
by the require-ments
of the
moment
will not
always coincide
year, or howyear,
much
divisional
swallows up?
With regard
require-ments
of the moment
will
not always
coincide
with
of the Revolution.
The has
Revolution
its own emergency
to the that
suggestion
that year
in theoffirst
of themyRepublic
my power
to the suggestion
in the first
the year
Republic
power was
withwas
the tasks
of the tasks
Revolution.
The Revolution
its own has
emergency
work of destruction,
as in
of the of
overthrow
of the monarchy
less
that of Yuan-Shih-Kai,
this also worth
is scarcely
worth
less than that
of than
Yuan-Shih-Kai,
this also is scarcely
arguing,
as arguing,
work as
of destruction,
as in the case
of the
the case
overthrow
the monarchy
and the destruction
of the
Imperial
side with this
theatRepublic
that time
already fifteen
controlled
fifteen the
provinces,
the destruction
the Republic
that timeat already
controlled
provinces,
and the
of the Imperial
regime.
Butregime.
side byBut
sideside
withbythis
therebe
must
also be emergency
as
Shantung
and Honan Kuomintang
also
in the
revolt,
and the accession
Shantung and
Honan Kuomintang
were also inwere
revolt,
and
accession
emergency emergency
destruction destruction
there must also
emergency
construction,construction,
as
they accompany
eacha other
a pair
of legs
wingsFrom
in motion. From
of Chihli
for three
military considerations.
by months
military by
considerations.
of Chihli was
delayedwas
fordelayed
three months
they accompany
each other like
pair oflike
legs
or wings
in or
motion.
of the of
foundation
of theweRepublic
we had
left the
for us
nothe
doubt
thatcountry
the whole
was determined
as the
There can beThere
for uscan
nobe
doubt
that
whole
wascountry
determined
as the moment
of moment
the foundation
the Republic
had already
left already
the
had not a subsequent
stage of emergency
onerid
man
rid of the monarchy.
one man to get
of to
theget
monarchy.
stage of emergency
destruction, destruction,
but had notbut
a subsequent
period of period of
emergency
andthethis
was the
source
of the misfortunes
even
we do
take
this into
andthe
only emergency
take the
But even if But
we do
notiftake
thisnot
into
account,
andaccount,
only take
construction:construction:
and this was
source
of the
misfortunes
wereupon
showered
theofcruel
rule of
the internecine
of the
past and
appraise
it will
thatthe
I adopted
facts of the facts
past and
appraise
them,
it willthem,
be clear
thatbeI clear
adopted
whichthe
were which
showered
us: theupon
cruelus:
rule
officials,
theofficials,
internecine
struggle of etc.
politicians,
etc. The
hadofno
means of eliminating
all
method of conciliation
no of
means
outthe
of power
fear ofoftheYuanpower ofstruggle
Yuan- of politicians,
method of conciliation
by no meansbyout
fear of
The Chinese
hadChinese
no means
eliminating
all
this.ofInemergency,
a time of emergency,
emergency construction
is also required,
Shih-Kai.
Before the
victory
of the Revolution
I suffered
defeats,
Shih-Kai. Before
the victory
of the
Revolution
I suffered ten
defeats, ten this.
In a time
emergency construction
is also required,
and
only
canbe
theaccustomed
people be accustomed
but my revolutionary
spirit enfeebled
has never asenfeebled
result.and
In only
the then
but my revolutionary
spirit has never
a result.asIna the
can
thethen
people
to new tasks.to new tasks.
This isimportant
extremelyfor
important
for revolutionary
tactics.
year of theYuan-Shih-Kai
Republic, Yuan-Shih-Kai
unitedcountry,
the whole country,This is extremely
second yearsecond
of the Republic,
united the whole
revolutionary
tactics. In order
to In order to
it, I will
yourtoattention
I went onwithout
working,
without myself
occupying
with
but understand
to the revolutions
which
and I went and
on working,
occupying
withmyself
politics:
butpolitics:
understand
it, I will direct
your direct
attention
the revolutions
which
when he
brutally Sun-Chiao-Jen,
murdered Sun-Chiao-Jen,
couldpassive?
I remain passive?
Chinese.
The most
gigantic
were theand
American
when he brutally
murdered
could I remain
preceded thepreceded
Chinese.the
The
most gigantic
were
the American
French and French
Without
having
a single
soldier
at my
disposal,the
I declared
has not
system of government
she
Revolutions.Revolutions.
America hasAmerica
not altered
the altered
system the
of government
she
Without having
a single
soldier
at my
disposal,
I declared
necessitythe necessity
of fighting Yuan-Shih-Kai.
Unfortun-ately,
myincomrades
south after
established
after the for
Revolution
for overyears,
a hundred
years,the
and, with the
established
the Revolution
over a hundred
and, with
of fighting Yuan-Shih-Kai.
Unfortun-ately,
my comrades
the southin the
did not
seriously
notinsend
in and
good time,
and ofexception
of the
struggle
of South
against
North,
she had
no great civil
exception
the struggle
of South
against
North,
she had
no great
civil
did not support
me support
seriouslymeand
did not and
senddid
help
goodhelp
time,
I was After
defeated.
After the
defeat
of my
all my
it may
saidthe
that,
after the Revolution,
the governmental
wars.
Thus wars.
it mayThus
be said
that,beafter
Revolution,
the governmental
of my
revolt,
all revolt,
my
therefore I therefore
was defeated.
the defeat
72

37

37

73

structure
was established
did not
and that
the was
its basis
wasdeveloped
strongly developed
local autonomy.
its basis
strongly
local autonomy.
Other partsOther
of parts of
structure which
was which
established
did not change,
andchange,
that during
the during
years'ofexistence
of theperpetual
Republicpeace
perpetual
peace has America,
existed, Central
America,
andtried
Southern,
tried foryears
a hundred
yearsthe
to follow the
and Central
Southern,
for a hundred
to follow
has existed,
many years'many
existence
the Republic
culture has progressed,
and an extraordinary
economic development
has of example
of States,
the United
States, in
of their motherthe United
in throwing
offthrowing
the yokeoff
of the
theiryoke
motherculture has progressed,
and an extraordinary
economic development
has example
were to
subjected
to the
and establishing
republics.
country andcountry
establishing
republics. They
wereThey
subjected
the
taken place.taken place.
after Revolution,
the French Revolution,
great
troubles
and
inter-vention
of foreign
and often
were threatened
very often with
threatened
with a
inter-vention
of foreign States,
and States,
were very
a
But after theBut
French
great troubles
took
place, took
and place,
the State
of France
fiveFrance
times.there
In France
there restoration.
Never-theless
is not
a single inmonarchy
restoration.
Never-theless
there is notthere
a single
monarchy
the Newin the New
the State structure
of structure
France was
changedwas
fivechanged
times. In
twice aand
monarchy
and athree
times and
a republic,
and the
Republic
wasAmerica
World.
off dirt,
all the
andherself
has freed herself
World.
hasAmerica
washed has
off washed
all the old
andold
hasdirt,
freed
was twice a was
monarchy
three times
republic,
the Republic
was
firmly established
years
after
the first Revolution.
Howmonarchism
is from monarchism
for ever. for ever.
only firmly only
established
eighty yearseighty
after the
first
Revolution.
How is from
this to be Many
explained?
Many
say that Washington
had and
a virtuous andThis is not This
is not
case France
in France.
one of the foremost
the case
in the
France.
was France
one of was
the foremost
this to be explained?
say that
Washington
had a virtuous
character,
andwhen
therefore
whentheir
founding
theirtheRepublic
the States,
European
withcourageous
a very courageous
and people.
cultured people.
European
withStates,
a very
and cultured
conciliatoryconciliatory
character, and
therefore
founding
Republic
succeeded
perils. INapoleon
the before
Moreover,
before the Revolution
French
people
passed
Moreover,
the Revolution
the French the
people
passed
through
a through a
Americans Americans
succeeded in
avoidinginallavoiding
perils. all
Napoleon
had the I had
audacious
idea of subjugating
whole
andhis
therefore
his years'
hundred
years' propaganda
ofand
the philosophical
people and philosophical
hundred
propaganda
of the rightsofofthe
therights
people
audacious idea
of subjugating
the whole the
world,
and world,
therefore
autocracy
suffered
idea of triumphed.
a republic triumphed.
But Although
teachings.she
Although
the lessons
taught by America,
teachings.
followedshe
thefollowed
lessons taught
by America,
autocracy suffered
defeat,
and defeat,
the ideaand
of the
a republic
But
areinnot
in the
of individuals:
are the stillFrance
provedto unable
to aarrive
at a democratic
provedstillunable
arrive at
democratic
republic republic
revolutions revolutions
are not made
themade
interests
of interests
individuals:
they are thethey France
result
of the revolutionary
action
of theWashington
masses. Washington
and immediately
after the Revolution.
Why?lieWherein
lie the
after the Revolution.
Why? Wherein
the reasons
for reasons for
result of the
revolutionary
action of the
masses.
and immediately
Napoleon
by the
no chief
meansfactors
the chief
factors
in the and
American
this?
Thethe
factform
is that
form of government
thelong
West
had long been
this?and
The fact
is that
of the
government
in the West in
had
been
Napoleon were
by nowere
means
in the
American
French Revolutions.
When the Americans
found the
English
yoke
monarchical,
and State
policy
forone
longofbeen
one of centralization.
monarchical,
and State policy
had for
longhad
been
centralization.
French Revolutions.
When the Americans
found the English
yoke
invited Washington
be their
rose inhad France
notsoil
the of
virgin
soil of
the New
with
its basis of local
not the had
virgin
the New
World
with World
its basis
of local
unbearable, unbearable,
they invitedthey
Washington
to be their toleader
and leader
rose inand France
revolt. itInwas
France
it was
after the Revolution
that Bonaparte
self-government.
self-government.
revolt. In France
already
afteralready
the Revolution
that Bonaparte
emerged
fromtothe
to take
power
his own
defects
of our are
ownsimilar
China to
arethose
similar
to thosebut
of France, but
of our
own China
of France,
emerged from
the army
takearmy
power
into his
owninto
hands.
Bothhands.
these Both theseThe defects The
of our
citizens is immeasurably
men were
up by
wave of revolution.
political intelligence
in addition in
theaddition
politicalthe
intelligence
of our citizens
is immeasurably
men were raised
up byraised
the wave
of the
revolution.
lower
that of at
thethe
French
at the French
time of Revolution,
the French Revolution,
just
in thea huge
past was
a huge
prairieThe
continent.
English
than that
of than
the French
time of
just
America in America
the past was
prairie
continent.
EnglishThe lower
as is their
for self-government.
arises the
question, how
colonized
territory
onlyago.
200They
yearswere
ago. always
They were
always endowed
as is their capacity
forcapacity
self-government.
Hence arisesHence
the question,
how
colonized this
territorythis
only
200 years
endowed
then in
doChina
I strive
China
to arrive
directly
the Revolution
at a
with
spirit of fearlessness
andofcontempt
dangers,
withdoa I strive
to in
arrive
directly
through
the through
Revolution
at a
with a spirit
of afearlessness
and contempt
dangers,ofand
with aand then
republican constitution?
is for
this very
thata I propose a
for self-government.
arrived in they
America,
they constitution?
republican
But it is forBut
thisitvery
purpose
thatpurpose
I propose
capacity forcapacity
self-government.
When they When
arrivedthey
in America,
period
just
in order
get difficult
out of this
difficult situation.
organized
their of
machinery
of self-government,
later pre-paratory
pre-paratory
period just
in order
to get
out oftothis
situation.
immediatelyimmediately
organized their
machinery
self-government,
which later which
this preparatory
period aI provisional
propose a provisional
constitutional
thirteen
States.
ruled bybut,
England,
as the thisDuring
preparatory
period I propose
constitutional
became the became
thirteen the
States.
These
were These
ruled were
by England,
as the but,During
also the introduction
of local self-government.
"thenot
whip
willatnot
strikedistance,"
at a longand
distance,"
they government,
government,
and also theand
introduction
of local self-government.
proverb hasproverb
it, "the has
whipit,will
strike
a long
they and
thatnot
time
did not understand
Unfortunately,
my atcomrades
were only subordinated
nominally subordinated
to Britain.
soon
my comrades
that timeat did
understand
were only nominally
to Britain. They
soon They
felt that
thefelt that theUnfortunately,
these
work
outand
myonly
plans,
andthe
only used the
taxes
on them
by thewere
metropolis
were burdensome.
forced
reasons,
andreasons,
did not and
workdid
to not
carry
out to
mycarry
plans,
used
taxes imposed
on imposed
them by the
metropolis
burdensome.
This forced Thisthese
nameprovisional
of my provisional
the Provisional
all theStates
thirteen
Statesforto the
unitepurpose
for theof purpose
of resistance,
constitutionconstitution
to confirm totheconfirm
Provisional
all the thirteen
to unite
resistance,
in name inof my
of the consider-ing
Republic, consider-ing
thatmight
the goal
of American
which the Revolution
American Revolution
After a Constitution
of the Republic,
that the goal
be might be
consequenceconsequence
of which the
took place. took
Afterplace.
a Constitution
by other
All undoubtedly,
of them, undoubtedly,
years'
war, the secured
Americans
their inde-pendence
and approached
by other paths.
All paths.
of them,
were badlywere badly
bloody eightbloody
years' eight
war, the
Americans
theirsecured
inde-pendence
and approached
at the they
time opposed
when they
as one which
set upa the
republic
States
the United
States of America.
mistaken at mistaken
the time when
myopposed
tactical my
plantactical
as one plan
which
set up a republic
United
of America.
difficult
out preliminarily
without preliminarily
they won independence,
thirteen American
was difficultwas
to carry
out to
carry
without
thinking thethinking
questionthe question
Even beforeEven
theybefore
won independence,
the thirteenthe
American
a highly local
developed
local self-government,
andintherefore,
in out thoroughly.
out thoroughly.
States had aStates
highlyhad
developed
self-government,
and therefore,
achieving independence,
they their
completed
their
politicalsince
structure, since
achieving independence,
they completed
political
structure,
74

38

38

75

At theItime
I wasthe
preaching
the and
Revolution
idea of andignorant
andback-ward
politically Chinese
back-ward
Chinese
people,
bitterly
politically
people,
bitterly
shook
their shook their
At the time when
was when
preaching
Revolution
the ideaand
of theignorant
a Chinesethe
Republic,
theand
European
andscholars
American
heads
andimpossible.
said it was impossible.
headsfor
and said
it was
setting up a setting
ChineseupRepublic,
European
American
for scholars
theconsidered
most part this
considered
this quite unrealizable
for China, supportingAccording to
According
to the Goodenough
could not of
the Goodenough
psychology,psychology,
they could they
not of
the most part
quite unrealizable
for China, supporting
their
views bytoreferences
to past
history.
In the
year of the course
Chinesefail course
fail to
the of
lowpolitical
level ofintelligence
political intelligence
of the
to observe
theobserve
low level
of the
their views by
references
past history.
In the
first year
of first
the Chinese
Republic,
when
traveling
through
London,
I metEnglishman
a famous Englishman
Chinese,
soaked,inmoreover,
ofmonarchy,
an age-old monarchy,
Chinese, soaked,
moreover,
the poisoninoftheanpoison
age-old
Republic, when
traveling
through
London,
I met
a famous
who had
traveled
through
highwas
andwell
low,acquainted
was well acquainted
and maintained
in a lower
stage of development
than black
the former black
and maintained
in a lower stage
of development
than the former
who had traveled
through
China
high China
and low,
with the
of our
and had
writtenslaves
a great
slaves ofThe
America.
Theoffollowers
of Yuan-Shih-Kai
shouted about
of America.
followers
Yuan-Shih-Kai
also shoutedalso
about
with the situation
andsituation
customsand
of customs
our country,
andcountry,
had written
a great
her. His
book China,
Changing
China,good.
is very
This
the impossibility
of establishing
republic in China.
the impossibility
of establishing
a republic ina China.
deal about deal
her. about
His book
Changing
is very
This good.
thattheI preach
the transformation
of China
into aAn ox can be
Antaught
ox cantobeplough,
taught atohorse
plough,
caninbetobroken
can abehorse
broken
the in to the
EnglishmanEnglishman
heard that Iheard
preach
transformation
of China into
a
republic
and, great
conceiving
doubts
on visited
this score,
visited
at my but saddle,
we tell
a father
who is
but bewhat
saidCan
of man?
what can
saidcan
of be
man?
we tellCan
a father
who
is
republic and,
conceiving
doubtsgreat
on this
score,
me at
my mesaddle,
for the
special
of talking
on this
We his sending
childthat
to school
thatdoes
the not
childknow
doesthe
notChinese
know the Chinese
sending
child tohis
school
the child
hotel for thehotel
special
purpose
of purpose
talking with
me onwith
this me
subject.
Wesubject.
argued for
days
without
being
able
to an agreement.
characters
and
therefore
not go
to learn?
schoolIsand
Is this logical?
characters and
therefore
must
not gomust
to school
and
thislearn?
logical?
argued for several
daysseveral
without
being
able to
come
to to
an come
agreement.
when to
I outlined
him my
theory
about periods
the three
of Just
because
doesthe
notcharacters,
know the he
characters,
he must im-mediately
set
Just because
he does
not he
know
must im-mediately
set
But when IBut
outlined
him my totheory
about
the three
of periods
revolutionary
tactics, he immediately
with me,
saying:
"Yes,
about
learning
them. modern
Moreover,
modernhas
humanity
already reached
about
learning
them.
Moreover,
humanity
already has
reached
revolutionary
tactics, he immediately
agreed withagreed
me, saying:
"Yes,
plan
you can
escape the
tyranny of militarism
autocracy, militarism
theyears
youth-ful
of itsand
progress,
andwithin
therefore
the youth-ful
of its years
progress,
therefore
it thewithin
ideas itofthe ideas of
with such awith
plansuch
you acan
escape
the tyranny
of autocracy,
and politicians,
and their infringement
of the
are very World
developed.
could not help
freedomI andfreedom
equalityand
areequality
very developed.
ideasWorld
could ideas
not help
and politicians,
and their infringement
of the rightsof ofthetherights
people.
I people.
my and
duty,for
now
for the
future, you
to support
in my China,
reaching
China, and
therefore
needs the
Republic
and therefore
China
todayChina
needstoday
the Republic
just
as a just as a
consider it consider
my duty,itnow
theand
future,
to support
in my youreaching
In actual
fact,assothesoon
as the Revolution
out in
needs
goodand
teachers
child
needschild
school.
Butschool.
China But
also China
needs also
goodneeds
teachers
well- and wellarticles." Inarticles."
actual fact,
so soon
Revolution
broke out broke
in
Wuchang,
wholePress
Western
that for
my the
plan disposed
for the friends
disposed
friends
for her
Chinese
people,
for her
studies.
Thestudies.
ChineseThe
people,
which
havewhich
just have just
Wuchang, the
whole the
Western
wrotePress
that wrote
my plan
have a far-seeing
establishment
of must
a republic
must be
the near
and a acquired
form of government,
acquired
republicana republican
form of government,
must have must
a far-seeing
establishment
of a republic
be realized
in realized
the near infuture,
and future,
for its
training.
applies particularly
to
friend
of China
mustmoment
await this
moment
with impatience.
All this, revolutionary
governmentgovernment
for its training.
This
appliesThis
particularly
to
every friendevery
of China
must
await this
with
impatience.
All this, revolutionary
period of preparation
andwhich
training,
of course,
wasof an
of the carried
campaign
by thethe
aboveperiod the
of preparation
and training,
will which
be a will
kind be
of a kind of
of course, was
an echo
theecho
campaign
out carried
by the out
abovestage
betweenand
monarchy
republic,
such
as China cannot
mentioned Englishman
in the
London Press.
transitional transitional
stage between
monarchy
republic,and
such
as China
cannot
mentioned Englishman
in the London
Press.
It isthat
often
saidwith
that its
China
with its
ignorantwill
population
not be avoid.
avoid.
It is often said
China
ignorant
population
not be will
League,"
At the foundation
of our "Revolutionary
able to
establish a administration.
republican administration.
A well-known
of our "Revolutionary
League," one
of its one of its
able to establish
a republican
A well-known
American AmericanAt the foundation
scholar, Goodenough,
using this tried
argument,
tried
to incite Yuan-Shihmembers,
being convinced
of the of
difficulty
carrying
members, being
convinced
of the difficulty
carryingofout
my out my
scholar, Goodenough,
using this argument,
to incite
Yuan-ShihKaithe
to monarchy.
restore the At
monarchy.
time the
Chinesegreatly
marveledrevolutionary
greatly revolutionary
"The Tai-Tsing
dynasty
gave a false
plan, said: plan,
"The said:
Tai-Tsing
dynasty gave
a false
Kai to restore
one timeAt
theone
Chinese
marveled
at this,
failing to how
understand
how aprofessor
republicancould
professor
could advocate
and a preparatory
period
of nine
years,
now the plans
constitution constitution
and a preparatory
period of nine
years,
and now
theand
plans
at this, failing
to understand
a republican
advocate
monarchy,
but Ithe
knew
that the Americans,
had the experience
ourspeak
Party of
also
speak
of nine
years.
But we consecrated
of our Partyofalso
nine
years.
But we
consecrated
our lives to our lives to
a monarchy,a but
I knew that
Americans,
having had having
the experience
of ahad
republic,
learned
from experience
what un-intelligent
the in
revolution
the the
hopepower
that the
power
of the
will be
revolution
the hopein that
of the
people
willpeople
be
of a republic,
learnedhad
from
experience
what un-intelligent
and the and
citizens
Everyafter
emigrant
time in established
immediately;
we to
shall
to wait
another
immediately;
if we shall ifhave
waithave
another
three
years three years
uneducated uneducated
citizens mean.
Everymean.
emigrant
living after
someliving
time some
in established
America
enjoysofthe
rights of citizenship.
After the eman-cipation
of the
after the
victory
of the
be Itoo
long."that
I replied that
the victory
of the
people,
thispeople,
will bethis
too will
long."
replied
America enjoys
the rights
citizenship.
After the eman-cipation
of the after
the also
lattergiven
wererights
also given
rights of in
citizenship
America.
But thiswithout
thereofis establishing
no hope of establishing
a true
republic.
without
there is this
no hope
a true republic.
Today
eightToday eight
negroes, thenegroes,
latter were
of citizenship
America.inBut
the politicians
American politicians
took advantage
this and committed
yearsby
have
gone
since the establishment
of the
Chinesebut
Republic, but
years have gone
since
theby
establishment
of the Chinese
Republic,
the American
took advantage
of this andof committed
number
of ayears,
untilpassed
a law was
that has
nottheonly
has of
theconstitutional
period of constitutional
not only
period
governmentgovernment
not begun, not
but begun, but
abominable abominable
misdeeds formisdeeds
a numberforofayears,
until
law was
that passed
unfortunately
cannot
that thedynasty
Tai-Tsing
illiterates
wereof deprived
of many
is why American
unfortunately
it cannot yetit be
said yet
that be
thesaid
Tai-Tsing
hasdynasty
been has been
illiterates were
deprived
many civic
rights.civic
This rights.
is whyThis
American
torn
up by the roots.
hearing
of thefoundation
proposed foundation
of by
a republic
by up
theby the
torn
roots.
professors, professors,
hearing of the
proposed
of a republic
the
76

39

39

77

think
years of preparatory
training
we
distinguishable
in culture
from
the mostEuropean
advancedstates.
European
distinguishable
in culture from
the most
advanced
All states. All
Some think Some
that the
six that
yearstheofsix
preparatory
training which
we which
propose
bear resemb-lance
a strong resemb-lance
to the enlightened
this is
resultof
ofpreparatory
a policy of preparatory
this is the result
ofthe
a policy
training. training.
to the enlightened
despotism despotism
propose bear
a strong
by some
so-called
men.
In reply
thisthat
I will say thatWhy did notWhy
did not
America
give theindependence
Filipinos independence
at once,
America
give
the Filipinos
at once,
preached bypreached
some so-called
learned
men.learned
In reply
to this
I willtosay
the enlightened
despotism
hasanasabsolute
its end an
absolutewhereas
monarchy, whereas
and forced
to agoperiod
through
a period of preparatory
and forced them
insteadthem
to goinstead
through
of preparatory
training? training?
the enlightened
despotism has
as its end
monarchy,
ourpreparation
period of preparation
hasthe
as creation
its end the
of a America
Becausehad
America
had experience
disorders
after a
Because
alreadyhad
hadalready
experience
of disordersof after
a
our period of
and trainingand
hastraining
as its end
of creation
a
republic.
This aconstitutes
a colossal between
difference
between
them.similar
Duringemancipation
similar emancipation
of the
and was
her policy
washer
based on her
of the negroes,
andnegroes,
her policy
based on
republic. This
constitutes
colossal difference
them.
During
the Great
War, forallexample,
all which
the States
which
war experience.
the Great War,
for example,
the States
entered
the entered
war the experience.
both monarchies
and
republics
as arrested
one manthearrested theOur ChineseOur
Chinese
haveunder
long been
under the domination
of a
people
havepeople
long been
the domination
of a
both monarchies
and republics
all as
one allman
of the constitution
and aintroduced
a military
regime,
under The
monarchy.
The slave psychology
hassoul
leftaindeep
its soul
a deep impression,
monarchy.
slave psychology
has left in its
impression,
functioning functioning
of the constitution
and introduced
military regime,
under
which all
citizens
were
of their
liberties.
The distribution
which
cannot bewithout
destroyed
passing
throughofa period of
whichofcannot
be destroyed
firstwithout
passingfirst
through
a period
which all citizens
were
deprived
of deprived
their liberties.
The
distribution
of
foodstuffs
the in
State,
in thosewhere
countriespreparatory
where
preparatory
training.
In order
off this
oldpast,
dirt and
of the
training. In order
to wash
off to
thiswash
old dirt
of the
to past, and to
foodstuffs was
handedwas
overhanded
to the over
State,toand,
thoseand,
countries
there was insufficient
food, the sacrificed
inhabitantstheir
sacrificed
their
lives partake
for theirof the
partake
of the
modern conceptions
of equality,
liberty and
modern
conceptions
of liberty and
theequality,
Chinesethe Chinese
there was insufficient
food, the inhabitants
lives for
their
fatherland
and for
victory.
These
already apossessed
a amust
their own improvement.
must work
greatwork
deal aatgreat
theirdeal
ownatimprovement.
fatherland and
for victory.
These
peoples
hadpeoples
alreadyhad
possessed
constitutional
yet their constitution
State: itsis Emperor
is a
TheRepublic
ChineseisRepublic
is aState:
people's
a people's
its Emperor
a
constitutional
government,government,
yet their constitution
was limited.was
Welimited.
who We whoThe Chinese
as no
yet Constitution,
have no Constitution,
and areforstriving
for constitutional
people
of 400
millions.
The State
officials,with
beginning
with the President
people of 400
millions.
The
State officials,
beginning
the President
as yet have
and are striving
constitutional
guarantees
of a revolutionary
can only
that with
and ending
with an
ordinary
sentry,
areservants.
all public
servants.
and ending
an ordinary
sentry,
are all
public
The
ChineseThe Chinese
guarantees by
means ofbya means
revolutionary
struggle, canstruggle,
only marvel
that marvel
thepeoples
European
peoples
agreed
to such a limitation.
people
of 400
was from
ancient
a slave
of the autocracy,
people of 400
millions
wasmillions
from ancient
times
a slavetimes
of the
autocracy,
the European
agreed
to such
a limitation.
have now
since the establish-ment
of did
thenot know
and did
in the
pastmaster.
that it was
master.
last it did learn,
and
innot
the know
past that
it was
When
at lastWhen
it did at
learn,
Eight years Eight
have years
now passed
sincepassed
the establish-ment
of the
Chineseand
Republic,
and theofmembers
our in
Party
the course
of time
for aitlong
timedare
it did
notmaster.
dare to Yet
be master.
sooner
or later it must
for a long
did not
to be
sooner Yet
or later
it must
Chinese Republic,
the members
our Partyofmust
the must
coursein of
have a acquired
a vast
store of experience
and
so.itWhat
was it
gave the
Chinese
people the
chance?
Whatdo
was
that gave
thethat
Chinese
people
the chance?
Was
it not Was it not
these eight these
yearseight
have years
acquired
vast store
of experience
and do so.
they my
can platform
recall myonplatform
on theofquestion
of the Revolution,
whichthe
destroyed
the Monarchy?
In consequence
of the
the Revolution,
which destroyed
Monarchy?
In consequence
of the
knowledge. knowledge.
Today theyToday
can recall
the question
fact for
thatages
China
ages
had not
form of government,
the
preparing
andsignificance
grasp its significance
without
fact
that China
hadfornot
altered
her altered
form ofher
government,
the
preparing and
trainingand
thetraining
masses, the
andmasses,
grasp its
without
people
out to be ababe
new-born
when it approached
my ideasandUtopian
and impracticable.
has been
forturned
people
out toturned
be a new-born
when itbabe
approached
the task of the task of
labeling mylabeling
ideas Utopian
impracticable.
China has China
been for
theThe
firstKuomintang
time. The Kuomintang
bore and
this infant, and
of years
under the yoke
retrograde
yoke of a and
monarchy,
and her recon-struction
for the first for
time.
bore this infant,
thousands ofthousands
years under
the retrograde
of a monarchy,
her recon-struction
obliged
to nurse
it like
a mother
only the
by training the
peopleup
hasingrown
up in and
oppression
of sovereignty.
the toisnurse
is At
obliged
it like
a mother
and
train it, and
and train
only it,
byand
training
people has grown
oppression
deprivedand
of deprived
sovereignty.
At the
out its
parental
duty.
this of
the period of
dawn
of the Revolution,
it determined
to create
owncan people
people
it carrycan
outititscarry
parental
duty.
And for
thisAnd
thefor
period
very dawn very
of the
Revolution,
it determined
to create its
own its
preparatory
is necessary,
that can
the be
child
can be given
constitutional
republican
State.itTherefore
it must agocourse
through
of
preparatory
training is training
necessary,
so that thesochild
given
constitutional
republican State.
Therefore
must go through
of a course
experience
andtotrained
updiscretion,
to years ofup
discretion,
up to the
moment when
training,it otherwise
it cannot
achieve its object.
experience and
trained up
years of
to the moment
when
preparatory preparatory
training, otherwise
cannot achieve
its object.
it can
take over
America,
the aid ofindependence,
Philippine independence,
also
take over
power
itself.power itself.
America, when
going when
to thegoing
aid oftoPhilippine
also it can
In ancient
times
a certain Chow-Guns,
prepared
and politically
along oftheestablishing
path of establishing
period offortraining
for theIn ancient times
a certain
Chow-Guns,
prepared and
politically
went alongwent
the path
a period ofa training
the
trained his
youthfuluntil
Emperor
until hethe
ascended
with the development
and strengthening
of local
self-his youthful
trained
Emperor
he ascended
throne. the
Ourthrone.
Party Our Party
Philippines, Philippines,
with the development
and strengthening
of local selfthat monarchy
under the the
monarchy
official
servant
its basis.
Twenty
yearsby,
have
and the Filipinos,
must realizemust
that realize
under the
official the
servant
trained
his trained his
governmentgovernment
as its basis. as
Twenty
years
have gone
andgone
the by,
Filipinos,
master
for the of
acceptance
of it
power,
and it
is natural
once a semi-savage
have
becomepeople.
a cultured
people.
self-for the
master
acceptance
power, and
is natural
that
we mustthat
do we
the must do the
once a semi-savage
people, havepeople,
become
a cultured
Local
self- Local
samemaster,
with our
untilyears
it reaches
years of discretion.
in the is
Philippines
is nowdeveloped,
extremely the
developed,
same with our
the master,
people, the
untilpeople,
it reaches
of discretion.
governmentgovernment
in the Philippines
now extremely
majoritythe majority
Un-fortunately,
that
did not
realize theofnecessity of
the local government
officials,
with theofexception
of the Governor,
Un-fortunately,
our Party atour
thatParty
timeatdid
nottime
realize
the necessity
of the local of
government
officials, with
the exception
the Governor,
clearly
enough; it responsibility
renounced responsibility
for the
training of the
and in
the near
future the
(probably)
Filipinos
secure
clearly this
enough;
it renounced
for the training
of the
are natives, are
andnatives,
in the near
future
(probably)
Filipinosthewill
secure willthis
did out
not its
carry
out its revolutionary
The Chinese
complete independence.
In we
the can
future,
we they
can will
hope,not
they
not beand people
did notandcarry
revolutionary
duty. The duty.
Chinese
complete independence.
In the future,
hope,
be willpeople
78

40

40

79

in their revolutionary
effort
only
work of destruction,
and
revolutionary
methods,
thought otherwise:
and the
therefore the
revolutionary
methods, and
thoughtandotherwise:
and therefore
achieved in achieved
their revolutionary
effort only the
work
of the
destruction,
and
were
not able
to carry
work of construction.
why, as at revolutionary
attempts at revolutionary
failed.
constructionconstruction
failed.
were not able
to carry
through
the through
work of the
construction.
That is why,That
as is attempts
a result
of our
we have
today"Chinese
the nameRepublic,"
"Chinese Republic,"When our "Revolutionary
When our "Revolutionary
was
set up to organize
League" wasLeague"
being set
upbeing
to organize
a result of our
struggle,
westruggle,
have today
the name
nothing more.
Chinese Revolution,
of all advocated
its ideas by
the ChinesetheRevolution,
we first ofweallfirst
advocated
its ideas by
and nothing and
more.
lie the
that the part
destructive
part of
propaganda,
and then,together
collecting
who had deter-mined
to
propaganda,
and then, collecting
all together
who hadalldeter-mined
to
Wherein lieWherein
the reasons
for reasons
the fact for
thatthe
thefact
destructive
of
the Revolution
Chinese Revolution
was with
crowned
withwhile
success
serve the
Chinese
people,
swore
to to
give
to democracy
the idea of democracy
serve its
the Chinese
people,
swore
to give
effect
theeffect
idea of
the Chinese
was crowned
success
its while
partdefeat?
suffered
of the
in two
based
on principles"
" the three (San-Min-Chu),
principles" (San-Min-Chu),
in orderour
to achieve our
on " the
three
in order to achieve
constructiveconstructive
part suffered
Thedefeat?
root ofThe
the root
matter
is inmatter
two is based
things,
namely, intelligence
and The
ignorance.
Chinese
long failed
to aim
common
aim the establishment
a ChinesePeople
Republic.
common
the establishment
of a ChineseofRepublic.
whoPeople who
things, namely,
intelligence
and ignorance.
ChineseThe
long
failed to
realize
thatoppressed
they wereby
oppressed
by the
Manchu
a public
reject oath
this public
oath
I do notasrecognize
as revolutionaries.
rejectinthis
I do not
recognize
revolutionaries.
Some look Some look
realize that they
were
the Manchu
dynasty,
anddynasty,
were inand
a were
trance or intoxication,
looking onas
revolution
sortrevolutionary
on this revolutionary
oathformality.
as a mereHowever,
formality.the
However,
the influence
on this
oath as a mere
influence
condition ofcondition
trance orofintoxication,
looking on revolution
some sortas some
of injustice.
disgustingBut
injustice.
But later,
when of
therevolution
waves of rolled
revolution
rolled
grown extraordinarily.
And its
power
of the Kuomintang
and
power and
of the
Kuomintang
have grownhave
extraordinarily.
And its
of disgusting
later, when
the waves
China became
the people
became
more intelligent,
politically and
intelligent,
and organization
has grown
stronger
oath
we have
organization
has grown stronger
because
by because
our oath by
weour
have
created
a created a
over China over
the people
much
more much
politically
thefor
necessity
for overthrowing
Manchu
and
If matters
this is how
matters
stand
withthe
the Party, the
single
heart single
of the heart
Party.ofIfthe
thisParty.
is how
stand
with the
Party,
understood understood
the necessity
overthrowing
the Manchuthedynasty
anddynasty
to power themselves.
if the old
Manchu
dynasty
were
sametocan
same
can apply
theapply
State.to the State.
returning toreturning
power themselves.
And if the And
old Manchu
dynasty
were
now
returnit to
power,
it would
meet
with theofresistance
It is said
verythat
often
that the
Chinese
peoplescattered
resemble scattered
thesaid
Chinese
people
resemble
now to return
to to
power,
would
meet
with the
resistance
the wholeof the wholeIt is very often
But many
very, amongst
very many
us know
of a conscious
grains
desirethese
to collect
these 400
grains of sand.
If of
we sand.
desireIftowecollect
400 millions
of millions
scatteredof scattered
people. But people.
very, very
us amongst
know nothing
of anothing
conscious
and even
amongstofmembers
of the Kuomintang
are grains,
individual
and of
create
of them
a united
individual
and grains,
create out
themout
a united
State,
strongState,
in itsstrong in its
revolution, revolution,
and even amongst
members
the Kuomintang
there are there
who all
understand
all its implications.
Consequently,
it is not
unity,reject
we cannot
reject
theoath.
idea In
of all
an advanced
oath. In alland
advanced
we cannot
the idea
of an
culturedand cultured
few personsfew
whopersons
understand
its implications.
Consequently,
it is not unity,
surprising
notasmeet
with
as many in
difficulties
revolt when
countries,
whenone
changing
one for
nationality
it istonecessary to
countries,
changing
nationality
another,for
it isanother,
necessary
surprising that
we did that
not we
meetdidwith
many
difficulties
the revoltin the
as we
with at the
moment
when we
theofproblems
of by means
expressofbyanmeans
of an loyalty
oath one's
loyalty
to and
respect
express
oath one's
to and
respect
for the
Statefor the State
itself as we itself
met with
at met
the moment
when
we reached
the reached
problems
reconstruction.
intoiswhich
one and
is entering,
andrecognition
to express recognition
of its constitution
into which one
entering,
to express
of its constitution
reconstruction.
andtoreadiness
to bear
all the obligations
arising Only
therefrom.
hasachieved,
now beenbut
achieved,
andother
readiness
bear all the
obligations
arising therefrom.
after Only after
The difficultThe
hasdifficult
now been
the easy,but
onthe
theeasy,
otheron the
one be recognized
a citizen.
Without
this,
hand, has
suffered
are the
forvery
this?fact
The very
this fact
can onethis
be can
recognized
as a citizen.asWithout
this,
you can
liveyou
all can live all
hand, has suffered
defeat.
Whatdefeat.
are theWhat
reasons
for reasons
this? The
life in the
and
will beas regarded
as awho
foreigner who
that itand
wasthat
easy,
that the
majority
ofdid
thenot
people
didthat
notitknow
thatlife
it in your
your
the country,
andcountry,
you will
beyou
regarded
a foreigner
that it was easy,
the and
majority
of the
people
know
enjoy civic rights.
must be immediately
applied
real islife.
whyofmy cannot
plan ofenjoycannot
civic rights.
must be immediately
applied in real
life.inThat
whyThat
my isplan
I consider
and
of thecan
Chambers
revolutionary
reconstruction
suffered
Whyitdoeasy?
I call it easy?I consider that
officialsthat
andofficials
members
ofmembers
the Chambers
enter can enter
revolutionary
reconstruction
suffered defeat.
Whydefeat.
do I call
into office
only after
taking
the oath.
When
form of government
is
Because
after had
destruction
had been com-pleted,
forces of resistance
into office only
after taking
the oath.
When
the form
of the
government
is
Because after
destruction
been com-pleted,
the forces ofthe
resistance
were and
destroyed,
and once
were nothing
destroyed,
was the
changed,
the new Government
will undoubtedly
changed,
new Government
will undoubtedly
require an require
oath of an oath of
were destroyed,
once these
forcesthese
wereforces
destroyed,
wasnothing
impossible
for us: in we
everything
we had
perfect
liberty in comparison
from all
and will
those who
refuse as enemies
loyalty fromloyalty
all citizens,
andcitizens,
will regard
thoseregard
who refuse
as enemies
impossible for
us: in everything
had perfect
liberty
in comparison
with before
the epoch
period of destruction.
But the Chinese,
who
must from
be driven
from theof confines
I take examples
who must be
driven
the confines
the State.ofI the
takeState.
examples
with the epoch
the before
period the
of destruction.
But the Chinese,
unfortu-nately,
did of
notthe
think
the next
period.thatI knew
from thecountries
advancedofcountries
Europe.
at the European
from the
the advanced
Europe. of
If we
look Ifat we
the look
European
unfortu-nately,
did not think
nextofperiod.
I knew
the that
revolution
against thedynasty
Tai-Tsing
wasinnecessary
States constituted
afterwethe
say of
that
those
of them have
States ofconstituted
after the war,
canwar,
saywe
thatcan
those
them
have
revolution against
the Tai-Tsing
wasdynasty
necessary
the nameinofthe name
of the
andembraced
thereforeit,embraced
it, not reckoning
to have
live which
havetobeen
to State
carry oaths
their State
proved ableproved
to live able
which
been able
carryable
their
of oaths of
the salvationtheofsalvation
the country,
andcountry,
therefore
not reckoning
with
withoutits
observing
its difficulties.
Hence,
the into
allegiance
intothe
effect,
of the recognition
of the Government
allegiance
effect, on
basison
of the
the basis
recognition
of the Government
with dangers
anddangers
withoutand
observing
difficulties.
Hence, when
the when
period of destruction
closed, revolutionary
reconstruction
by the
of the
people.which
In States
haveable
nottobeen able to
by theanmajority
of majority
the people.
In States
havewhich
not been
period of destruction
closed, revolutionary
reconstruction
seemed an seemed
do In
not cease. In
easy
to me.
But the
of my had
colleagues
had not mastered
apply
oath of allegiance,
disorders
apply an oath
of an
allegiance,
disorders and
troublesand
do troubles
not cease.
easy thing to
me.thing
But the
majority
of majority
my colleagues
not mastered
China
the is
same
thing
goingIt on
It was just
because
China the same
thing
going
on is
today.
wastoday.
just because
of this
that, of this that,
80

41

41

81

when our
organizing
I put
oathdiscipline
and Partyindiscipline
in the
have been
bound
to take
oath of to
allegiance
to theand
Republic, and
been bound
to take
an oath
of an
allegiance
the Republic,
when organizing
Party, Iour
putParty,
the oath
andtheParty
the have
forefront.
When the Kuomintang
up the I,Republic,
I, as swear
its firstthat swear
that support
he would
the defend
Republic,
thethe
rights of the
he would
the support
Republic,
the defend
rights of
Republic,
as its first
forefront. When
the Kuomintang
set up the set
President,
firstoath
took
oath of and
allegiance,
andand people,
and the
strengthen
thepower
economic
power
of the
country.
people,
strengthen
economic
of the
country.
Only
after Only after
President, first
took the
of the
allegiance,
orderedand
all ordered
civil andall civil
military
officers immediately
to take
the expression
oath as an of
expression
of theirsuch taking
an oath
would
he able
havetobeen
able
enjoy
all civic rights,
an oathsuch
would
he have
been
enjoy
all tocivic
rights,
military officers
immediately
to take the oath
as an
their taking
to theUnfortunately,
Republic. Unfortunately,
didthis
notas
regardwhile
this as
whileheotherwise
he would
have been
servant
otherwise
would have
been regarded
as regarded
a servantasofa the
Tai- of the Taidevotion to devotion
the Republic.
our Party didour
notParty
regard
matter
of great
and importance,
andagainst
protested
Tsing dynasty.
Tsingthe
dynasty.
a matter of agreat
urgency
andurgency
importance,
and protested
the against
immediate application
oath of allegiance.
Afterofthethetaking
the oath,
every
offence
against the Republic
oath, of
every
offence
against
the Republic
immediate application
of the oathofofthe
allegiance.
This was aThis
greatwas a greatAfter the taking
must be
punishedtoaccording
to law. the
At present
thecriminals
only State criminals
must be punished
according
law. At present
only State
mistake. mistake.
later on, Yuan-Shih-Kai
succeeded
me ashe
President,
he
are Yuan-Shih-Kai
and a few
of the Kuomintang
who took the
are Yuan-Shih-Kai
and a few members
ofmembers
the Kuomintang
who took the
When, laterWhen,
on, Yuan-Shih-Kai
succeeded me
as President,
not payattention
particular
to thisand
question,
oathit:and
but all
themillion
other 400
million
bear
oath my
and broke
butbroke
all theit:other
400
citizens
bearcitizens
no moral
or no moral or
also did notalso
paydid
particular
to attention
this question,
allowedand
myallowed
old oathwith
to remain,
with"Down
its words:
with thefor
monarchy
ever,
legal responsibility
before the
ChineseThe
Republic.
State is a vessel
legal
responsibility
before the Chinese
Republic.
State isThe
a vessel
old oath to remain,
its words:
with"Down
the monarchy
ever, for
live the When
Republic!"
When subsequently
the Revolution
whichintocollects
men's
hearts,
policy is the
which collects
itself into
men'sitself
hearts,
while
Statewhile
policyState
is the
long live thelong
Republic!"
subsequently
he betrayed he
thebetrayed
Revolution
and proclaimed
himselfthese
emperor,
theturned
oath werereflection
turned ofreflection
of psychological
factors.
order
have the pos-sibility
of
psychological
factors. In order
to In
have
the to
pos-sibility
of
and proclaimed
himself emperor,
wordsthese
of thewords
oath of
were
him.we,
Not
we, the
Chinese revolutionaries,
but thetransforming
foreign transforming
thesubjects
emperor's
citizens
of theitRepublic,
it is
the emperor's
intosubjects
citizensinto
of the
Republic,
is
against him.against
Not only
theonly
Chinese
revolutionaries,
but the foreign
alsoa presented
a Noteagainst
of protest
the of
restoration
of the first
necessary
first
of all from
to demand
from
them
an oath of The
allegiance. The
of all to
demand
them an
oath
of allegiance.
Powers alsoPowers
presented
Note of protest
the against
restoration
the necessary
monarchy:
wasprincipal
one of the
principal
why the monarchy
when
the State,
republican
State,
not able to carry
Kuomintang,Kuomintang,
when creating
thecreating
republican
was not
ablewas
to carry
monarchy: and
this wasand
onethis
of the
reasons
whyreasons
the monarchy
of Yuan-Shih-Kai
collapsed.
The of
monarchy
of Yuan-Shih-Kai
could toit athrough
to a conclusion.
successful conclusion.
Thisthe
was
whyatthe
it through
successful
This was why
Party
firstParty at first
of Yuan-Shih-Kai
collapsed. The
monarchy
Yuan-Shih-Kai
could
and and
energies, and
but the
totter
after
of the
who were
obliged
send it apossessed
colossal
spiritual
colossal areserve
of reserve
spiritualofforces
and forces
energies,
not but totternot
after
Note
of the
the Note
Powers,
whoPowers,
were obliged
to send
it topossessed
achievedin success
in the
work of destruction,
after the Kuomintang
came
out with
a very
reasoned
protest
his success
achieved
the work
of destruction,
while afterwhile
the after the
after the Kuomintang
came out with
a very
reasoned
protest
against
his against
establishment
of theit Republic
it lostqualities
all these
and could not
And
our chief argu-ments
this, that Yuan-Shih-Kai
establishment
of the Republic
lost all these
andqualities
could not
action. And action.
our chief
argu-ments
amounted toamounted
this, that to
Yuan-Shih-Kai
tasks of revolutionary
reconstruction.
This
was the result
hadoath.
broken his oath.
complete thecomplete
tasks ofthe
revolutionary
reconstruction.
This was the
result
had broken his
of error.
failed
to to
create
and tonot
construct
Yuan-Shih-Kai
was ainservant
the pastofathe
servant
of the and
monarchy,
and They
of error.
failed They
to create
and
construct
becausenot
theybecause
could they could
Yuan-Shih-Kai
was in the past
monarchy,
notbecause
do so, but
didhow
nottoknow
how to do so.
not hold ideas.
republican
Howit then
it that the Kuomintang
not do so, but
theybecause
did notthey
know
do so.
did not holddidrepublican
How ideas.
then was
that was
the Kuomintang
I say:
"If you understand,
un-doubtedly
himofthe
post of and
President,
and itself the
sacrificed theTherefore I Therefore
say: "If you
understand,
un-doubtedly
you will beyou will be
yielded up yielded
to him up
the topost
President,
itself sacrificed
carry into
effect."
Many
mylofty,
idealsand
toomy
lofty, and my
Republic, surrendering
voluntarily surrendering
at first
andononly
later on beginning
able to carryable
intotoeffect."
Many
consider
myconsider
ideals too
Republic, voluntarily
it at first andit only
later
beginning
for the establishment
of thetoo
Republic
too but
idealistic,
for this,
it ? undoubtedly,
All this, undoubtedly,
planvery
for theplan
establishment
of the Republic
idealistic,
they, but they,
would havewould
been have
very been
to fight forto itfight
? All
hadand
no did
plans
did how
not know
irre-sponsible,
were
not for
oath, of
onwhich
account
which the themselves
Powers, themselves
had no plans
notand
know
to act.how
Thattoisact.
whyThat is why
irre-sponsible,
were it not for
theitoath,
on the
account
theofPowers,
now finds
in a ofcondition
and destruction.
justice, intervened
behalf
of the and
Republic
andnow China
China
finds herself
in aherself
condition
anarchy of
andanarchy
destruction.
on behalf on
of the
Republic
in defense inof defense
justice, of
intervened
Precisely
because
of this the
Chinese
sup-ported
it. Ithe
ask:
Is not
the oath ofimportant?
allegiance important?
Precisely because
of this
the Chinese
people
was people
plungedwas
intoplunged
an eightinto an eight
sup-ported it.
I ask: Is not
oath
of allegiance
periodsuffering,
of severewhich,
suffering,
which,
far from
bringing
However,
my Partyconsidered
comrades the
considered
the oath to
I proposed
years' to
periodyears'
of severe
far from
bringing
it closer
to it closer to
However, my
Party comrades
oath I proposed
the completion
of revolutionary
matter ofimportance,
secondary importance,
anda called
me aFrom
visionary.
has only itsdeepened its
theFrom
completion
of revolutionary
construction,construction,
has only deepened
be a matter be
of asecondary
and called me
visionary.
time of theofformation
the Party
I have
oath. misery.
misery.
the time of the formation
the Partyof
I have
always
stoodalways
for thestood
oath.for the
Theofcessation
of theofceremony
thefoundation
oath, that of
foundation
The responsibility
forofthe
of the
Chinese must
Revolution must
for the failure
thefailure
Chinese
Revolution
The cessation
the ceremony
the oath, of
that
law, was of law, wasThe responsibility
of the
chiefforreasons
for the
of our revolutionary
on the
Chinese revolutionaries,
also on all intelligent
fall not onlyfall
onnot
the only
Chinese
revolutionaries,
but also on but
all intelligent
one of theonechief
reasons
the failure
of failure
our revolutionary
my Partyhad
comrades
had not
mythe
words,
in the citizens
Chinese
would
notblood
shed their
the front
Chinese
whocitizens
would who
not shed
their
in theblood
front inranks
of ranks of
construction.construction.
If my Party Ifcomrades
not despised
mydespised
words, in
subsequent development
of the
we should
had the
the Revolution.
They
were theofrearguard
of the Revolution,
thesame
Revolution.
They were the
rearguard
the Revolution,
whose task whose task
subsequent development
of the Republic
weRepublic
should have
had thehave
same
as in the organization
of namely,
our Party,
that every
officialit would
it was the
to support
fighting revolutionaries.
People Rise
of China! Rise
was to support
fightingthe
revolutionaries.
People of China!
as in the organization
of our Party,
thatnamely,
every official
would
82

42

42

83

withwith
one love
heart,for
with
love
for your
land,
out the old and
with one heart,
your
native
land,native
to drive
outtothedrive
old and
create
the new,
repeat
sincerely
andthe
truthfully
the oath oftoallegiance to
create the new,
repeat
sincerely
and
truthfully
oath of allegiance
Chinese
Republic
the Chinese the
Republic
which
I havewhich
taken:I have taken:

CHAPTER
V
CHAPTER
V
WHO
WAS? RIGHT ?
WHO WAS
RIGHT

"I, Suntruthfully
Yat-Sen,and
truthfully
andtake
sincerely
take this
"I, Sun Yat-Sen,
sincerely
this public
oath public oath
(Letter
from Chen-Yin-Shin
to Huan-Kai-Tsiang)
Chen-Yin-Shin
to Huan-Kai-Tsiang)
thatmoment
from this
moment
I will
oldthe
andnew,
buildand
the new, and(Letter from
that from this
I will
destroy
the destroy
old andthe
build
for the self-determination
of the
and all
willmy
apply all my
fight for thefight
self-determination
of the people,
andpeople,
will apply
HUAN-KAI-TSIANG
!
BROTHER
HUAN-KAI-TSIANG
!
to the
of theRepublic,
Chinese the
Republic,
the of
realization
of BROTHER
strength to strength
the support
of support
the Chinese
realization
'the three principles,'
carry 'the
into effect 'the
democracy democracy
through 'thethrough
three principles,'
and to carryand
intoto effect
With my
modest
talents
taken
partaffairs
in public
talents
I have
takenI have
part in
public
for affairs for
Fivefold Constitution,'
for theofprogress
of good government,
theWith my modest
Fivefold Constitution,'
for the progress
good government,
the
years
past,
and have
with the attitude
friend-liest
attitude
years past, and
have
always
met always
with themet
friend-liest
from
you. from you.
happiness
andpeace
perpetual
of the
for the strengthening
happiness and
perpetual
of thepeace
people,
and people,
for the and
strengthening
Last
summer
I was when
in hospital
when
leftand,
for despite
Japan and,
Last summer
I was
in hospital
you left
for you
Japan
my despite my
of the foundations
namethroughout
of peace throughout
the
of the foundations
of the State,ofinthe
theState,
nameinofthe
peace
the
could
youhands
and shake
hands.aswith
you,
.as some little
eager desire,eager
coulddesire,
not see
you not
andsee
shake
with you,
some
little
world."
world."
for myself.
Now
wedeprived
have been
of the opportunity
consolation consolation
for myself. Now
we have
been
of deprived
the opportunity
SUN YAT-SEN
SUN YAT-SEN
of talking
and our
expressing
to one
another personally.
How
of talking and
expressing
ideas toour
oneideas
another
personally.
How
unfortunately
it hasout!
all turned out!
unfortunately
it has all turned
Year of the
Chinese Republic
January 12, January
.8th Year12,
of.8th
the Chinese
Republic
TheI other
dayJapanese
I saw myfriend
Japanese
friend
Miasaki,
The other day
saw my
Miasaki,
who
told mewho told me
that
youmore
have plunged
once more
political
and I once again
that you
once
intoplunged
politicalinto
affairs,
and affairs,
I once again
haveoath.
taken
myoath
oath.should
This oath
should
strictly be by
introduced
by have
I have takenI my
This
strictly
be introduced
began
to think
of deal.
you a great deal.
beganhas
to think
of you
a great
the Government,
but while
at present,
while the Republican
the Government,
but at present,
the Republican
GovernmentGovernment
has
and Tan-I-Kai,
before
1911, Sun-Chiao-Jen
comrades Sun-Chiao-Jen
1911,
comrades
and Tan-I-Kai,
not yet it,
introduced
it, thiscannot
ceremony
cannot be performed.
not yet introduced
this ceremony
be performed.
But I trust But I trustEven beforeEven
stay indeclared
Shanghai,
that inthey
our regarded
Party they regarded
during
stay intheir
Shanghai,
thatdeclared
in our Party
that allcitizens
intelligent
citizens
in theself-governing
organized self-governing
willtheirduring
that all intelligent
in the
organized
counties willcounties
you
one of
the most outstanding
practical revolution-aries,
youtheir
as one of
theasmost
outstanding
practical revolution-aries,
while Sun while Sun
by jointtake
endeavor
takeimmediately
the oath immediately
by joint endeavor
the oath
after settingafter
up setting
their up
and This
ideologue. This
Yat-Sen
theyasregarded
our best theoretician
Yat-Sen they
regarded
our bestastheoretician
and ideologue.
governing
and
theoath
text with
of thetheir
oathsignature,
with their signature,
governing bodies,
and bodies,
reinforce
thereinforce
text of the
undoubtedly
expressed
opinion
the whole
But there also
undoubtedly
expressed the
opinion the
of the
wholeofcountry.
Butcountry.
there also
the oath
to with
the people
with hand
their raised
right hand
in
reading the reading
oath publicly
to publicly
the people
their right
in raised
exists the
that Sun
is a great
and this prejudice
the opinion
thatopinion
Sun Yat-Sen
is aYat-Sen
great idealist,
andidealist,
this prejudice
After the
citizens
of have
one county
have
taken
theshould
oath, theyexists
should
the air. Afterthe
theair.
citizens
of one
county
taken the
oath,
they
greatly
the application
hisisideas;
used as a reproach
thehindered
application
of his ideas;ofthis
used this
as aisreproach
of the next
with
the same
purpose.
Only
after greatly
the oathhindered
help those ofhelp
the those
next county
withcounty
the same
purpose.
Only
after the
oath
Sun
Yat-Sen,
useenemies
of by his
enemies
to attack him.
against Sun against
Yat-Sen,
this
is madethis
useisofmade
by his
to attack
him.
is taken
should
a man be aconsidered
citizen
of the
Chinese Republic,
is taken should
a man
be considered
citizen of athe
Chinese
Republic,
But all
of the past
that defeats
the biggest
defeats
of the facts
past indicate
thatindicate
the biggest
suffered
by suffered by
andhe
otherwise
he considered
should be considered
both legallyboth
and legally
morally,and
andmorally,
otherwise
should be
an But allanthe facts
our Party
arose
thattowe
failed toSun
appreciate
Sun Yat-Sen's
our Party arose
from the
factfrom
thatthe
wefact
failed
appreciate
Yat-Sen's
adherent
of the Monarchy.
adherent of the
Monarchy.
ideas, them
considered
them unattainable,
rosethem.
up against
them. Thereby
considered
unattainable,
and rose up and
against
Thereby
Will it be
possible to
establish aorRepublic,
not? Theideas,
answer
Will it be possible
to establish
a Republic,
not? Theoranswer
brought
about
our own defeat.
we brought
about
our own
defeat.
dependsonentirely
our fellow-countrymen
or we
depends entirely
whetheronourwhether
fellow-countrymen
willingly orwillingly
Today
mustthenot
show
the same intolerance
to Sun Yat-Sen's
notwe
show
same
intolerance
to Sun Yat-Sen's
the of
ceremony
oath of to
allegiance
to theToday we must
unwillingly unwillingly
perform theperform
ceremony
an oath ofof an
allegiance
the
ideas,
repeatofthe
the past. IPersonally
ideas, in order
notintoorder
repeatnot
thetoerrors
theerrors
past. of
Personally
want to I want to
Chinese Republic.
Chinese Republic.
out my old
all of
theour
history
of on
our attacks on
wipe out mywipe
old mistakes
andmistakes
set forthand
all set
theforth
history
attacks
Chinese
patriots,
follow my example!
Chinese patriots,
follow
my example!
Sun
Yat-Sen;
led toWill
our defeat.
you
Sun Yat-Sen;
which
led towhich
our defeat.
you notWill
agree
tonot
hearagree
it? to hear it?
time
that Sun
Yat-Sen
office ofthePresident the
At the time At
thatthe
Sun
Yat-Sen
assumed
theassumed
office ofthe
President
general
position
in our
was veryand
confused
and disordered,
and
general position
in our
country
wascountry
very confused
disordered,
and
the morethebecause the
did out
not his
carry
out hisplans,
political
plans,
all because
he did not he
carry
political
all the
more
84
85
43
43

economicofcondition
of terrible.
China was
loan met
with abdication
after aofdecision
of the people's
economic condition
China was
Theterrible.
RussianThe
loanRussian
met with
abdication
could take could
place take
only place
after only
a decision
the people's
strong from
opposition
from the Provisional
Senate,
while the population,
representatives,
not by between
agreement
former Tai-Tsing
strong opposition
the Provisional
Senate, while
the population,
representatives,
and not by and
agreement
thebetween
former the
Tai-Tsing
disastrous
for their
interests,
regarded
it as the
they would
the anddynasty
and Yuan-Shih-Kai.
considering considering
it disastrousitfor
their interests,
regarded
it as
they would
dynasty
Yuan-Shih-Kai.
plague But
or cholera.
Butthis
in loan
reality
no means
diverged fromThese threeThese
three arguments
advanced
by Sun were
Yat-Sen were
plague or cholera.
in reality
bythis
no loan
meansbydiverged
from
arguments
advanced by
Sun Yat-Sen
as we
percent,
of the
amount
of 5the loan
at 5 well-founded,
extremely well-founded,
and neither
he spared
neither
nor health in
our interests,our
as interests,
we received
97 received
percent, 97
of the
amount
of the
loan at
extremely
and he spared
strength
norstrength
health in
percent,
interest,
if we
take
theconcluded
next loan by
concluded
Yuan- them.
defending
them.
later on, Yuan-Shih-Kai
renounced
percent, interest,
while
if wewhile
take the
next
loan
Yuan- bydefending
And if,
laterAnd
on, if,
Yuan-Shih-Kai
renounced his
former his former
Shih-Kai
with the
Banking Consortium,
there we
actually
received
onlyaboutwords
about histo intention
to assume
the at
Presidency
Nanking
and to
Shih-Kai with
the Banking
Consortium,
there we actually
received
only
words
his intention
assume the
Presidency
Nanking at
and
to
at 5interest,
percent,and
interest,
and the
moreover
the loan
made an
give full self-government
to the
82 percent,82at percent,
5 percent,
moreover
loan was
givewas
full self-government
to the people,
andpeople,
made and
an attempt
to attempt to
by the saltand
monopoly
in fourasprovinces,
well as the
overthrow
thethis
Republic,
of Sun
Yat-Sen, because
guaran-teed guaran-teed
by the salt monopoly
lands inand
fourlands
provinces,
well as asoverthrow
Republic,
was notthis
the was
faultnot
of the
Sunfault
Yat-Sen,
because
rightover
of control
over ourI ask,
finances.
ask,these
which
of these
was
this after his
renouncing
his fundamental
political plans.
the right of the
control
our finances.
whichI of
loans
was loans
China
cameChina
to thiscame
after to
renouncing
fundamental
political plans.
advan-tageous
and which which
disastrous,
wasand
profitable
havethat
to we
admit
that we
rejected
them for varied
extremely varied
advan-tageous
and which disastrous,
was which
profitable
which and whichWe have toWe
admit
rejected
them
for extremely
unprofitable?
but the
I consider
the most ofimportant
of all
to have
unprofitable?
reasons; butreasons;
I consider
most important
all to have
been
the been the
But public
Chineseopinion
public didopinion
did not discriminate,
and insufficient
political intelligence
of the ofmembers
of our
But Chinese
not discriminate,
and insufficient
political intelligence
of the members
our Party.
In Party. In
ruined thepolicy
economic
of the Government.
Yatconsequence
did not
Sunprogram
Yat-Sen'sand
program and
consequentlyconsequently
ruined the economic
of thepolicy
Government.
Sun Yat- Sun
consequence
of this we of
didthis
not we
support
Sunsupport
Yat-Sen's
Sen in
was
in the
of hands
a man tied,
with unable
hands tied,
unable political
to carry plans.
political
plans.
was offence
our second
offence
Sun Yat-Sen.
Sen was placed
theplaced
position
of aposition
man with
to carry
This was
ourThis
second
against
Sun against
Yat-Sen.
outwhile
his plans,
while
theinState
was
in a verycondition.
dangerousAll
condition.
All thisAfter he leftAfter
he left
the post ofhePresident,
he was
in favor
out his plans,
the State
was
a very
dangerous
this
the post
of President,
was in favor
of our
Partyof our Party
we stub-bornly
a wrong
point and
of view
and leaving
entirely
field of
and itself
occupying
itself particularly
because webecause
stub-bornly
maintained maintained
a wrong point
of view
entirely
the leaving
field of the
politics,
andpolitics,
occupying
particularly
with theofeducation
of the people,
the improvement
of our
distrusted
the fundamental
principles
of SunThis
Yat-Sen.
This with
is first.
distrusted the
fundamental
principles of
Sun Yat-Sen.
is first.
the education
the people,
improvement
of our industry,
theindustry, the
of apermanent
firm and foundation
permanent foundation
for the Republic,
Then,
after the
Nanking
Peace Conference,
when Yuan-Shih-Kai
was to consolidation
Then, after the
Nanking
Peace
Conference,
when Yuan-Shih-Kai
was to consolidation
of a firm and
for the Republic,
fullness power
of political
power to Yuan-Shih-Kai.
be electedSun
President,
Yat-Sen
time put
forward
chief theyielding
be elected President,
Yat-SenSun
at that
time atputthat
forward
three
chief three
yielding
fullness the
of political
to Yuan-Shih-Kai.
At that time,At that time,
thinking
to be
emptywechatter,
we this
opposed
this plan and,
points.
First, that Yuan-Shih-Kai
should
the Presidency
in this
points. First,
that Yuan-Shih-Kai
should assume
the assume
Presidency
in
thinking
to be this
empty
chatter,
opposed
plan and,
in the administrative
and other
affairs of the
he foresaw
feared and
foresaw
many misunderstandings
Nanking, asNanking,
he fearedasand
many
misunderstandings
between between
furthermore,furthermore,
interfered ininterfered
the administrative
and other affairs
of the
Thereby
violent opposition
to the
the finally
as yet reconciled
not finally North
reconciled
North and
South.
In the
of Government.
the as yet not
and South.
In the
interests
of interests
Government.
Thereby we
came we
into came
violentintoopposition
to the
whichthearoused
fury of Yuan-Shih-Kai
of the
he considered
essential
that Government,
maintainingmaintaining
the unity ofthetheunity
country,
he country,
considered
it essential itthat
Government,
which aroused
fury oftheYuan-Shih-Kai
and the and the
of our
were
not able
carrythe
intoideas
effect the ideas
Yuan-Shih-Kai
take officeat precisely
to unite
North ofsuspicion
Yuan-Shih-Kai
should take should
office precisely
Nanking,attoNanking,
unite North
suspicion
our country.
Wecountry.
were notWe
able
to carry
intotoeffect
which Sun
the loyal
servant
of the
and
South, toconfidence
strengthen in
confidence
in Yuan-Shih-Kai
amidst our
Party
and South, to
strengthen
Yuan-Shih-Kai
amidst our Party
with
which with
Sun Yat-Sen,
theYat-Sen,
loyal servant
of the
people,
waspeople,
imbued,was imbued,
andour
in this
our third
offence
(the Kuomintang),
and also
to evoke
loyalty
(the Kuomintang),
and also to evoke
loyalty
on his
part. on his part.
and in this lies
thirdlies
offence
against
him.against him.
About
say that
to the insufficient
Secondly,
Republic
ought its
to capital
transfertoitsNanking
capital to NankingAbout all this
Secondly, the
Republictheought
to transfer
oneall
canthis
sayone
thatcan
it was
due itto was
the due
insufficient
enlightenment
of the
ourwas
Party,
far from
because
is a city
in monarchical
lethargy,
the
because Pekin
is a Pekin
city plunged
in plunged
monarchical
lethargy, which
the which
enlightenment
of the members
ofmembers
our Party,ofand
far and
fromwas
being
the being the
mistake
of you
andWhen
me alone.
When the
into of
theSunmurder of Sunsound of revolutionary
cannota dissipate,
a city and
of corrupt
and of you
sound of revolutionary
bells cannotbells
dissipate,
city of corrupt
mistake
and me
alone.
the enquiry
intoenquiry
the murder
Chiao-Jen
had just
Shanghai. Learning
criminal bureaucracy,
which
cannot away
be washed
by of
the waters
of began,
criminal bureaucracy,
which cannot
be washed
by theaway
waters
Chiao-Jen
Sun began,
Yat-SenSun
hadYat-Sen
just returned
to returned
Shanghai.toLearning
was
theand
monarchy
breaking
This lose
city its
must
lose its Only
privileges.
when the
is that Yuan-Shih-Kai
rivers. Thisrivers.
city must
privileges.
when Only
the capital
is capital
that Yuan-Shih-Kai
was restoring
therestoring
monarchy
breakingand
faith
with faith with
sworehim.
to remove
him.
was thefirst
following: first
changed
will it be
all theroots
criminal
the theheRepublic,
changed will
it be possible
to possible
tear out to
all tear
the out
criminal
of therootstheofRepublic,
swore to he
remove
His plan
wasHis
theplan
following:
of all, with
an alliance
wasthe
to weaken
of all, an alliance
Japan. with
This Japan.
allianceThis
wasalliance
to weaken
forces ofthe forces of
monarchy. monarchy.
and the
strengthen
theour
forces
of as
ourJapan
Party,is as
the organization
of agovern-ment
republican govern-ment
be Yuan-Shih-Kai
Yuan-Shih-Kai
and strengthen
forces of
Party,
an Japan is an
Thirdly, the Thirdly,
organization
of a republican
cannot be cannot
Eastern
and aand
neighbor,
friendly
relations
withbe
her would be
to Yuan-Shih-Kai,
the act ofof
abdication
of the Power
Eastern
and aPower
neighbor,
friendlyand
relations
with
her would
entrusted to entrusted
Yuan-Shih-Kai,
relying onlyrelying
on the only
act ofonabdication
the
a blessing
for our
"If Japan
helps me,
will be on my
Tai-Tsing
as, toaccording
to the Provisional
the for
our country.
"Ifcountry.
Japan helps
me, victory
willvictory
be on my
Tai-Tsing dynasty,
as,dynasty,
according
the Provisional
Constitution,Constitution,
the a blessing
86

44

44

87

she helps Yuan-Shih-Kai,

he willconquer"
these
thewhole
thatpeople
the whole
people
did notthe
recognize
the loan.
When the Consortium
that the
did not
recognize
loan. When
the Consortium
side: if she side:
helpsifYuan-Shih-Kai,
he will conquer"
these were
the were
words
of Sun
Yat-Sen. Considering
an alliance
with
to be a this
received
this declaration
from Sunit Yat-Sen,
it ceased inpayments in
received
declaration
from Sun Yat-Sen,
ceased payments
very words very
of Sun
Yat-Sen.
Considering
an alliance with
Japan to
be Japan
a
particular importance,
Yat-Sen
decided
to go to
Japan of the
respect
the loan.
Further,
SunbyYat-Sen
telegraph
respect
loan.ofFurther,
Sun
Yat-Sen
telegraphbyordered
theordered the
question of question
particularofimportance,
Sun Yat-SenSun
decided
to go
to Japan
in person.
But more
I and comrades
a few morewere
comrades
were very
hostile
plan, of province
oftoKwantung
declare its independence.
But the
province
Kwantung
declare itstoindependence.
But the province
didprovince did
in person. But
I and a few
very hostile
to this
plan, to this
andevery
tried means
by every
means tohisprevent
his while
departure,
obey. He
methe
to independence
declare the independence
Shanghai,
but I
obey. Henot
ordered
me ordered
to declare
of Shanghai,ofbut
I
and tried by
to prevent
departure,
somewhilenotsome
Sunwith
Yat-Sen
of his prestige.
objected, con-sidering
thatwas
thetoo
place
was too insignificant
objected, con-sidering
that the place
insignificant
in respect ofin respect of
reproached reproached
Sun Yat-Sen
being with
too being
carelesstooof careless
his prestige.
Yuan-Shih-Kai
his sent
supporters,
sentSunto Tokyo,
Sun- andits
area, and inconvenient
offering resistance.
its area,
inconvenient
for offering for
resistance.
Meanwhile Meanwhile
Yuan-Shih-Kai
through his through
supporters,
to Tokyo,
and Li-Shen-To,
alreadywhat
achieved
what Sun Yat-SenAt this moment
At this
the fleet
its independence.
themoment
fleet arrived
and arrived
declaredand
its declared
independence.
Bao-Tsi andBao-Tsi
Li-Shen-To,
had alreadyhad
achieved
Sun Yat-Sen
feared,
ouralliance
plan ofwith
an alliance
withdefeated.
Japan was defeated.
the first tothis.
welcome
this.when
Lateriton,
when it became
Sun Yat-SenSun
wasYat-Sen
the firstwas
to welcome
Later on,
became
feared, and our
planand
of an
Japan was
Sun
Yat-Sen
that the Kuomintang
for anthatknown
I put
that thetroops
Northern
were approaching
the Northern
weretroops
approaching
Shanghai, IShanghai,
put
Sun Yat-Sen
thought
thatthought
the Kuomintang
must strive must
for anstriveknown
the of
latter
of all States
the Asiatic
States had
been the forward
plan of
a sudden
attack
bywas
sea,supported
which wasbysupported
by Sun
forward
plan of athe
sudden
attack
by sea,
which
Sun
alliance withalliance
Japan, with
as theJapan,
latter as
alone
all alone
the Asiatic
had been
able toherself
transform
a great and
powerful
in order butYat-Sen:
but you
this plan
unwise.
Laterthe
still,
when
you thought
thisthought
plan unwise.
Later
still, when
fleet,
bythe fleet, by
able to transform
into herself
a great into
and powerful
country,
andcountry,
in orderand Yat-Sen:
to come
to her
andher.
learn from her.
orders of Yuan-Shih-Kai,
out forinYangtai,
in theofprovince of
orders of Yuan-Shih-Kai,
set out forset
Yangtai,
the province
to come closer
to hercloser
and learn
from
Again,
he had
theimmediate
idea of an war.
immediate
In view
the fact Sun
Shantung,
Sun
Yat-Sen
wanted this,
to prevent
Yat-Sen
wanted
to prevent
saying:this,
"If saying:
the fleet"If the fleet
Again, he had
the idea
of an
In viewwar.
of the
fact of Shantung,
that Yuan-Shih-Kai
acquired
dealheofwas
power,
he was helps
moving
I shall be : victorious
if it helps Yuan-Shih-Kai,
me, I helps
shall me,
be victorious
if it helps: Yuan-Shih-Kai,
he will. I he will. I
that Yuan-Shih-Kai
had acquiredhad
a great
deal aofgreat
power,
moving
from
place
to freely.
place quite
Yat-Senthat
proposed
that we
to use and
its support,
will
try byinall
power
to use want
its support,
will try and
by all
means
mymeans
powerintomy
keep
it to keep it
armies fromarmies
place to
place
quite
Sun freely.
Yat-SenSun
proposed
we want
strike
blow withrapidity
light-ning
and
him by surprise,
here,
sincetoifYangtai
it goes ittowill
Yangtai
it will undoubtedly
go over
here, since if
it goes
undoubtedly
go over to the
side to the side
should strikeshould
a blow
withalight-ning
andrapidity
take him
bytake
surprise,
as in
even
delay
the right
be lost.
the of Yuan-Shih-Kai."
You and that,
I imagined
fleet had declared
of Yuan-Shih-Kai."
You and I imagined
as the that,
fleet as
hadthedeclared
as in the even
of the
delay
theofright
moment
willmoment
be lost.will
These
were These
the were
words
of Sun
Yat-Sen.
But we procrastinated
and, faith
not having
faith
in toitsusloyalty
to us itinwould
the past,
it would
the fleet
future. The fleet
loyalty
in the past,
remain
loyalremain
in the loyal
future.inThe
words of Sun
Yat-Sen.
But
we procrastinated
and, not having
in its
a trap,
being bombarded
by land
him,
on thisbeing
question
being
in a constitu-tional
left forthere
Yangtai:
for Yangtai:
it fellthere
into ita fell
trap,into
being
bombarded
by land
him, insisted
on insisted
this question
settled
in a settled
constitu-tional
way, leftway,
batteries:
and ittowent
overoftoYuan-Shih-Kai.
the side of Yuan-Shih-Kai.
opposing a of
declaration
war.our
This
waswrong
our fourth
wrong
Yat- and
batteries:
it went over
the side
opposing a declaration
war. Thisofwas
fourth
to Sun
Yat-to Sun
Beingofina favor
of a declaration
of the inde-pendence
of the
Sen.
Being in favor
declaration
of the inde-pendence
of the
Sen.
Kwantung
province
Sun
Yat-Sen,
decided immediately
case of of
theSun-Chiao-Jen
murder of Sun-Chiao-Jen
since province
Kwantung
Sun
Yat-Sen,
decided
immediately
to leave for to
theleave for the
The case of The
the murder
was draggedwas
out,dragged
since out,
south
to take
charge
of all operations,
appointing
us, a few comrades
Yuan-Shih-Kai
wishwith
to reckon
with
law.Power
The Fivesouth
Power
to take
charge
of all
operations,
appointing us,
a few comrades
Yuan-Shih-Kai
did not wishdidto not
reckon
the law.
ThetheFive
who were with
acquainted
with
military
to disposal.
be at yourBut
disposal. But
loan was
ratified
of Parliament,
who the
were acquainted
military
affairs,
to beaffairs,
at your
loan was ratified
without
the without
sanctionthe
of sanction
Parliament,
Throughout Throughout
the
necessaryhad
moment
had All
goneSun
by.Yat-Sen's
All Sun plans
Yat-Sen's
country
were
furiousAnd
protests.
And that,
we hoped
the the moment
the necessary
gone by.
for plans for
country there
were there
furious
protests.
we hoped
under that,
the under
loan and
to naught
and overthrowing
Yuan-Shih-Kai
were
of these
protests, Yuan-Shih-Kai
have
to the thebringing
loan tothe
naught
overthrowing
Yuan-Shih-Kai
were
pressure of pressure
these protests,
Yuan-Shih-Kai
would havewould
to yield
to to
theyieldbringing
unsuccessful,
the delay
whichplace.
had taken
Public opinion
the renounce
people and
unsuccessful,
owing to theowing
delaytowhich
had taken
Publicplace.
opinion
wishes of thewishes
peopleofand
therenounce
loan. the loan.
was suppressed,
hopeswere
of victory
were
byofthe
power of money,
Sun
Yat-Sen considered
that Parliament
a mere was
talkingsuppressed,
hopes of victory
defeated
by defeated
the power
money,
Sun Yat-Sen
considered
that Parliament
was a merewas
talkingthe
Powers' confidence
in us was undermined,
did not move
shop,
law was that
powerless,
that theauthorities,
provincial for
authorities,
forPowers'
the
the
confidence
in us was undermined,
the law didthe
notlaw
move
shop, that the
law that
wasthe
powerless,
the provincial
the
against Yuan-Shih-Kai,
the loan
of two
cover the State
most part subservient
to Yuan-Shih-Kai,
not long maintain
against Yuan-Shih-Kai,
and the loanand
of two
milliards
to milliards
cover thetoState
would not would
long maintain
most part subservient
to Yuan-Shih-Kai,
deficit
used by Yuan-Shih-Kai
buy arms,and
equipment
themselves
in their
previousand
positions,
and that
solve the
deficit itwas used
bywas
Yuan-Shih-Kai
to buy arms,toequipment
food, toand food, to
themselves in
their previous
positions,
that to solve
thetoproblem
it problem
was
resort
to force
arms,
only such would
argumentscorrupt
would members
corrupt ofmembers
of Parliament,
and totraitors
rewardfortraitors
for the
Parliament,
and to reward
the
was essential
to essential
resort to to
force
of arms,
as of
only
suchasarguments
suppression
thethe
South
and theofexecution
be by
understood
by a had
traitor
who had himself
surrounded
The
suppression
of the Southofand
execution
membersof
ofmembers
our Party.ofIf,our Party. If,
be understood
a traitor who
surrounded
withhimself
troops.with
The troops.
at the
he hadthe
abolished
the post ofwe
President,
we had
measuresbyprepared
by Sunconsisted
Yat-Senfirstly
consisted
firstly in immediately
at the time he
hadtime
abolished
post of President,
had adopted
theadopted the
measures prepared
Sun Yat-Sen
in immediately
of Sun
and had
the independence
of Prosecutor
the Public to
Prosecutor
the cases
plan had
of Sun plan
Yat-Sen
andYat-Sen
had declared
thedeclared
independence
of a numberofofa number of
drawing thedrawing
attentionthe
of attention
the Public
the casestowhich
had which
on whose
have been the
was stillonuncertain
hushed
up, and
to the
Banking Consortium
provinces, itprovinces,
was still ituncertain
whose side
would side
havewould
been the
been hushedbeen
up, and
secondly
in secondly
declaringintodeclaring
the Banking
Consortium
88

45

45

89

as atthe
thatarmy
timeofthethearmy
of provinces
the allied numbered
provinces numbered
achieved
success.Sun
I consider
Sunideas
Yat-Sen's
ideas to be in
practicable
in the
victory, as victory,
at that time
allied
achieved success.
I consider
Yat-Sen's
to be practicable
the
100,000,
(the commander)
Northern commander)
hadreached
not yet measure
reached of the
measure
of we
the take
attitude
we take them.
up towards them.
100,000, Li-Tun
(theLi-Tun
Northern
had not yet
attitude
up towards
yet been
heard of Tuan-Dsi-Jui
Sun
Yat-Sen
say thatinto
"looking
intowethecan
past, we can
Kiangsi, andKiangsi,
nothingand
hadnothing
yet beenhad
heard
of Tuan-Dsi-Jui
in the south.in the south.Sun Yat-Sen
used
to sayused
that to
"looking
the past,
ought
to have
withvigorous
fresh and
vigorousunderstand
forces the
understand
future,"
whilealways
we " were
always
looking
in the Western
We ought toWe
have
attacked
theattacked
traitors the
withtraitors
fresh and
forces
future," the
while
we " were
looking
in the
Western
and wiped
the earth.
face ofUnfortunately,
the earth. Unfortunately,
earth
hadEastern
lost in "the
Eastern
" (i.e. too late).
and wiped them
off thethem
face off
of the
the provincethe
of province
cornerofof thecorner
earth of
forthe
what
wefor
hadwhat
lost we
in the
(i.e.
too late).
Kwantung
did not
declare its independence
the the
timeloan
when the loanYou, of course,
You, greatly
of course,
greatly
me in intelligence,
Kwantung did
not declare
its independence
at the time at
when
surpass
me surpass
in intelligence,
so that my so that my
was being
was not
matter
of greattodifficulty
may seem
childish
prattle
you, andI must
therefore
make a
was being floated,
andfloated,
when itand
waswhen
not aitmatter
of agreat
difficulty
words tomay words
seem childish
prattle
to you,
andtotherefore
makeI must
a
abolish the (the
Tuchunate
(the
office ofgovernor
provincial
governorafter
instituted
after
great
effort
in ordermyself
to express
abolish the Tuchunate
office of
provincial
instituted
great
effort in
order
to express
fully.myself fully.
the first Revolution).
Oncehad
thebeen
loangranted,
had been
granted,the
however, theSun Yat-Sen
Sunsaid
Yat-Sen
saidwork
that ofthethework
of the Revolution
may be
the first Revolution).
Once the loan
however,
that the
Revolution
may be
Powers
beganYuan-Shih-Kai,
to assist Yuan-Shih-Kai,
and the
after
this the Northern
accomplished
withinofthethespace
theyears.
next five
years.
In fact, in the
Powers began
to assist
and after this
Northern
accomplished
within the space
next of
five
In fact,
in the
steady
advance
the South.
Thus
idea ofcondition
presentofcondition
of our
country,
when theofsufferings
ofhave
the people have
troops begantroops
their began
steadytheir
advance
against
the against
South. Thus
the idea
of thepresent
our country,
when
the sufferings
the people
"the
of proved
the North"
proved
This
was
our fifth reached
offence their
reached
whendodisorders
doand
not the
cease
and rage,
the troops rage,
"the conquest
of conquest
the North"
belated.
Thisbelated.
was our
fifth
offence
limit, their
when limit,
disorders
not cease
troops
Sun Yat-Sen.
when the and
corruption
and dissoluteness
of those intruly
authority
against Sun against
Yat-Sen.
when the corruption
dissoluteness
of those in authority
bring truly bring
Sunmind
Yat-Sen's
wentpiercing
far ahead,
future.
I
the
a stateit of
it can
thatwill
the wheel will
Sun Yat-Sen's
alwaysmind
wentalways
far ahead,
thepiercing
future. I the the
country
to acountry
state oftochaos,
canchaos,
still be
saidstill
thatbe
thesaid
wheel
always
him, although
while you,
although
you
comeand
fullthat
circle,
andbe
that
it will be
urgentlytonecessary
to take advantage
always blindly
wentblindly
againstwent
him,against
while you,
you
accepted
hisaccepted
comehis
full circle,
it will
urgently
necessary
take advantage
ideas,
always doubt
expressed
their practicability.
the right
moment
to by
revolt,
and by stroke
a lightning
stroke
the evil
ideas, always
expressed
aboutdoubt
their about
practicability.
With my With
of themy
right of
moment
to revolt,
and
a lightning
destroy
the destroy
evil
meager intelligence,
I always
with thethat
prejudice
and restore
justice. IThere-fore
I say all
thatthe
nearly
meager intelligence,
I always was
imbuedwas
withimbued
the prejudice
Sun that
and Sun
restore justice.
There-fore
say that nearly
ideasall
of the
Sunideas
Yat-of Sun Yatwas an
andwhatever
therefore,hewhatever
proposed,Sen
always
must
be given
effect,
without
waiting
another
twenty
Yat-Sen wasYat-Sen
an idealist,
andidealist,
therefore,
proposed,healways
must beSen
given
effect,
without
waiting
another
twenty
years,
whileyears, while
seemed
to me farfrom
removed
and consequently
always
circumstances
their application,
as was
case at the time
seemed to me
far removed
reality,from
and reality,
consequently
I always Icircumstances
dictate theirdictate
application,
just as was just
the case
at the time
withyour
youopposition.
and your opposition.
But who
know of
thatthethe
of the of
overthrow
of the
Manchu
dynasty.
The organization
joined with joined
you and
But who could
knowcould
that the
overthrow
the Manchu
dynasty.
The
organization
of Chinese of Chinese
Chinese"Once
proverbs:
"Once
inch,
you
lose an revolutionaries
ell later revolutionaries
a single
the urgent
of the present
Chinese proverbs:
having
lost having
an inch,lost
youanwill
lose
anwill
ell later
into a singleinto
Party
is the Party
urgentis problem
of problem
the present
on,"forget
or : "Don't
forgetofthe
of thewill
past,
theyaswill
serve as atime.
teacher time.
on," or : "Don't
the affairs
theaffairs
past, they
serve
a teacher
in thecould
future"
could beto applied
didthat
notthe
know
thatsociety
the secret
society
we set up after
for you infortheyoufuture"
be applied
affairs to
of affairs
State? of State?Our enemiesOur
didenemies
not know
secret
we set
up after
Unfortunately,
I do
notopinion
know your
opinion
on this matter.
1900
the Kuomintang,
and that,externally
althoughthe
externally
Unfortunately,
I do not know
your
on this
matter.
1900 became
the became
Kuomintang,
and that, although
Party the Party
as I am Iconcerned,
I can
say that
to work thewidened
theitssphere
of itsand
influence
greatly strengthened
So far as I So
am far
concerned,
can say that
I should
likeI should
to worklike widened
sphere of
influence
greatly and
strengthened
its forces, its forces,
you and
therefore
would
like toa few
exchange
a few
thoughts
you. it in
reality
it still
had characteristics
no definite characteristics
and was extraordinarily
with you andwith
therefore
would
like to
exchange
thoughts
with
you. with
in reality
still
had no
definite
and was extraordinarily
In my
opinion,
human intelligence
in of
thetime,
course varied
of time,in itsvaried
in its composition.
Thisvital,
was very
vital,
even the Chinese
In my opinion,
human
intelligence
is perfectedisinperfected
the course
composition.
This was very
as even
theasChinese
and if old
are recognized,
may for
be avoided
for theproverb
future, hasproverb
has put
it: "If
put theplant
aromatic
'siun'
and the stinking
and if old mistakes
aremistakes
recognized,
they may bethey
avoided
the future,
it: "If you
theyou
aromatic
'siun' plant
and the
stinking
if youanything
can learn
anything
valuable
from
another,
is no
weed
younowill
smell
no sweet aroma."
and also if and
you also
can learn
valuable
from
another,
there
is no there
weed
'yu' into
one'yu'
pot,into
youone
willpot,
smell
sweet
aroma."
shame him.
in obeying
Further
I believe
the mother
idea is of
the mother ofSome of ourSome
of ourunderstood
comrades Sun
understood
Sunaims
Yat-Sen's
aims and plans
shame in obeying
Furtherhim.
I believe
that
the ideathat
is the
comrades
Yat-Sen's
and plans
reality,
as, for
example,
when Sun
Yat-Sen
years ago propagated
of organization
very
well.
Heinwas
in hisofindication
of the way to
reality, as, for
example,
when
Sun Yat-Sen
twenty
yearstwenty
ago propagated
of organization
very well. He
was
right
his right
indication
the way to
idea of and
revolution
that time
nearly
all the
of ourthe machinery
change the of
machinery
ourinParty,
andforward
in putting
the idea of the
revolution
at that and
timeatnearly
all the
citizens
of citizens
our
change
our Party,ofand
putting
the forward
questionthe question
country
him,twenty
but after
twenty
yearsreceived
his ideas received
oathdiscipline.
and Party He
discipline.
Heinwas
right in considering
that the
country were
againstwere
him,against
but after
years
his ideas
of the oath of
andtheParty
was right
considering
that the
infringement
the discipline
oath and led
discipline
to the
defeat of the
If we had recognized
his ideas
twenty
years ago,
there
recognition.recognition.
If we had recognized
his ideas twenty
years
ago, there
infringement
of the oathof and
to the led
defeat
of the
would
notthat
havemuch
beendelay
that much
delay in them
translating
them
into real
life, Revolution,
as someofmembers
the Party unconsciously
would not have
been
in translating
into real
life,
Revolution,
as some members
the Partyofunconsciously
distorted thedistorted the
we in
hadfull
acted
in full cooperation,
probably
we could
of true
and
the not
people
didthe
notblessings
enjoy the blessings
and if we and
had ifacted
cooperation,
ideahave
of true idea
liberty,
and liberty,
therefore
thetherefore
people did
enjoy
probably we
could have
equality
after the Revolution.
These
by their disorderly
of equality ofafter
the Revolution.
These persons
by persons
their disorderly
90

46

46

91

forforgot
privileges
to the Revolution
conduct andconduct
struggleand
for struggle
privileges
their forgot
duty totheir
the duty
Revolution
CHAPTER
VI
CHAPTER
VI
and didto
not
submit to regulations.
established regulations.
And
no one submits
and did not submit
established
And when no
onewhen
submits
to anyone
else, it is difficult
extremely
to attain
of aim in the
to anyone else,
it is extremely
to difficult
attain unity
of aimunity
in the
THE CAUSES
OF CHINA'S
POVERTY
THE CAUSES
OF CHINA'S
POVERTY
Party.Sun
Therefore
was profoundly
right in that
supposing that
Party. Therefore
Yat-SenSun
wasYat-Sen
profoundly
right in supposing
we must
a single leadership,
order unity
to achieve
we must submit
to asubmit
single to
leadership,
in order to inachieve
of unity of
Someone
to me: "If
youatsay,
Someone said
to me:said
"If matters
are matters
as you are
say,asthen
the then at the
action
anddistribution
the proper distribution
functions.
This was
not in
action and the
proper
of functions.ofThis
was needed,
not needed,
in
time, since
modern
culture on
is founded
we must first
present time,present
since modern
culture
is founded
science, on
we science,
must first
order anyone,
to oppress
to put
an self-willed
end to the self-willed
order to oppress
butanyone,
in orderbut
to in
putorder
an end
to the
all study
a subject before
thoroughly
before
wetocan
begin
carry
of all study of
a subject
thoroughly
we can
begin
carry
out to
any
of out any of
of many comrades.
acts of manyacts
comrades.
plans. It is to
impossible
transform
intoState
a modern
our plans. Itour
is impossible
transformtoChina
into aChina
modern
until State until
I consider
thatwho
everyone
desires the
to achieve
I consider that
everyone
desireswho
to achieve
objects the
of objects of
the whole
Chinese
received This
education.
follows from
the whole Chinese
people
has people
receivedhas
education.
followsThis
from
the Revolution
must
viewsYat-Sen
of SunasYat-Sen
as "the
the Revolution
must respect
the respect
views the
of Sun
"the
your own
when
say or
that
action or isrealization
is not difficult
your own words,
whenwords,
you say
thatyou
action
realization
not difficult
constellations
respectStar."
the North
Star."
Just we
likemust
a ship,
weour
must have our
constellations
respect the North
Just like
a ship,
have
but it is knowledge
that isor,difficult,
or, in of
thethe
words of the
in itself, butinititself,
is knowledge
that is difficult,
in the words
pilot to our
determine
course. ifOtherwise
there arewho
comrades who
pilot to determine
course. our
Otherwise
there areifcomrades
ancient
'tens and
maybeofhundreds
years are
for the
ancient sages,
'tens sages,
and maybe
hundreds
years areofrequired
forrequired
the
Yat-Sen
theassame
wayopposed
as he was
oppose Sun oppose
Yat-SenSun
in the
futureininthe
thefuture
same in
way
he was
in opposed in
universal education.'
Yet youthat
imagine
diffusion ofdiffusion
universalof education.'
Yet you imagine
China that
can China can
the all
future
of Sun
will suffer the
the past, in the past,
futureinalso
the also
plansallofthe
Sunplans
Yat-Sen
willYat-Sen
suffer the
a single
reach the
of aand
powerful and
immediately,immediately,
by a single by
jump,
reachjump,
the position
of position
a powerful
defeat. my
Therefore
opinion
is that
keeptoour
same defeat.same
Therefore
opinionmy
is that
to keep
ourtooath
the oath to the
wealthy
the world
Powers.
Where
wealthy nation,
one nation,
amongstone
theamongst
world Powers.
Where
is the
logic isinthe logic in
obey the instructions
of Sun
Yat-Sen
revolu-tion revolu-tion
and to obeyand
thetoinstructions
of Sun Yat-Sen
is our
directis our direct
your assertions?"
your assertions?"
obligation. obligation.
To this
I reply:
thelearns,
pupil first
learns,
and then
To this I reply:
the pupil
first
and then
knows
how knows
to act: how to act:
In conclusion,
I will
sayofthat
of our are
differences
In conclusion,
I will say that
many
ourmany
differences
due to are due to
without
having
learned,
he can
alsoall,
act.
all, before
in the days before
yet, withoutyet,
having
learned,
he can
also act.
After
in After
the days
the great
distance
which has
us, distortion
and to theofdistortion
of our
the great distance
which
has divided
us, divided
and to the
our
science nearly
flourished
nearly was
everything
was and
first then
done,learned
and then learned
science flourished
everything
first done,
ideas
by other
persons in transmission.
aims are
ideas by other
persons
in transmission.
But as our But
aimsasareourunited,
I united, I
it wasinbecause,
in those
theyunderstand
did not understand
later; and itlater;
was and
because,
those days,
they days,
did not
to hand
graspand
yourjoin
hand
andyou
join
fight our common
should like should
to grasplike
your
with
to with
fightyou
our to
common
everything completely,
theythat
imagined
that things
were with
concerned with
everything completely,
they imagined
things were
concerned
enemy
the
terrible
who the
has throat
seized oftheour
throat
enemy the
terrible
python
whopython
has seized
long-of our long"heavenly and
numbers"
and their achievements
"heavenly numbers"
"fate," and
and "fate,"
their achievements
were not were not
suffering
country
his deadly coils.
suffering country
in his
deadlyincoils.
to human
But whengradually
mankindgrew
gradually
ascribed to ascribed
human agency.
Butagency.
when mankind
up to grew up to
feelwords
that my
words
cannot
all my
But enough.ButI enough.
feel that I my
cannot
express
all express
my
began to aunderstand
deal, itbegan
gradually
intelligence intelligence
and began toand
understand
great deal,a itgreat
gradually
to began to
thoughts,
aside my pen.
thoughts, and
I throw and
asideI throw
my pen.
free superstition.
itself from superstition.
And
now that has
knowledge
hasitexpanded, it
free itself from
And now that
knowledge
expanded,
become
clear
thatofthe
workhands
of human
handsallsurpasses
has becomehas
clear
that the
work
human
surpasses
the so- all the soCHEN-YIN-SHIN
CHEN-YIN-SHIN
called supernatural
and predetermined
things,
called supernatural
forces and forces
predetermined
things, while
the while the
Spring,
Spring,
"heavenlyare
numbers"
only the
of human psychology.
But
"heavenly numbers"
only thearecreation
of creation
human psychology.
But
Year of the
Chinese
Republic (1915).
4th Year of 4th
the Chinese
Republic
(1915).
although
hasthis
proved
this to us, nevertheless,
all things that
although science
has science
proved all
to us,allnevertheless,
in all thingsin
that
people
do, first
action
and then
comes understanding.
Human
people do, first
action
prevails
andprevails
then comes
understanding.
Human
proceeds
lines of unconscious
activity this
developmentdevelopment
proceeds more
on themore
lines on
of the
unconscious
activity this
is a law of nature.
is a law of nature.
No development
of science
has so
far tobeen
able
No development
of science has
so far been
able
make
anyto make any
in the development
this islaw.
That
changes in changes
this law.inThat
why,
in isthewhy,
development
of mankind,of mankind,
activity arepresents
a very factor:
important
factor: practice,
unconsciousunconscious
activity represents
very important
practice,
are itsmotive
principal
motive
experiment,experiment,
investigationinvestigation
and risk areand
its risk
principal
forces.
A forces. A
pupil
makes and
exercises
and he
practices,
acts toin attain
order to attain
pupil makes
exercises
practices,
acts in heorder
92

47

47

93

A scientist
also makes experiments
conducts researches
States. of
In wealth
respecthidden
of wealth
hidden
in the
bowels
the earth, China
knowledge. knowledge.
A scientist also
makes experiments
and conductsand
researches
States. In respect
in the
bowels
of the
earth,ofChina
order
clear
up the
andtruth.
learnThe
the researcher
truth. The or
researcher
takes infirst
the whole
world. In China
population China
in order to inclear
up toand
learn
explorer or explorer
undoubtedlyundoubtedly
takes first place
theplace
wholeinworld.
In population
makes his in
researches
a spheretounknown
him, and
his the
also first
holds
the first
The and
capacities
talents
of the Chinese
makes his researches
a sphereinunknown
him, andto makes
his makes
also holds
place.
The place.
capacities
talents and
of the
Chinese
there.
A who
braverisks
manhis
who
his plunging
life is also
plunging
intohavepeople
have been since
unequalled
since
ancient
times;the
moreover,
discoveries discoveries
there. A brave
man
liferisks
is also
into
people
been unequalled
ancient
times;
moreover,
5,000- the 5,000thetounknown
attain his
objects.
thisseen
it can
in the culture
year-old
culture
created
by the
Chineseand
is unique,
and forofthousands of
the unknown
attain histoobjects.
From
this itFrom
can be
thatbeinseen
the that
year-old
created
by the
Chinese
is unique,
for thousands
out of thelies
unknown
lies the
to the development
yearsa has
been a to
monument
to the ofcapacities
of the
Chinese people.
carrying outcarrying
of the unknown
the stimulus
to stimulus
the development
of
years of
has been
monument
the capacities
the Chinese
people.
culture and progress.
of thecauses
four chief
of the
andofweakness
culture and progress.
Thus, of theThus,
four chief
of thecauses
poverty
andpoverty
weakness
states, weof states, we
In to
application
to nation-building,
it must
said are
that if have
you are
have not
singlethen
one.are
Why
are and
we so
poor and weak?
In application
nation-building,
it must be said
that be
if you
not a single
one.a Why
we then
so poor
weak?
striving
for the reorganization
themoreover
State, andbymoreover
that worthless
only the worthless
this can
the reply
can that
be given
striving for the
reorganization
of the State,ofand
the path by
of the path ofTo this theTo reply
be given
only the
to your
act before
are fully understood
is a government
a selfish Government
officials
is And
the reason.
And if
revolution, revolution,
then to act then
before
actionsyour
are actions
fully understood
is a government
of a selfish of
Government
and officialsand
is the
reason.
if
only of possibility,
also ofThe
necessity.
The
of this
virulent
ulcer befrom
removed
fromofthe
of the
Chinese people,
matter, not matter,
only of not
possibility,
but also of but
necessity.
majority
of majority
this virulent
ulcer
be removed
the body
thebody
Chinese
people,
countries
whose
power has as
flourished,
as for
the Great undoubtedly
Powers, undoubtedly
China
takeplace
its rightful
byother
the side
of other world
countries whose
power
has flourished,
for example
theexample
Great Powers,
China will take
its will
rightful
by theplace
side of
world
firsttheir
acquired
theirand
strength,
and only
began organizing
the
Powers.
first acquired
strength,
only then
beganthen
organizing
the
Powers.
of their
people.ofSpeaking
of China,
In olden
of the an
autocracy,
an official
was the
education ofeducation
their people.
Speaking
China, we
can saywe
thatcanoursay that ourIn olden times,
in thetimes,
days in
of the
the days
autocracy,
official was
the
is quitetosufficient
us toplace,
take at
ourone
place,servant
at oneand servant
and running-dog
of thebut
monarch,
but in
was
placed inofa position of
intelligence intelligence
is quite sufficient
enable ustotoenable
take our
running-dog
of the monarch,
was placed
a position
bound,
the Great
obstacle
to this
not in to
superiority
to the
the people,
rest of the
whonothing
could do
nothing
bound, in the
ranks in
ofthe
theranks
Greatof
Powers.
ThePowers.
obstacleThe
to this
lies, not
in lies,
superiority
the rest of
whopeople,
could do
against
all against all
fact that
without
act,worthlessness
but in the worthlessness
But the
now,
after the Revolution,
the people
have
the fact thatthe
without
learning
youlearning
cannot you
act, cannot
but in the
his crimes. his
But crimes.
now, after
Revolution,
the people have
become
its become its
.of our Government
and ourThey
officials.
They
commit
many
andthe
lord,
and the
officials
should
be the
of the
.of our Government
and our officials.
commit
many
crimes,
the crimes,
own the
masterown
and master
lord, and
officials
should
be the
servants
of servants
the
and be by
controlled
by good
them. elements
The goodamongst
elements
amongst them
worst isof that
which
that to
theyadvance
seek toonly
advance
their personal
worst of which
theyis seek
their only
personal
people and people
be controlled
them. The
them
should
but theshould
worthless
should be For
dismissed.
For the people
avaricious
and do in
notthe
reckon
thethe
least
with the
avaricious interests
andinterests
do not reckon
least in
with
interests
of interests
shouldofremain,
but remain,
the worthless
be dismissed.
the people
the most thing
important
is toalleliminate
or The
the nation.
tuchuns accumulate
in a very
the State or the
the State
nation.
tuchunsThe
accumulate
millions in amillions
very short
the short
most important
is to thing
eliminate
obstaclesallonobstacles
its path on
to its path to
so soon
getelements
rid of the
elements which
timeofbyrobbery,
means of
none
of any
themheed
takesthat
anyheheed
he is development.
time by means
androbbery,
none ofand
them
takes
is that
development.
I repeat that,I repeat
so soonthat,
as we
get ridasofwethe
which
forthis
thewill
State,
this
lead to an
increase
in its well-being,
the vital
of his
In the
modern European
underminingundermining
the vital forces
of hisforces
country.
In country.
the modern
European
are harmful are
for harmful
the State,
lead
to will
an increase
in its
well-being,
andbecome
China will
become and
a powerful
and State.
nourishing State.
countries,
leads
usually
to the and
well-being
and ofprotection
of China
the will
countries, policy
leadspolicy
usually
to the
well-being
protection
the
and
a powerful
nourishing
China
is oldest
one ofstates
the oldest
in Her
the world.
of the
citizens
of thestates
European
interests of interests
the people.
Thepeople.
citizensThe
of the
European
applystates
their apply theirChina is one
of the
in thestates
world.
culture Her
has culture has
thousand
behind
it, and,
before
relations
foreign Powers
to the organization
of agriculture
and the
industry,
the five
energies toenergies
the organization
of agriculture
and industry,
five thousand
years
behindyears
it, and,
before
relations
with
foreignwith
Powers
began, itthe
occupied
the first
placetheamongst
trade, and
to strengthening
power of
their it occupied
Oriental
developmentdevelopment
of trade, andofgenerally
togenerally
strengthening
the power ofthe
their
began,
first place
amongst
Orientalthestates.
The states. The
country.
With us
in China
things
the very opposite.
of foreign
couldout
notChinese
wipe out
Chineseandcustoms and
country. With
us in China
things
are the
very are
opposite.
invasion of invasion
foreign tribes
couldtribes
not wipe
customs
If our Government
not seek
powerends,
for selfish
ends,
ritual. The neighboring
eithertheir
expressed
theirtoallegiance
If our Government
officials didofficials
not seekdid
power
for selfish
ritual.
The neighboring
States eitherStates
expressed
allegiance
China, to China,
did not
commit
crimes
hurt people,
the whole
people,
too her
orfriendship
sought herand
friendship
andChinese
borrowed
Chinese
and did notand
commit
crimes
which
hurt which
the whole
China
too China
or sought
borrowed
culture.
But culture.
owing toBut
theowing to the
soon attain greatness.
State,theand
that the
fact that
China
leading
would soon would
attain greatness.
fact that China
became
thebecame
leading the
State,
and that
Chinese
hadChinese had
Some
that the
andofweakness
of a their
State have
theirtheir before
eyes no
examplestate
of another
state
to her,
Some say that
thesay
poverty
andpoverty
weakness
a State have
before
eyes notheir
example
of another
equal to
her,equal
conceit,
self-conceit, selfdefinite
causes,
which
are four namely
in number,
namely
the small territory
and arose.
arrogance
arose.
All this
intoand
our flesh and
definite causes,
which
are four
in number,
(1) the
small(1)
territory
satisfaction satisfaction
and arrogance
All this
entered
intoentered
our flesh
of the
(2) the
poverty
of the
the small population,
blood,
we were transformed
a nation
apart.
were our own
of the country,
(2)country,
the poverty
of the
soil, (3)
the soil,
small(3)population,
(4)
blood,(4)and we
wereand
transformed
into a nationinto
apart.
We were
ourWeown
the poor
talents andofcapacities
of the people.
as in all reconstruction
we only
made ofuseouronly
the poor talents
and capacities
the people.
teachers, asteachers,
in all reconstruction
we made use
ownof our own
China
area of the
country
to over 4resources
million and
resources
and
strength,
without
to foreign help.
But in ChinaBut
theinarea
of the country
amounts
to amounts
over 4 million
strength,
without
resorting
to resorting
foreign help.
square kilometers,
i.e. four
timesoccupied
the areabyoccupied
by the United
square kilometers,
i.e. four times
the area
the United
94

48

48

95

My fellow-countrymen
that ouris country
moving towards
Whenindividual
a solitaryisindividual
is wrecked
on a desert
island,My
he has
fellow-countrymen
know that know
our country
moving istowards
When a solitary
wrecked on
a desert island,
he has
all heHe
requires.
ploughsand
himself,
and
destruction.
if even the
animals
a sense
of duty
to their family
destruction.
And if evenAnd
the animals
have
a sensehave
of duty
to their
family
to procure toforprocure
himselfforall himself
he requires.
ploughsHehimself,
as food
of the
soil.
He spins
and wears
the man
and home,
man must,
without
doubt,
inwardly
his duty
and home,
must, without
doubt,
inwardly
feel
his dutyfeel
to help
his to help his
consumes asconsumes
food the fruits
of the
thefruits
soil. He
spins
himself,
andhimself,
wears the
yarn
spins, etc.he
Altogether
hethe
carries
the most
variedofprocesses
of Thecountry.
citizenswho
of China,
who
not only
country.
citizensThe
of China,
not only
inhabit
our inhabit
country,our
butcountry, but
yarn he spins,
etc.heAltogether
carries out
mostout
varied
processes
and being with
overloaded
work
unable towith
commune
with
thatgreat
it may
great and
flourish,
have many
ways of
strive
that itstrive
may be
andbe
flourish,
have
many ways
of bringing
thisbringing this
production, production,
and being overloaded
work iswith
unable
to is
commune
his ownHe
thoughts.
losesofallthesense
of theofmeaning
of social
want one
to set
of these
possible ways.
about.coI wantabout.
to setI forth
of forth
theseone
possible
ways.
his own thoughts.
loses allHesense
meaning
social cooperation.
When,
in of
thetime
course
and for
various
think
that
we must
use of the circum-stance
must
make
use ofmake
the circum-stance
that during that during
operation. When,
in the
course
andoffortime
various
reasons,
thisreasons, thisI think that Iwe
to be shipping
on a world
shipping
and it isthe
visited
the many
Great foreign
War many
foreignbuilt
countries
a large
number of factories
Great War
countries
a largebuilt
number
of factories
desert islanddesert
turns island
out to turns
be onout
a world
route,
and itroute,
is visited
by foreign they
merchants,
theythewill
note the
toil ofand
this man
and anddeveloped
generallyworld
developed
world
industry
to work
their raw materials.
and generally
industry
to work
up their
rawup
materials.
by foreign merchants,
will note
irksome
toilirksome
of this man
say:sir,
"My
dear
sir,unnecessary
it is quite unnecessary
for everything
you to do at
everything
at
This
industry
worked
almost exclusively
for warand
purposes,
This industry
worked
almost
exclusively
for war purposes,
now, and now,
say: "My dear
it is
quite
for you to do
once, beit sufficient
would be ifsufficient
if you concentrated
on of
one with
kind the
of endwith
thewar,
end work
of theatwar,
work
at many
factories
cease.
of the
many
factories
must
cease. must
Millions
of Millions of
once, it would
you concentrated
on one kind
would your
economize
yourmake
timeyou
andmaster
make you
of willworkers
will out
be thrown
into and
the streets,
andinvested
vast sums
workers
be thrown
into theout
streets,
vast sums
in invested in
production. production.
This would This
economize
time and
of master
your own
The man, undoubtedly,
will them
not believe
them war
at once,
earnThe
no problem
profit. The
industrywar
willindustry
earn nowill
profit.
of problem
utilizing of
warutilizing
industrywar industry
your own labor."
The labor."
man, undoubtedly,
will not believe
at once,
state of development
will him
not permit
him
do so. isHeone
willof theis most
one of
the most
seriousfacing
problems
facing
the best minds
serious
problems
Europe,
andEurope,
the bestand
minds
because his because
state of his
development
will not permit
to do so.
Hetowill
consider it impossible.
Chinese
at time
the present
time in
the same
way and
of Europe
laboring
at its solution.
of Europe
Americaand
areAmerica
laboringare
at its
solution.
consider it impossible.
The ChineseThe
at the
present
in the same
way
will that
not believe
thatatChina
can atraise
one herself
jump raise
to a high levelIf we are able
If we
are able
to takeofadvantage
of thisand
occasion,
and to utilize
to take
advantage
this occasion,
to utilize
will not believe
China can
one jump
to a herself
high level
power and well-being.
work
of these to
institutions
to natural
release riches
the natural
richesthis,
of China, this,
the work of the
these
institutions
release the
of China,
of power andofwell-being.
Therefore
the self-centeredness
China
and herselfconceited
self-willIarouse
think, no
willopposition
arouse nofrom
opposition
from otherWhile
countries.
While for China
I think,
other countries.
for China
Therefore the
self-centeredness
of China andofher
conceited
have been
noted
old. The
Chineseit cannot
it will
what the
Chinese
proverb
calls "the heaven-sent
will be what
thebe
Chinese
proverb
calls
"the heaven-sent
opportunity opportunity
satisfaction satisfaction
have been noted
of old.
Theofmajority
of majority
Chinese of
cannot
understand
benefits of international
andwill
therefore
will
whichtoitmiss,
is sinful
to to
miss,
to miss
it spells
If we miss this
which
it is sinful
since
misssince
it spells
disaster."
If disaster."
we miss this
understand the
benefits the
of international
cooperation,cooperation,
and therefore
of any superiority
over themselves,
or of opportunity
and doitnot
utilize
it in the
interestsinof
China,
in two or three
and do not utilize
in the
interests
of China,
two
or three
not toleratenot
thetolerate
thoughtthe
of thought
any superiority
over themselves,
or of opportunity
allowing
otherstheir
to correct
theirThis
mistakes.
ThisChina
has made
China years
narrowyears theand
European
andfactories
American
factories
will
return
to their pre-war
the European
American
will
return to
their
pre-war
allowing others
to correct
mistakes.
has made
narrowand undoubtedly
condition,
and their development
ten times
more rapidly.
condition, and
their development
will proceedwill
tenproceed
times more
rapidly.
minded, andminded,
undoubtedly
has hinderedhas
herhindered
progress.her progress.
again trade
the world
tradebegin
war will
a warour
in which our
Over
sixty years
or seventy
since
foreign Once
Powers
againOnce
the world
war will
a begin
war inwhich
Over sixty or
seventy
have years
passedhave
sincepassed
foreign
Powers
andindustries,
domestic of
industries,
downWall
the Great
Wallinto
andChina,
came into
China, yet
Chinese handicrafts
thought handicrafts
and domestic
course, of
willcourse,
not bewill
ablenot
to be able to
broke downbroke
the Great
and came
yet Chinese
thought
compete
their machinery,
perfected machinery,
theirscale
colossal
that ofman
a solitary
on a desert
island. Therefore
compete with
their with
perfected
their colossal
of scale of
still remainsstill
thatremains
of a solitary
thrownman
on athrown
desert island.
Therefore
operations:
andour
naturally
industry
and suffer
trade will
suffer heavy
China
is still
unable foreign
to utilize
foreign knowledge
and toresources
to
operations:
and naturally
industryourand
trade will
heavy
China is still
unable
to utilize
knowledge
and resources
if inofthe
of the
next
years
carryfor
out a plan for
strengthen
her as
own
power as a nation.
defeats. Butdefeats.
if in theBut
course
thecourse
next ten
years
weten
carry
outwe
a plan
strengthen her
own power
a nation.
with the
the development
our ownwith
industry,
a State colossal
possessesterritories,
colossal incalculable
territories, incalculable
the development
of our ownofindustry,
the growth
of agrowth
heavy of a heavy
China as aChina
State as
possesses
vastofquantities
of human
in resembles
spite of allaresembles
a industry
machine
industry
China
be able
avoiddefeat
this heavy
machine
in China
weinshall
be we
ableshall
to avoid
thistoheavy
of defeat of
wealth, vastwealth,
quantities
human energy,
and energy,
in spite and
of all
rich
oldpossesses
man, whoextensive
possessesparks,
extensive
lands andwith
treasures,
with
a our
industry.
Here
a path
for the
industry.
Here
is a path
foristhe
salvation
of salvation
China! of China!
rich old man,
who
landsparks,
and treasures,
a our
butofincapable
keeping
Thedeserted
lands are desertedMy fellow-countrymen
My fellow-countrymen
know
thatmost
one of
the most
powerful and
know that one
of the
powerful
and
large family,large
but family,
incapable
keeping of
house.
The house.
lands are
and with
overgrown
weeds, thearetreasures
are lock
kept and
underkey
lock mighty
and keystates
mighty
the world
today istheAmerica:
primary
reason for her
in thestates
worldintoday
is America:
primary the
reason
for her
and overgrown
weeds,with
the treasures
kept under
and left
use,children
while the
and grandchildren
andis thewealth
is the state
developed
of her We
industries.
We must
recall that, at
wealth
developed
of her state
industries.
must recall
that, at
and left without
use,without
while the
andchildren
grandchildren
are idle, andare idle,
hunger
andincold
the house
house.ofThe
house
of such
an old man
America sought
the of
beginning
of the development
of herAmerica
industry,sought
thegives
beginning
the development
of her industry,
hunger and cold
reign
the reign
house.inThe
such
an old
man gives
usof
theChina
picture
of China today.
capital All
in Europe.
All herat activities
thatthe
time
bore theofcharacter
of a
capital in Europe.
her activities
that time atbore
character
a
us the picture
today.
risky experiment
rather
than ofofthe
result of elaborated
a carefullyplan.
elaborated plan.
risky experiment
rather than of
the result
a carefully
96

49

49

97

in theoffirst
of her development,
not meet
withher export
surplussupply-ing
abroad, supply-ing
whole
export
surplusher
abroad,
the whole the
world
withworld
her with her
In addition, In
in addition,
the first days
her days
development,
she did not she
meetdid
with
favorable circumstance
ofof
a stoppage
factoriessuch
in Europe,
such as manufactures.
These
areofthethecauses
richesof
orapoverty
These are the
causes
richesoforthe
poverty
people,of a people,
the favorablethecircumstance
of a stoppage
factories of
in Europe,
as manufactures.
we have
today. Her
natural
riches
less Yet,
than despite
ours. Yet,
all also
andare
these
areofthe
causesorofdefeat
victory
the world
and these
the also
causes
victory
in or
thedefeat
worldintrade
war. trade war.
we have today.
Her natural
riches
are less
thanareours.
all despite
this, sheher
developed
industry
to an unprecedented
extent.
she we
Although
seek
the quickest
way to the
quickest
possible development
of the
Although
seek thewe
way
to the
possible
development
of the
this, she developed
industryher
to an
unprecedented
extent. Today
she Today
theinfirst
place
in world economy.
natural
wealthinoforder
China,
in order
raise
from
state of poverty
natural wealth
of China,
to raise
her to
from
herher
state
of her
poverty
has occupiedhas
theoccupied
first place
world
economy.
take, forher
example,
her yearly
output
in the
shortesttime
possible
by the ofextension
of herwe
industry, we
theInshortest
possible
by thetime
extension
her industry,
Let us take,Let
for us
example,
yearly output
of iron
and of
oil.iron
In andinoil.
1916 of
heriron
output
was tons,
40 million
tons,
steel
over 43Chinese
million do Chinese
do not understand
it is toA be
done.
man on a desert
not understand
how it is tohow
be done.
man
on aA desert
1916 her output
wasof40iron
million
of steel
overof43
million
while
China's
output
steel
and iron
together
is about island
200,000
island
will to
notopen
be able
to the
openmineral
up all the
mineral
his island, he
will not
be able
up all
wealth
of hiswealth
island,ofhe
tons, while tons,
China's
output
of steel
andofiron
together
is about
200,000
a year,
i.e.
percent,
of theoutput.
American
output.
America produced
erect organize
buildings,public
organize public
roads,ports,
establish
cannot buildcannot
roads,build
establish
erectports,
buildings,
tons a year, tons
i.e.
percent,
of the
American
America
produced
tons of petroleum,
tons ofother
various
otherand parks,
and create
in general
create alife,
civilized
if he
parks,
in general
a civilized
even iflife,
he even
live for
tenlive for ten
58 million 58
tonsmillion
of petroleum,
29 million 29
tonsmillion
of various
oils, and combustible
in capable
a volumeof capable
of years.
thousand
years.
Hebe
will
never
be able
carry
out But
suchiftasks.
thousand
He will
never
able
to carry
out to
such
tasks.
this But if this
combustiblecombustible
oils, and combustible
gases in a gases
volume
3 million horse-power.
all her
naturalrecluse
forcesgetsrecluse
gets with
into merchants
touch with and
merchants
foreign
into touch
foreign and
visitors,
thevisitors,
wealth the wealth
developing developing
3 million horse-power.
Taking all Taking
her natural
forces
we can
estimate
them at approximately
millionofhorsethe be
island
willaccessible,
be made and
accessible,
and allwill
its affairs
will flourish,
the islandofwill
made
all its affairs
flourish,
together, wetogether,
can estimate
them
at approximately
166 million166
horsewe horse-power
reckon one horse-power
power since
of eightthe since
the merchants
will themselves
care that is industry is
merchants
will themselves
take care take
that industry
power. If wepower.
reckonIfone
to be equal to be
theequal
powertoofthe
eight
men,
we can
that industry
Americanhasindustry
has ofa reserve
of one developed,
will make
plans,
attract
and concentrate
will make plans,
attract
capital,
andcapital,
concentrate
all their all their
men, we can
reckon
thatreckon
American
a reserve
one developed,
milliard
units of man-power.
The population
is 110
knowledge
for themselves
much asof possible
of the
knowledge
on securingonforsecuring
themselves
as much asaspossible
the
milliard units
of man-power.
The population
of AmericaofisAmerica
110
millions.
man, in
his own labor-power,
island's
theyinwill
assist in its development.
island'sinwealth.
Andwealth.
therebyAnd
theythereby
will assist
its development.
millions. Every
man,Every
in addition
to addition
his own to
labor-power,
receives in receives
units of horse-power
helpthese
him,13and
these
13 units, withIf a solitary If
a solitarycast
individual
cast island
on a desert
island
can by the strength
individual
on a desert
can by
the strength
addition 13 addition
units of 13
horse-power
to help him,toand
units,
with
theirof24unbroken
hours ofwork,
unbroken
work, are to
equivalent
units of manof his willthe
complete
taskhetosets
which
setsChina
his hand,
his will complete
task to the
which
his he
hand,
in herChina in her
their 24 hours
are equivalent
39 units to
of 39
manshifts
men
must beinemployed
in of
thea course
of a to develop
striving her
to develop
hermust
industries
followpath.
the same
path. And the
striving
industries
followmust
the same
And the
power (sincepower
three (since
shifts three
of men
mustofbe
employed
the course
This is
cause ofwealth.
America's wealth.
is not
you everything
will know or
everything
or not, or whether
question is question
not whether
youwhether
will know
not, or whether
day). This isday).
the cause
ofthe
America's
China the ispopulation
to 400
whom
be ablealltoyour
realize
all or
your
hopes
or not, but
whether
will be you
ablewill
to realize
hopes
not,
but whether
or not
you or not you
In China theInpopulation
equivalentis toequivalent
400 millions,
of millions,
whom ofyou
capable of
working women
(excluding
and children);
foryou
thehave
object
haveyou.
set before you.
really strivereally
for thestrive
object
setyou
before
200 millions200
aremillions
capable are
of working
(excluding
andwomen
children);
to the
fact that
industry
is notindeveloped
in our
of theofcondition
of her
China
and her
natural
the condition
China and
natural
riches,
one riches, one
but owing tobut
theowing
fact that
industry
is not
developed
our country,
andcountry, andSpeaking ofSpeaking
can for
findthemselves,
work for themselves,
numbers
working
if at the
time are
our able,
people
may not
say thatmay
if atsay
thethat
present
timepresent
our people
as are
oneable,
man,astoone man, to
not all can not
findallwork
the numberstheworking
will
not will
to millions,
over 100 ofmillions,
half are on
employed
on thewelcome
theforeign
influx capital
of foreign
foreign knowledge
for the
welcome
influx of
and capital
foreignand
knowledge
for the
amount to amount
over 100
whom of
halfwhom
are employed
of our then
industry,
then will
our undoubtedly
aim will undoubtedly
be
Thus
there
are 50
onlymillion
about people
50 million
to be development
development
of our industry,
our aim
be
unproductiveunproductive
labor. Thus labor.
there are
only
about
to bepeople
thethe
course
of the
nextAnd
ten then
years.the
And
then the development
found
in China
engaged in labor.
productive
labor.
Andout
so that
it turns
that in in achieved
the courseinof
next ten
years.
development
found in China
engaged
in productive
And so
it turns
in outachieved
of our
will undoubtedly
the development
China,
of eight
we one
haveengaged
only one
in productive
of our industry
willindustry
undoubtedly
surpass the surpass
development
of Americanof American
China, out of
eightout
people,
we people,
have only
in engaged
productive
industry.
If therewho
are people
will me
not in
believe
in this,
labor.
It is
not to beatwondered
at that our
country
poor. The industry.
Chinese If there
are people
will notwho
believe
this, Ime
draw
their I draw their
labor. It is not
to be
wondered
that our country
is poor.
TheisChinese
to certain
facts of the development
American industry.
it: "One
rice,"
or "theattention
worker to attention
certain facts
of the development
of Americanofindustry.
proverb hasproverb
it: "Onehas
peasant
tillspeasant
the soil,tills
sixthe
eat soil,
rice,"sixoreat
"the
worker
Ten when
years America
ago, whenwas
America
wasto planning
construct
alone,
butconsume
six people
Ten years ago,
planning
constructtothe
Panamathe Panama
works alone,works
but six
people
theconsume
fruits of the
his fruits
labor."of his labor."
it was
that
the work
would beincompleted
in twenty years'
Compare
position
that ofwhere,
America,
of ait wasCanal,
Canal,
thought
thatthought
the work
would
be completed
twenty years'
Compare our
positionour
with
that ofwith
America,
out where,
of a out
time.itBut
it was
out, eight
years
to be sufficient.
population
of 100
engaged in labor,
productive
labor,
time.
But when
waswhen
carried
out, carried
eight years
proved
to beproved
sufficient.
population of
100 millions,
50millions,
millions 50
are millions
engagedare
in productive
The reason
was thatprogressed
technique with
progressed
with
extreme
rapidity. Moreand each
in addition
theunits
help of
of man-power.
39 units of man-power.
is why
reason was
that technique
extreme
rapidity.
Moreand in addition
has theeach
helphas
of 39
That is whyThatThe
that
time
war was
Germany,war
American
the State
there is more
becoming
morethewealthy;
growth of productive
over, at thatover,
time at
war
was
declared
on declared
Germany,onAmerican
industrywar industry
the State there
is becoming
wealthy;
growth the
of productive
very
and that
which,
the war, was
force
exceeds requirements,
andAmerica
this gives
the opportunity
to also progressed
very rapidly,
andrapidly,
that which,
before
the before
war, was
force exceeds
requirements,
and this gives
theAmerica
opportunity
to also progressed
98

50

50

99

years wasincompleted
year.
always
begin
withdisease,"
the worst
disease,"
"When
saving
man,
alwaysman,
begin
with the
worst
"When
saving
a man
froma man from
calculated tocalculated
take tens to
of take
yearstens
wasofcompleted
war-time in
in war-time
one year.in one
For
example,
a year
or two
had been
required for
previously
poverty help
immediate
help is
man
who
povertya immediate
is needed,"
andneeded,"
"Only aand
man"Only
who ahas
been
fedhas been fed
For example,
a year
or two
had been
required
previously
buildingfor
a building
ship,
it could
be builtdays.
in twenty
days.
If today,
all clothed
the and
all the ceremonies."
If developed,
industry is developed,
and
can clothed
observecan
all observe
the ceremonies."
If industry is
ship, whereas
nowwhereas
it couldnow
be built
in twenty
If today,
with
all the with
technical of
equipment
at our
were
the development
the full development
of theresources
economicofresources
China is possible,
the full
of the economic
China is ofpossible,
technical equipment
war-timeofat war-time
our disposal,
wedisposal,
were to we
begin
theto begin
cutting
of the
Panama
only
a month
would be
to carry
andwill
only
thenpossible
will it be
possible
out theeducation
universalofeducation of
and
only then
it be
to carry
outtothecarry
universal
cutting of the
Panama
Canal,
only Canal,
a month
would
be required
to required
carry
this with
out. Faced
such a development
industrialintechnique
the the people.
this out. Faced
such awith
development
of industrialoftechnique
the theinpeople.
European
and countries,
American my
countries,
my fellow-countrymen
shouldWe must seize
We the
must
seize the
of of
thethe
ending
of thewar,
European war,
moment
of moment
the ending
European
European and
American
fellow-countrymen
should
realize
all the
andofnecessity
of international
co-operation,
in great
anddevelopment
the great development
European
wartoindustry,
of Europeanofwar
industry,
develop to
ourdevelop our
realize all the
benefits
andbenefits
necessity
international
co-operation,
in and the
order,toaccording
to the
Chinese
to "utilize
the of
superiority
of ownThis
done, andI therefore
I repeat that
industry.
This can
easilyand
be therefore
own industry.
can easily
be done,
repeat that
order, according
the Chinese
proverb,
to proverb,
"utilize the
superiority
anotheryour
to remedy
your own shortcomings."
about
it in this
way, knowing,
"without
knowing,
can still achieve."
"without
one
can stillone
achieve."
another to remedy
own shortcomings."
Going aboutGoing
it in this
way,
we could
in of
theacourse
of a for
fewthe
years
for the development
of
we could hope
in thehope
course
few years
development
of
Chinese
industry
after the
manner
of the which
American,
which
Chinese industry
after
the manner
of the
American,
would
be would be
verynot
profitable
onlyalone,
for China
alone, undoubtedly
but would undoubtedly
meet
very profitable
only fornot
China
but would
meet
of world.
the whole
That
is why
is no foreign
the intereststheof interests
the whole
Thatworld.
is why
there
is nothere
foreign
scientific
who
does not sympathize
with
the idea of developing
scientific expert
who expert
does not
sympathize
with the idea
of developing
theforces
productive
forces of China.
the productive
of China.
so ago
veryI long
ago Itopresented
to all the Governments
my
Not so veryNot
long
presented
all the Governments
my
on "a
for the development
Chinese
industry
work on "a work
plan for
theplan
development
of Chinese of
industry
through
the through the
medium of international
metsympathy
with greatfrom
sympathy from
medium of international
cooperation.cooperation.
"I met with "I
great
theGovernment,
American Government,
and the
I trust
that
the other Governments
also
the American
and I trust that
other
Governments
also
willexample
follow its
example
in their
opinion
my work.
Chinese aspirations
will follow its
in their
opinion
of my
work.ofChinese
aspirations
can be
realized
onlyunderstand
when we that,
understand
that, to the
regenerate
can be realized
only
when we
to regenerate
State the State
save the
country
from destruction
at this
criticalwemoment, we
and to saveand
the to
country
from
destruction
at this critical
moment,
mustthewelcome
thelarge-scale
influx of foreign
large-scale
foreign
capital
on the largest
must welcome
influx of
capital
on the
largest
possible
scale,
andconsider
also must
attracting foreign
possible scale,
and also
must
theconsider
questionthe
of question
attractingofforeign
scientific
forces and highly-trained
experts
to work
in our
scientific forces
and highly-trained
experts to work
in our
country
andcountry and
trainin us.
in of
thethe
course
nextwe
tenshall
years
we shall
train us. Then
theThen
course
next of
tenthe
years
create
our create our
ownlarge-scale
powerful industry
large-scale
and shall accumulate
technical and
own powerful
andindustry
shall accumulate
technical and
scientific knowledge.
scientific knowledge.
these
it will be
possibletogradually
to pay off the
After these After
ten years
it ten
willyears
be possible
gradually
pay off the
foreign
acquire independence
complete independence
in our work,
foreign loans
and loans
acquireandcomplete
in our work,
a completeof
equipment
of theknowledge.
necessary knowledge.
possessing apossessing
complete equipment
the necessary
Then our Then our
national
be made
common
national culture
can culture
be madecan
literally,
theliterally,
commonthe
property
of property
all the of all the
Chinese.
This will
render
the awakening
of the slumbering
Chinese. This
will render
possible
thepossible
awakening
of the slumbering
and possibilities
of China. Remember
Chinese proverbs:
forces and forces
possibilities
of China. Remember
the Chinesetheproverbs:
"Thethe
dayriver
when
the blue
riverwill
turnsnever
blue come,"
will never
come,"
"The day when
turns
"If you
lose"If
theyou lose the
rightyou
moment,
you will
always it,"
remember
right moment,
will always
remember
"When it,"
you "When
heal a you
sick heal a sick
100

51

51

101

CHAPTER
VII
CHAPTER
VII

Image:
a new commerce,
war and amounting
to 60
Image: a new
commerce,
created by created
the warby
andtheamounting
to 60
million
dollars
day or 21
milliard,
million
dollars
million dollars
a day
or 21a milliard,
900
million900
dollars
a year,
musta year, must
as soonis as
peaceWhere
is signed.
Where
the Europe
world can
as peace
signed.
in the
worldincan
andEurope and
PLAN
THE DEVELOPMENT
OF stop as soonstop
A PLAN AFOR
THEFOR
DEVELOPMENT
OF
America
find
marketoftothese
dispose
of thesesupplies
enormous
supplies remaining
America find
a market
to adispose
enormous
remaining
INDUSTRY
CHINESECHINESE
INDUSTRY
after
the war?
If these
of dollars
invested
in warfind
industries find
after the war?
If these
milliards
of milliards
dollars invested
in war
industries
outlet
in peace the
conditions,
thebe
world
be an
faced
with an economic
no outlet in no
peace
conditions,
world will
facedwill
with
economic
It isthat
calculated
that year
in the
the the
world
war the
dailyThis crisis.
It is calculated
in the last
of last
the year
worldofwar
daily
This
willdisturb
not only
disturbconditions
economic in
conditions
in Europe and
crisis.
will not
only
economic
Europe and
of the
various
warring
peoplesroughly
amounted
roughlyAmerica,
to 240 butAmerica,
expenditure expenditure
of the various
warring
peoples
amounted
to 240
butgrave
will inflict
grave
damage
on world economy.
will inflict
damage
on world
economy.
of dollars
(gold).
Let that,
us assume
that,
with the
of theThe commercial
millions of millions
dollars (gold).
Let us
assume
with the
exercise
of exercise
the
The commercial
the whole
lookason China as
countries ofcountries
the wholeofworld
look world
on China
greatest
care,
only
sumonwas
spent fortifications
on military fortifications
and a ground"
greatest care,
only half
this
sumhalf
wasthis
spent
military
and a "dumping
"dumpingforground"
for theirproduction.
surplus production.
Pre-war trade
their surplus
Pre-war trade
other
military requirements.
Thisanwill
mean an expenditure
120 were
other military
requirements.
This will mean
expenditure
of about 120of about
conditions
were unfavorable
excess of
imports over
conditions
unfavorable
for China. for
The China.
excess The
of imports
over
million goldmillion
dollars.gold dollars.
exports to
amounted
to about
million
dollars
(gold)
exports amounted
about 100
million100
dollars
(gold)
yearly.
Theyearly. The
lookmilitary
at these
militaryfrom
expenses
from the commercial
If we look Ifatwe
these
expenses
the commercial
Chinese
market
could very
not extend
very
much
in these conditions,
since
Chinese market
could
not extend
much in
these
conditions,
since
see the picture.
following
The battlefields
the have
standpoint, standpoint,
we see the we
following
Thepicture.
battlefields
were the were
this would
led to theofpumping
outand
of China,
this would
led to have
the pumping
gold out of
of gold
China,
would and would
for war
and the
soldiers
were the consumers.
markets for markets
war industry,
andindustry,
the soldiers
were
the consumers.
The war The
have beenonly
profitable
for the
foreigntrading
countries
havewar
been profitable
for theonly
foreign
countries
withtrading
China.with China.
up everything.
the world
wholeindustry
of worldwas
industry
was Fortunately,
swallowed swallowed
up everything.
Nearly the Nearly
whole of
natural
wealthis ofvery
China
is very
great, its
Fortunately,
the natural the
wealth
of China
great,
its opening
up opening up
In order the
to increase
the of
production
of the
munitions,
peoplecreate
militarized. militarized.
In order to increase
production
munitions,
people thewould
the whole
would
create anmarket
unlimited
for world,
an unlimited
for market
the whole
and world,
it couldand it could
of the
even countries
of neutralwere
countries
forced to usefully
content absorb
of the warring
andwarring
even ofand
neutral
forcedwere
to content
usefully
absorb
a great
of theofmilliards
a great
part,
if notpart,
all, if
of not
the all,
milliards
dollars of dollars
themselves
with
the most
limited necessaries
of give
life, and
to giveremaining
up, not inremaining
themselves with
the most
limited
necessaries
of life, and to
up, not
war-time industry.
war-time in
industry.
articlesbut
of also
luxury,
also their
everyday comforts.
only articlesonly
of luxury,
theirbut
everyday
comforts.
China isinawhich
country
in which
handprevails,
labor still
China is a country
hand
labor still
andprevails,
which and which
the war
and for
thewar
market
for war
closed
Now the warNow
is over,
and istheover,
market
industry
hasindustry
closed hashas
not yet
theoffirst
stage ofevolution,
industrialwhile
evolution,
while Europe
not yet has
entered
the entered
first stage
industrial
Europe
let
hope,
for ever.
Todayisthe
world
is the
faced
with the
of and
let us hope,
forusever.
Today
the world
faced
with
problem
of problem
America
already
second.China
Therefore
and America
have
alreadyhave
reached
the reached
second. the
Therefore
has toChina has to
how the
to organize
post-war
of Europe.
Above
we noted
how to organize
post-warthe
economy
ofeconomy
Europe. Above
we noted
that
periods ofevolution
industrialatevolution
the same
time, applying
beginthat
both begin
periodsboth
of industrial
the sameattime,
applying
million
daily on
were
spent supplies.
on military
Let usmachinery
assume simultaneously
120 million 120
dollars
dailydollars
were spent
military
Letsupplies.
us assume
machinery simultaneously
with theofprinciple
of the nationalization
of
with the principle
the nationalization
of
that the of
restoration
European
economy
half
i.e. In industry.
that the restoration
Europeanofeconomy
will
require will
half require
this sum,
i.e.this sum,
this event
China will
require for
machinery
for her widespread
industry.
this eventInChina
will require
machinery
her widespread
60 million
this us
stillthe
leaves
us the
balance
of dollars
60 millionagriculture;
dollars agriculture;
60 million dollars:
thisdollars:
still leaves
balance
of 60
million
technical for
equipment
her rich
mines, for
machinery
for her
technical equipment
her richfor
mines,
machinery
her
mightfor
be other
utilized
for other requirements.
daily, whichdaily,
mightwhich
be utilized
requirements.
for her transport
extensive transport
of for
all kinds,
innumerableinnumerable
undertakingsundertakings
of all kinds,
her extensive
millions who
of soldiers,
during
war were
only and
Furthermore,Furthermore,
millions of soldiers,
during who
the war
weretheonly
systems,
for all needs.
her social
How
candemand
this new
systems,
for all and
her social
Howneeds.
can this
new
fordemand for
willagain
now become
once again
become a force.
productive
has machinery
consumers, consumers,
will now once
a productive
Thereforce.
has There
modern affect
machinery
affect the reorganization
war-timein industry in
modern
the reorganization
of war-timeofindustry
also taken
place a concentration
and nationalization
of industry
which Iand Europe
also taken place
a concentration
and nationalization
of industry which
I
America
? The
factories
which
turned
outeasily
guns can easily
Europe
Americaand
? The
factories
which
turned
out guns
can
would
callindustrial
the secondrevolution,
industrial and
revolution,
and theof
magnitude
would call the
second
the magnitude
which of
be transformed
into
factories manufacturing
bewhich
transformed
into factories
manufacturing
steam-rollerssteam-rollers
for buildingfor building
is much
the firstrevolution,
industrial revolution,
which
is much greater
thangreater
that ofthan
the that
first of
industrial
in which inroads
roads Shops
in China.
Shops
whichtanks
produced
tanksmake
can now
make rolling
in China.
which
produced
can now
rolling
were byreplaced
machine production.
This platforms
second for
handicrafts handicrafts
were replaced
machineby production.
This second
platforms
for transporting
rawfrom
materials
every
partAll
of China. All
transporting
raw materials
every from
part of
China.
industrialwill
revolution
the productivity
of many
the worker
many
industrial revolution
increasewill
theincrease
productivity
of the worker
forms
of war can
machinery
caninto
be turned
into implements
peace-time implements
for
forms
of war
machinery
be turned
peace-time
for
than Consequently,
the first. Consequently,
the concentration
and the
times moretimes
than more
the first.
the concentration
and the general
general development
of the
natural
wealthThe
of China.
development
of the natural
wealth
of China.
ChineseThe Chinese
nationalization
of war
the world
in thewillpeople
nationalization
of industry of
onindustry
account on
of account
the world
will inwar
the willpeople
willthe
welcome
the opening-up
of of
the our
riches
of our country,
welcome
opening-up
of the riches
country,
future the
complicate
theof
restoration
post-war industry.
future complicate
restoration
post-war of
industry.
providing
China isagainst
protected
the influence
corruptingofinfluence
of the
providing China
is protected
the against
corrupting
the
102

52

52

103

mandarins
and
will have aofguarantee
of normal with
intercourse
(c) Construction
of commercial
along allrivers
navigable rivers
of commercial
docks alongdocks
all navigable
mandarins and
will have
a guarantee
normal intercourse
foreignwith foreign(c) Construction
states.
states.
Some
and may
America
may the
fear that
thebuilding
3. The
buildingcities,
of modern
cities, conveniences
with social conveniences
3. The
of modern
with social
of all kinds,of all kinds,
Some nations
of nations
Europe of
andEurope
America
fear that
military technique,
military organization,
andall railway
nearcenters,
all railway
centers,
principal
stations,
near
principal
stations,
and
harbors and harbors
developmentdevelopment
of militaryof technique,
military organization,
and
industrialization
gener-ally
create undesirable
for
industrialization
gener-ally will
create will
undesirable
competitioncompetition
for
foreignI therefore
industry. propose
I therefore
propose
a plan
for the organization
of a
4.of
Utilization
of China's waterways
4. Utilization
China's waterways
foreign industry.
a plan
for the
organization
of a
marketsufficiently
in China, sufficiently
extensive
both to
develop China's
new marketnew
in China,
extensive both
to develop
China's
own productive
and the
to absorb
the capacity
industrialof capacity
the of
5. iron
Erection
of iron
and steel
onscale,
the largest
scale,
5.of
Erection
and steel
works
on theworks
largest
and also
of and also of
own productive
forces and forces
to absorb
industrial
the
foreign
The plan
is as follows:
cement
works
to meet
building requirements
cement works
to meet
building
requirements
foreign Powers.
ThePowers.
plan I propose
is Iaspropose
follows:
1. The development
ofcommunication:
systems of communication:
6. Development
of China's
mineral wealth
6. Development
of China's mineral
wealth
1. The development
of systems of
100,000
miles of railways
(a) 100,000 (a)
miles
of railways
(b)miles
1,000,000
miles of roads
7. Development
of agriculture
7. Development
of agriculture
(b) 1,000,000
of roads
(c) Improvement
of existing canals:
(c) Improvement
of existing canals:
(i) Hangchow-Tientsin
Irrigation
work inand
Mongolia
Chinese Turkestan
8. Irrigation8.work
in Mongolia
Chineseand
Turkestan
(i) Hangchow-Tientsin
(ii) Sinkiang-Yangtse
(ii) Sinkiang-Yangtse
(d) Construction
of new canals:
9. Forestry
work
in northern
central and
northern China
9. Forestry work
in central
and
China
(d) Construction
of new canals:
(i) Liaoyang-Shanghai-kwan
(i) Liaoyang-Shanghai-kwan
to be planned
10. The colonization
of Manchuria,
Mongolia,Koko-nor
Sinkiang, Koko-nor
10. The colonization
of Manchuria,
Mongolia, Sinkiang,
(ii) Canals to(ii)
beCanals
planned
(e) Organization
of China's
and Tibet. and Tibet.
(e) Organization
of China's river
system:river system:
andthe
deepening
theriver
bed Yangtse,
of the river Yangtse,
(i) Clearing (i)
andClearing
deepening
bed of the
from
Hankow
the sea,
in order
permit of ocean- If the above
If the
aboveis program
gradually
program
graduallyis carried
out,carried
China out,
will China will
from Hankow
to the
sea, intoorder
to permit
of to
oceana mere "dumping-ground"
foreign
going
vessels
reaching Hankow
become, notbecome,
a mere not
"dumping-ground"
for foreign for
goods,
but goods,
a real but a real
going vessels
reaching
Hankow
"economic
ocean,"
capable ofall
absorbing
all the
surplus
capital of the
andthe
deepening
theriver
bed of the river "economic ocean,"
capable
of absorbing
the surplus
capital
of the
(ii) Clearing(ii)
andClearing
deepening
bed of the
worldasasthe
rapidly
as thecountries
industrialcan
countries
in the coming
to prevent flooding
world as rapidly
industrial
produce,can
in produce,
the coming
Hwangho, toHwangho,
prevent flooding
era of the
secondrevolution
industrial based
revolution
based on nationalized
era of the second
industrial
on nationalized
machine machine
(iii) Clearing(iii)
theClearing
Hsikiangthe Hsikiang
of commercial
industry.
This willthe
eliminate
industry. This
will eliminate
strugglethe
of struggle
commercial
competition,competition,
(iv) Clearing(iv)
theClearing
Hwaiho the Hwaiho
not only
China, but the
throughout
Clearing
not only in China,
butinthroughout
world. the world.
(v) Clearing(v)
other
rivers other rivers
Theshowed
world war
showed
mankind
that war is both
destructive
(f) Construction
of long-distance
telegraph
andlines,
telephone lines, The world war
mankind
that
war is destructive
for both for
(f) Construction
of long-distance
telegraph and
telephone
the for
victor
for the vanquished,
butharmful
it is most
harmful
of all for the
and also organization
of wireless
telegraph stations the victor and
the and
vanquished,
but it is most
of all
for the
and also organization
of wireless telegraph
stations
attacker.
applies towarfare
economic
warfare
as well
as war
attacker. This
appliesThis
to economic
as well
as war
by force
of by force of
arms. ThePresident,
AmericanWilson,
President,
has
theofformation
of a
2. The organization
and development
of com-mercial
hasWilson,
proposed
theproposed
formation
a
2. The organization
and development
of com-mercial
harbors: harbors: arms. The American
prevent
wars;
want tothepropose the
(a) The organization
of three ocean
large-scale
ports,
of of League
League
Nations of
to Nations
prevent to
future
wars;future
I want
to Ipropose
(a) The organization
of three large-scale
ports,ocean
capable
of capable
of commercial
war by cooperation
equaling
the north,
and
ofcessation
commercial
war by cooperation
and mutualand
aid mutual
in the aid in the
equaling New
York inNew
the York
future,ininthe
thefuture,
north,incenter
and center cessation
of China.
This willthe
eliminate
the chief
south of China.
developmentdevelopment
of China. This
will eliminate
chief cause
of allcause
futureof all future
south of China.
wars.
(b) Construction
of commercial
and fishing
harbors
the
(b) Construction
of commercial
and fishing harbors
along
the alongwars.
entire coast.entire coast.
104

53

53

105

If my
proposal is to
acceptable
to the
Powers capital,
possessing
If my proposal
is acceptable
the Powers
possessing
I capital, I
CHAPTER
VIII
CHAPTER
VIII
present
further details.
shall presentshall
further
details.
The development
as anand
industrial
and commercial
The development
of America of
as America
an industrial
commercial
THE REVOLUTION
IS THETOPATH
THE REVOLUTION
IS THE PATH
THE TO THE
has many
conferred
manyonbenefits
on the
whole
nation has nation
conferred
benefits
the whole
world.
Theworld. The
REGENERATION
OF
CHINA
REGENERATION
OF
CHINA
of China
its 400
million
will create another
developmentdevelopment
of China with
its 400with
million
people
will people
create another
World
in thesense.
economic
sense. The
whointake
New WorldNew
in the
economic
The nations
whonations
take part
the part in the
(How the Kuomintang
theRevolution)
Chinese Revolution)
(How the Kuomintang
organized organized
the Chinese
of reap
Chinavast
willbenefits.
reap vast
benefits. international
Moreover, international
developmentdevelopment
of China will
Moreover,
economic cooperation
can the
onlystrengthening
assist the strengthening
of the ties of
economic cooperation
can only assist
of the ties of
Myaappeal
for ainrevolution
China
has been and
successful,
and the
revolution
China hasinbeen
successful,
the
friendship
peoples.
Finally,
am certain
that in the longMy appeal for
friendship between
thebetween
peoples.the
Finally,
I am
certainI that
in the long
destructive
part of the Revolution,
of theof
overthrow
of the
of the Revolution,
in the shapeinofthe
theshape
overthrow
the
run,be
China
will be a foundation-stone
of of
theNations.
League of Nations. destructive part
run, China will
a foundation-stone
of the League
Manchu has
monarchy,
has beenbut
achieved;
but the constructive
Manchu
been achieved;
the constructive
part has far part has far
For the fulfillment
successful fulfillment
of Ithispropose
plan, Ithepropose
the monarchy,
For the successful
of this plan,
not in
losethehope
in the successful
begun.
Nevertheless,
I dohope
begun.from Nevertheless,
I do not lose
successful
following
threesteps.
essential
thatofa the
Board
of the from
Powers
following three
essential
First,steps.
that aFirst,
Board
Powers
of the
Chinese Revolution:
is why
I have
completion completion
of the Chinese
Revolution:
that is why that
I have
devoted
to itdevoted to it
supplying
capital beby
organized
by agreement,
to act together
supplying capital
be organized
agreement,
in order to in
actorder
together
all my energies.
all my energies.
create an international
with organizers,
its military organizers,
and to createand
an to
international
organization,organization,
with its military
theoffirst
of thewhen
Republic,
whenwriters
European
year
the year
Republic,
European
and writers and
its administrators
and in
itsvarious
expertsspheres,
in various
spheres,
work out plansIn the first In
its administrators
and its experts
to work
outtoplans
scholars
werethousands
writing thousands
articles
the Chinese
scholars
writing
of articles ofabout
the about
Chinese
and standardize
materials,
thustrouble
avoiding
and facilitating
the were
and standardize
materials, thus
avoiding
andtrouble
facilitating
the
and ap-proaching
its from
facts the
more
fromofthe
point
and ap-proaching
its facts more
point
view
of of view of
works Secondly,
proposed. itSecondly,
it isthat
essential
that the confidence
of the Revolution,
works proposed.
is essential
the confidence
of the Revolution,
morality
of their
meaning,
issued
the first
chapter
morality than
of theirthan
meaning,
I issued
the Ifirst
chapter
of my
Notesofonmy Notes on
Chinese
people be
secured,
in order
servefor
as cooperation
a basis for cooperation
Chinese people
be secured,
in order
to serve
as atobasis
Chinese Revolution,
in which
I setbriefly
forth very
and concisely
the Chinese
Revolution,
in which I set
forth very
and briefly
concisely
and for
popular
support
in every
way.
theseare
two
stepsthe
are taken,
the the
and for popular
support
in every
way.
If these
twoIfsteps
taken,
of a revolution
successful in
revolution in
twenty
ago, the of
possibility
how, twentyhow,
years
ago, years
the possibility
a successful
third
will be the
openingnegotiations
of official negotiations
for the conclusion
third step will
be step
the opening
of official
for the conclusion
was
subject
of great discussion.
China
was aChina
subject
of agreat
discussion.
of a final with
agreement
with the
Chinese Government
relative
plan
of a final agreement
the Chinese
Government
relative to the
plan to the
Although
at London,
the time Iincould
London,
I couldmyself
not name myself
Although I lived
at theI lived
time in
not name
put forward.put forward.
for the Regeneration
of
as one
of theoffounders
of the "Association
as one
founders
the "Association
for the Regeneration
of
lastimportant
but mostcondition
importantiscondition
to prevent
theof the
Finally, the Finally,
last but the
most
to preventis the
China."
the timetheinvolved
risk of persecution.
China."
at theThis
timeatinvolved
risk of the
persecution.
Today I Today I
of formerInmistakes.
1913 the
foreign
bankers
the This
repetition ofrepetition
former mistakes.
1913 theInforeign
bankers
treated
the treated
from
of that
chapter
of my reminiscences,
restore
memory
thememory
contentsthe
of contents
that chapter
of my
reminiscences,
wishes
of the
Chinese
with they
contempt:
theyfromrestore
wishes of the
Chinese
people
withpeople
contempt:
thoughtthey
thatthought
they that
them
with
facts30ofyears,
the last
30 years,
which
them with the
facts
of the last
which
formerly
I formerly I
settle everything
with the
Chinese Government
But it supplementing
could settlecould
everything
with the Chinese
Government
alone. But alone.
it supplementing
to omit for conspirative
reasons
which
will be understood.
had to omit had
for conspirative
reasons which
will be
understood.
turned
that which
the treaties
which theywith
concluded
with the Government,
turned out that
the out
treaties
they concluded
the Government,
From the
the idea of revolutionary
struggle awoke
thatmoment
the ideathat
of revolutionary
struggle awoke
withof the
help
of great
were later
refused recognition
by theFrom the moment
with the help
great
bribes,
werebribes,
later refused
recognition
by the
of the "Revolutionary
me time
up toofthe
of the foundation
up to the
thetime
foundation
of the "Revolutionary
Chinese
people.
If the
foreign
banks had
chosen
saferhad
road, within
and hadme within
Chinese people.
If the
foreign
banks
had chosen
a safer
road,a and
League"
(outthe
of Kuomintang
which the Kuomintang
League"
of which
developed) developed)
I was a manI was
who a man who
first of the
all secured
the of
confidence
of the
Chinese
and then
had (out
first of all secured
confidence
the Chinese
people,
and people,
then had
practiced and
revolution,
andalltherefore
all my revolutionary
activities were
practiced revolution,
therefore
my revolutionary
activities were
begun to
negotiate
they would
havesuccessful.
been more successful.
begun to negotiate
treaties,
theytreaties,
would have
been more
not very complicated.
I could
count
on my
thethe
names of the
not very complicated.
I could count
on my
fingers
the fingers
names of
that time recognized
my ideas.
Fromof the
persons whopersons
at thatwho
timeatrecognized
my ideas. From
the time
the time of the
of the "Revolutionary
League,"
the work
became much
foundation foundation
of the "Revolutionary
League," the
work became
much
more complicated,
and
cannot,recount
of course,
more complicated,
and I cannot,
of Icourse,
the recount
names oftheallnames
the of all the
emigrant
lessrevolutionary
of all the revolutionary
heroesI at home. I
emigrant patriots,
stillpatriots,
less of still
all the
heroes at home.
my as
memories
as for
materials
for historian
a future ofhistorian
of the
write my write
memories
materials
a future
the
Kuomintang.Kuomintang.
106
107
54
54

1885,the
i.e.time
fromofthe
of in
ourthe
defeat
the war
with
Tsing
dynasty
might
be, and
thence
left fortoWuchang
Tsing
dynasty
might
be, and
thence
we left
for we
Wuchang
study theto study the
From 1885,From
i.e. from
ourtime
defeat
war in
with
set before
myselfofthe
of theofoverthrow
of the Tai-Tsing
situation there.
situation there.
France, I setFrance,
before Imyself
the object
theobject
overthrow
the Tai-Tsing
and the establishment
a Chinese
1894 we
that moment
a suitable
thatdecided
a suitable
hadmoment
arrived,had
andarrived, and
dynasty anddynasty
the establishment
of a ChineseofRepublic
onRepublic
its ruins. on
At its
theruins. At theIn 1894 weIndecided
veryI beginning
for my propaganda
thewhich
college
at which
I was
to the Philippines
found the "Association
for the Regeneration
went
to the went
Philippines
to found theto"Association
for the Regeneration
very beginning
selected forI selected
my propaganda
the college at
I was
study-ing,medical
regarding
medical
science
as aunt
the kindly
aunt whoofwould
with
China,"
the ofintention
of establishing
China," ofhaving
the having
intention
establishing
connectionsconnections
with
study-ing, regarding
science
as the
kindly
who would
onroad
to theofhigh
road of politics.
Chinese
colonists
there and
receiving
help However,
from them.we
However,
we had
Chinese colonists
there
and receiving
help
from them.
had
bring me outbring
on tome
theout
high
politics.
Ten years
like
day. In Medical
the Canton
Medical
I
not
that the
ripe for the
revolution;
not realized
thatrealized
the moment
wasmoment
not yet was
ripe not
for yet
revolution;
result the result
Ten years passed
like passed
one day.
In one
the Canton
School
I School
made
with Chen-Shi-Liang;
of our propaganda
in the Philippines
wassympathizers,
only ten sympathizers,
of
of ourofpropaganda
in the Philippines
was only ten
of
who had a who
very had
largea very
circle large
of circle
made friends
withfriends
Chen-Shi-Liang;
acquaint-ances
amongst widely-traveled
who knew
well.only whom
only two
brothers, Ten-Yin-Nan
and Ten-Teh-Chang,
whom
two brothers,
Ten-Yin-Nan
and Ten-Teh-Chang,
agreed to agreed to
acquaint-ances
amongst widely-traveled
people who people
knew China
well. China
When
I began
talking of revolution,
ideas, hemake
gladly
make considerable
for our
common cause.
considerable
sacrifices forsacrifices
our common
cause.
When I began
talking
of revolution,
advocating advocating
its ideas, heitsgladly
withdeclared
me, andthat
declared
that immediately
he would immediately
enter aThis was just
This atwas
the time
when thearmies
Imperial
the just
timeat when
the Imperial
werearmies were
agreed withagreed
me, and
he would
enter a
revolutionary
Party agree
if I would
agree
to lead
it. After
staying
year in one
suffering
afterAfter
another.
After oftheKorea,
loss of
defeat one
afterdefeat
another.
the loss
the Korea, the
revolutionary
Party if I would
to lead
it. After
staying
a year
in asuffering
school Iatlearned
Canton,that
I learned
that Medical
an English
Medical
with a lost
Monarchy
lost the
glamour
power,allasthe
before
all the
Chinese there
Monarchy
the glamour
of its
power,ofasitsbefore
Chinese
there
the school attheCanton,
an English
School
withSchool
a
wider
program
that of School
the Canton
School
had been
opened were
at Hong
clearly
therotten-ness
decay and of
rotten-ness
of the
Manchu dynasty.
clearlywere
revealed
therevealed
decay and
the Manchu
dynasty.
wider program
than
that of than
the Canton
had been
opened
at Hong
Kong. Thereupon,
attracted
also by the
that there
I should
Ourcomrade
Shanghai
comrade Sun-Yueh-Lo
wrote
insisting
that I,we return. I,
Ourhave
Shanghai
Sun-Yueh-Lo
wrote insisting
that
we return.
Kong. Thereupon,
attracted also
by the thought
thatthought
there I should
have
wider
for my revolutionary
I went
to Hong
to
Ten-Yin-Nan
and comrades
three otherreturned
comrades
returned
homework,
for further work,
Ten-Yin-Nan
and three other
home
for further
a wider fielda for
myfield
revolutionary
propaganda,propaganda,
I went to Hong
Kong
to Kong
myFor
education.
ForIfour
up all
time free
with the
of aorganizing
a revoltand
at Canton
withfrom
the intention
of intention
organizing
revolt at Canton
seizing and
it. seizing it.
continue mycontinue
education.
four years
gaveyears
up allI gave
my time
freemyfrom
studies
cause of revolutionary
traveling backwardsOur committee
Our was
committee
wasKong
in Hong
Kong
and our
branch at Yangin Hong
and our
branch
at Yangstudies to the
causetoofthe
revolutionary
propaganda,propaganda,
traveling backwards
andbetween
forwardsHong
between
Kong and
At I that
I had
There
worked
time in the Ten-Yin-Nan,
committee Ten-Yin-Nan,
YangThereChen.
worked
at that
time at
in that
the committee
Yangand forwards
KongHong
and Amoy.
At Amoy.
that time
had timeChen.
any supporters,
with theofexception
of three
persons
in Haun-Yun-Shan,
Tsui-Yun, Haun-Yun-Shan,
Chen-Shao-Bo
others,
while in the
Tsui-Yun,
Chen-Shao-Bo
and others, and
while
in the
scarcely anyscarcely
supporters,
with the exception
three persons
living
in living
branch at Yang-Chen
were Lu-Ko-Tung,
Chen-Shi-Liang,
and
Kong: Chen-Shao-Bo,
Yu-Shao-Chi,
and Yang-Ho-Lin,
and oneat Yang-Chen
branch
there were there
Lu-Ko-Tung,
Chen-Shi-Liang,
and
Hong Kong:Hong
Chen-Shao-Bo,
Yu-Shao-Chi,
and Yang-Ho-Lin,
and one
some from
instructors
fromand
America,
and someI generals.
I often traveled
man atLu-Ko-Tung.
Shanghai, Lu-Ko-Tung.
The others
me, as
as a rebel,
some as
instructors
America,
some generals.
often traveled
man at Shanghai,
The others avoided
me,avoided
as a rebel,
between
and Hong
Ourthat
tasks
that quite
time were quite
theystricken
would one
between Canton
andCanton
Hong Kong.
Our Kong.
tasks by
timebywere
they would one
withstricken
plague.with plague.
in We
full had
blast.accumulated
We had accumulated
Living
together
withfriends
my three
friends
Chen,
Yu in
and Yang,
in well-defined.
well-defined.
PreparationsPreparations
were in fullwere
blast.
Living together
with
my three
Chen,
Yu and
Yang,
strength,
andbywea could
a single
blow have
Kong,
we werediscussing
constantlythe
discussing
the Our
revolution.
considerableconsiderable
strength, and
we could
single by
blow
have effected
a effected a
Hong Kong,Hong
we were
constantly
revolution.
thoughtsOur thoughts
greatjust
deal.
But time
just at
time the discovered
authorities the
discovered
on theofproblems
of the
Chinese Revolution.
studied
deal. But
at this
thethis
authorities
arms wethe arms we
were fixed were
on thefixed
problems
the Chinese
Revolution.
We studiedWe great
hadinsmuggled
in (500 and
revolvers),
of ourcomrades,
worthiest comrades,
history of revolutions.
When it that
happened
that we
hadcame
smuggled
(500 revolvers),
one of and
our one
worthiest
chiefly the chiefly
history the
of revolutions.
When it happened
we came
Lu-Ko-Tung,
wasThis
executed.
the first
sacrifice
not talk of we
revolution,
not feel
Thus a
Lu-Ko-Tung,
was executed.
was theThis
firstwas
sacrifice
made
by usmade
on by us on
together andtogether
did not and
talkdid
of revolution,
did not we
feeldid
happy.
Thushappy.
a
the Chinese
altar of the
Chinese At
revolution.
thethere
samewere
timearrested
there were arrested
few by,
years
went
and we
received
from our
friends theofnickname
of of the
the altar
revolution.
the sameAt
time
few years went
and
we by,
received
from
our friends
the nickname
and Tse-Hsi
executedand
Tse-Hsi
and About
Chu-Gui.
"theand
four
great and inseparable
this was
of
Aboutpeople
seventy
people were
and executed
Chu-Gui.
seventy
were
"the four great
inseparable
scoundrels."scoundrels."
For me this For
wasme
a period
of a period
revolutionary
and preparation.
arrested,
them Admiral
the Canton
Admiral Tsin-Kui-Guan.
arrested, among
themamong
the Canton
Tsin-Kui-Guan.
revolutionary
disputes anddisputes
preparation.
After
finishing
school
I fixed my
on two
places, AmoyThe day of The
day of 9,
September
9, 1895, toI consider
to of
be my
the day of my
September
1895, I consider
be the day
After finishing
school
I fixed
my attention
onattention
two places,
Amoy
Chen, for
nominally
practice,
but to
in begin
reality tofirst
begin
first revolutionary
defeat.
daysdefeat
after Ithewas
defeat
revolutionary
defeat. Three
days Three
after the
still Iinwas still in
and Yang and
Chen,Yang
nominally
practice,forbut
in reality
revolutionary
At that
time Chen-Shi-Liang
began but Canton,
tenI days
later I to
wasescape
forcedtotoHong
escape
to Hong
ten daysbut
later
was forced
Kong
by by-Kong by byrevolutionary
propaganda.propaganda.
At that time
Chen-Shi-Liang
began Canton,
recruitingformembers
for Lu-Ko-Tung
the Party. Lu-Ko-Tung
andforI set
for theand roads,
left with
for Japan
withChen-Shi-Liang
comrades Chen-Shi-Liang
and
thence and
left thence
for Japan
comrades
and
recruiting members
the Party.
and I set out
the outroads,
North,and
for Tientsin,
Pekin andin Tientsin,
order
to stable
study how
stable the
TaiChen-Shao-Bo,
to land at Yokohama.
cut offand
my pigtail and
Chen-Shao-Bo,
in-tending toin-tending
land at Yokohama.
I cut off myIpigtail
North, for Pekin
order to in
study
how
the Taiof my
return was
to China was
put on clothes,
European
put on European
as clothes,
the dateasofthe
mydate
return
to China
108

55

55

109

indeterminate.
I left
for the islands,
Philippine
islands, Chen-Shi-LiangAlthough I Although
sparedinnothis
effort
in this propaganda,
the people to
spared noI effort
propaganda,
the people to
indeterminate.
Then I left Then
for the
Philippine
Chen-Shi-Liang
China matters
to restore
matters
the point
reached
ourit was
whom
it was
directedapathetic
remainedand
apathetic
and little to
responsive
to the
whom
directed
remained
little responsive
the
returned to returned
China totorestore
to the
pointtoreached
before
our before
defeat,
while Chen-Shao-Bo
Japan
study the political
of the
Chinese Revolution.
At however,
that time,there
however,
ideas of theideas
Chinese
Revolution.
At that time,
were there were
defeat, while
Chen-Shao-Bo
remained inremained
Japan to instudy
thetopolitical
situation.
I was at
introduced
to the
Japanese and
Sugawora,
fairly widespread
Chinesethe
emigrants
so-called "Hungfairlyand
widespread
amongst theamongst
Chinesethe
emigrants
so-calledthe"Hungsituation. I was
introduced
that time attothat
the time
Japanese
Sugawora,
latertheweacquaintance
made the acquaintance
Sonei and
Miasaki,
Men "although
societies,byalthough
myhad
timebeen
theyreduced
had been
reduced to little
Men we
" societies,
my timeby
they
to little
later we made
of Sonei andofMiasaki,
with
whom with
we whom
This
was the ofbeginning
friendly relations
more than
mutualTheir
aid clubs.
Their
is The
as follows.
The supporters
more than mutual
aid clubs.
history
is ashistory
follows.
supporters
established established
connections.connections.
This was the
beginning
friendly of
relations
Chinese revolutionaries
and the Japanese.
the Ming
dynasty [Overthrown
by the
Manchudynasty
Tai-Tsing
of the Mingofdynasty
[Overthrown
by the Manchu
Tai-Tsing
in dynasty in
between thebetween
Chinese the
revolutionaries
and the Japanese.
Having
arrived
in the Philippines,
I began
to gathertocomrades
the dynasty,
Tai-Tsingbut
dynasty, but
1644]
raised
several against
rebellions
1644] toraised
several
rebellions
the against
Tai-Tsing
Having arrived
in the
Philippines,
I began to gather
comrades
strengthen
our "Association
for the Regeneration
of China,"
evensuffered
always
suffered
of the
Imperial
always
defeat
at thedefeat
handsatofthethehands
Imperial
troops,
and troops,
when, and when,
strengthen our
"Association
for the Regeneration
of China," but
even but
oldowing
comrades,
to did
our not
defeat,
did not
their
despair,
whilethe rule
during
the rulethe
of Kan-Si,
Manchu
dynasty
during
of Kan-Si,
Manchuthe
dynasty
reached
the reached
height ofthe
itsheight of its
old comrades,
to ourowing
defeat,
conceal
theirconceal
despair,
while
simply
our ideas.
Owing
to the
absence
of the necessary
allof
thethe
efforts
of theof
supporters
the Ming
dynasty
strength, allstrength,
the efforts
supporters
the Mingofdynasty
proved
to proved to
some simplysome
forswore
ourforswore
ideas. Owing
to the
absence
of the
necessary
for the development
of a revolutionary
doomedSome
to failure.
Some
of for
them
paid
for their
audacity
be latter
doomed be
to failure.
of them
paid
their
audacity
with
their with their
factors for factors
the development
of a revolutionary
movement, movement,
the latter the
slowed
down There
somewhat.
There
waswhy
no reason
long inothers
lives,
others to
managed
escape.theSeeing
the impossibility
of
managed
escape. toSeeing
impossibility
of
slowed down
somewhat.
was no
reason
I shouldwhy
stayI should
long in staylives,
the Philippines,
and
decided
leave for
in order to establish
overthrowing
the Tai-Tsings,
thenidea
on of
the idea of
overthrowing
the Tai-Tsings,
they seizedthey
thenseized
on the
the Philippines,
and I decided
to Ileave
for to
America,
in America,
order to establish
with the organiz-ation
of Chinesethere.
emigrants there. nationalism nationalism
and beganit,preaching
handing
it generation
down from to
generation to
and began preaching
handing itit,down
from
connectionsconnections
with the organiz-ation
of Chinese emigrants
day of mywas
departure
wasIfixed,
and I was
walkinggeneration.
outside
generation.
object in the
organizing
the "Hung-Men"
Their main Their
objectmain
in organizing
"Hung-Men"
societies societies
The day of The
my departure
fixed, and
was walking
outside
the town
I met ain carriage,
which I recognized
teacher
was the of
overthrow
of thedynasty
Tai-Tsing
and the of
restoration
of the
the overthrow
the Tai-Tsing
anddynasty
the restoration
the
the town when
I metwhen
a carriage,
which I in
recognized
my teacher my was
andI his
wife.on
I jumped
on to the foot-board,
to their
great
Ming
idea of nationalism
was
them anThey
auxiliary. They
Ming
dynasty.
Thedynasty.
idea of The
nationalism
was for them
an for
auxiliary.
Kandeli andKandeli
his wife.
jumped
to the foot-board,
to their great
secret,Government
avoiding Government
and even
fear,
as they apparently
took
for ancarried
evilly-on all
carried
all their
affairs insecret,
profound
theironaffairs
in profound
avoiding
surprise andsurprise
even fear,
as they
apparently
took me for
an me
evillyalsoChinese
from the
Chinese intellectuals,
disposed
person.
They
did not me,
recognize
me,considerably
as I had considerably
officials andofficials
hiding and
also hiding
from the
intellectuals,
whom theywhom they
disposed person.
They
did not
recognize
as I had
as the
eyes
and Chinese
ears of the
Chinese Government.
altered my appearance.
said,Yat-Sen,"
"I am Sunthey
Yat-Sen,"
they burst
outuponlooked
looked
as the upon
eyes and
ears
of the
Government.
Knowing Knowing
altered my appearance.
When I said,When
"I amI Sun
burst out
the psychology
of the
the "Hung-Men"
societies
laughing
and began
me byI the
hand.
I asked
them how
the they
psychology
of the masses,
the masses,
"Hung-Men"
societies spread
theirspread their
laughing and
began shaking
me shaking
by the hand.
asked
them
how they
nationalist
ideasofbyvarious
means plays,
of various
a great effect
Theythat
explained
thatonthey
were
their and
waywere
home, and
were ideas
nationalist
by means
whichplays,
had awhich
great had
effect
came there. came
They there.
explained
they were
their
wayonhome,
people.
the spread
ideas they
spread
abroad, was
everything was
day here
taking ofadvantage
the boats
stopping
there. I theamongst
amongst
people. the
In the
ideasInthey
abroad,
everything
spending thespending
day herethetaking
advantage
the boatsofstopping
there.
I
one'sandposition
and with existing
based ondiscontent
arousing with
discontent
them my
services
as guide,
theyAtaccepted.
At thebased
end ofon arousing
one's with
position
with existing
offered themoffered
my services
as guide,
which
they which
accepted.
the end of
inequality,
and the
preaching
thefor
necessity
revenge.
Their passwords
thethem
day, that
I toldI should
them that
I should
shortly be undertaking
trip round
the and
inequality,
preaching
necessity
revenge.forTheir
passwords
the day, I told
shortly
be undertaking
a trip round athe
and watchwords
vulgar and
phrases,
and Chinese
world,
to bealso,
in London
onAmerica.
my way to
America.
and this
watchwords
were dirty were
and dirty
vulgarandphrases,
Chinese
world, and hope
to and
be inhope
London
on my also,
way to
With
this With
we parted,
friendly greetings.
avoided
them in disgust.
intellectualsintellectuals
avoided them
in disgust.
we parted, after
friendlyafter
greetings.
Amongst
Chinese inemigrants
America
found an evenParty solidarity,
Partywhich
solidarity,
which
afforded
them in
help
when and
in trouble, and
afforded
them
help when
trouble,
Amongst the
Chinesethe
emigrants
America inI found
an Ieven
sleepy atmosphere
then in the Philippines.
a certain coordination
in their proved
activities,
very
a certain coordination
in their activities,
veryproved
helpful
for helpful for
more sleepymore
atmosphere
then in the Philippines.
I crossed theI crossed
continentthe continent
from San-Francisco
to New
York.
my way atI various
stopped at wanderers
various and
wanderers
and Chinese
for various
Chinese
prodigal
sons. Theirideas
nationalist ideas
for various
prodigal
sons.
Their nationalist
from San-Francisco
to New York.
On my
wayOnI stopped
for a
fewfordays
most everywhere
them
in their
struggle
the hateddynasty,
Tai-Tsing
helped themhelped
in their
struggle
against
the against
hated Tai-Tsing
anddynasty, and
places for aplaces
few days
ten
daysforatten
thedays
mostattheeverywhere
preaching
to save our mother-country
from threatening
consequently
fed of
their
hopes of a of
restoration
the Ming dynasty.
consequently
fed their hopes
a restoration
the Mingof
dynasty.
preaching that
to save that
our mother-country
from threatening
destruc-tiondestruc-tion
we must the
overthrow
thedynasty,
Tai-Tsing
that
duty of everyThe ChineseThe
Chinese
were in
constant
with the Imperial
people
werepeople
in constant
conflict
withconflict
the Imperial
we must overthrow
Tai-Tsing
anddynasty,
that theand
duty
of the
every
Chinese
to help to reconstruct
on a new democratic
officials,
and never their
abandoned
their to
opposition
the Tsing dynasty.
officials, and
never abandoned
opposition
the Tsingtodynasty.
Chinese citizen
was citizen
to helpwas
to reconstruct
China on a China
new democratic
basis.
The watchwords:
and Ming!"
"Long live
The watchwords:
"Down with"Down
Tsing!"with
andTsing!"
"Long live
wereMing!"
near were near
basis.
dear
to many
But
the same
cannot
be overseas
said of our overseas
and dear to and
many
Chinese.
ButChinese.
the same
cannot
be said
of our
110

56

56

111

time thePopular
Japanese
Popular
came and
to power,
emigrants,
as they,
being
in a free
had notonecessity
to Japanese
time the
Party
cameParty
to power,
Okumaand
wasOkuma was
emigrants, as
they, being
abroad
in a abroad
free country,
hadcountry,
no necessity
organizeofsocieties
of character.
a fighting Therefore
character. inTherefore
the Minister
appointed
Foreign
Affairs.
I was to
introduced
appointed
forMinister
Foreign for
Affairs.
I was
introduced
him and to him and to
America intheAmerica
organize societies
a fighting
societieslost
naturally
lost their
political
color, and other
becameJapanese
other politicians.
Japanese politicians.
first with
contact with
This was This
our was
first our
contact
"Hung-Men""Hung-Men"
societies naturally
their political
color,
and became
benefit
Manyofmembers
of the "Hung-Men"
did not
representatives
Japanese
ruling
circles.
I metand
Soezima and
representatives
of Japaneseofruling
circles.
Then
I metThen
Soezima
benefit clubs.
Manyclubs.
members
the "Hung-Men"
societies didsocieties
not
rightly understand
meaning
and exact
society
other representatives
of the
Japanese Opposition.
representatives
of the Japanese
Opposition.
rightly understand
the meaningtheand
exact aims
whichaims
theirwhich
societytheir other
pursued.
When I approached
them,
stay inand
America, andLater they Later
they allhelped
greatly
causeChinese
of the Chinese
all greatly
the helped
cause the
of the
pursued. When
I approached
them, during
my during
stay in my
America,
whywant
did to
they
want to the
overthrow
the Tsing
and Revolution.
Revolution.
asked them,asked
why them,
did they
overthrow
Tsing dynasty
anddynasty
the Ming
dynasty,
wereto not
give me anyThere were There
were
fully tenChinese
thousand
Chineseinemigrants
in Japan, but
fully ten
thousand
emigrants
Japan, but
restore the restore
Ming dynasty,
very
many very
were many
not able
giveable
me toany
positive
when ourhad
comrades
on a protracted
an atmosphere
of inertiaamongst
prevailed
amongst
were terribly
an atmosphere
of inertia prevailed
them.
Theythem.
were They
terribly
positive reply.
Later,reply.
whenLater,
our comrades
carried had
on acarried
protracted
revolutionary
for several
years,
of the
of revolution,
the idea of just
revolution,
like the
Chineseinemigrants
in other
of theafraid
idea of
like thejust
Chinese
emigrants
other
revolutionary
propaganda propaganda
in America in
forAmerica
several years,
members
ofmembers
the afraid
at lastthey
realized
were old nationalist
countries.
Ourhad
comrades
worked
amongst
them
for some
countries. Our
comrades
workedhad
amongst
them
for some
years;
yet years; yet
"Hung-Men""Hung-Men"
societies atsocieties
last realized
were they
old nationalist
revolutionaries.
a hundred
odd had
joined the revolu-tionary
it turned
outa that
only odd
it turned out
that only
hundred
had joined
the revolu-tionary
revolutionaries.
Although
stay in
America
of little importance
for the
movement,
which
did notone
represent
of our inemigrants in
movement,
which did not
represent
percent,one
of percent,
our emigrants
Although my
stay in my
America
was
of littlewas
importance
for the
furtherofdestinies
of the
Chinese Revolution,
it nevertheless
arousedWhile
Japan.
the propaganda
of revolutionary
ideasthe
amongst the
the While
propaganda
of revolutionary
ideas amongst
further destinies
the Chinese
Revolution,
it nevertheless
aroused Japan.
fears and on
misgivings
onthe
theImperial
part of the
Imperial Government.
emigrants
was so
anditthankless,
was difficult
even more
emigrants was
so difficult
anddifficult
thankless,
was even itmore
in difficult in
fears and misgivings
the part of
Government.
Therefore Therefore
on in
myLondon
arrival Iinalmost
London
almost
into the
of the Imperial
Chinese
were not
idea of overthrowing
the
China. The China.
ChineseThe
were
not repelled
by repelled
the idea by
of the
overthrowing
the
on my arrival
fellI into
thefell
clutches
of clutches
the Imperial
Embassy,
but I from
was saved
from
by my
teacherIt Kandeli.
It was dynasty,
Manchu
and
willingly
ourtheir
Party;
but their intelligence
anddynasty,
willingly
entered
our entered
Party; but
intelligence
Embassy, but
I was saved
peril by
myperil
teacher
Kandeli.
was Manchu
owing
himsaved
that I from
was saved
from
the great
danger
which threatened
was very
theresolidarity
was littleamongst
solidarity
amongst
them,
and they had
was very weak,
there weak,
was little
them,
and they
had
owing to him
that to
I was
the great
danger
which
threatened
me.
no convictions.
could
used asforce,
a passive
force, no
but under no
no convictions.
They could They
be used
as be
a passive
but under
me.
Afterfrom
escaping
fromI went
London,
I went to
to study
Europetheto study
the circumstances
could
they be
an active force.
circumstances
could they be
an active
force.
After escaping
London,
to Europe
of its administration,
political administration,
and make
also the
to make theFrom 1895, From
1895,
from the
moment
of our first
i.e. from
thei.e.
moment
of our
first defeat,
untildefeat,
1900, until 1900,
methods ofmethods
its political
and also to
of representa-tives
of the Opposition
parties.IIn Europe
I went
five by,
years
wentwere
by, which
were
a period
of greatand
difficulty
and suffering
five years
which
a period
of great
difficulty
suffering
acquaintanceacquaintance
of representa-tives
of the Opposition
parties. In Europe
that, the
although
the European
foremost countries
European had
countries
hadChinese
for the
Chinese revolutionary
movement.
The revolu-tionary
for the
revolutionary
movement. The
revolu-tionary
foundation foundation
understood understood
that, although
foremost
achieved
popular government,
accord
built
up inofthetencourse
ten in
years,
both in
had builtwe
uphad
in the
course
years,ofboth
the sense
ofthe
thesense
work of the work
achieved power
and power
popularandgovernment,
they could they
not could
accord not we
of our and
comrades
of thewe
positions
we had
completetohappiness
to their
peoples. the
Therefore
leading European
of each of of
oureach
comrades
in the and
sensein ofthethesense
positions
had
complete happiness
their peoples.
Therefore
leading the
European
was Propaganda
destroyed. Propaganda
alsosuccess.
had little
revolutionaries
strive revolution,
for a social and
revolution,
and Ithe
conceived
idea of wassecured,
destroyed.
abroad also abroad
had little
At success. At
revolutionaries
strive for a social
I conceived
idea of thesecured,
this monarchist
time, too, monarchist
organizations
grew
up and
became very
the simultaneous
means
of the revolution,
of time,
the too,
organizations
grew up and
became
very
the simultaneous
settlement, settlement,
by means by
of the
revolution,
of the this
on the
political
arena. were
Our hopes
almostbut
destroyed,
but our
national national
economy,independence,
national independence,
popular
on theactive
political
arena.
Our hopes
almostwere
destroyed,
our
questions ofquestions
national ofeconomy,
and popularand active
comrades
did not
fall into
and courageously
looked ahead.
freedom.
arose my"san-min-chu,"
so-called "san-min-chu,"
idea of did
not fall into
despair
and despair
courageously
looked ahead.
freedom. Hence
aroseHence
my so-called
or the ideaorofthe comrades
I sent Chen-Shao-Bo
to Hong
Kongatopaper
publish
a paper
democracy
based
on three principles.
I sent Chen-Shao-Bo
to Hong Kong
to publish
there
for there for
democracy based
on three
principles.
ordered Li-Kiang-Jo
to
the of
spreading
of revolutionary
The was
revolution
was myaim
principal
life, andI therefore
I
the spreading
revolutionary
ideas, and ideas,
orderedandLi-Kiang-Jo
to
The revolution
my principal
in life,aim
and intherefore
to theofprovince
the forces
there. I
in order
Europe,
not to lose
time to proceed
proceed
the province
Chekiangof toChekiang
organize totheorganize
forces there.
I
hastened to hastened
conclude tomyconclude
businessmy
in business
Europe, in
notintoorder
lose time
instructed Chen-Shi-Liang
to Hong
Kong toanestablish an
dear to the Irevolution.
I leftconsidering
for Japan, considering
that there,
to Chen-Shi-Liang
instructed
to proceed to
to proceed
Hong Kong
to establish
dear to the revolution.
left for Japan,
that there, nearer
to nearer
organizing
there, new
and recruit
new
for our Party.
China,more
we could
more successfully
carry
out our revolutionary
plans. bureau
organizing
there,bureau
and recruit
members
formembers
our Party.
China, we could
successfully
carry out our
revolutionary
plans.
On in
myJapan
arrival
in Japan
met at by
Yokohama
by two
leaders of theVery soonVery
the amalgamation
of the
theresoon
took there
placetook
the place
amalgamation
of the
On my arrival
I was
met atI was
Yokohama
two leaders
of the
for the Regeneration
of China"
with organizations
which
Japanese
Popular
onTokyo
we metlike
in old
Tokyo
like old
and "Association
"Association
for the Regeneration
of China" with
organizations
which
Japanese Popular
Party.
LaterParty.
on weLater
met in
friends,
andfriends,
questions
affecting
Chinafrankness.
with greatJust
frankness.
discussed alldiscussed
questionsallaffecting
China
with great
at that Just at that
112

57

57

113

in the Kwantung
province
other provincial
with his
advance
He thensuccessively
occupied successively
the
contact withcontact
his advance
guards.
He guards.
then occupied
the
had sprunghad
up sprung
in the up
Kwantung
province and
other and
provincial
organizations
of the
Yangtse valley.
wholearea
maritime
area from
Huchow,
and there
whole maritime
from Sinyang
to Sinyang
Huchow,toand
there awaited
myawaited my
organizations
of the Yangtse
valley.
thisthere
timetook
alsoplace
therethe
took
place the inspired
movement
by thewitharrival
with our supporters,
also of
thearms
arrival
arms and military
our supporters,
and also theand
arrival
andofmilitary
At this timeAt
also
movement
by inspired
the arrival
Manchu
dynasty
known
as the
"Boxer Rebellion."
Eight equipment.
ten our
days after our
However,
quite unexpectedly
However, quite
unexpectedly
for us, ten for
daysus,after
Manchu dynasty
which
was which
known was
as the
"Boxer
Rebellion."
Eight equipment.
foreign
Powers their
dispatched
troopsand
to opened
China and
opened revolutionary
military revolutionary
armies
werein changes
in the
armies opened
the opened
attack, the
thereattack,
were there
changes
the
foreign Powers
dispatched
troopstheir
to China
military
activities.
I decided
that this
moment
notand
to be
lost, and instructed
Japanese Government,
the new
took up towards
an attitude towards
Japanese Government,
and the newand
Premier
tookPremier
up an attitude
activities. I decided
that
this moment
ought
not toought
be lost,
instructed
Chen-Shi-Liang
leave forinHuchow,
order toa organize
a risingwhichChina
wasopposite
quite the
of his pre-decessor's.
was which
quite the
of opposite
his pre-decessor's.
He forbade He forbade
Chen-Shi-Liang
to leave fortoHuchow,
order to inorganize
rising China
there, and Li-Kiang-Jo
dispatched Li-Kiang-Jo
Yangchen
the same purpose.
any negotiations
the Governor-General
Formosa
and the
any negotiations
between thebetween
Governor-General
of Formosaofand
the
there, and dispatched
to Yangchento for
the sameforpurpose.
While
all these preparations
going
on very Ifeverishly,
went to revolutionaries,
Chinese revolutionaries,
and alsoboth
prohibited
bothofthe
export
and also prohibited
the export
arms
andof arms and
While all these
preparations
were going were
on very
feverishly,
went to I Chinese
Kong foreign
with some
foreign
officers,tointending
acrosstheto entry
my ofthe
entry ofofficers
Japanese
into the
Chinese Revolutionary
Army.
Japanese
intoofficers
the Chinese
Revolutionary
Army.
Hong KongHong
with some
officers,
intending
get acrossto togetmy
native
countrythere
by water,
therepersonal
to assume
personal
the best
This disarranged
I sentand
Yamada
disarranged
my whole my
plan.whole
I sentplan.
Yamada
a few and
morea few more
native country
by water,
to assume
control
overcontrol
the bestover This
ofand
the to
nation,
and atodisciplined
organize a revolutionary
disciplined revolutionary
army to tocomrades
camp of Chen-Shi-Liang,
to inform
comrades
the camptoofthe
Chen-Shi-Liang,
to inform him
of whathim
hadof what had
forces of theforces
nation,
organize
army to
from destruction.
But quite unexpectedly
myself
I was
andhim
to instruct
him to acttoaccording
to the circumstances
of
taken
place taken
and toplace
instruct
to act according
the circumstances
of
save China save
from China
destruction.
But quite unexpectedly
for myself Ifor
was
by some and
scoundrel,
andKong
the Hong
Kong subjected
authorities subjected
moment.
arrived
his camp,
days had passed
the moment.theWhen
they When
arrivedthey
at his
camp,at thirty
days thirty
had passed
betrayed bybetrayed
some scoundrel,
the Hong
authorities
me to
search not
andallow
wouldme
nottoallow
to land.
this not
way I since
was not
since the ofbeginning
of operations.
army men
of 10,000
men had been
the beginning
operations.
An army ofAn
10,000
had been
me to a search
anda would
land. me
In this
way In
I was
out my
original
plan.ITherefore,
placed full responsibility
collected
with was impatiently
arrival
arms and superior
collected with
was impatiently
awaiting theawaiting
arrival ofthearms
andof
superior
able to carryable
out to
mycarry
original
plan.
Therefore,
placed fullIresponsibility
on Chen-Shi-Liang,
and sent Yang-Tsu-Ya,
officers. officers.
at Huchow atonHuchow
Chen-Shi-Liang,
and sent Yang-Tsu-Ya,
Yun-Li-Tsi,Yun-Li-Tsi,
it was decided
Chen-Shao-Bo
others
to Hong
Kong
help him.myself
I returned myselfWhen theyWhen
theyYamada's
received information,
Yamada's information,
received
it was decided
Chen-Shao-Bo
and others toand
Hong
Kong
to help
him.toI returned
and Chen-Shi-Liang
to Japan,
whence,toI Formosa,
traveled tointending
Formosa,again
intending
again
out immediately
immediately
to dissolve tothedissolve
troops, the
and troops,
Chen-Shi-Liang
returned to returned to
to Japan, whence,
I traveled
to think
outto think
Konghundreds
with some
of ourYamada
comrades.
meansinto
of getting
The Governor-General
Hong Kong Hong
with some
ofhundreds
our comrades.
lostYamada
his way,lost his way,
some meanssome
of getting
China. into
The China.
Governor-General
of Formosa of Formosa
wasthe
seized
by the
Imperial
and wasThis
executed.
that time,a Kodama,
man who sympathized
great deal
waswith
seized by
Imperial
troops,
and troops,
was executed.
was theThis
firstwas the first
was, at thatwas,
time,atKodama,
man who asympathized
a great dealawith
foreigner
whohis
sacrificed
hisaltar
life on
the Chinese
altar of the
Chinese Revolution.
Chinese Revolution,
as he that
considered
thatwas
theentirely
North was
in who
foreigner
sacrificed
life on the
of the
Revolution.
the Chinese the
Revolution,
as he considered
the North
in entirely
time that Chen-Shi-Liang
was in
grip of
Heone
instructed
one of histoassistants
thatthe
Chen-Shi-Liang
was in the thick
of the thick
fight,of
Li-the fight, Lithe grip of the
anarchy.
Heanarchy.
instructed
of his assistants
enter intoto enter intoAt the time At
at Cantontoattempted
help
him, but unsuccessfully.
with me,that
promising
were
a serious
he at Kiang-Jo
Kiang-Jo
Canton attempted
help him,tobut
unsuccessfully.
Then he Then he
negotiationsnegotiations
with me, promising
if there that
wereifathere
serious
outbreak
he outbreak
decideda to
throw
bomb
into ofthetheoffice
of theofGovernor
would
decided to throw
bomb
intoa the
office
Governor
the two of the two
would support
us. support us.
Kwan(Kwantung
provinces (Kwantung
andbut
Kwangsi),
butdid
thenot
bomb
did not burst,
I extended
original
plan,the
increasing
number of specialist
Kwan provinces
and Kwangsi),
the bomb
burst,
I extended our
original our
plan,
increasing
number the
of specialist
he was
andThis
executed.
This
was hero
the second
hero to perish
as atour
thatparty
time had
our too
party
too few conscious
politically conscious
and he was and
arrested
andarrested
executed.
was the
second
to perish
officers, as officers,
at that time
fewhad
politically
for theHe
Republic.
He with
was a man
with
strongand
will
wise and
military
at its
the other
hand,Chen-ShiI ordered Chen-Shifor the Republic.
was a man
strong
willa wise
sincere:
he sincere: he
military experts
at itsexperts
disposal.
Ondisposal.
the otherOn
hand,
I ordered
might bewith
compared
with Lu-Ko-Tung,
as their
and their talents
Liang
alter the
plan ofthe
attacking
principal
of the
be compared
Lu-Ko-Tung,
as their courage
andcourage
their talents
Liang to alter
the tooriginal
planoriginal
of attacking
principalthecity
of the citymight
resembled
another.
They both
and wrote
province,
instead
seize thearea
maritime
area and concentrate
our one
another.one
They
both painted
andpainted
wrote verses
well.verses
Lu- well. Luprovince, and
instead and
to seize
thetomaritime
and concentrate
our resembled
Ko-Tung
was courageous
and Li-Kiang-Jo
and it was truly
there,
and then
begin the attack.
Ko-Tung was
courageous
and Li-Kiang-Jo
was fearless,was
andfearless,
it was truly
forces there,forces
and then
to begin
the to
attack.
sad to
that
ourlost
defeat
lostmost
theseworthy
two most
Chen-Shi-Liang
for the place
appointed
on owing
sad that
ourowing
defeattowe
thesewetwo
menworthy
of theirmen of their
Chen-Shi-Liang
immediatelyimmediately
left for theleft
appointed
on place
age.
these was
two heroes
was undoubtedly
for the
receipt
of my instructions.
thepeasant
most part
peasant detachments
age. The loss
of The
theseloss
twoofheroes
undoubtedly
unfortu-nateunfortu-nate
for the
receipt of my
instructions.
With for theWith
mostfor
part
detachments
of the
Chinese Revolution,
but the
spiritual
under his he
command,
Imperial
soldiers at
and
future
of thefuture
Chinese
Revolution,
but the spiritual
strength
andstrength
courageand courage
under his command,
attacked he
theattacked
Imperialthe
soldiers
at Sinyang
andSinyang
these twowho
comrades
who
perished
worthy
of the
of all
andthem,
disarmed
them,attacked
and thenLungan,
attackedTanshuiLungan, Tanshuiof these twoofcomrades
perished
were
worthywere
of the
imitation
ofimitation
all
Shenchuan Shenchuan
and disarmed
and then
those whoalive.
remained
alive.
I alwaysthem:
remember
them:
although
and other
points. Everywhere
he was with
successful,
with the
result
those
who remained
I always
remember
although
they
are they are
Yunhu, and Yunhu,
other points.
Everywhere
he was successful,
the result
dead,
yet "their
souls still
continue
to dwell
around my breast."
that the
Imperial
troops
began to
soon
as into
they came
dead,into
yet "their
souls
still continue
to dwell
around
my breast."
that the Imperial
troops
began
to disperse
as disperse
soon as as
they
came
114

58

58

115

was thedefeat
second
of the concession.
Chinese
concession.
Onehowever,
of them,managed
however,tomanaged
to escape
abroad. Then
The 1900 The
affair1900
was affair
the second
of defeat
the Chinese
One of them,
escape abroad.
Then
However,
after this
of the there
Chinese
there
trial in
of which
its kind,
which the
dynasty
Revolution. Revolution.
However, after
this defeat
the defeat
attitudethe
of attitude
the Chinese
followed
thefollowed
only trialthe
ofonly
its kind,
theindynasty
brought
an brought an
people
towards us
changed
greatly.
After
our first
defeat,on
all looked
action
against aninindividual
in Court,
the foreign
Court,
its case. Chopeople towards
us changed
greatly.
After
our first
defeat,
all looked
actionon
against
an individual
the foreign
and won
its and
case.won
Chous robbers,
as rioters,
robbers,
who were
doing unjust.
something
werewas sentenced
Chang wasonly
sentenced
two years' imprisonment.
us as rioters,
who
were doing
something
We unjust.
were We
Chang
to two only
years'toimprisonment.
overwhelmed
curseswe
andwere
abuse,
we were
upon as poisonousDuring thisDuring
popular grew
movement
grewandstronger and
overwhelmed
with curses with
and abuse,
looked
uponlooked
as poisonous
period this
the period
popularthe
movement
stronger
and people
our acquaintance.
Afterofthe
defeat of
1900, The
stronger.
Thehailed
emigrants
joy the appearance
of Cho-Chang's
snakes, and snakes,
people avoided
ouravoided
acquaintance.
After the defeat
1900,
stronger.
emigrants
with hailed
joy thewith
appearance
of Cho-Chang's
the former
voices
which
cursed
us were
heardasas loudly
book, The Revolutionary
Army,hein attacked
which hetheattacked
the Tai-Tsing
although thealthough
former voices
which
cursed
us were
heard
as loudly
book, as
The Revolutionary
Army, in which
Tai-Tsing
were
already
many Chinese
intelligent
Chinese
whoour
regretted
our very
dynasty
very Itstrongly.
played
in the revolutionary
ever, there ever,
were there
already
many
intelligent
who
regretted
dynasty
strongly.
played aIt big
part a inbigthepart
revolutionary
defeat andtoexpressed
to us theirIfsympathy.
If this bewith
compared
the amongst
movement
Chinese This
emigrants.
periodtoI consider
to be
defeat and expressed
us their sympathy.
this be compared
the with
movement
theamongst
Chinesethe
emigrants.
period This
I consider
be
past,we
of shall
course
wea shall
find a vast and
difference,
and ourwho
comrades
of the Chinese
the of
beginning
of of
thethe
epoch
the wide development
past, of course
find
vast difference,
our comrades
the who
beginning
the epoch
wideofdevelopment
of the Chinese
this were
greatlyindelighted
in their
hearts
at these
of revolutionary
realized thisrealized
were greatly
delighted
their hearts
at these
signs
of signs
revolutionary
movement. movement.
China's
gradual from
awakening
fromglamour
sleep. The
glamour
In the
1900-1903
theofGovernor
of Annam
several
times requested
China's gradual
awakening
sleep. The
of the
powerofofthe
thepower of theIn 1900-1903
Governor
Annam several
times
requested
Tai-Tsing
finallywhen
dispersed
when of
thethe
troops
the French
Consultoatinvite
Tokyo
meet him personally,
but
Tai-Tsing dynasty
wasdynasty
finally was
dispersed
the troops
eightof the
the eight
French Consul
at Tokyo
metotoinvite
meet me
himtopersonally,
but
Powers
entered as conquerors
while the representatives
of I somehow
could
find
time
for this.
When the was
Exhibition was
Powers entered
as conquerors
into Pekin, into
whilePekin,
the representatives
of
somehow
could not Ifind
thenot
time
forthe
this.
When
the Exhibition
Imperial
fled,
after anagreed
armistice
to an indemnity
openedI went
at Hanoi
I went
there,I but
whenin IAnnam
arrived Iinlearned
Annam I learned
the Imperialthe
House
fled, House
and after
anand
armistice
to anagreed
indemnity
opened at Hanoi
there,
but when
arrived
of 100The
millions.
material of
conditions
of the that
Chinese
that thehad
Governor
leftin-structing
for home, in-structing
for damagesforof damages
100 millions.
materialThe
conditions
the Chinese
the Governor
resignedhad
andresigned
left for and
home,
his Chief his Chief
worse and
andperil
a terrible
periltocontinued
to hang toSecretary
to receive
me well.
stayI at
Hanoi
people grewpeople
worsegrew
and worse,
and worse,
a terrible
continued
hang Secretary
receive me
well. During
my During
stay at my
Hanoi
made
the I made the
of Hua-Lun-Chen,
Wang-Tsei-Ting,
and
over our Motherland.
AllChinese
intelligent
Chinese
began to that
understand
that acquaintance
over our Motherland.
All intelligent
began
to understand
acquaintance
of Hua-Lun-Chen,
Wang-Tsei-Ting,
Wa-Bi-YangWa-Bi-Yang
and
otherall
comrades:
ofbecame
them later
our sympathizers,
on of
thedestruction.
brink of destruction.
From thisa moment
a new
China was China
on thewas
brink
From this moment
new
other
comrades:
of them all
later
our became
sympathizers,
and took a and took a
Liang.
of the Hanoi
great
in attheKiang
affair Liang.
at Kiang
revolutionary
began
revolutionary
wave began wave
to grow
up. to grow up.
great part in
the part
affair
At the
endAtof the
the end
Hanoi
I again
left forround
a journey
roundthrough
the world
through
this time
nearly
all thebegan
provinces
began
to send
to IExhibition,
At this timeAtnearly
all the
provinces
to send
students
to students
Exhibition,
again left for
a journey
the world
Japan
and Japan and
America.
Japantheir
to receive
theirthere.
education
there.
students
came
Japan to receive
education
Amongst
theAmongst
studentsthe
who
came who
America.
When
traveling
through
I was
met by Lo-Chung-Kai,
Futo Tokyo
turned
out topeople
be many
to Tokyo there
turnedthere
out to
be many
withpeople
young with
and young
clear and clearWhen traveling
through
Japan
I wasJapan
met by
Lo-Chung-Kai,
Fuwho ex-pressed
their full with
sympathy
seized on revolu-tionary
ideas
once,entered
and soon Fu-Ma
entered andFu-Ma
heads. Theyheads.
seizedThey
on revolu-tionary
ideas at once,
andatsoon
others,and
whoothers,
ex-pressed
their full sympathy
the with the
requested
set up an organization
the revolutionary
All the of
arguments
of the
of that Revolution.
the revolutionary
movement. movement.
All the arguments
the students
of students
that Revolution.
I requested Ithem
to setthem
up anto organization
amongst theamongst the
most comrades.
intelligent Later
comrades.
Laterour
on, "United
when our
"United
League" was
all theirturned
thoughts,
turned
around revolutionary
questions.
a
day, and all day,
theirand
thoughts,
around
revolutionary
questions. At
a
mostAtintelligent
on, when
League"
was
up, they
very many
with them.
After the defeat
students'
Year's Day
meeting Lu-Chen-Yui
made aon
biga speech
onset
a up,being
students' New
Year's New
Day meeting
Lu-Chen-Yui
made a big speech
being
they set
brought
verybrought
many people
with people
them. After
the defeat
the period
before up
theofsetting
up of the
"United League"
overthrow
Manchu
He was
expelled
the atinHuchow,
revolution torevolution
overthrowtothe
Manchuthe
dynasty.
Hedynasty.
was expelled
from
the from
at Huchow,
the periodin before
the setting
the "United
League"
we were
joined by Li-Tsi-Tang
and Hun-Tsuan-Fu
at Canton
University
at the
of theMinister
Imperialin Minister
in Tokyo.weOther
University at
the demand
of demand
the Imperial
Tokyo. Other
were joined
by Li-Tsi-Tang
and Hun-Tsuan-Fu
at Canton and
Huan- and HuanKi-Tsiang
andinMa-Fu-Yi
in the
of Hunan.
The revolutionary
students,
such as Tsi-Yuan-Chen,
Chen-Cha-Chai,
Chai-Bo-Tsuan,
students, such
as Tsi-Yuan-Chen,
Chen-Cha-Chai,
Chai-Bo-Tsuan,
Ki-Tsiang and
Ma-Fu-Yi
the province
of province
Hunan. The
revolutionary
movement
in China
was
growing
muchThe
stronger.
Thewho
emigrants who
published
popular newspapers
to spread revolutionary
ideas. movement in
published popular
newspapers
to spread revolutionary
ideas.
China was
growing
much
stronger.
emigrants
werebeing
gradually
being
inclined
tothe
theRevolution
side of the Revolution
This revolutionary
Chinese students
This revolutionary
movement movement
amongst theamongst
Chinesethestudents
lived abroadlived
wereabroad
gradually
inclined
to the
side of
found
way into
China. Atthe
Shanghai
students Chang-Tai-Yang,
by the revolutionary
of theand
students
and the popular
found its way
intoitsChina.
At Shanghai
studentsthe
Chang-Tai-Yang,
by the revolutionary
propaganda propaganda
of the students
the popular
movement
in China,
during my
journey
Japan everywhere
Wu-Wei-Hoi,
and others
thepapers
Christian
for in
Wu-Wei-Hoi,
Cho-Chang Cho-Chang
and others utilized
the utilized
Christian
for papers
movement
China, and
during and
my journey
across
Japanacross
everywhere
expressed
theirtosympathy
to me.
revolutionary
Theirwere
actions
were complained
of by their
revolutionary
propaganda.propaganda.
Their actions
sympathy
me.
complained
of by expressed
In of
the1905
Spring
of 1905inIEurope
arrived once
in Europe
again, and the
representatives
of theauthorities,
Imperial authorities,
in consequence
I arrived
again, once
and the
representatives
of the Imperial
in consequence
of which of whichIn the Spring
of the
students
there were of
supporters
of the Revolution.
They
wereandarrested
and imprisoned
on theof territory
of the majority
foreign of majority
the students
there
were supporters
the Revolution.
They
on the territory
the foreign
they were they
arrested
imprisoned
116

59

59

117

informed
that his Government
only just
arrivedfrom
in Europe
JapanThe
or revolutionary
China. The revolutionary
had only justhad
arrived
in Europe
Japan from
or China.
informed me
that hisme
Government
intended tointended
support to
thesupport
Chinesethe Chinese
seizedand
on they
them,soon
andbegan
they soon
to go
on from arguments
and then
askedwas
me the
what
was the
as regards the
wave seizedwave
on them,
to gobegan
on from
arguments
Revolution, Revolution,
and then asked
me what
position
as position
regards the
about the Revolution
to direct revolutionary
I then set
forth
revolutionary
forces.
I told
theoftrue
stateThen
of affairs.
Then he again
about the Revolution
to direct revolutionary
activities. I activities.
then set forth
revolutionary
forces. I told
him the
truehim
state
affairs.
he again
my long-guarded
about embodied
democracyinembodied
in three principles
asked
me how
matters
stood
with the organization
of our
military forces
my long-guarded
ideas about ideas
democracy
three principles
asked me how
matters
stood
with the
organization
of our military
forces
and the Constitution,"
"Fivefold Constitution,"
order a torevolutionary
create a revolutionary
in theand
provinces,
and our connections
with the
districts,
adding
and the "Fivefold
in order toincreate
in the provinces,
our connections
with the districts,
adding
that if
all that if all
on Our
theirfirst
basis.
Our first
place at
Brussels,
were
in this
respect his Government
would immediately
give
organizationorganization
on their basis.
meeting
tookmeeting
place attook
Brussels,
and
wereand
not well
in not
this well
respect
his Government
would immediately
give
people
second
wasinorganized
in To us
To this
I replied
that in this
respect
all had
yet been done,
thirty peoplethirty
entered
our entered
League.our
TheLeague.
second The
meeting
wasmeeting
organized
us help.
thishelp.
I replied
that
in this respect
all had
not yet
beennot
done,
and there
persons
The third
wasasked
in him
and to
asked
to sendtoushelp
agents
to help
also to the
investigate the
Berlin, and Berlin,
there twenty
odd twenty
personsodd
joined.
The joined.
third meeting
wasmeeting
in
and
sendhim
us agents
us, and
alsous,
to and
investigate
whereentered
ten people
entered the
but atmeeting
the fourth
in andposition
and
establish connections.
Theysome
then officers
sent some
officers from
Paris, whereParis,
ten people
the League;
butLeague;
at the fourth
in meeting
position
establish
connections.
They then sent
from
Tokyo
several
new
members
joined.
in ourtheir
League
their
Tientsin
to be at my disposal.
Tokyo several
hundred
newhundred
members
joined.
There
were There
in our were
League
Tientsin
staff
to be atstaff
my disposal.
representatives
of all the ofprovinces
of China,
with the ofexception ofI instructedI Lo-Chung-Kai
instructed Lo-Chung-Kai
office at Tientsin,
representatives
of all the provinces
China, with
the exception
to organizetoanorganize
office atanTientsin,
Kansu,
as not
Kansu
had not
sent any
students
Japan.
our Li-Chung-Sha
instructed Li-Chung-Sha
with some
officers
leave forand
Kwantung and
Kansu, as Kansu
had
yet sent
anyyet
students
to Japan.
Attothe
time At
ourthe time
instructed
with some officers
to leave
for to
Kwantung
was
set up
the word "revolution"
was stilland
terrifying,
and to Kwangsi
to the
investigate
position,
ordered Hu-Yi-Chen
to travel with
League wasLeague
being set
upbeing
the word
"revolution"
was still terrifying,
Kwangsi
investigate
position,the
ordered
Hu-Yi-Chen
to travel with
therefore
simply
called the
"Unitedwhich
League,"some
which
some
officers
to theofprovinces
Szechuan
therefore our
League our
wasLeague
simply was
called
the "United
League,"
officers
to the
provinces
Szechuanofand
Yunnanand
andYunnan
also toand also to
namefor
it retained
for fairly long.
investigate
the local
and finally
ordered Kiao-Yi-Chai
name it retained
fairly long.
investigate the
local position,
andposition,
finally ordered
Kiao-Yi-Chai
to travel to travel
After the
of the
"UnitedI League,"
began to with
believe
with some
officersand
to Nankin
Wuhan
the same
At that
After the creation
of creation
the "United
League,"
began to Ibelieve
some officers
to Nankin
Wuhan and
for the
samefor
purpose.
Atpurpose.
that
of theRevolution
Chinese Revolution
wasbefore
opening
time freshly
there were
freshlytroops
mobilized
troops at
Nanking
that a new that
era aofnew
the era
Chinese
was opening
us. before
time us.
there were
mobilized
at Nanking
and
Wuhan,and
andWuhan, and
I hadonce
moremet
than
once
metdifficulties,
with great difficulties,
they our
welcomed
ouroncomrades
on their
arrival. At
Nanking preliminary
Previously, Previously,
I had more than
with
great
I had been I had
theybeen
welcomed
comrades
their arrival.
At Nanking
preliminary
spatridiculed
upon and
by than
all. Ionce
moresuffered
than once
suffered
but I
negotia-tions
with carried
them were
carried
on by
a certain
comrade Chao-Po.
spat upon and
byridiculed
all. I more
defeats,
but defeats,
I
negotia-tions
with them were
on by
a certain
comrade
Chao-Po.
movedalthough
forward,I although
I must
that I He
did had
not conferences
He had conferences
and secretwith
meetings
with their
audaciouslyaudaciously
moved forward,
must confess
thatconfess
I did not
and secret meetings
their officers
up officers
to the up to the
Wuhan, Lu-Tsia-Yun
of the accomplishment
of theofoverthrow
of the
Manchu rank
dynasty
rank ofcommander.
battalion commander.
dream of thedream
accomplishment
of the overthrow
the Manchu
dynasty
of battalion
At Wuhan,AtLu-Tsia-Yun
carried on carried on
Together
somemilitary
of thecomrades,
military comrades,
he
still in my
life-time.from
However,
from the
Autumn
of 1905
onwards,
after negotiations.
still in my life-time.
However,
the Autumn
of 1905
onwards,
after
negotiations.
Together with
some with
of the
he
a general
church,very
to which
very many people
creation
of the revolutionary
"United
League,"convinced
I became convinced
the creation the
of the
revolutionary
"United League,"
I became
summoned asummoned
general meeting
in ameeting
church,intoa which
many people
the Commander
of the
it isthere
said was
that even
there present
was even
that
the great
of the
Chinese would
Revolution
would be accomplished
that the great
cause
of thecause
Chinese
Revolution
be accomplished
came: it is came:
said that
the present
Commander
of the
troops, At
Chang-Hu.
At this
all present
made
speeches
was I then
that to
I decided
to put
theChang-Hu.
during my during
lifetime.myIt lifetime.
was thenIt that
decided
put forward
theforward
troops,
this meeting
all meeting
present made
speeches
entirely
in entirely in
of the and
revolution,
andofficers
the French
alsothis.
supported this.
of Republic,
a Chineseand
Republic,
and toit advocate
beforefavor
all the
watchword watchword
of a Chinese
to advocate
before allit the
of the favor
revolution,
the French
alsoofficers
supported
All this
became
widely
and soon after-wards
ChangParty,
orderthey
that returned
when they
returned
each toAll this became
members ofmembers
our Party,ofinour
order
thatinwhen
home
each home
to
widely
known,
andknown,
soon after-wards
Changthe Governor-General
of the of
provinces
his own
province
should
widely
support the
his own province
they
should they
widely
support
the necessity
ofnecessity
revolutionof revolution
Chi-Tung, Chi-Tung,
the Governor-General
of the provinces
Hupeh of
andHupeh and
Kwantung,
sent awho
foreigner,
worked
in thetoCustoms,
to spy on the
to set up aScarcely
Republic.
Scarcely
a year had
passed
before
10,000Kwantung,
people sent
to set up a Republic.
a year
had passed
before
10,000
people
a foreigner,
workedwho
in the
Customs,
spy on the
French
By his
expressing
histhe
loyalty
to the
Chinese Revolution,
joined our
"UnitedBranches
League."were
Branches
wereinorganized
all ofofficers.
joined our "United
League."
organized
almost allinofalmost
French
Byofficers.
expressing
loyalty to
Chinese
Revolution,
with the
FrenchThey
officers. They
this spy
into closewith
relations
theand
provinces,
andtime
from
this time
the revolutionary
the provinces,
from this
forward
the forward
revolutionary
movement movement
this spy entered
intoentered
close relations
the French
officers.
accepted
him as aand
European,
told him everything.
Chang-Chi-Tung
aheadstrides.
with great
strides.development
Its further development
all my him
went ahead went
with great
Its further
exceeded allexceeded
my accepted
as a European,
told himand
everything.
Chang-Chi-Tung
then sent
reports
to the
Imperial Government
at Pekin,them
informing them
anticipations.
anticipations.
then sent reports
to the
Imperial
Government
at Pekin, informing
of allofthe
of the
Chinese revolutionaries,
both
real and invented.
foreign governments
thatbegan
time to
alsolook
began
to look
upon
The foreignThe
governments
at that timeatalso
upon
of all
the plans
theplans
Chinese
revolutionaries,
both real and
invented.
The
Imperial Government
when these
it received
these
reports, immediately
Chinese revolutionaries
favorably.
On onewhen
occasion
I was
the Chinesethe
revolutionaries
favorably. On
one occasion
I waswhenThe
Imperial
Government
when it received
reports,
immediately
passing
throughon
Woosung
wayI towas
Japan,
I was
by a negotiations
opened negotiations
with the
FrenchonEmbassy
on thisThe
question. The
passing through
Woosung
my wayonto my
Japan,
visited
by avisited
opened
with the French
Embassy
this question.
French
on the instructions
of hisofficers,
superiorwho
officers,
whoEmbassy,
Frenchnot
Embassy,
not being with
acquainted
all the circumstances,
asked
French officer,
on officer,
the instructions
French
being acquainted
all the with
circumstances,
asked
of his superior
118

60

60

119

its Government
should
be the
doneofficer
with the
officer
to, to thefollowed
revolt of
this also
suffered defeat.
its Government
what shouldwhat
be done
with
referred
to, referred
to
followed
revolt ofthe
Min-Tan
at Min-Tan
Huchow, at
butHuchow,
this alsobut
suffered
defeat.
which aitreply
received
a reply itinstructing
to hush
upaffair.
the whole
This
was defeat.
my fourth
defeat.
In the
Lian aand
Tsian a rising
which it received
instructing
to hush upit the
whole
The affair.
ThisThe
was my
fourth
In the
districts
of districts
Lian andofTsian
rising
Pekin could
authorities
could doSome
nothing.
later,the
however,
place on
of unwillingness
to pay
The Imperial
Pekin authorities
do nothing.
time Some
later, time
however,
took the
place took
on account
of account
unwillingness
to pay taxes.
The taxes.
Imperial
French Government
wasand
changed,
the new
Cabinet
quite a Govern-ment
sent
its troops,
under theof
leadership
French Government
was changed,
the newand
Cabinet
took
quite atook Govern-ment
sent 4,000 of
its 4,000
troops,ofunder
the leadership
Kuo-Jen-of Kuo-Jendifferent
of theIt question.
It recalled
andand Chao-Po-Siang
Chang and Chao-Po-Siang
to restore
order.
I ordered Huang-Kai-Tsiang
different view
of theview
question.
recalled this
officer this
and officer
others, and
and others,
Chang
to restore order.
I ordered
Huang-Kai-Tsiang
and executed.
and Hu-Yi-Chen
visit theircamps
respective
camps and
persuade
subsequentlysubsequently
Lu-Tsia-YunLu-Tsia-Yun
was arrestedwas
andarrested
executed.
and Hu-Yi-Chen
to visit theirtorespective
and persuade
them
to go them to go
From
the very of
foundation
of the
"United
we published
to the revolution.
side of the Both
revolution.
Both
generals
From the very
foundation
the "United
League"
weLeague"
published
over to the over
side of
generals
declared
thatdeclared
if a realthat if a real
which
far the
and ideas
wide of
thethe
ideas
of the revolutionary
Chinese
revolutionary
army
actually
revolted,
they it.
would join it.
newspapers newspapers
which spread
far spread
and wide
Chinese
army actually
revolted,
they
would join
embodied
in principles
the three and
principles
After
we sent to
organizers
Liandistricts
and Tsien
Revolution, Revolution,
democracy democracy
embodied in
the three
the and theAfter this we
sentthis
organizers
the Lian to
andtheTsien
to districts to
"Fivefold Constitution."
wave of revolu-tionary
thought
all allmobilize
and coordinate
their
all the
groups of intelli-gent
"Fivefold Constitution."
A wave of Arevolu-tionary
thought rolled
all rolled
mobilize
the groups
of intelli-gent
citizens andcitizens
coordinate
their
butits
it highest
reached point
its highest
whentowe
began to activity.
publish Weactivity.
also sent
Suan-E
and to
Chuan-Chi
arms in Japan.
over China,over
but itChina,
reached
when point
we began
publish
also sentWe
Suan-E
and
Chuan-Chi
buy armstoinbuy
Japan.
time
we were
joinedheroes
by famous
heroes like Hsu-Si-Lin,
Moreover,
collectedincomrades
in Annam,
invited
many French
journals. At journals.
that timeAt
wethat
were
joined
by famous
like Hsu-Si-Lin,
Moreover, we
collectedwecomrades
Annam, and
invited and
many
French
Sun-Yaen-Tsi,
Tsu-Tsin
officers
from
amongst
those demobilised
as instructors.
We considered
Sun-Yaen-Tsi,
Tsu-Tsin and
others. and others.
officers from
amongst
those
demobilised
as instructors.
We considered
revoltbegan
at Pinli
began and
in 1907,
and was
that,
wewe
hadwould
arms,be
weable
would
be able
seizemaritime
the whole maritime
The revolt The
at Pinli
in 1907,
was carried
outcarried
that, out
once we
hadonce
arms,
to seize
the to
whole
independently
by ourLeague"
"Unitedwith
League"
withforces,
its own
area from
Tungsin.
extremely
for the
independently
by our "United
its own
the forces,
area the
from Fanchen
to Fanchen
Tungsin.toTungsin
is Tungsin
extremelyis suitable
for suitable
the
revolutionary
beingout
organized
out of itsAtmembers.
that organization
of a revolutionary
as on
it borders
on the French
revolutionary
army being army
organized
of its members.
the time At
thatthe time
organization
of a revolutionary
army, as itarmy,
borders
the French
our revolutionary
army was conducting
a life-and-death
struggle
with concession,
various
kinds equipment
of military can
equipment
can be transported
our revolutionary
army was conducting
a life-and-death
struggle with
concession,
and various and
kinds
of military
be transported
Imperial
troops
all members
our Tokyowere
members
were
to con-venience
with great con-venience
over
the river
which
separates them.
the Imperialthe
troops
at Pinli,
all at
ourPinli,
Tokyo
yearning
to yearning
with great
over the river
which
separates
them.
go, and
our with
Committee
with
requests
With of
thearms
arrival
arms weonreckoned
onand
equipping
go, and besieged
ourbesieged
Committee
requests
to send
themtotosend
the them
front to the frontWith the arrival
we of
reckoned
equipping
arming and arming
2,000 then
odd to
men,
then an
to army
collectofan6,000
armymen
of 6,000
part in the
fighting.
I know
of cases
somewho
comrades
who
to take part to
in take
the fighting.
I know
of cases
when
some when
comrades
2,000
odd men,
collect
in the men
Tsienin the Tsien
andtoonly
then to
convince Kuo-Jen-Chang
to to
come
were
not able
thelike
front
cried like children.
were not able
to leave
for to
theleave
frontfor
cried
children.
district, anddistrict,
only then
convince
Kuo-Jen-Chang
to come over
our over to our
way toweorganize
hoped toa strong
organize
a strong
after a
Unfortunately,
weinformed
were notininformed
in about
good time
Unfortunately,
we were not
good time
the about
side. the
In thisside.
wayInwethis
hoped
army,
whicharmy,
after which
a
period could
of training
easily
occupy theofprovinces
of Kwantung
revolt
at Pinli,
which by
wasmembers
begun byofmembers
of our
and we
revolt at Pinli,
which
was begun
our League,
andLeague,
we
short
periodshort
of training
easilycould
occupy
the provinces
Kwantung
andand
Kwangsi,
and then
advance
join the lately
so late
we were
unable
to make
adequate pre-paration.
learned of itlearned
so late of
thatit we
werethat
unable
to make
adequate
pre-paration.
and Kwangsi,
then advance
towards
the towards
Yangtsethe
andYangtse
join theand
lately
mobilised
troops of
Nanking
Wuhan,
which
give us at last
lostatthe
battle
Pinli and Lu-Tao-Yi,
Yuan-Hun-Yin
We lost the We
battle
Pinli
and at
Lu-Tao-Yi,
Nin-Tiao-Yi,Nin-Tiao-Yi,
Yuan-Hun-Yin
mobilised troops
of Nanking
and
Wuhan,and
which
would
give would
us at last
of the revolution.
sufficient
for the successful
and otherwere
comrades
werebycaptured
by the
Imperial
were forces
and other comrades
captured
the Imperial
troops.
Parttroops.
were Part
sufficient
for forces
the successful
completion completion
of the revolution.
However,
quite unexpectedly
us, some
troubles
took
executed,
and parttosentenced
to imprisonment.
the firstHowever,
battle- quite
executed, and
part sentenced
imprisonment.
This was theThis
firstwas
battleunexpectedly
for us, somefortroubles
took
place in
ourplace in our
Tokyo committee,
for theofpurchase
arms fell through.
christening
of theofmembers
of our
"United
League."
it couldcommittee,
christening of
the members
our "United
League."
After
this itAfter
couldthis Tokyo
and the planand
forthe
theplan
purchase
arms fellofthrough.
Fanchen
this
time was
but as
did Inot
that the revolutionary
movement
seized
the whole
in at this
be said that be
thesaid
revolutionary
movement seized
on the
wholeoncountry
in country
Fanchen
time at
was
attacked,
butattacked,
as the arms
didthe
notarms
arrive,
lostarrive, I lost
in thewho
comrades
set out them,
to procure
unprecedented
Theofmembers
of our
League ofin Tokyo,
of confidence
unprecedented
dimensions.dimensions.
The members
our League
in Tokyo,
confidence
in the comrades
had setwho
outhad
to procure
whilethem, while
thatstill
the did
armsnotstill did not
who hadFanchen,
attackedseeing
Fanchen,
course,
also not
remain
passive Then
spectators.
Then the Imperial
course, could
also could
not remain
passive
spectators.
the Imperial
those who those
had attacked
that seeing
the arms
to theGovernment
Japanese Government
that be
we should
arrive,towithdrew
to Kiangchow,
that of
the Kuo-Jentroops of Kuo-JenGovernmentGovernment
proposed toproposed
the Japanese
that we should
arrive,bewithdrew
Kiangchow,
hoping thathoping
the troops
expelled
from of
theJapan.
borders of Japan.
Chang
join latter,
them. The
latter,seeing
however,
that our forces
expelled from
the borders
Chang would
join would
them. The
however,
that seeing
our forces
I set
out from
Japan withand
Han-Min
and Ching-Wei
Annam,
werecould
too weak,
couldupnot
to help that
us, fearing
that he
I set out from
Japan
with Han-Min
Ching-Wei
for Annam, for were
too weak,
not make
hismake
mindup
to his
helpmind
us, fearing
he
order toour
organize
office with
at Hanoi,
with
a new would
Imperial
troops
himself
would be
by thetroops
in order toinorganize
office our
at Hanoi,
be crushed
by crushed
the Imperial
which
had which
been had been
a view
to aa view
new tohimself
raised
a revolt at Chaochow:
however,
the troops
of as
dispatched
as reinforce-ments.
thentoretreated
dispatched
reinforce-ments.
Our troops Our
then troops
retreated
Linshan,to Linshan,
insurrection.insurrection.
We raised aWe
revolt
at Chaochow:
however, the
troops of
be helped
by of
theChao-Po-Siang:
troops of Chao-Po-Siang:
but the
werethere.
defeated
This third
was defeat.
our third
defeat.
Then toexpecting
expecting
be helpedtothere
by thethere
troops
but the
Huan-Kan Huan-Kan
were defeated
This there.
was our
Then
120

61

61

121

seeing that Kuo-Jen-Chang

was not
darethus
to left
were
thus left
without
a result
which
we lost the moment
without
a leader,
as a leader,
result ofaswhich
weoflost
the moment
latter, seeinglatter,
that Kuo-Jen-Chang
was not moving,
alsomoving,
did not also
daredid
to notwere
move. our
Thereupon
army,
in weak-ness,
view of its decided
weak-ness,
decided tosuitable
retreat for suitable
for anHuang-Min-Tang
offensive. Huang-Min-Tang
for over a month,
an offensive.
held out forheld
overout
a month,
move. Thereupon
army, inour
view
of its
to retreat
to Shi-Wan-Dashan,
whichThis
waswas
done.
our fifth defeat. fighting continuously
fighting continuously
thethe
time,
but the
was his
ten times his
all the time,allbut
enemy
was enemy
ten times
to Shi-Wan-Dashan,
which was done.
ourThis
fifthwas
defeat.
Afterof our
plan of insurrection
was
in the
of and
numbers
did notin succeed
retainingFinally
Hokow.
numbers
we didand
notwe
succeed
retaininginHokow.
the Finally the
After our plan
insurrection
was defeated
in defeated
the districts
of districts
Tsian I and
Lian, I took
personally
took
lead of Huang-KaiComrades Huang-Kaiof Huang-Min-Tang,
600 men, towithdrew to
detachmentsdetachments
of Huang-Min-Tang,
numbering numbering
600 men, withdrew
Tsian and Lian,
personally
the lead
of the
Comrades
Tsiang, Hu-Han-Min,
some
French
and comrades,
100 other comrades,
Annam,
which
wasdefeat.
our eighth defeat.
Annam, which
was our
eighth
Tsiang, Hu-Han-Min,
some French
officers
andofficers
100 other
and by
a sudden
forts at Chen-Nan-Kwang,
In consequence
of theofinsistence
the Pekin Government,
our
of the insistence
the PekinofGovernment,
our
and by a sudden
attack
seizedattack
threeseized
forts atthree
Chen-Nan-Kwang,
and took and tookIn consequence
into
ranks the
who surrendered.
I hoped
to collect
also were
comrades
werefrom
expelled
from the
French possessions
and went to
comrades
expelled
the French
possessions
and went to
into our ranks
theour
soldiers
whosoldiers
surrendered.
Here I hopedHere
to collect
also
thewho
comrades
who had
to Shi-Wan-Dashan,
joint but
Singapore,
but were
stopped
by officials,
the Britishwho
officials,
Singapore,
were stopped
there
by thethere
British
would who would
the comrades
had retreated
to retreated
Shi-Wan-Dashan,
and by our and
jointby our
efforts
to attack
Huchow.
I did
not then
thatallow
the them
not allow
them
to land.
Then Consul
the French
Consul in entered
Singapore entered
to land.
Then
the French
in Singapore
efforts to attack
Huchow.
But
I did notBut
then
reckon
withreckon
the factwith
that the
the factnot
at Shi-Wan-Dashan
tooWe,
far aaway.
a group of
about
into negotia-tions
with the .Governor-General,
that these were
into
negotia-tions
with the .Governor-General,
stating that stating
these were
comrades atcomrades
Shi-Wan-Dashan
were too farwere
away.
groupWe,
of about
100 the
men,
withguns
the we
three
we hadfought
captured,
foughtdays
for seven
Chinese revolutionaries,
who had
retreated
after their
600days
Chinese600
revolutionaries,
who had retreated
after
their defeat
on todefeat on to
100 men, with
three
hadguns
captured,
for seven
the ofthousands
led by Lu-Tsi-Kwang
and Lu-Yin-Tin,
French
territory,
and in consequence
their own
had been sent
French territory,
and
in consequence
of their ownofwishes
had wishes
been sent
against the against
thousands
men led of
bymen
Lu-Tsi-Kwang
and Lu-Yin-Tin,
and then
to Annam.
I was
passing
throughI Lianshan,
I
to The
Singapore.
The Governor-General
of replied
Singapore
to Singapore.
Governor-General
of Singapore
that replied
he did that he did
and then retreated
to retreated
Annam. While
I wasWhile
passing
through
Lianshan,
was by
recognized
spy of the
Imperial authorities,
who approached
their own Government
as
notChinese
recognize
Chinese
fought
not recognize
who
foughtwho
against
theiragainst
own Government
as
was recognized
a spy ofby
thea Imperial
authorities,
who approached
the French Government,
with
theI result
that I was
expelled
Hanoi. belligerents,
that he them
considered
to be not
political criminals
and that he and
considered
to be them
not political
criminals
the French Government,
with the result
that
was expelled
from
Hanoi.frombelligerents,
was
our sixth defeat.
not be
but pure
andthey
therefore
but pure rebels,
and rebels,
therefore
wouldthey
not would
be allowed
to allowed
land. to land.
This was ourThis
sixth
defeat.
However,
after delay
two days'
port, the
French in
succeeded in
After my from
departure
Hanoi,
I gave instructions
for all after
However,
two days'
in thedelay
port,inthetheFrench
succeeded
After my departure
Hanoi,from
I gave
instructions
for all
carrying
point,
and ourwere
comrades
weretopermitted
to land. During
for a newof invasion
theTsian
Lian and
Tsian their
carrying
point, their
and our
comrades
permitted
land. During
preparationspreparations
to be madetoforbea made
new invasion
the Lianofand
the revolutionary
French Government
had
theIsame
timeHuang-Min-Tang
I ordered Huang-Min-Tang
to seize the
Hokow,
revolutionary
fighting at fighting
Hokow at
theHokow
French the
Government
had
districts. At districts.
the sameAt
time
ordered
to seize Hokow,
observed but
neutrality,
butitinhad
effect
had even
then recognized
the
for the
purpose of further
advancing
into theofProvince
of Yunnan
and neutrality,
observed
in effect
evenit then
recognized
the
for the purpose
of advancing
into further
the Province
Yunnan and
revolution-aries
as a side,
belligerent
side, and
therefore
could
our base
there.afterwards
Shortly afterwards
Huang-Kai-Tsiang
revolution-aries
as a belligerent
and therefore
it could
not ittreat
thenot treat the
establishingestablishing
our base there.
Shortly
Huang-Kai-Tsiang
comrades
sent toasSingapore
mutineers
pure and simple.
out with
of Annam
with his
andinto
marched
into the comrades
districts sent
to Singapore
mutineersaspure
and simple.
moved out moved
of Annam
his friends
and friends
marched
the districts
After
this last
defeat,
comrade Ching-Wei
was very depressed,
wherefor
he several
fought months,
for several
months,
bringing
defeat,
comrade
Ching-Wei
was very depressed,
mentioned, mentioned,
where he fought
bringing
panic
on thepanic on theAfter this last
to Pekin
leave to
for carry
Pekin out
to terrorist
carry outacts:
terrorist
Imperial
and thereby
acquiring
thereby
great
repute. after
However,
andafter
decidedandto decided
leave for
after acts: after
Imperial troops
and troops
acquiring
great
repute.
However,
consulting
left with
for Pekin
a few but
comrades;
but the
some
he alsoowing
retreated,
owing
to lack equipment
of military and
equipment
and with
consulting
me, hewith
left me,
for he
Pekin
a few with
comrades;
the
some time he
alsotime
retreated,
to lack
of military
attemptfailed,
he made
he was
prison
together with
lack This
of support.
Thisour
I consider
seventh defeat.
attempt he made
and failed,
he wasand
thrown
intothrown
prison into
together
with
lack of support.
I consider
seventh our
defeat.
Huang-Fu-Chen.
They
freethe
only
after rising.
the Wuhan rising.
After in
mySinchow
arrival inSinchow
in abouta Huangmonth Huang-Fu-Chen.
HuangThey were set
freewere
onlyset
after
Wuhan
After my arrival
in abouta month
Up to the
creation
of our
"United
League,"
therefew
were very few
Min-Tang
with
his 100 seized
comrades
seized
Hokow,
shot the principalUp to the creation
of our
"United
League,"
there
were very
Min-Tang with
his 100
comrades
Hokow,
shot
the principal
helped the revolutionary
army and
in money,
and those only
officers,
won soldiers
over 1000
who surrendered,
and
began to
awaitwhopeople
people
helpedwho
the revolutionary
army in money,
those only
officers, won
over 1000
whosoldiers
surrendered,
and began to
await
from
personal
onetoelse
dared
to help us. After
from our committee.
I was inand
Nanyang,
fromand
amongst
myamongst
personalmy
friends.
No friends.
one elseNo
dared
help
us. After
instructions instructions
from our committee.
At that timeAtI that
was time
in Nanyang,
theof creation
of our
"UnitedweLeague"
we bebegan
to from
be helped from
couldFrench
not cross
French
to take personally
command at
personally
the
theat creation
our "United
League"
began to
helped
could not cross
territory
to territory
take command
the
Of those
helpedat us
at Ithat
I can mention
and instructed
therefore Huang-Kai-Tsiang
instructed Huang-Kai-Tsiang
the Of outside.
outside.
those who
helpedwho
us most
thatmost
time,
cantime,
mention
front, and front,
therefore
to assume totheassume
sold in
hisParis
factory
Paris
gave
command
himself. Huang-Kai-Tsiang
already
half-way
when Chang-Tsin-Tsiang,
Chang-Tsin-Tsiang,
who sold hiswho
factory
andingave
usand
a sum
ofus a sum of
command himself.
Huang-Kai-Tsiang
was alreadywas
half-way
there,
when there,
60 or 70dollars.
thousand
dollars.
Further,
number
he unexpectedly
fellsuspicion
under theofsuspicion
of authorities,
the French authorities,
60 orand
70 thousand
Further,
amongst
theamongst
number the
of the
mostof the most
he unexpectedly
fell under the
the French
and
generous subscribers,
I will
mention Huang-Tsin-Nan
Annam, who
wasHanoi,
taken where,
to Hanoi,
after communication
with the generous
Chinese subscribers,
I will mention
Huang-Tsin-Nan
of Annam, of
who
was taken to
afterwhere,
communication
with the Chinese
us all his
savings, to
amounting
to severaldollars.
thousand
dollars. I can
he wastoforbidden
to enter
China. Theatinsurgents
Hokow
us all gave
his savings,
amounting
several thousand
I can
Government,Government,
he was forbidden
enter China.
The insurgents
Hokow atgave
122

62

62

123

mention
richofmerchants
ofLi-Cho-Fong,
Annam Li-Cho-Fong,
Tseng- broadening
day,
andof' the
of the
was rising. "And
also mentionalso
several
rich several
merchants
Annam
Tseng- broadening
day by day,day
andby
' the
spirit
thespirit
Chinese
wasChinese
rising. "And
Hsi-Chow
and Ma-Pei-Chen
who some
subscribed
tens of thousands
if weour
now
turn ourtoatten-tion
the plan Iand
proposed
Hsi-Chow and
Ma-Pei-Chen
who subscribed
tens ofsome
thousands
if we now turn
atten-tion
the plan to
I proposed
do not and
lose do not lose
heart,toI find
promise
to find theforresources
for future
They
of dollars. of dollars.
heart, I promise
the resources
future work."
Theywork."
replied:
"If replied: "If
After my
repeated
defeats,
I could
noteither
live freely
either inweJapan,
we the
have
not the necessary
resources tonecessary
to satisfy
our own
After my repeated
defeats,
I could
not live
freely
in Japan,
have not
resources
satisfy our
own needs
as needs as
Kong, or
or generally
Annam, or
in the
districtsonbordering
China. how
emigrants,
we findforresources
for the Revolution?"
Hong Kong,Hong
or Annam,
ingenerally
the districts
bordering
China. onemigrants,
can wehow
find can
resources
the Revolution?"
within the boundaries
of country
my native
I replied
would
find theThen
resources.
Then
Thus work Thus
withinwork
the boundaries
of my native
wascountry
almost was almostI replied again
that I again
wouldthat
findI the
resources.
comrade
Bocomrade Bo
for me. entrusting
Therefore, the
entrusting
the to
leadership
declared
we were
really action
to begin
action
again we must
impossible impossible
for me. Therefore,
leadership
comradesto comrades
declared that
if we that
wereif really
to begin
again
we must
Huang-Kai-Tsiang
and Hu-Han-Min,
I myself
onceoutmore
on a
immediately
send awith
comrade
several dollars
thousand
dollars to the
Huang-Kai-Tsiang
and Hu-Han-Min,
I myself once
more set
on aset out
immediately
send a comrade
severalwith
thousand
to the
journey
with the
specialof purpose
of collecting
of to
Szechuan,
help thethere
comrades
there and
prevent their
purpose
collecting
journey round
the round
world, the
withworld,
the special
Province ofProvince
Szechuan,
help the tocomrades
and prevent
their
for the
Chinese Revolution.
dispersal.
Onlyit then
will it be
think up
of asetting
resources forresources
the Chinese
Revolution.
dispersal. Only
then will
be possible
to possible
think of to
setting
new up a new
Subsequently,
Huang-Tsiang
and Hu-Han-Min
committee
and againthe
reopening
struggle.
said comrade
Subsequently,
comrades comrades
Huang-Tsiang
and Hu-Han-Min
committee and
again reopening
struggle.the
"We
must,""We
said must,"
comrade
at Hong
KongCommittee
a "Chief Committee
Southern Affairs,"
return
to Hong
for a full discussion,
and also immediately
organized atorganized
Hong Kong
a "Chief
for SouthernforAffairs,"
Bo," return Bo,"
to Hong
Kong
for a Kong
full discussion,
and also immediately
together
withChao-Po-Tsiang,
comrades Chao-Po-Tsiang,
Ni-Yang-Chen,
send five
thousand
dollars toBut
Szechuan.
But iffurther
we intend
further action,
and, togetherand,
with
comrades
Ni-Yang-Chen,
Chu-Chi- Chu-Chisend five thousand
dollars
to Szechuan.
if we intend
action,
Sin and Chen-Chiung-Min,
raised aofrebel-lion
of the newly-mobilized
we require
tens ofofthousands
Sin and Chen-Chiung-Min,
raised a rebel-lion
the newly-mobilized
we require several
tens several
of thousands
dollars." of dollars."
in the
of This
Kwantung.
This was
movement
was well thoughtI then summoned
I then the
summoned
Chinesewho
emigrants
who sympathized
with
troops in thetroops
province
of province
Kwantung.
movement
well thought
Chinesethe
emigrants
sympathized
with
andoftheinsurrection
banner of insurrection
raised in 1910.
us for a conference,
resultwas
of which
wascollected
that theyeight
collected eight
out, and the out,
banner
was raised inwas
1910.
us for a conference,
the result ofthe
which
that they
Comrade Ni-Yan-Tiang
of theand
insurgents
and dollars
thousand
dollars
foraddition
us, and decided
in addition
decided comrades
to delegatetocomrades to
Comrade Ni-Yan-Tiang
went to the went
camptoofthe
thecamp
insurgents
thousand
for us,
and in
to delegate
assumedofleadership
the revolt.
moved
chiefthe sum
collect
sum we
required
in regions
the various
andIn
provinces.
In the
assumed leadership
the revolt.ofFrom
ShahoFrom
they Shaho
movedthey
on the
chiefon the
collect
we the
required
in the
various
and regions
provinces.
the
city of theand
province,
and had
already
reached Han-Chi-Gan,
there
space
ofwe
a few
days we
collected
sixtythousand
or seventy
thousand dollars.
city of the province,
had already
reached
Han-Chi-Gan,
but there but
space
of a few
days
collected
sixty
or seventy
dollars.
met the Government
and by anexplosion
accidentalNi-Yangexplosion Ni-Yang-We worked We
a planI went
of action.
the Dutch possession,
met the Government
troops, and troops,
by an accidental
out worked
a plan ofout
action.
to theI went
Dutchtopossession,
was notand
admitted,
andrefused
was also
refused through
a passage
Tiang Left
was killed.
without
leader,dispersed
the rebelsindispersed
various
Tiang was killed.
withoutLeft
a leader,
thea rebels
various inbut
was notbutadmitted,
was also
a passage
thethrough the
British possessions;
so nothing
that I had
leftagain
but once
directions.
was
our ninth defeat.
directions. This
was ourThis
ninth
defeat.
British possessions;
so that I had
elsenothing
left butelse
once
to again to
leave or
forAmerica.
Europe orI went
America.
I went towhere
America,
wherefrom
I traveled from
this leaving
time I was
leaving
the East.
When Ileave
arrived
At this timeAt
I was
America
forAmerica
the East.for
When
I arrived
for Europe
to America,
I traveled
corneragitating
to corner,amongst
agitating
Chineseand
emigrants
in SanI Francisco
learned
of Ithe
revolt. I immediately
set sailcorner
for theto corner,
in San Francisco
learned ofI the
revolt.
immediately
set sail for the
theamongst
Chinesethe
emigrants
urging and urging
to help
us and tomoney
subscribe
money
of the Revolution.
Philippine
and the
Japan
withofthe
object oftoreturning
to China.
Philippine Islands
and Islands
Japan with
object
returning
China. But
themBut
to helpthem
us and
to subscribe
for the
causeforofthe
thecause
Revolution.
many sympathizers
On thisthere
occasion
in IYokohama
I was by
recognized
spiesnot
andremain
could there,
not remain
and occasion
in Yokohama
was recognized
spies andby
could
and there,
On this
were there
very were
many very
sympathizers
amongst theamongst the
left forwhere
the South,
wheretoI meet
decided
to meet Huang-Kai-Tsiang
Hu- inemigrants
left for the South,
I decided
Huang-Kai-Tsiang
and Hu- and
emigrants
America. in America.
thisplace
timethe
took
place therising.
Kwantung
rising.
the most heroic
confer
of our
furtherAmongst
activities.the
Amongst theAt this timeAt
Han-Min toHan-Min
confer ontothe
plan on
of the
our plan
further
activities.
took
Kwantung
All the
mostAll
heroic
tookalthough
part, and
we once
again
suffered defeat,
thiswas
timegreat
theredepression.
was great depression.
After and
our defeat
and revolutionaries
comrades atcomrades
this time at
there
After our defeat
revolutionaries
took part, and
wealthough
once again
suffered
defeat,
glorious
of the seventy-two
heroesthrough-out
resounded through-out
the
the destruction
of ourcommittee,
strongest committee,
had lost advantageous
the destruction
of our strongest
we had lostwe
advantageous
the gloriousthe
deeds
of thedeeds
seventy-two
heroes resounded
the
was
our tenth defeat.
positions.
of our
forced
to flee and
emigrate.
We hadThis world.
positions. Most
of our Most
fighters
werefighters
forcedwere
to flee
and emigrate.
We
had world.
was ourThis
tenth
defeat.
beforecomrades
the rising,Chen-Yin-Shin,
comrades Chen-Yin-Shin,
Sun-Tun-Chu,
notstrength
sufficient
all anew. the
Therefore
the comradesEven beforeEven
not sufficient
to strength
organize toallorganize
anew. Therefore
comrades
the rising,
Sun-Tun-Chu,
Tan-Shi-Bin,
Tsui-Tsiao-Shen
and others,
seeing
that in the
were in anpessimistic
extremely frame
pessimistic
frame
mind,we
and
whentowe began
to
were in an extremely
of mind,
andofwhen
began
Tan-Shi-Bin,
Tsui-Tsiao-Shen
and others, seeing
that in
the province
of province of
we were one
suffering
after
anotherto decided to
of plans,
our future
theyheavily
all sighed
not look
one Kwantung
talk of our talk
future
they plans,
all sighed
andheavily
did notand
lookdid
one
Kwantung
we were suffering
defeat one
afterdefeat
another
decided
another
I tookand
the began
floor, to
andtellbegan
tellour
them transfer
that our the transfer
center
of their
Hankow,and
Wuchang
and Hanyang,
another in the
eyes.inI the
tookeyes.
the floor,
themtothat
center ofthe
their
attention
to attention
Hankow, to
Wuchang
Hanyang,
there, as
consisting
defeats
in themuch
past were
much
Our detachments
at thei.e.
present
to worktheamongst
thethere,
garrisons
defeats in the
past were
heavier.
Ourheavier.
detachments
at the present
to worki.e.amongst
garrisons
consisting
they didasofthey did of
soldiers.
somehad
agitation
gone on amongst
mightbutbethe
few,
but the revolutionary
wasand
growing
and newly-mobilized
newly-mobilized
soldiers. After
some After
agitation
gone onhad
amongst
time might time
be few,
revolutionary
wave was wave
growing
124

63

63

125

French
The otherjoined
Consuls
them, and
theirmind
statewas
of so
mind
was so revolutionary
that the GovernorFrench Consul.
TheConsul.
other Consuls
withjoined
them, with
and passed
a passed a
them, their them,
state of
revolutionary
that the Governorof the
and provinces
Kwantung ordered
provinces
most ofresolution
of non-intervention
and maintenance
resolution
non-intervention
and maintenance
of neutrality.of neutrality.
General of General
the Hupeh
and Hupeh
Kwantung
theordered
most the
revolutionary
to be transferred
to theofprovince
of Szechuan.
that was
the Consul
wasaccording
not actingtoaccording
to the Agreement,
and
Seeing that Seeing
the Consul
not acting
the Agreement,
and
revolutionary
units to beunits
transferred
to the province
Szechuan.
However,
the last rising,
Kwantung
rising, the
number of of
supporters
be relied
upon,
Jui-Chen
fled toBut
Shanghai.
that heofcouldthat
nothebecould
reliednot
upon,
Jui-Chen
fled
to Shanghai.
as soon But as soon
However, after
the lastafter
Kwantung
the number
of supporters
the began
Revolution
began daily.
to increase
daily. The
Imperial of
authorities
as the Governor-General
fled, followed
Chang-Hu
followed
thethe
Governor-General
fled, Chang-Hu
him.
In this him.
way In
thethis way the
the Revolution
to increase
The Imperial
authorities
the as of
Tsing
dynasty
were
a state
of panic
terror,
a blow authorities
Imperialeliminated
authoritiesthemselves.
eliminated themselves.
Tsing dynasty
were
in a state
ofin
panic
terror,
fearing
mostfearing
of all amost
blowof allImperial
from and
Wuchang,
andthe
therefore
the Governor-General
of the above-Amongst the
Amongst
the revolutionaries,
this time,was
Sun-Wu was
revolutionaries,
during this during
time, Sun-Wu
from Wuchang,
therefore
Governor-General
of the abovementionedJui-Chen,
provinces,made
Jui-Chen,
made anwith
agreement
with of
the Consul
of while
wounded,
while thecom-rades
Shanghai had
com-rades
had not
arrived. Tsa-Tsi-Min,
wounded,
the Shanghai
not arrived.
Tsa-Tsi-Min,
mentioned provinces,
an agreement
the Consul
a "certain"
state the
that,revolutionaries
when the revolutionaries
riseheinmust
revolt, he
must Chang-Chen
and otherofmembers
of the
"United
League"
Chang-Chen
and other members
the "United
League"
then
forcedthen forced
a "certain" state
that, when
rise in revolt,
landand
hisbombard
troops and
the city.
of the
Colonel Li-Yuan-Hung
the Governor-Generalship
Colonel Li-Yuan-Hung
to assume to
the assume
Governor-Generalship
of the
land his troops
thebombard
city.
The atmosphere
Wuchang
wasComrades
electrical.Sun-Wu,
Comrades Sun-Wu,
Hupeh
province,
andwas
only
thengradually
was orderrestored.
gradually restored.
Hupeh province,
and
only then
order
The atmosphere
in Wuchanginwas
electrical.
Liu, and
others
act aand
raise aofrebellion
of the troops.The first revolutionary
The first revolutionary
outbreak
thusintook
in the provinces
outbreak thus
took place
the place
provinces
Liu, and others
decided
to decided
act and to
raise
rebellion
the troops.
However,
quite unexpectedly,
ourwas
committee
was discovered,
of Hunan
unitywas
of not
action
was not established
of thirty
Hunan and
Hupeh, and
but Hupeh,
unity ofbut
action
established
between between
However, quite
unexpectedly,
our committee
discovered,
and thirty and
were imprisoned;
but Hi-Yin-Shan,
while
in the
at success
them. Our
success atwas
Wuchang
was due
in great
measure
them. Our
at Wuchang
due in great
measure
to the
flightto
ofthe flight of
while in the
prison
at prison
people werepeople
imprisoned;
but Hi-Yin-Shan,
Wuchang, in
succeeded
notifying Chen-Yin-Shin
him since,
Jui-Chen,
since,
he had
not fled,would
Chang-Hu
would
notalso,
have fled also,
Jui-Chen,
if he had
notif fled,
Chang-Hu
not have
fled
Wuchang, succeeded
notifyingin Chen-Yin-Shin
and giving and
himgiving
so thatnot
he too
should
this time,
then subordinated
the troops subordinated
to him undoubtedly
would not have
andthere
then theand
troops
to him undoubtedly
would not have
warning, so warning,
that he should
fall not
intotoo
thefall
trap.into
At the
thistrap.
time,Atthere
intoofthe
of the
Imperial aauthorities
list of our artillerymen
mutinied.
The
of thesoldiers
mobilized
soldiers atwere
Wuchang
mutinied. The
majority
of majority
the mobilized
at Wuchang
on were on
fell into thefell
hands
thehands
Imperial
authorities
list of ouraartillerymen
and other
who were
taking
part in
of the Revolution.
the Revolution:
side of the Revolution:
most
of transferred
them were earlier
transferred
the side of the
but most of but
them
were
to earlier to
part in
the work
ofthe
thework
Revolution.
and other soldiers
whosoldiers
were taking
whoinremained
Withofthesaving
objectthese
of saving
thesefrom
comrades
fromdestruction,
inevitable destruction,
of Of
Szechuan.
Of who
the troops
the provincetheofprovince
Szechuan.
the troops
remained
Wuchangin Wuchang
With the object
comrades
inevitable
there the
were
only the artillerymen
and the engineering
it wastonecessary
to act immediately
with great
urgency.SunTherefore,
Sunthere
were only
artillerymen
and the engineering
troops, but troops,
they but they
it was necessary
act immediately
with great urgency.
Therefore,
havelives
solddearly
their lives
dearly
if their
notso,
fled. And so,
Bi-Chen
firstaction,
went into
action,byfollowed
by Tsao-Tsi-Min
others.have would
sold their
if their
officers
hadofficers
not fled.had
And
Bi-Chen first
went into
followed
Tsao-Tsi-Min
and others. andwould
"Heaven
helped China."
of their detachments
they
the Governor-General's
"Heaven itself
helpeditself
China."
At the headAt
of the
theirhead
detachments
they attacked
theattacked
Governor-General's
Theour
object
of our Revolution,
of course,
was not
limited to the
officebombarding
and began bombarding
it.
The object of
Revolution,
of course, was
not limited
to the
office and began
it.
Wuchang
The began
comrades
began activity
to display activity
Governor hearing
Jui-Chen,thehearing
noisecannonade,
of the cannonade,
capture of capture
Wuchangof alone.
The alone.
comrades
to display
Governor Jui-Chen,
noise the
of the
country.
Very
seized
fifteen provinces.
fled to
Hankow,
and
to of
thea Consul
of a "certain"
throughout throughout
the country.theVery
rapidly
we rapidly
seized we
fifteen
provinces.
immediatelyimmediately
fled to Hankow,
and
appealed
to appealed
the Consul
"certain"
country to
city. But toaccording
to ofthe
Treaty
no of all
Earliest
of allwent
Shanghai
to us, immediately
Earliest
Shanghai
over towent
us, over
immediately
after the fallafter
of the fall of
country to bombard
thebombard
city. Buttheaccording
the Treaty
1900,
noof 1900,
right of independent
action in
and therefore
and immediately
after
Hankow. Chen-Yin-Shin
acting
Hankow. Chen-Yin-Shin
was acting was
there,
and there,
immediately
after
country hadcountry
the righthadofthe
independent
action in China,
andChina,
therefore
meeting
of the
Consular
body was to
summoned
to question
discuss the question
he seizedThus
Nanking.
Thus the
seizure of Hankow
Wuchang, Hankow
Shanghai heShanghai
seized Nanking.
the seizure
of Wuchang,
a meeting ofa the
Consular
body
was summoned
discuss the
of whether
the be
citybombarded
should be to
bombarded
to restore
order.outIt turned
out andgave
Hanyang
to of
theCentral
whole China,
of Central
China, while
and Hanyang
us thegave
keysusto the
the keys
whole
while
of whether the
city should
restore order.
It turned
that the
had opinion.
no definiteThey
opinion.
Theyaddressed
were thenbyaddressed
by
Chen-Yin-Shin
Shanghai
was also
growing in strength.
Chen-Yin-Shin
at Shanghai at
was
also growing
in strength.
that the Consuls
hadConsuls
no definite
were then
my old acquaintance,
the French
who
While was
the rising
place at IWuchang,
taking was
placetaking
at Wuchang,
arrived inI arrived in
my old acquaintance,
the French Consul,
whoConsul,
informed
theinformed
meeting the meetingWhile the rising
thathad
thistaken
risingplace
had taken
on my instructions,
that the Ten
Columbia.
Ten days
beforethere,
my arrival
there,aItelegram
received from
a telegram from
days before
my arrival
I received
that this rising
on myplace
instructions,
and declaredand
thatdeclared
the Columbia.
revolutionaries
of the Sun
Yat-Sen
bymaking
no means
a
as the
Huan-Kai-Tsiang
Hong
Huan-Kai-Tsiang
from Hongfrom
Kong,
but Kong,
as the but
cipher
was cipher
in mywas in my
revolutionaries
of the Sun Yat-Sen
Party
were Party
by no were
means
a making
baggage,
could
read theand
telegram,
and only deciphered
sense-less
but were
for the reconstruction
baggage, I could
not Iread
thenot
telegram,
only deciphered
it when I it when I
sense-less mutiny,
but mutiny,
were fighting
for fighting
the reconstruction
of political of political
authority. they
Therefore,
cannotwith
be classed
with the
theyin one
arrived
in one
of of
thethe
towns
State of The
Columbia.
The telegram
arrived
of the
towns
Stateofofthe
Columbia.
telegram
authority. Therefore,
cannot they
be classed
the Boxers,
andBoxers,
they and
that had
Tsui-Chen
arrivedKong
at Hong
Kong andthat
reported that
should
not bewith.
interfered
with. member
The senior
member
of the
Consular
bodythat stated
stated
Tsui-Chen
arrivedhad
at Hong
and reported
should not be
interfered
The senior
of the
Consular
body
was tonecessary
assist of
thethe
rising
of the
recently mobilized
thatthetime
was the
the same
as thewasmoney
necessary
assist theto rising
recently
mobilized
at that time atwas
Russian,
andRussian,
he tookand
up he
the took
sameupposition
as position
the money
126

64

64

127

soldiers.
Being inIColumbia,
I had
not any
money,and
of course,
could
took
side of the Revolution,
Germany
were
took
the side
of the Revolution,
Germany and
Russia and
wereRussia
opposed
to opposed to
soldiers. Being
in Columbia,
had not any
money,
of course,
could and
procure
it, and
to send postponing
a telegram postponing
policy,
the Revolution.
not yet
Revolution.
England hadEngland
not yethad
defined
herdefined
policy, her
though
her though her
not procure not
it, and
intended
to intended
send a telegram
the rising. thetherising.
But and,
nightbeing
fell, tired
and, being
by my
journey, I itpostponed
till thealso people
alsoitsexpressed
sympathy
with the Revolution,
and, while the
expressed
sympathyitswith
the Revolution,
and, while the
But night fell,
by mytired
journey,
I postponed
till the itpeople
in order
to the
think
over the
question
head. I Government
Japanese Government
against the Revolution,
Japanese people
was againstwas
the Revolution,
the Japanesethe
people
morning, in morning,
order to think
over
question
again
with aagain
clearwith
head.a IclearJapanese
the next
morning
11 o'clock
and, being
hungry,
out to
sympathized
with it.
sympathized
with it.
woke up thewoke
next up
morning
at 11
o'clockatand,
being hungry,
went
out to went
restaurant.
my waya Inewspaper
bought a and,
newspaper
and,
at theThus, the international
Thus, the international
situation
was of
a question
of life or death
situation was
a question
life or death
a restaurant.a On
my wayOnI bought
arriving
at arriving
the
restaurant,it;unfolded
it; immediately
my met
eyesbywere
met by a telegram
for the
Chinese Revolution.
The mostofimportant
of at
allthe
for us, at the
for the Chinese
Revolution.
The most important
all for us,
restaurant, unfolded
immediately
my eyes were
a telegram
about the
capture ofbyWuchang
by the revolutionary
troops. I thereupon
moment,
was the
attitude of
for we that
considered
that if England
moment, was
the attitude
of England,
forEngland,
we considered
if England
about the capture
of Wuchang
the revolutionary
troops. I thereupon
senttelegram
a detailed
to Huan-Kai-Tsiang,
in which Ithe
explained
following
her example.
took Japan
our side
Japan
not following
delay in her
took the
our side
would
not would
delay in
example.
sent a detailed
to telegram
Huan-Kai-Tsiang,
in which I explained
reason
for my silence.
decided
leave for England.
Therefore, ITherefore,
decided to Ileave
for to
England.
reason for my
silence.
In twenty
I could
come toand
Shanghai
and take a personalWhen goingWhen
going
I read a statement
newspapertostatement to
through
St. through
Louis, I St.
readLouis,
a newspaper
In twenty days
I coulddays
come
to Shanghai
take a personal
part in the revolutionary
but diplomatic
for us our front
diplomatic
was that
theaeffect
that ahad
revolution
broken
out atonWuchang
onofthe orders of
the effect
revolution
broken had
out at
Wuchang
the orders
part in the revolutionary
struggle, butstruggle,
for us our
was front
moreeven
important
even
than the
military
for the
moment. Therefore,
Sun
Yat-Sen,
andproposed
that in theRepublic
proposed
Republic
Yat-Sen
Sun Yat-Sen,
and
that in the
Sun
Yat-SenSun
would
be would be
more important
than the
military
front
for thefront
moment.
Therefore,
decided to concentrate
mydiplomatic
efforts on affairs,
diplomatic
and only
theAfter
President.
1 had
hide
from
the Press correspondents,
as
the after
President.
this 1 After
had tothis
hide
fromtothe
Press
correspondents,
as
I decided toIconcentrate
my efforts on
and affairs,
only after
business
to return home.
turned
outwas
thatin
rumor
was of
in fact.
advance of fact.
it turned outitthat
rumor
advance
settling this settling
businessthis
to return
home.
stateatofthat
affairs
thatastime
was as
follows.had
America hadAccompanied
Accompanied
comrade Chu-Cho-Wen,
continued
by comradeby
Chu-Cho-Wen,
I continued Imy
long my long
The state ofThe
affairs
timeatwas
follows.
America
respecttheofprinciple
China theofprinciple
the and
openthedoor journey
and the to England.
journey to
arrival
in INew
York,information
I received information
that
OnEngland.
arrival inOn
New
York,
received
that
proclaimed proclaimed
in respect ofinChina
the open of
door
of its sovereignty,
but into relation
to the Revolution
thewere
comrades
making
attack and
on Canton,
I sentto
a telegram to
the comrades
makingwere
an attack
onan
Canton,
I sent a and
telegram
maintenancemaintenance
of its sovereignty,
but in relation
the Revolution
America
had no
definite
opinion.American
However,public
American
public Governor
opinion Chang-Ni-Isi
Governor Chang-Ni-Isi
pro-posing
thatsurrender
he shouldthe
surrender
pro-posing that
he should
city, in the city, in
America had
no definite
opinion.
However,
opinion
took
far asGovernment
the French Government
and French
were
order
to avoid bloodshed,
thetocomrades
grant him his
order
to avoid
bloodshed,
and orderedand
the ordered
comrades
grant himto his
took our side.
Soour
far side.
as theSo
French
and French people
werepeople
our Revolution
met with In
sympathy.
Englandlife,
public
life,later
which
laterout.
on carried out.
which was
onwas
carried
concerned, concerned,
our Revolution
met with sympathy.
EnglandInpublic
opinion expressed
its with
sympathy
with the Revolution,
On in
myEngland,
arrival inI entered
England,through
I entered
English friend
mythrough
English my
friend
opinion expressed
its sympathy
the Revolution,
but the but theOn my arrival
the Four Powers,
opposed
to it.and
Germany
Russia,
that time,
into negotiations
with theConsortium
Banking Consortium
intowere
negotiations
with the Banking
of the FourofPowers,
GovernmentGovernment
was opposedwas
to it.
Germany
Russia, and
at that
time,atwere
obviously
in support
favor offorsupport
for the dynasty,
Tai-Tsing and
dynasty,
a view to
for the
Imperial
Manchu
with and
a viewwith
to stopping
allstopping
loans foralltheloans
Imperial
Manchu
House.
TheHouse. The
obviously in
favor of
the Tai-Tsing
relations
our revolutionaries
and their position
peoples wasposition
that the Consortium
already
that thewas
Consortium
had alreadyhad
granted
onegranted
loan ofone
a loan of a
furthermore,furthermore,
the relationsthe
between
ourbetween
revolutionaries
and their peoples
were insignificant,
and consequently
had no possibility
of millions
hundred
on the
security
of the Chuan-Hang
Railway,
on millions
the security
of the
Chuan-Hang
Railway, and
then and then
we had nowe possibility
of hundred
were insignificant,
and consequently
policy. there
Therefore,
thereonly
remained
Japan,a further
which loan
a further
loan ofmillions.
a hundred
On one
of these
loans the money
of a hundred
Onmillions.
one of these
loans
the money
influencing influencing
their policy.their
Therefore,
remained
Japan, only
which
was to
very
to us, and
bestonly
sonsexpressed
not only their
expressed
but onalthough
the other,thealthough
the signature
hadtheir
alreadyhad
beenalready
partly been
paid, partly
but onpaid,
the other,
signature
was very close
us,close
and whose
best whose
sons not
sympathy
but hadtheir
sacrificed
their
of appended,
the wasthe
appended,
the not
bonds
yet been
My
intention
was to
bonds had
yet had
beennot
issued.
My issued.
intention
was
to
sympathy with
us, butwith
hadus,
sacrificed
lives in
thelives
causein ofthethecausewas
The
of the
Japanese Government
was,not
however,
notthe stop-page
secure theofstop-page
the loan
whichcarried
had been carried
secure
payment ofonpayment
the loanon
which
had been
Revolution. Revolution.
The policy of
thepolicy
Japanese
Government
was, however,
quite
in thisand
question,
judging
from
previous one
experience
one andthrough,
andthe
to issue
prevent
issue
bonds
the Iother
through,
to prevent
of the
bonds
forofthe
otherfor
loan.
knewloan.
that I knew that
quite clear in
thisclear
question,
judgingand
from
previous
experience
could
it put upattitude
a negative
attitude
to our Revolution.
theofsettlement
of thison
de-pended
on the
Foreignand
Secretary,
and therefore
settlement
this de-pended
the Foreign
Secretary,
therefore
could suppose
thatsuppose
it put upthat
a negative
to our
Revolution.
Thus, theThus,
on one
occasionme
it expelled
from the
anddid
on another
not I the
to enter into
instructed
of the Wei-Hai-Wei
instructed
Directortheof Director
the Wei-Hai-Wei
Arsenal to Arsenal
enter into
on one occasion
it expelled
from theme
country,
andcountry,
on another
not I did
with the
British Govern-ment
on three on
questions,
on the
to land in Japan.
negotiationsnegotiations
with the British
Govern-ment
on three questions,
the
allow me to allow
land inme
Japan.
of whichThe
I insisted.
The
was the of
annulment
Beginning
1900, the
not totheactrightsettlement
to act ofsettlement
which I insisted.
first was
thefirst
annulment
all loans of all loans
Beginning with
1900, with
the Powers
hadPowers
not thehad
right
to thedynasty.
Tai-Tsing
wasJapan
to prevent
Japan from helping
independently
in China.
were who
six Powers
thata timetotook
a
the Tai-Tsing
Thedynasty.
second The
was second
to prevent
from helping
independently
in China. There
were There
six Powers
at that who
time at
took
andwas
thetothird
was toallwithdraw
all orders prohibiting
me
very
part inofthe
affairsOfofthese,
China.
Of these,
France and America
the dynasty,the
anddynasty,
the third
withdraw
orders prohibiting
me
very intimate
partintimate
in the affairs
China.
France
and America
128

65

65

129

from
entering
Britishsoterritory,
so that
I could
returnmore
to China more
from entering
British
territory,
that I could
return
to China
APPENDIX
I
APPENDIX
I
conveniently.
conveniently.
Having
received asettlement
favorableof
settlement
of thesefrom
questions from
Having received
a favorable
these questions
"SAN-MIN-CHU"
(THEPRINCIPLES)
THREE PRINCIPLES)
"SAN-MIN-CHU"
(THE THREE
British Government,
I then
turned
to the
Banking Consortium
to
the British the
Government,
I then turned
to the
Banking
Consortium
to
secure
loanrevolutionary
for the revolutionary
received the
secure a loan
for a the
Government.Government.
I received Ithe
speech
by Sun
Yat-Sen,
on 1921,
Marchat6th,
1921, atofa meeting of
A speech
Yat-Sen,
delivered
ondelivered
March 6th,
a meeting
following
from theofmanager
of the Consortium:
the byASun
following reply
from reply
the manager
the Consortium:
"Since the "Since
theCommittee
Executive of
Committee
of the Kuomintang
the Kuomintang
at Canton at Canton
for the
our Consortium
will the Executive
GovernmentGovernment
has stopped has
the stopped
loans forthe
theloans
dynasty,
ourdynasty,
Consortium
will
grant these
loans
only established
to a firmly and
established
andrecognized
officially recognized
grant these loans
only to
a firmly
officially
COMRADES,
The Con-sortium
proposes
for the
send a
the present
to present
send a to COMRADES,
Government.Government.
The Con-sortium
proposes for
representative
you return,
on your
representative
with you with
on your
andreturn,
when and
the when
officialthe official
Today,
at the
of our session,
Executive
opening
of opening
our Executive
thesession,
questionthe question
of your Government
it will be
possible to openToday, at the
recognition recognition
of your Government
takes place, takes
it willplace,
be possible
to open
me: our
whatorganization
does our organization
involuntarily
arises beforearises
me: before
what does
represent? represent?
negotiations."
wasdo
allduring
I couldmy
dostay
during
my stay in
England.
I then involuntarily
negotiations."
This was allThis
I could
in England.
I then
brief isand
its history,
and thewhich
principles
This
in briefThis
is itsinhistory,
the principles
guidewhich
it. guide it.
returned
home
through
during my
passage
through
Paris
returned home
through
France,
andFrance,
during and
my passage
through
Paris
formed
after the overthrow
of the Tsing
was Party
formedwasafter
the overthrow
of the Tsing
met representatives
of the
French Opposition
parties. I receivedOur Party Our
met representatives
of the French
Opposition
parties. I received
(Manchu)
dynasty
and
the
establishment
of
a
republican
(Manchu)
dynasty
and
the
establishment
of
a
republican
form
of form of
of sympathy
all, particularly
from Premier
expressions expressions
of sympathy
from all, from
particularly
from Premier
It has
to play a tremendous
in of
theour
future of our
Government.
It has to play
a tremendous
part in the part
future
daysdeparture
after myfrom
departure
Franceat I arrived
at Government.
Clemenceau.Clemenceau.
Thirty days Thirty
after my
Francefrom
I arrived
country.
Fromthis
the Party
time was
this Party
was China
dissolved,
country.
the time
dissolved,
has China
been has been
Shanghai.
The Peace Conference
ofNorth
Southwas
and taking
North place
was taking
place From
Shanghai. The
Peace Conference
of South and
a state of
It is,natural
of course,
that the reason
a state ofindisorder.
It disorder.
is, of course,
that natural
the reason
thisthe
time,
but the Constitution
of Republic
the futurewas
Republic
not yet inconstantly
at this time,atbut
Constitution
of the future
not yetwas constantly
for the disturbances
and of
sufferings
of thepeople
Chinese
for the disturbances
and sufferings
the Chinese
waspeople
the was the
determined. determined.
dissolution
of
our
Party.
For
many
years
we
have
fought,
and are still
dissolution
of
our
Party.
For
many
years
we
have
fought,
and
are
still
beforeatmy
arrival atallShanghai,
all and
the foreign
Even beforeEven
my arrival
Shanghai,
the foreign
Chineseand Chinese
fighting,
traitors
to who
the people
fighting,
the against
traitors the
to the
people
live towho
this live
day to
in this
the day in the
werewidely
spreading
widely
theI story
that I washome
returning
home against
newspapers newspapers
were spreading
the story
that
was returning
northernofprovinces
of China,
where theofinfluence
Party is very
northern
China, where
the influence
our Partyofisour
very
sumtoofhelp
money
help the Revolution.
Whenat I arrived
at provinces
with a largewith
sumaoflarge
money
the to
Revolution.
When I arrived
small: nevertheless,
sooner
later the northerners
join us. In the
small:
sooner or later
the or
northerners
will join us.will
In the
Shanghai,
both my and
comrades
and theofreporters
of the
andnevertheless,
Shanghai, both
my comrades
the reporters
the Foreign
andForeign
southinoftheChina,
sphere ofofinfluence
the Party,
of China,
sphereinoftheinfluence
the Party,ofthere
is onlythere
the is only the
Chinese newspapers
expected
this, but
I replied
thatbrought
I had not south
brought
Chinese newspapers
expected this,
but I replied
that
I had not
single
of Kwantung.
single
province
of province
Kwantung.
with mebut
a farthing:
but had
with me a revolutionary
and
with me a farthing:
had brought
withbrought
me a revolutionary
spirit, and spirit,
In the
Party is revolutionary.
is revolutionary.
In the second
yearsecond
after year
the after the
that,
the Revolution
aim of the had
Revolution
had beenthere
achieved,
that, until the
aimuntil
of the
been achieved,
could there
be could beOur Party Our
establishment
of
the
republican
order,
many
of
its
members
went
establishment
of
the
republican
order,
many
of
its
members
went
question
of peace conferences.
no question no
of peace
conferences.
abroad,
worked energetically
for the development
of the
they where
workedthey
energetically
for the development
of the
after
this the
deputies
all theofprovinces
China, where
Soon after Soon
this the
deputies
from
all thefrom
provinces
China, ofabroad,
movement
in China.
Henceofthe
the Party. While
revolutionary
movement in
China. Hence
the name
thename
Party.ofWhile
assembled
in Nanking,
the city ofelected
Nanking,
elected me Provisional
of revolutionary
assembled in
the city of
me Provisional
President ofPresident
it wasin working
the Party
known
as the "National
it of
was
Tokyo, in
the Tokyo,
Party was
knownwas
as the
"National
China.
In 1912 office,
I assumed
office, and
the proclamation
theworking
China. In 1912
I assumed
and ordered
the ordered
proclamation
of the
theofdifference
names,does
of course,
does
alter the character
League":
difference
names, ofofcourse,
not alter
thenot
character
Chinese the
Republic,
the of
alteration
of calendar,
the lunar and
calendar,
the theLeague":
Chinese Republic,
alteration
the lunar
the and
essence
aims Our
it pursues.
Ouris Republic
is already
and essenceand
of the
aims of
it the
pursues.
Republic
already ten
years ten years
year Year
as theofFirst
Year of the
Chinese Republic.
declara-tiondeclara-tion
of that year of
as that
the First
the Chinese
Republic.
we still
it perfected
as a fullytype,
perfected
old,their
but weold,
stillbut
cannot
lookcannot
upon look
it as upon
a fully
or type, or
years
passed
one only
day, after
and only
day,as and
their after
Thus thirtyThus
yearsthirty
passed
as one
consider
that
our
aim
has
been
achieved.
Our
work
is not yet
consider
that
our
aim
has
been
achieved.
Our
work
is
not
yet
didmy
I achieve
principal
the life
aim
of the
my life the
completion completion
did I achieve
principalmyaim,
the aimaim,
of my
completed:
we must
completed: we
must continue
thecontinue
struggle.the struggle.
creation
of the
Chinese Republic.
creation of the
Chinese
Republic.
Ourradically
Party isdifferent
radicallyfrom
different
allparties
the other
Our Party is
all thefrom
other
of parties of
China.
a party
which
strove
for the of
overthrow
of the
China. Thus,
there Thus,
was athere
partywas
which
strove
for the
overthrow
the
Tsing
and the establishment
anotherMing.
dynasty,
Tsing dynasty
anddynasty
the establishment
of another of
dynasty,
Of Ming. Of
130
131
66
66

course, theofprinciples
this opposed
party were
to ours.
course, the principles
this partyofwere
to opposed
ours. When
in theWhen in the
the Tsing
we were
forced to
establishinourselves in
(1) Nationalism
last years oflast
the years
Tsingofdynasty,
wedynasty,
were forced
to establish
ourselves
(1) Nationalism
we determined
theasfollowing
as the fundamental
Tokyo, we Tokyo,
determined
the following
the fundamental
principles ofprinciples of
our Party: nationalism,
democracy
and Socialism.
What
do to
wethe
impart
the word "nationalism"?
With
What meaning
domeaning
we impart
wordto"nationalism"?
With
our Party: nationalism,
democracy and
Socialism.
At power
that time,
powerwas
in China
in of
thethe
handsthe
ofestablishment
the the establishment
of the
Manchu
dynastytheinpeople
China,remained
the people remained
of the Manchu
dynasty
in China,
At that time,
in China
still inwas
the still
hands
Manchus,
and the Revolution
had only
its firstunder
stage,
under anyoke
incredible
yoke
over two
hundred
Now that dynasty
an incredible
for over
twofor
hundred
years.
Now years.
that dynasty
Manchus, and
the Revolution
had only arrived
at arrived
its first atstage,
passing
over two
the other
two principles.
"The Fivefold
has been overthrown,
and the
people,seem,
it would
ought to enjoy
has been overthrown,
and the people,
it would
oughtseem,
to enjoy
nationalism,nationalism,
passing over
the other
principles.
"The Fivefold
Constitution"
has great importance
for our
of freedom.
complete
freedom.
But do the
Chinese
all theofblessings of
complete
But
do the Chinese
people
enjoypeople
all theenjoy
blessings
Constitution"
has great importance
for our country
in country
the sensein ofthe sense
firmform
and of
justgovernment;
form of government;
the No.liberty?
No. isThen
what is the
reason?
Why,
thathas
ourasParty
has as yet far
liberty?
Then what
the reason?
Why,
that our
Party
yet far
establishingestablishing
a firm anda just
but, before but,
the before
overthrow
the Tsing
dynasty,
many
that the of
overthrow
of
from
appointed
tasks,
and out
has only
carried
only the negative
from fulfilled
its fulfilled
appointeditstasks,
and has
carried
theout
negative
overthrow of
the Tsingofdynasty,
many
thought
thatthought
the overthrow
was the
aim ofand
ourthat
Party,
and thatChina
thereafter
China
part of
its work,
without
doing
of work.
its positive work.
part
of its work,
without
doing
anything
of anything
its positive
that dynastythat
wasdynasty
the ultimate
aimultimate
of our Party,
thereafter
would
proceed
along
road ofdevelopment
universal development
Since
thegreat
end of
the greatWar,
European
War,position
the world
of the
European
the world
hasposition has
would proceed
along
the road
of the
universal
and success.and success.Since the end
has that
to be
case?
It isthat
now
thatfor
theall
reason
for allchanged:
sharply
eyes ofworld
the whole
world
are now
sharply
thechanged:
eyes of the whole
are now
turned
to theturned
Far to the Far
But has thatBut
proved
to beproved
the case?
It the
is now
clear
theclear
reason
that hasishappened
that ourdespised
comradesdespised
inofthe name
of
East, particularly
to China.
Strictlyamongst
speaking,
all of
the nations of
East, particularly
to China. Strictly
speaking,
all amongst
the nations
that has happened
that our is
comrades
in the name
theprinciples
other twoofprinciples
of democracy
and Socialism.
FarSiam
East and
onlyJapan
Siam are
andcompletely
Japan are completely
China,
the Far Eastthe
only
independent.independent.
China,
nationalism nationalism
the othertwo
democracy
and Socialism.
This proves
once again
thatdid
ournot
work
did notwith
conclude
with the
times in population
the
vast territorially
and dozens
exceeding
vastoverterritorially
and exceeding
of dozens
times inofpopulation
the
This once again
that proves
our work
conclude
the overof thedynasty.
Tsing We
dynasty.
mustknow
firmlyand know
and
independent
is yet
in effect
only semi-independent.
What is
independent
countries, iscountries,
yet in effect
only
semi-independent.
What is
throw of throw
the Tsing
must We
firmly
so long
all threehave
principles
havecarried
not beenthe
carried
reason? the reason?
"remember "remember
that, so longthat,
as all
three as
principles
not been
realiflife
if one
themcompletely
had been completely
realized), thereAfter the overthrow
After the of
overthrow
of theand
monarchy
and the establishment
of
the monarchy
the establishment
of
into real lifeinto
(even
one(even
of them
hadofbeen
realized), there
can be
no stableofconditions
the system
republican
system
in the
territorybypopulated
by the five nationalities
the republican
in the
territory
populated
the five nationalities
can be no stable
conditions
existence.of existence.
in nationalism
fact, our nationalism
has been
not yet
been Manchus,
(Chinese,Mongols,
Manchus,Tartars
Mongols,
andaTibetans),
a vast
(Chinese,
and Tartars
Tibetans),
vast number
of number of
Furthermore,Furthermore,
in fact, our
has not yet
realized.
The ofprinciples
President
Lincoln completely
and
religiousappeared.
elementsAnd
appeared.
And
reactionary reactionary
and religious
elements
here lies
thehere
rootlies
of the root of
completely completely
realized. The
principles
PresidentofLincoln
completely
stand asthere
follows:
coincide
withsaid:
mine.
said: "A government
of the
people,
by Numerically,
the evil. Numerically,
these nationalities
the evil.
these nationalities
stand as follows:
are there are
coincide with
mine. He
"AHe
government
of the people,
elected
by elected
several
millionless
Tibetans,
less than
a millionabout
Mongols,
about ten million
for the
people."
These have
principles
servedseveral
as themillion
Tibetans,
than a million
Mongols,
ten million
the people the
and people
for the and
people."
These
principles
servedhave
as the
the most insignificant
number ofPolitically
Manchus.their
Politically their
of achievement
for as
Europeans
as well as Americans.
Words andTartars,
the mostand
insignificant
number of Manchus.
maximum ofmaximum
achievement
for Europeans
well as Americans.
Words Tartars,
is in the
sphere of Japanese
is asManchuria
follows: Manchuria
havesense
the same
sense
caninbeChina:
foundI in
China:
I have translated
distribution distribution
is as follows:
is in the sphere
of Japanese
which have which
the same
can be
found
have
translated
influence,according
Mongolia,toaccording
to recent
reports,
under the influence
them: "nationalism,
democracy
and Socialism."
Of course,
can be Mongolia,
recent reports,
is under
theisinfluence
them: "nationalism,
democracy and
Socialism."
Of course, there
can bethereinfluence,
of Russia,
booty
of Great
Britain.
races have not
other interpretations.
andthepower
of States
the United
are a and
of Russia,
Tibet isand
the Tibet
bootyisofthe
Great
Britain.
These
racesThese
have not
other interpretations.
The wealth The
and wealth
power of
United
are aStates
sufficientforstrength
for self-defense,
but they
striking
example
results
of great
men'sinteachings
in that
I strength
sufficient
self-defense,
but they might
unitemight
with unite
the with the
striking example
of the
resultsofofthe
great
men's
teachings
that country.
I country.
Chinese
to form
a single State.
glad that
to observe
that my too,
principles,
too, by
arethe
shared
by the Chinese
greatest to form
a single
State.
am glad to am
observe
my principles,
are shared
greatest
There
are 400
million
if they
cannot
organize a single
political
minds
are not in contradiction
to all the world'sThere are 400
million
Chinese:
if Chinese:
they cannot
organize
a single
political minds
abroad
and abroad
are notand
in contradiction
to all the world's
nation,
a united
is theirand
disgrace,
anda moreover
democratic
schools of thought.
nation, a united
State,
this isState,
their this
disgrace,
moreover
proof thata proof that
democratic schools
of thought.
havecomplete
not giveneffect
complete
to the firstand
principle,
I now
wish
to speak of nationalism.
we have notwe
given
even effect
to the even
first principle,
that and that
I now wish to
speak
of nationalism.
wefor
must
fightwhile
for a yet
longtowhile
carry
to the full. We
we must fight
a long
carry yet
out to
our
tasksout
to our
the tasks
full. We
shall
an united
ChineseinRepublic
order
that all the peoples
shall establish
anestablish
united Chinese
Republic
order thatinall
the peoples
andChinese
Mongols,
Manchus, Tibetans,
Mongols, Tartars
Tibetans,
Manchus,
andTartars
Chinese
should should
a singlenation.
powerful
As anof example
of what I have
constitute aconstitute
single powerful
As nation.
an example
what I have
132

67

67

133

Chinese.
is the ofmeaning
of nationalism
but
to of
thethe
people
of States
the United
States of America,
considered considered
Chinese. This
is theThis
meaning
nationalism
but
described, Idescribed,
can refer Itocan
the refer
people
United
of America,
oneterrible
great and
terrible
butconsisting
in reality of
consisting
of nationalism,
"positive" nationalism,
andmust
to this
wespecial
must give
special attention.
"positive"
and to this we
give
attention.
constituting constituting
one great and
whole,
but whole,
in reality
many
separate nationalities:
Germans,
Dutch,
English,
many separate
nationalities:
Germans, Dutch,
English,
French,
etc.French,
The etc. The
United
are an
of a united
Such a nationalism
is
United States
are anStates
example
of example
a united nation.
Suchnation.
a nationalism
is
we must
(2) Democracy
possible, andpossible,
we mustand
pursue
it. pursue it.
(2) Democracy
The nameof"Republic
of Five Nationalities"
only because
The name "Republic
Five Nationalities"
exists only exists
because
exists
a certain
racial which
distinction
which
of aI have already
I have
that in Switzerland
saidalready
that in said
Switzerland
democracy democracy
has reachedhas reached
there exists there
a certain
racial
distinction
distorts
the distorts
meaningthe
of meaning
a
single We
Republic.
We mustthefacilitate
the of
dying
out of of
all names
of point
the the
same
time the
its highest
point of development:
but attime
its highest
of development:
but at the same
system
of system of
single Republic.
must facilitate
dying out
all names
individual
peoplesChina,
inhabiting
China, i.e.Tibetans,
Manchus,etc.
Tibetans,
In this representation
prevailing
there
does notreal
constitute
real democracy,
and
prevailing there
does not
constitute
democracy,
and
individual peoples
inhabiting
i.e. Manchus,
In this etc.representation
respect
we must
follow the
of States
the United
States of America,
onlyright
the direct
of fully
the citizen
fully
answers
to the requirements
of
only the direct
of the right
citizen
answers
to the
requirements
of
respect we must
follow
the example
of example
the United
of America,
i.e.demands
satisfy the
and require-ments
of allunite
races
and in
unite democracy.
them in democracy.
Although revolutions
placetimes
at various
times in France,
Although revolutions
took place attook
various
in France,
i.e. satisfy the
anddemands
require-ments
of all races and
them
a single
political
whole, toa constitute
a single
with andAmerica
and
England,
resulted
in the establishment
of the existing
America
England,
and
resultedand
in the
establishment
of the existing
a single cultural
andcultural
politicaland
whole,
to constitute
single nation
with nation
suchfora example,
name, forasexample,
as "Chunhua"
in therepresentative
widest representative
system, nevertheless
does direct
not mean direct
system, nevertheless
that systemthat
doessystem
not mean
such a name,
"Chunhua"
(China (China
in the widest
application
ofOrganize
the name).
theState.
nation, the State.
and equal
for all
citizens,
as we are
for today. The
and equal rights
for allrights
citizens,
such
as we such
are fighting
for fighting
today. The
application of
the name).
theOrganize
nation, the
Or takecase
another
of of
a nation
mingled

most
of are:
suchthe
rights
are: theforfranchise
for all
most essential
of essential
such rights
franchise
all citizens:
thecitizens:
right the right
Or take another
of a case
nation
mingledofraces
races
situated
heart on
of Europe:
one side it of
borders
recall (the
officials
elected
bycan
the be
people
can bebydismissed
recall (theofofficials
elected
by the
people
dismissed
them at by them at
Switzerland.Switzerland.
It is situatedItinisthe
heart in
of the
Europe:
one side on
it borders
onanother
France, on
on Germany,
another ononGermany,
on a Not
third,allItaly.
Not all
parts of
will):ofthe
right of referendum
(if the body
legislative
passes a law
the right
referendum
(if the legislative
passesbody
a law
on France, on
a third, Italy.
the parts
of the will):
contrary
to of
thethe
wishes
of the
thereject
latter the
maylaw):
reject
this aState
have tongue,
a common
yet theyone
constitute
And to the
contrary
wishes
citizens,
thecitizens,
latter may
thethe law): the
this State have
common
yet tongue,
they constitute
nation. one
Andnation.
right of
initiative
propose
draft
laws, toand
be carried and
only
the wise
life of Switzerland
makes itsright
people
of initiative
(the
citizens(the
maycitizens
proposemay
draft
laws, to
be carried
only the wise
cultural
andcultural
politicaland
lifepolitical
of Switzerland
makes its people
adopted
by thebody).
legislative body).
of many
All consequence
this is the consequence
of the by the
adopted
legislative
of many races
unitedraces
and united
strong. and
All strong.
this is the
of the
four fundamental
clausesthe
constitute
basis
of thisenjoying
Republicequal
enjoying
equal electoral
and directrights.
electoral rights.These four These
fundamental
clauses constitute
basis ofthe
what
I of what I
citizens of citizens
this Republic
and direct
call "direct
electoral rights."
Regarding
country
fromoftheinternational
aspect of international
policy,call
we "direct
see electoral
rights."
Regarding this
countrythis
from
the aspect
policy, we see
thatfirst
it was
the first to
establish
equalelectoral
and direct
electoral
that it was the
to establish
equal
and direct
rights
for allrights for all
the This
population.
This is an
example of "nationalism."
the population.
is an example
of "nationalism."
But let us
thatofthe
work all
of the
uniting
the tribes who
(3) Socialism
But let us imagine
thatimagine
the work
uniting
tribesallwho
(3) Socialism
inhabit
China
has been and
completed,
and "Chunhua,"
one nation, "Chunhua,"
inhabit China
has been
completed,
one nation,
has been has been
of Socialism
has known
becomein known
Still has
the not
object
hasachieved.
not beenThere
achieved.
There
are still manyThe theoryThe
of theory
Socialism
has become
China in China
formed. Stillformed.
the object
been
are still
many
recently.
chief advocates
usually
peoplesfrom
suffering
unjust the
treatment:
Chinese
must comparatively
comparatively
recently. Its
chief Its
advocates
usually limit
their limit their
peoples suffering
unjustfrom
treatment:
Chinesethepeople
mustpeople
knowledge
of thisto tendency
to a words,
few empty
words,
without
missionfree
of setting
free these
from in
their
in the of
knowledge
this tendency
a few empty
without
having
any having any
assume the assume
mission the
of setting
these people
frompeople
their yoke,
theyoke,
definiteByprogram.
By Ilong
I have
formed view
a concrete
sense
themthem
or uniting
underof
thea banner
a single program.
long study
havestudy
formed
a concrete
of thisview of this
sense of direct
aidoffordirect
themaid
or for
uniting
under them
the banner
single of definite
question.
essence ofamounts
Socialism
to solving
Chinese
giveopportunity
them the opportunity
the The
question.
essenceThe
of Socialism
to amounts
solving the
problemthe
of problem of
Chinese nation.
Thisnation.
wouldThis
give would
them the
to enjoy theto enjoy
land and capital.
feeling of
of man
equality
man
and
of a just inter-national
attitude,
and capital.
feeling of equality
and of
man,
and
ofman,
a justand
inter-national
attitude, land
Above
havethe
setgeneral
forth the
general
main
of the "three
i.e. that
was in
expressed
in the declaration
of the AmericanAbove I have
set Iforth
main
idea of
theidea
"three
i.e. that which
was which
expressed
the declaration
of the American
principles."
efforts
of the
whole
world, the
including
President
Wilson
by "self-determination
the words "self-determination
Up to
principles."
The efforts The
of the
whole
world,
including
Chinesethe Chinese
President Wilson
by the
words
of nations."ofUpnations."
to
this Iaim,
sayParty
that must
our Party must
reaching
thisstage,
political
our work
be arepeople,
people,
directedareto directed
this aim,to and
say and
that Iour
our stage,
work cannot
be cannot
the momenttheof moment
reachingofthis
political
immediately
set about
carrying
theseinto
principles
considered
finished.who
Everyone
wishes
to join
be
immediately
set about carrying
these
principles
effect. into effect.
considered as
finished. asEveryone
wisheswho
to join
China
mustChina
be must
134

68

68

135

up Ithe
above,
also
to make
a few additionalThose who discuss
Those who
discuss the
of the brotherhood
the question
of question
the brotherhood
of peoples inof peoples in
Summing upSumming
the above,
want
also Itowant
make
a few
additional
observations.
America
have
in two
viewproblems
only twoproblems
labor and
America and
Europeand
haveEurope
in view
only
labor and
observations.
(1) Nationalism.Since
theofoverthrow
the Tsing
webut capital;
butconditions
European are
conditions
are very
different
fromThe
our own. The
capital;
European
very different
from
our own.
(1) Nationalism.Since
the overthrow
the Tsingofdynasty,
wedynasty,
carried
only
one obligations:
part of our obligations:
we have
fulfilled
only
is thatand
in Europe
all their misfortunes
arise from an
thing
is thatthing
in Europe
Americaand
allAmerica
their misfortunes
arise from an
have carriedhave
out only
oneout
part
of our
we have fulfilled
only
passive
duty,
butnothing
have done
nothing
realm work.
of positive
work. unfair
extremely
unfair distribution
products,
in China
there is
extremely
distribution
of products,ofwhereas
in whereas
China there
is
our passive our
duty,
but have
done
in the
realminofthe
positive
Wethe
must
raise the
prestige
of the
Chinese
racespoverty,
general
poverty,
since
no large But
capitalists.
this, of course,
general
since
there are
nothere
largeare
capitalists.
this, of But
course,
We must raise
prestige
of the
Chinese
people,
and people,
unite alland
theunite
racesall the
inhabiting
China
form one
Chinese
peopleAsia,
in eastern
Asia, a should
Chinesenot serve
should
serve for
as anot
reason
for not Socialism:
advocatingthis
Socialism:
this would be
asnot
a reason
advocating
would be
inhabiting China
to form
one to
Chinese
people
in eastern
a Chinese
National State.
a great
If we seeinmistakes
in Europe
andwe
America,
we are
a great mistake.
If mistake.
we see mistakes
Europe and
America,
are
National State.
(2) Democracy.To
aboutwethis
ideal
weofmust
of allto correct
bound them:
to correct
them: disproportion
in the distribution
bound
disproportion
in the distribution
of products,of products,
(2) Democracy.To
bring about bring
this ideal
must
first
all first
all the of
four
points
of direct
electoral
rights:
universal
both in
and are
in Europe,
are a bad
for us.I Therefore I
both the
in America
andAmerica
in Europe,
a bad example
forexample
us. Therefore
adopt all theadopt
four points
direct
electoral
rights:
universal
suffrage,
thesuffrage,
the right of recall.
agitate forSocialism
the socialization
land and capital.
agitate for Socialism
the socialization
of land and of
capital.
referendum,referendum,
the initiativethe
andinitiative
the rightand
of recall.
(3) SocialismHere
I have
myfirst
plan.
The
task is
of my plan isFirst we shall
Firstspeak
we shall
speak
of the socialization
of land
land. The land
of the
socialization
of land. The
(3) SocialismHere
I have my plan.
The
task
of first
my plan
to bring
about the proportional
land.my During
my of Europe
systemsand
of Europe
are very
In England
systems
Americaand
areAmerica
very different.
Indifferent.
England up
to this up to this
to bring about
the proportional
distribution distribution
of the land.of the
During
stay at(asNanking
(as Provisional
I triedoutto this
carry day
out this
day system
the feudal
system of land-holding
haswhereas
survived,
in the
the feudal
of land-holding
has survived,
in whereas
the
stay at Nanking
Provisional
President), President),
I tried to carry
proposal,
but was
my desire
was notasfulfilled,
as understood.
I was not understood.
United
States
land property.
is privateBut
property.
But theory
my social theory
United States
all the
landallis the
private
my social
proposal, but
my desire
not fulfilled,
I was not
Socialarise
questions
arise
from thebetween
inequality
richWhat
and poor.
What the
advocates
the proportionalization
land, as
means of providing
advocates
proportionalization
of the land,ofasthe
a means
of aproviding
Social questions
from the
inequality
richbetween
and poor.
do we under-stand
by In
inequality?
In ancient
times,
although
was afuture
against
evils.
the lattereven
beginning
even at the present
against
evils.future
We can
see We
the can
lattersee
beginning
at the present
do we under-stand
by inequality?
ancient times,
although
there
was a there
distinction
richitand
it sharp
was not
sharpToday
as today.day.
Today
day.isTake
what
is going
under
oursince
verythe
eyes
since the reorganization
Take what
going
on under
ouronvery
eyes
reorganization
distinction between
richbetween
and poor,
waspoor,
not so
as so
today.
of the
Canton municipality:
communications
have and
improved,
and in
the the
land,poor
while
thenot
poor
have
not even
little plot.
TheCanton
of the
municipality:
communications
have improved,
in
the rich ownthe
allrich
the own
land,all
while
have
even
a little
plot. aThe
reason
for this isinequality
is the in
difference
in power.
productive
For consequence
ofthe
land
along the embank-ment
in other most
consequence
the price of the
landprice
along
embank-ment
and in otherand
most
reason for this
inequality
the difference
productive
For power.
increase
some estates
in ancient
times timber-cutters
axes,
forpopulated
thickly districts
populated
hasincrease
begun to
thickly
hasdistricts
begun to
daily,
somedaily,
estates
example, inexample,
ancient times
timber-cutters
used axes, used
knives,
etc.,knives,
for etc.,
selling
for tens ofofthousands
of mu.
dollars
all this
their work,
whereas
today
industrydeveloped,
is greatly machines
developed,have
machines
havefor tens
selling
of thousands
dollars per
Andper
allmu.
thisAnd
belongs
to belongs to
their work, whereas
today
industry
is greatly
private
persons,
labor of others.
replaced
human
labor,
andisthe
is that
a much
greater
privateofpersons,
living
by theliving
laborby
of the
others.
replaced human
labor,
and the
result
thatresult
a much
greater
quantity
of quantity
The old
system
partiallytoconforms
to the principle
productsatisthe
secured
at the
expense
much energy.
less human energy.
The old Chinese
landChinese
systemland
partially
conforms
the principle
products is secured
expense
of much
lessofhuman
of proportionalization
In of
thethis
event
of thisbeing
principle being
another
example,
fromofthe
sphere of agriculture.
proportionalization
of land. In oftheland.
event
principle
Take anotherTake
example,
from
the sphere
agriculture.
In ancient Inofancient
the two conditions
following conditions
must be taxation
observed: taxation
labor was inemployed
in this
the theapplied,
applied,
two following
must be observed:
times only times
humanonly
laborhuman
was employed
this sphere;
but sphere;
with thebut with
the compensation
land, and compensation
plowing
andprocess
oxen, the
process ofaccording
tilling toaccording
the valueto ofthethevalue
land,ofand
according toaccording to
introductionintroduction
of plowing of
with
horseswith
and horses
oxen, the
of tilling
declared
value.
up the
to this
day the
so-called three-grade
system
became
greatly
reduced
human
effort.and
In Europe
and value.
declared
In China
upIn
toChina
this day
so-called
three-grade
system
became more
speedymore
and speedy
greatly and
reduced
human
effort.
In Europe
of has
landbeen
taxes
has been but,
preserved,
but,theowing
America
electrical
energy
usedsoil,
to till
the affords
soil, which
the ofofcollection
of collection
land taxes
preserved,
owing to
weakto the weak
America electrical
energy
is now
usedistonow
till the
which
the affords
transport
and
industry,
plowing
in the best
possible
way amore
than a thousand
developmentdevelopment
of transport of
and
industry,
land
values land
werevalues
not sowere
high not
in so high in
opportunity opportunity
of plowing of
in the
best possible
way
more than
thousand
they Well-developed
are today. Well-developed
means of communication
day, thus eliminating
use and
of horses
and oxen.
has as the
the past
theypast
are as
today.
means of communication
acres a day,acres
thusa eliminating
the use of the
horses
oxen. This
has This
and developing
industry
have to
led,
to the maintenance
created
a truly
amazing expressed
difference,byexpressed
ratio of a thousand
and developing
industry have
led, owing
theowing
maintenance
of the old of the old
created a truly
amazing
difference,
the ratio by
of athe
thousand
system,
to anunequal
extremely
rise in
the land.
to take
one. the
If we
take of
thecommunication,
means of communication,
see that to an
extremely
riseunequal
in the value
ofthe
thevalue
land. of
There
are, There are,
to one. If we
means
however, wehowever,
see that we system,
per there
mu, while
there are also
example,
2,000
the introduction
of and
steamships
has made communications
for example,forlands
worthlands
2,000worth
dollars
per dollars
mu, while
are also
the introduction
of steamships
railwaysand
hasrailways
made communications
than atimes
thousand
rapid in comparison
human
worth
20,000
dollars
per between
mu, while
between
these two extremes
worthlands
20,000
dollars
per mu,
while
these
two extremes
more than amore
thousand
more times
rapid more
in comparison
with humanwithlands
energy.
of values
a large
number
the most
varying
But if
of values there
are a there
large are
number
of the
mostofvarying
values.
But values.
if
energy.
taxes
to be
on the old
the tax collectors
taxes continue
to continue
be collected
oncollected
the old system,
bothsystem,
the taxboth
collectors
136

69

69

137

 more
evenland
thantax.
theBut
landif tax.
the total
andwill
taxpayers
will
be aput
in suchthat
a position
thatcollectors
dishonestand
collectors
and millions
and taxpayers
be put in
such
position
dishonest
millions
more even
than the
the But
total iflength
is length is
canprofits
make easy
profits thereby.
50 or 60miles,
thousand
miles, the
will also increase
landowners landowners
can make easy
thereby.
increased toincreased
50 or 60tothousand
the profits
will profits
also increase
want this
to abolish
thisintroduce
evil and the
introduce
the considerably.
opinion
about the of
application
of foreign
capital to our
Therefore ifTherefore
we wantiftoweabolish
evil and
considerably.
My opinion My
about
the application
foreign capital
to our
graduation
taxes,
we the
must
adopt themethod:
following
method:
to collect
one is industry
is the all
following:
of ourforindustry,
graduation of
taxes, weof
must
adopt
following
to collect
one
industry
the following:
branchesallofbranches
our industry,
examplefor example
percent,
land. For
if a given
land is which
mining,
whichwith
represent,
with any management
worth
its salt, profitable
percent, of the
value of
of the
the value
land. of
Forthe
example,
if aexample,
given piece
of landpiece
is ofmining,
represent,
any management
worth its salt,
profitable
2,000
dollars,pays
its owner
paysThe
20 dollars.
Theofcollection
further
undertakings,
awaiting
foreign capital.
worth 2,000worth
dollars,
its owner
20 dollars.
collection
further ofundertakings,
are awaitingare
foreign
capital.
taxes will
depend
on aft
increase
land. The
When
speak
a loan
in this connection,
I mean the procuring
taxes will depend
on aft
increase
in the
value in
of the
the value
land. of
Thetheprocess
of process ofWhen I speak
of aIloan
in of
this
connection,
I mean the procuring
Stateofpurchase
the begin
land must
with the establishment
its machines
of variousand
machines
and otherappliances
necessary for
appliances
for our industry.
State purchase
the land ofmust
with begin
the establishment
of its of of
various
other necessary
our industry.
definite
value. In
one time,
special
offices forofcollection
of Forafter
example,
after the construction
of the Pekin-Hankow
definite value.
In England,
at England,
one time,atspecial
offices
for collection
For example,
the construction
of the Pekin-Hankow
railway, therailway, the
landpurchase
tax andofpurchase
of land
were
set up,
fixed profits
definiteof which
profits
of which
werethe
enormous,
thewould
foreigners
have
land tax and
land were
set up,
which
fixedwhich
definite
were
enormous,
foreigners
have would
given us
thegiven us the
these
are not
for introduction
China.to acquire
chance it,
to with
acquire
it, withprofit-making
its future profit-making
These
assessments:assessments:
these methods
aremethods
not suitable
for suitable
introduction
in China. inchance
its future
possibilities.possibilities.
These
In my
it is much
moreand
profitable
certain
leave were
it to the
completed
the Pekin-Kalgan
line,
werethat
so we
great
that have
we could
have the
In my opinion,
it isopinion,
much more
profitable
certain and
to leave
it totothe
so great
could
completed
Pekin-Kalgan
line,
landowner
himself toand
determine
fixand
thethe
value
and tonow which
reachesInSunyang.
brief,
we can
debt to
landowner himself
to determine
fix the and
value
tax,and
andthe
to tax,which
reachesnow
Sunyang.
brief, weIn can
easily
incureasily
debt incur
to
inform accordingly
the Government
in these
charge of
these capital,
foreignbutcapital,
but theisquestion
how
shall we
inform accordingly
the Government
department department
in charge of
foreign
the question
howisshall
we utilize
it, utilize it,
matters.
or otherwise?
matters.
productivelyproductively
or otherwise?
Thearises:
question
not the communicate
landowner communicate
aThere are also
Thereother
are questions
also other ofquestions
which
I must
landowner
a
The question
will arises:
not thewill
which I ofmust
speak.
The speak. The
smaller
land,
thus paytax?
a smaller
tax?adopt
But if we
adoptand British
anddiplomats
Americanare
diplomats
are undoubtedly
a skilful
race, but still
smaller value
for hisvalue
land,for
andhisthus
payand
a smaller
But if we
British
American
undoubtedly
a skilful race,
but still
is menacing
extremely in
menacing
thecompensation
system of compensation
for landstoaccording
to their
value, all
of social revolution
the system of
for lands according
their value,
all illegal
theillegal
specterthe
of specter
social revolution
is extremely
these in these
countries.
Why?theBecause
the of
principles
of have
Socialism
have not been
activities
mustofdisappear
of themselves.
For
example,
thereofis a countries.
piece of Why?
activities must
disappear
themselves.
For example,
there
is a piece
Because
principles
Socialism
not been
realized there.
of one 1,000
mu, worth
1,000
dollars,the
forowner
whichmust
the owner
pay realized
10 fully
land of one land
mu, worth
dollars,
for which
pay 10mustfully
there.
We must
that the
degree ofrequired
sacrificeforrequired
for the
dollars
to theHe
taxmay
office.
He may
thatofthe
dollars yearly
in to yearly
the taxinoffice.
declare
that declare
the value
hisvalue of hisWe must admit
that admit
the degree
of sacrifice
the
socialwill
revolution
willthan
be higher
for the
political.
The of
Revolution of
land100is dollars,
only 100
and only
thus one
pay dollar;
only one
but the
land is only
anddollars,
thus pay
but dollar;
the social
revolution
be higher
for the than
political.
The
Revolution
1911
and the of
overthrow
of theonly
Manchus
onlyrealized
partially
application
of the
principle
the Government
can compulsorily
application of
the principle
whereby
thewhereby
Government
can compulsorily
1911 and the
overthrow
the Manchus
partially
therealized the
of nationalism,
while
neitherofthedemocracy
theory of nor
democracy
nor the
hisdeclared
land at its
declared
value
ownerits
to declare
its of principle
purchase hispurchase
land at its
value
obliges
the obliges
owner tothedeclare
principle
nationalism,
while neither
the theory
the
theory ofleft
Socialism
left any' impression.
we must
strive our utmost
value, asheotherwise
he runs
the risk
being left
without
land. Ifof Socialism
real value, asreal
otherwise
runs the risk
of being
leftofwithout
his land.
If histheory
any' impression.
But we mustBut
strive
our utmost
our first
Party but,
principle,
but, in
only the
to secure
these twoaremethods
the proportionalization
these two methods
applied,are
theapplied,
proportionalization
of land willof land
not will
only tonot
secure
triumphthe
of triumph
our firstofParty
principle,
in
achieve
itself;
weother
can leave
otheronprocesses
time
accordance
withworld
modern
world
ideas, toif develop
achieve itself;
we can
leave
processes
one sideon
forone
theside
timefor the
accordance
with modern
ideas,
to develop
possible ifthepossible the
being.
of democracy,
which
also old ofprinciples
of our Party.
being.
principles ofprinciples
democracy,
which are also
oldareprinciples
our Party.
I havethe
discussed
the land
question.
There still
the both
Although
both
aredeveloped,
politically political
developed, political
Thus I haveThus
discussed
land question.
There
still remains
the remains
Although
England
andEngland
Americaand
areAmerica
politically
of how
settle the
problem of capital.
authority
there still
remains
the of
hands,
not of as
thea people
issue of howissue
to settle
the to
problem
of capital.
authority there
still remains
in the
hands,innot
the people
whole, as a whole,
year I apublished
a bookThe
entitled:
The International
but ofparty.
a political party.
Last year Last
I published
book entitled:
International
but of a political
Development
China.
this book the
I discussed
question of utilizingI remember Ithat,
remember
return to aKwantung,
a well-known
Hong
Development
of China. Inof
this
bookIn
I discussed
questionthe
of utilizing
on my that,
returnontomy
Kwantung,
well-known
Hong
foreign
for the
of developing
Chineseandindustry
stated the
to be that was
Kwantung was
foreign capital
for capital
the purpose
of purpose
developing
Chinese industry
Kongand
paperKong
statedpaper
the meaning
of meaning
our returnoftoour
bereturn
that Kwantung
commerce.
at the Pekin-Hankow
and Pekin-Mukden
railways,
and not
governed,
not by of
thethe
people
of thebut
province,
but by There
a "Party." There
governed,
by the people
province,
by a "Party."
commerce. Look
at the Look
Pekin-Hankow
and Pekin-Mukden
railways, and
at the Tientsin-Pukow
line,
built capital
by foreign
waspoint
a certain
in this declaration.
At Iallwas
events,
I was
was a certain
in thispoint
declaration.
At all events,
pleased
to pleased to
also at the also
Tientsin-Pukow
line, built by
foreign
and capital
yieldingand yielding
enormous
profits.
At the
time
the total
length
of the hear
Chinese
hear a confirmation
that it wasbygoverned
"Party,"
the same was
a confirmation
that it was governed
a "Party,"byasa the
sameas
was
enormous profits.
At the
present
timepresent
the total
length
of the
Chinese
achieving
is 5,000-6,000
and their
profits
70-80
true of
andIfAmerica.
If we
of England
andEngland
America.
we succeed
in succeed
achievingin our
Party our Party
their profits
amount
to amount
70-80 totrue
railways is railways
5,000-6,000
miles, and miles,
138

70

70

139

ends,
this will undoubtedly
be a great achievement
for of
the people of
ends, this will
undoubtedly
be a great achievement
for the people
APPENDIX
II
APPENDIX
II
Kwantung.
We must energetically
set about organizing,
explaining our
Kwantung. We
must energetically
set about organizing,
explaining our
principles,them
spreading
farIfand
want others,
to awaken others,
principles, spreading
far andthem
wide.
we wide.
want If
to we
awaken
"THE FIVEFOLD
CONSTITUTION"
"THE FIVEFOLD
CONSTITUTION"
first up
of all
wake up ourselves.
we must firstweofmust
all wake
ourselves.
there is a of
committee
of the Kuomintang
at Canton, where
Now there isNow
a committee
the Kuomintang
at Canton, where
by Sun Yat-Sen)
(A Speech (A
by Speech
Sun Yat-Sen)
will be concentrated.
In this
respect
there
propaganda propaganda
will be concentrated.
In this respect
there
will be
no will be no
Comrades,
Comrades,
Wefind
shallthat
soon
that the
of will
Kwantung
will not
limitations. limitations.
We shall soon
thefind
province
of province
Kwantung
not
subject
of this
will be theConstitution,"
"Fivefold Constitution,"
subject The
of this
speech
will speech
be the "Fivefold
which is which is
be which
the soilour
onprinciples
which ourwill
principles
willreality,
grow into
reality, The
but will
only be the only
soil on
grow into
but will
the fruit exclusively
myhitherto
work and
has beenYou
unknown. You
the fruit exclusively
of my workofand
hashitherto
been unknown.
be theofbirthplace
the idea of and
democracy
and its
practical realization.
be the birthplace
the idea of democracy
its practical
realization.
for the establishment
of a
that the
whole
world
the whole
world
strives
for strives
the establishment
of a
here these and
principles
and their will
realization
spread know
all overthat know
From here From
these principles
their realization
spread will
all over
system;
system; this
term this
mustterm
be must
known be to known
many to many
China. The
people
of the
Yellow
River
follow constitu-tional
China. The people
of the
Yangtse
andYangtse
Yellow and
River
valleys
will valleys
follow willconstitu-tional
of the
Chinese
people,
which
last ten or twenty
of the Chinese
people,
which
for the
last for
ten the
or twenty
ourThe
example.
of isour
action isbyexplained
that the representatives
our example.
haste ofThe
ourhaste
action
explained
the fact by
thatthe
thefact representatives
years
has
been
living
an
intense
political
life.
But
years
has
been
living
an
intense
political
life.
But
what
is a what is a
people
whichactually
has been
actually
in thesetRepublic
set up by itself
people which
has been
living
in theliving
Republic
up by itself
constitution?
A constitutional
order isina which
systemallinpolitical
which all political
constitution?
A constitutional
order is a system
over ago
ten isyears
is quiteof ignorant
what means:
the word
the
over ten years
quiteago
ignorant
what theofword
the means:
is divided
several component
parts, independent
of one
divided into
severalinto
component
parts, independent
of one
of the significance
of the
Republic
explanation explanation
of the significance
of the Republic
must
be our must
task. be our task.authority is authority
another
in their
work. The constitutions
of otherare
countries
work.
The constitutions
of other countries
divided are divided
the greatWar,
European
War,Wilson
President
forward in their
During the During
great European
President
put Wilson
forwardput another
onlycomponent
into three component
parts,
notThe
intoconstitution
five. The constitution
of
only
into three
parts, but not
intobut
five.
of
the watchword:
"self-determination
peoples."
This corresponds
to our
the watchword:
"self-determination
of peoples."of
This
corresponds
to our
component
is my
the fruit
my labors
From the moment
is the parts
fruit of
laborsofalone.
Fromalone.
the moment
Party ofprinciple
of "nationalism."
After the
Peace Conference
at five parts
After the Peace
Conference
at five component
Party principle
"nationalism."
of its appearance,
veryunderstood
few have understood
purpose.
its appearance,
very few have
its purpose.its
I shall
try toI shall try to
number
small but independent
republics
were of
formed,
Versailles, aVersailles,
number ofa small
butofindependent
republics were
formed,
explain
it.
explain
it.
living
anytie.
common
tie. This
clearly
clearlymust
show
you show
the you the
living without
anywithout
common
This must
and apparently
my
agoonI this
spoke
on this
ago Iyears
spoke
subject,
andsubject,
apparently
my
principalintendency
in the
life of
nations.
Nowis the time isTen years Ten
principal tendency
the modern
lifemodern
of nations.
Now
the time
audience
were
very
inattentive.
In
all
other
countries
there
exists
the
soaudience
were
very
inattentive.
In
all
other
countries
there
exists
the
soto effect
carry into
effectprinciples
our great ofprinciples
of nationalism,
approachingapproaching
to carry into
our great
nationalism,
called
threefold constitution,
and
was very
strange for them
called
threefold
constitution,
and therefore
it therefore
was very it
strange
for them
and Only
Socialism.
Only
by the transformation
three
democracy democracy
and Socialism.
by the
transformation
of all threeof all
hear
of aand
newthey
form,
and they
that it the
wasresult
purelyofthe result of
to
hear
new
form,
decided
thatdecided
it was purely
principles
reality
can live
our people
live and
develop
But
theof a to
principles into
reality into
can our
people
and develop
freely.
But freely.
the
I based
the work
idea of
worksolid
on afoundation.
very solid foundation.
my fantasy.
Butfantasy.
I based But
the idea
of my
onmy
a very
and of
application
of thesedepends
principles
depends
on my
explanation explanation
and application
these principles
very
largelyvery
on largely
for over
I studied
history of revolutions
history the
of revolutions
for over thirty
years.thirty
Afteryears.
an After an
display
of your
and the
degree shown
of energy
shown Iinstudied
your the
the display the
of your
forces
and forces
the degree
of energy
in your
unsuccessful
revolt
in
Kwantung,
I
went
abroad,
and
seriously
began
unsuccessful
revolt
in
Kwantung,
I
went
abroad,
and
seriously
began
propaganda.propaganda.
of the
of political
why great
political movements
the
thestudy
problem
of problem
why great
movements
in various in various
Weanow
have aoccasion
favorableforoccasion
for the propaganda
of study
our ofthe
We now have
favorable
the propaganda
of our
countries
were unsuccessful.
My to
object
was
create the for
foundation for
countries were
unsuccessful.
My object was
create
thetofoundation
ideas:Kwantung
the wholeProvince,
Kwantungwith
Province,
with its of
population
of 30 millions,
ideas: the whole
its population
30 millions,
the future
system of government
the future
of government
of China. of China.
is in We
our must
hands.
We must immediately
tackle
work of in
explaining
in system
is in our hands.
immediately
tackle the work
ofthe
explaining
and in
succeeded
all these seriously
questionsand
seriously
I succeededI in
studyinginallstudying
these questions
in
detail tothe
all essential
citizens the
essentialofprinciples
our Party program.
detail to all citizens
principles
our Partyof
program.
After theconclusion
successful of
conclusion
of States
the United States
detail. Afterdetail.
the successful
the revoltofofthe
therevolt
United
America,
colonists
who had
securedindependence
complete independence
of
of America,ofthe
coloniststhewho
had secured
complete
of
Great
laid at the foundation
of their
system of government
a
Great Britain
laid Britain
at the foundation
of their system
of government
a
threefold constitution,
clauses
andof articles
threefold constitution,
the clausestheand
articles
which ofare which are
dis-tinguished
by their and
exactness
and This
clearness.
This constitution
is
dis-tinguished
by their exactness
clearness.
constitution
is
in the
political
world Constitution."
a "written Constitution."
Many countries
called in thecalled
political
world
a "written
Many countries
of the
and
laid this constitution
at the
followed thefollowed
examplethe
of example
the U.S.A.,
andU.S.A.,
laid this
constitution
at the
140
141
71
71

lawscountry.
of theirI country.
I studied
the American
in such
system
we dowho
not should
know who
should Undoubtedly,
be elected. Undoubtedly,
in such a system
wea do
not know
be elected.
foundation foundation
of the lawsof ofthetheir
studied the
American
from the
moment
of its appearance
was recognized
those
who are
elected
should
possess
certainbut
qualities,
those who are
elected
should
possess
certain
qualities,
the rightbut
to the right to
constitution,constitution,
which from which
the moment
of its
appearance
was recognized
a model,
by thepeople
American
people
itself,
by should
the
vote
should be
to of
allthe
citizens
of theSuch
Republic.
Such
be extended
to extended
all citizens
Republic.
a system
is a system is
as a model,asnot
only bynot
theonly
American
itself,
but also
bybut
the alsovote
British who
statesmen,
saw in it superior
something
superior
all other
forms
called Suffrage."
"UniversalInSuffrage."
In all
observe
today a struggle
called
"Universal
all countries
wecountries
observe we
today
a struggle
British statesmen,
saw inwho
it something
to all
other to
forms
of constitution
in otherI countries.
was very
and painstaking
on for this
object.
This
is amethod,
very good
but who should
going on forgoing
this object.
This
is a very
good
butmethod,
who should
of constitution
in other countries.
was very Icareful
and careful
painstaking
aboutofthe
of this constitution,
ordera to
secure
a replybetoelected?
the be elected?
about the study
thisstudy
constitution,
in order to in
secure
reply
to the
question:
was or
it perfect
or result
not? The
result
of was
my work
It isa not
suchthing
a simple
as toonce
say you
that, have
once you have
simple
as to thing
say that,
question: was
it perfect
not? The
of my
work
the was theIt is not such
conviction
thatfrom
it suffers
many
defects. the
Moreover,
of you
property,
you
and Ibethink
elected.
thinkworker
that every
worker in the
property,
can vote
andcan
bevote
elected.
that Ievery
in the
conviction that
it suffers
many from
defects.
Moreover,
opinion the
of opinion
someand
European
andscholars
American
scholars
about theConstitution
American Constitution
public
and every
worker
of theinstitutions,
legislative institutions,
public service,
andservice,
every worker
of the
legislative
ought to ought to
some European
American
about
the American
coincides
minerespects.
in manyToday
respects.
certain and
knowledge
forBut
hisifwork.
But
if he has neither
have the
certainhave
knowledge
aptness and
for aptness
his work.
he has
neither
coincides with
mine with
in many
veryToday
many very
feel many
the feel
imperfectness
of theConstitution.
American Constitution.
Thisall
is that
because
was nor
knowledge
but only
property,
this is in contradiction
to the
knowledge
aptitude,nor
butaptitude,
only property,
this
is in contradiction
to the
imperfectness
of the American
This is because
was all that
good and
correctora hundred
or two
hundred
is by norequirements
means
requirements
Let usthat
sup-pose
that
wemen
havewho
fifty men who
of the age. of
Letthe
us age.
sup-pose
we have
fifty
good and correct
a hundred
two hundred
years
ago isyears
by noago
means
suitable
Fromand
thisalso
angle,
and to
also
to my
intensive
study of the possess
We must select
the knowledge
necessary knowledge
and qualifications.
possess
necessary
and qualifications.
We must select
suitable today.
Fromtoday.
this angle,
thanks
mythanks
intensive
study
of
question,
I decided
that these imperfections
must be The
eliminated.
whom
wewho
need.
canthey
tell us
the most suitable
thoseThe
whomthose
we need.
But
canBut
tellwho
us that
arethat
the they
mostare
suitable
the question,the
I decided
that
these imperfections
must be eliminated.
Americanofstudents
politicalarescience
of opinion.
the same opinion.
in China
for the
work? Previously,
there
for the work?
Previously,
there existed
in existed
China the
methodtheof method of
American students
politicalofscience
of the are
same
Undoubtedly,
theofperfection
of a constitution
is matter.
not an easy
How examination
forService.
the Civil
the old
Chinese
examination
for the Civil
ButService.
the oldBut
Chinese
method
wasmethod was
Undoubtedly,
the perfection
a constitution
is not an easy
Howmatter.
it toWe
be have
done?atWe
at our
disposal
neithernor
materials
nor theduring
useless
during
of the
dynasty,
the time
of the
the time
dynasty,
because
thebecause
Emperorthein Emperor
those in those
is it to be is
done?
ourhave
disposal
neither
materials
the useless
necessary books.
days
was onlywith
concerned
findinghe
therequired
people he
required
days was only
concerned
findingwith
the people
to rule
the to rule the
necessary books.
remember
thatAmerican
a certain professor
Americanwrote
professor
wrote country.
a book, However,
country.this
However,
method is useful
extremely
useful andfor
necessary for
methodthis
is extremely
and necessary
I rememberI that
a certain
a book,
entitled,in Liberty,
in develops
which hethe
develops
the the
ideathreefold
that the threefold
theasRepublic,
the whole
peopletoisassemble
unable totoassemble
to manage the
the Republic,
the wholeaspeople
is unable
manage the
entitled, Liberty,
which he
idea that
does not to
correspond
thetherefore
times, and therefore
affairs
of the
country.
The examination
section,istherefore,
affairs of the
country.
The
examination
section, therefore,
the fifth is the fifth
constitution constitution
does not correspond
the spirit to
of the
the spirit
times,ofand
he advises
the introduction
a fourth component
part, the
of
component
partI have
of which
I have
wasofthe
component
part of which
spoken.
Allspoken.
this wasAll
thethis
result
myresult of my
he advises the
introduction
of a fourth of
component
part, the "power
of "power
of Parliament,
must be absolutely
protracted
and concentrated
am certain
protracted and
concentrated
labors; I amlabors;
certainI that
practicethat
willpractice
show will show
which mustwhich
be absolutely
punishment"punishment"
of membersofofmembers
Parliament,
in its
He if
thinks
that if possesses
Parliamentthis
possesses
this the
completeofsuitability
of this system.
the complete
suitability
this system.
independentindependent
in its actions.
He actions.
thinks that
Parliament
power,
cunningofmembers
of will
Parliament
it and will alwaysThe "UnitedThe
"Unitedwhile
League,"
it was
stillaccepted
in Tokyo,
League,"
it waswhile
still in
Tokyo,
theaccepted the
power, cunning
members
Parliament
abuse itwill
andabuse
will always
place the Government
in a very
difficult
But his
alsoof the
scheme
of Principles"
the "Three and
Principles"
and theConstitution"
"Fivefold Constitution"
as its
scheme
"Three
the "Fivefold
as its
place the Government
in a very difficult
position.
Butposition.
his opinion
alsoopinion
not quite
correct. In
America
therenumber
are a fair
numberwho
of people
who We
program.
decided
thatafter
timethe
that,
after the completion
successful completion
program.
decidedWe
at that
time atthat,
successful
is not quite is
correct.
In America
there
are a fair
of people
must be
feel the imperfection
of their Constitution,
seek of
a method
of the revolutionary
the constitution
of theofrevolutionary
insurrection,insurrection,
the constitution
must be applied
in applied in
feel the imperfection
of their Constitution,
and seek aand
method
it. But indicated
the method
is alsoWhy?
imperfect.
Why? Because
did not
imagine
that,
after the of
overthrow
of the Manchu
practice. Wepractice.
did not We
imagine
that,
after the
overthrow
the Manchu
improving it.improving
But the method
is indicated
also imperfect.
Because
dynasty,
anyone
take of
advantage
of the
difficult circumstances.
the United
Statesservants
all public
arethe
elected
by but,
the people,
but, in anyone
would
take would
advantage
the difficult
circumstances.
in the UnitedinStates
all public
areservants
elected by
people,
in dynasty,
of theofexistence
of many difficulties
popularand
elections,
and thought
Everyone
that
theofvery
of the of
overthrow
of the Manchu
Everyone
thatthought
the very
fact
the fact
overthrow
the Manchu
in popular in
elections,
view of theview
existence
many difficulties
grave
limitingofelections
is would
dynasty
proof
that be
allorganized
would be asorganized
as the people
dynasty
be awould
proof be
thata all
would
the people
other graveother
defects,
thedefects,
method the
of method
limiting of
elections
officials ofis officials
the vote
onlypossessing
to people certain
possessing
certain privileges.
desired.
result
is the ofexistence
of the "Republican
so-called "Republican
desired. The
result The
is the
existence
the so-called
applied: theapplied:
vote belongs
onlybelongs
to people
privileges.
in China,
which
hasnotnotapplied
only not
the for
principles for
Such ais privilege
is the of
possession
a certain
System" in System"
China, which
has not
only
the applied
principles
Such a privilege
the possession
a certainofamount
of amount
property,of property,
which
sons
of Chinabut
struggled,
but onhas
theeven
whole
has even made
givesthe
its right
ownerto the
right
to vote. Undoubtedly
form of
the best
sonsthe
ofbest
China
struggled,
on the whole
made
which giveswhich
its owner
vote.
Undoubtedly
such a formsuch
of a which
matters
reason
forbethis
must
be clear
you, even without
at day
the present
day is in contradiction
spirit worse.
matters
The worse.
reason The
for this
must
clear
to you,
eventowithout
restriction inrestriction
elections in
at elections
the present
is in contradiction
to the spirit to the
my explanations.
We must immediately
all to
ourapplying
efforts to applying
andtogives
rise growth
to the vast
growth of Moreover,
corruption. Moreover,
my explanations.
We must immediately
bend all ourbend
efforts
of equality, of
andequality,
gives rise
the vast
of corruption.
142

72

72

143

theConstitution"
"Fivefold Constitution"
which
lay the for
foundation
of time,
it be after
several
or evenofthousands
time, whether
it bewhether
after several
hundreds
orhundreds
even thousands
years, of years,
the "Fivefold
which will lay
the will
foundation
a strongfor aofstrong
healthy
form of government.
We amust
a good Constitution
this Constitution
will be adopted.
this Constitution
will be adopted.
and healthyand
form
of government.
We must have
goodhave
Constitution
we shall
be able
build
up a real Republic.
strive
to make
China aand
powerful
glorious
We strive toWe
make
China
a powerful
gloriousand
country,
butcountry, but
and then weand
shallthen
be able
to build
up atoreal
Republic.
Fromthat
thethe
time
that theConstitution"
"Fivefold Constitution"
made how
its first
canthis
weabout?
bring this
about?
think
that
the not
pathbemust
can wehow
bring
I think
that I the
path
must
verynot be very
From the time
"Fivefold
made its first
no one has
studied sufficiently
its essence sufficiently
to it
understand
it This
difficult.
is the application
of theConstitution."
"Fivefold Constitution."
difficult.
path isThis
the path
application
of the "Fivefold
appearance, appearance,
no one has studied
its essence
to understand
and it.
agree
with it. I that,
remember
about
yearspassed
have now
since
theI day
when
I spoke on this
Overago,
twentyOver
yearstwenty
have now
sincepassed
the day
when
spoke
on this
properly andproperly
agree with
I remember
about that,
twenty
yearstwenty
ago, years
was student
a Chinese
who had
passed
Chineseon the
theme,
on the anniversary
of the "Min-Pao"
in Tokyo;
anniversary
of the "Min-Pao"
in Tokyo; yet
still theyet still the
there was athere
Chinese
whostudent
had passed
through
thethrough
Chinesethe theme,
Faculty
Law. to
Hesupplement
wished to supplement
his in
knowledge
in thisnumber
sphere of supporters
number of of
supporters
of this Constitution
extremely
small. We must
this Constitution
is extremelyissmall.
We must
Faculty of Law.
He of
wished
his knowledge
this sphere
and subject
study his
subject
more
for this
purpose
to a every
welcome
desire acquainted
to become with
acquainted
with thisBut
question.
But if
welcome
desireevery
to become
this question.
if
anddeeply,
for thisand
purpose
went
to a went
and study his
more
deeply,
famousUniversity.
American University.
in and
Newasked
Yorkwhat
and asked
wedraw
attempt
draw of
thethis
picture
of this Constitution
in alltwo
its details, two
we what
attempt to
the to
picture
Constitution
in all its details,
famous American
I met him inI met
Newhim
York
subjects
he was
particular.
He replied
had taken
weeks
will be insufficient,
foristhe
toousgreat.
Let us
weeksthewill be
insufficient,
for the theme
tootheme
great.isLet
consider,
at consider, at
subjects he was
studying
in studying
particular.inHe
replied that
he had that
takenhethe
of Constitutions
a special
subjectI for
I then told
anywe
rate,
why this
we require
this Constitution.
desire to understand
any him
rate, why
require
Constitution.
If we desireIftoweunderstand
question of question
Constitutions
as a special as
subject
for study.
thenstudy.
told him
of my
of Constitution"
a "Fivefold Constitution"
andit discussed
it withthis,
him we
for must
this,
wemake
must afirst
makeofapolitical
review of
political
history
forofthe space of
first
review
history
for the
space
of my scheme
of ascheme
"Fivefold
and discussed
with him for
about In
twothe
weeks.
the end he
that theConstitution"
"Fivefold Constitution"
several years
thousand
past. Inhistory
political
history
several thousand
past. years
In political
there
existsthere
two exists two
about two weeks.
end heIndeclared
thatdeclared
the "Fivefold
was much
than Iany
other.him
I begged
him
study this question
one,the
"Liberty,"
the other,
political
tendencies; tendencies;
one, "Liberty,"
other, "Order."
In "Order."
political In
history,
justhistory, just
was much better
than better
any other.
begged
to study
thisto question
in the University.
on he his
completed
as in
physics,
there
are two
forces, centrifugal
and centripetal.
The
as inand
physics,
there
are two
forces,
centrifugal
and centripetal.
The
seriously inseriously
the University.
Later on heLater
completed
studies, his
andstudies,
degreethus
of Doctor;
thus his must
knowledge
mustvery
have been
very oftendency
of the force
centrifugal
force iswithout,
extension
tendency
the centrifugal
is extension
thewithout,
tendencytheoftendency of
received thereceived
degree oftheDoctor;
his knowledge
have been
extensive.
Having
passed
out of the he
University,
he England,
traveled in England,
the iscentripetal
collection
around Ifthethecenter.
If the force
centrifugal
force is
the centripetal
collectionisaround
the center.
centrifugal
is
extensive. Having
passed
out of
the University,
traveled in
andtoGermany
to study constitutions
practice,
after stronger
the first than
stronger
than any
object,will
the break
latter up
willinto
break
upbut
intoif dust;
any object,
the latter
dust;
the but if the
France and France
Germany
study constitutions
in practice, in
after
the first
successfulhe
revolution
returned
China
He then
he had force
centripetal
is thethestronger,
the object
will only
become slightly
is theforce
stronger,
object will
only become
slightly
successful revolution
returned he
to China
Hetothen
declared
thatdeclared
he had thatcentripetal
and more compressed.
It is that
necessary
that forces
these two forces
not such
met awith
such a constitution
in other and
countries,
and therefore
smaller andsmaller
more compressed.
It is necessary
these two
not met with
constitution
in other countries,
therefore
should The
be equal.
The same
applies toand
"Liberty"
andIf "Order."
If the
that the of
possibility
of ourit applying
it inwas
practice
wasbe equal.
should
same applies
to "Liberty"
"Order."
the
considered considered
that the possibility
our applying
in practice
boundaries
"Liberty"
are widelythere
extended,
there is a that
possibility that
extremely
When
heard this declaration,
I knew
it was mistaken.
boundaries of
"Liberty"ofare
widely extended,
is a possibility
extremely small.
Whensmall.
I heard
this Ideclaration,
I knew it was
mistaken.
takes first
there
willifarise;
but takes
if "Order"
Yet all ouratcomrades
that time
that the
opinionbyexpressed
by willanarchy
anarchy
arise; but
"Order"
first place,
thereplace,
will be
the will be the
Yet all our comrades
that time at
thought
thatthought
the opinion
expressed
sway of absolutism.
Political
last fewyears
thousand years
this right;
doctor"there
was right;
is no such constitution
any other country,
sway of absolutism.
Political changes
forchanges
the last for
fewthe
thousand
this doctor was
is no "there
such constitution
in any otherin
country,
of the
conflict
these two forces.
and
therefore
it must
be bad
does not
deserve attention." are the resultare
ofthe
theresult
conflict
of these
twoofforces.
and therefore
it must
be bad
and does
notand
deserve
attention."
historybegan
of China
with theofdynasties
I was atmy
Nanking,
myinprofessor
in jurisprudence
was aThe history The
of China
with began
the dynasties
Tan and of
Yu:Tan and Yu:
When I wasWhen
at Nanking,
professor
jurisprudence
was a
historyisoftheChina is the
periodtheis "Golden
called theAge."
"Golden
Japanese
DoctorI discussed
of Laws; Ivery
discussed
very manywith
questions
thishim.
period this
is called
The Age."
historyThe
of China
Japanese Doctor
of Laws;
many questions
him. with
Afterofthe
ofrevolution,
the second Irevolution,
I went
Japanmet
and again
metof the
history
of thefrom
movement
liberty to absolutism,
while of
the history of
history
movement
libertyfrom
to absolutism,
while the history
After the failure
thefailure
second
went to Japan
andtoagain
him.
asked
me what
I called theConstitution."
"Fivefold Constitution."
Europe
is of
thethe
history
of the from
movement
from to
absolutism
to liberty. Our
Europe is the
history
movement
absolutism
liberty. Our
him. He asked
meHewhat
I called
the "Fivefold
I explained I explained
to himand
in detail,
andhad
after
we together
had lived
for about
threeenjoyed
people
enjoyed
too began
long, and
began
to grow
people
liberty
too liberty
long, and
to grow
tired
of it, tired
and of it, and
it to him init detail,
after we
lived
fortogether
about three
he at last
finallyit.destroyed
it. Then
selfishand
emperors
and advantage
kings tookofadvantage of
finally destroyed
Then selfish
emperors
kings took
months he atmonths
last grasped
it. grasped it.
both indoctors,
in run,
the long
run, that
declared
this the opportunity
to assume
toga of absolutism:
theofautocracy
of the
the opportunity
to assume the
toga of the
absolutism:
the autocracy
the
declared
this that
Thus both Thus
doctors,
the long
constitutional
theory has
nothing in
common
with the constitutions
Tsingdynasties
and Tangbegan.
dynasties
began. The
political
history
of other countries
and Tang
The political
history
of other
countries
constitutional
theory has nothing
in common
with
the constitutions
of Tsing of
otherand
countries,
andthetherefore
question
remain
open.goes
Seeing
goes from to
absolutism
liberty:times
in earlier
people
suffered great
from absolutism
liberty: into earlier
peopletimes
suffered
great
other countries,
therefore
questionthe
must
remainmust
open.
Seeing
suchattitude,
a cautious
attitude,
I was nevertheless
convinced
that in themisery,
courseand misery,
and
in those
the saying
arose:
"Either liberty
therefore
in therefore
those countries
thecountries
saying arose:
"Either
liberty
such a cautious
I was
nevertheless
convinced that
in the course
144

73

73

145

or death."
Thus
see the
terrible
of at
absolutism
at that as the
serving
as the
andtoreal
to the of
realization
of theofprinciples of
or death." Thus
we can
see we
the can
terrible
meaning
of meaning
absolutism
that
serving
true and
realtrue
path
the path
realization
the principles
time.
time.
democracy. democracy.
Chineselifepolitical
life goes
speak
placeofofconstitutions.
origin of constitutions.
A
The historyThe
of history
Chinese ofpolitical
goes from
libertyfrom
to liberty toNow let usNow
speakletofusthe
placeof oftheorigin
A
Thepeople
Chinese
ancient
times independently
was first
created inFrom
England.
From
absolutism. absolutism.
The Chinese
in people
ancient intimes
independently
constitution constitution
was first created
in England.
the time
of the
the time
Greatof the Great
cultivated
their
andfor
dug
wells
for their
water,
and were completely
English Revolution,
of the
monarchdeclined,
graduallyand
declined, and
cultivated their
fruit and
dugfruit
wells
their
water,
and were
completely
English Revolution,
the power ofthethepower
monarch
gradually
what the philosopher,
Lao-tze
said: "A
country
finally
became
a pure
politicallike
tradition,
like theof"division
free. This isfree.
whatThis
the isphilosopher,
Lao-tze said:
"A country
must
be must
finallybebecame
a pure
political
tradition,
the "division
the threeof the three
governed
without interference."
is the
popular conception
of But
powers."
But the
in reality
do that
not know
that these "three
governed without
interference."
This is theThis
popular
conception
of powers."
in reality
Englishthe
do English
not know
these "three
liberty.
that
time enjoyed
the people
enjoyedliberty,
complete
did not were
powers"
were
divided:
possess
a natural
feeling
of love for liberty,
liberty. At that
timeAtthe
people
complete
but liberty,
did not but powers"
divided:
they
possessthey
a natural
feeling
of love
for liberty,
knowThis
its value.
This
has been maintained
up to the and
present
and act
astoteems
know its value.
tradition
hastradition
been maintained
up to the present
act as teems
best
them.best to them.
day. of
Thetheapathy
of the
Chinese
libertyof
is constant
a source wonder
of constant wonderThree hundred
Three
hundred
yearswas
ago athere
wasFrench
a famous
French scholar,
day. The apathy
Chinese
to liberty
is to
a source
years
ago there
famous
scholar,
to the The
Europeans.
The
European
history
is quite the Montesquieu,
reverse. Montesquieu,
whoa published
a book
called ofThe
Spiritwhich
of Laws, which
to the Europeans.
character
ofcharacter
Europeanofhistory
is quite
the reverse.
who published
book called
The Spirit
Laws,
From the
moment
theRoman
fall of Empire,
the Roman
Empire,
divided
set out of
thethe
theory
of the
the three
From the moment
of the
fall ofofthe
Europe
was Europe
dividedwasset
out the theory
division
of division
the threeofpowers,
andpowers,
pointedand
out pointed out
intoofacountries,
number ofthe
countries,
thewhich
nations
of which
in the
of legislative,
that the executive
legislative,and
executive
judicial
powers
should be completely
into a number
nations of
were
in the were
position
of position
that the
judicialand
powers
should
be completely
slaves.
During
last few
centuries
warshave
for liberty
have gone on.
one ofBut
the thanks
other. But
thanks
the great development
of
slaves. During
the last
few the
centuries
wars
for liberty
gone on.
independentindependent
one of the other.
to the
greattodevelopment
of
I have
spoken
about revolution,
I havehernever
political
parties,
England
hergovernment
forms of government
only
Whenever Whenever
I have spoken
about
revolution,
I have never
politicalher
parties,
England
changed
herchanged
forms of
only
confused
the idea liberty:
of winning
liberty: the
Chinese
think and
gradually,
now her government
not one
of free, independent
and
confused this
with thethis
ideawith
of winning
the Chinese
people
thinkpeople
gradually,
now herand
government
is not one ofis free,
independent
and
only of political
a complete
political
does not
this at separate
all with powers,
separate
a singleThe
authority.
modern
political
only of a complete
change,
but change,
does notbut
connect
thisconnect
at all with
butpowers,
a singlebut
authority.
modernThe
political
system
in system in
idea The
of liberty.
The
Chinese only
Emperors
only that
demanded
that the is that
England
that of the
complete dictatorship
of Parliament,
the idea of the
liberty.
Chinese
Emperors
demanded
the England
of theiscomplete
dictatorship
of Parliament,
the completethe complete
people
pay keep
taxesthe
andpeace.
keep Hence
the peace.
it is clear
why ofauthority
a single
which
country.
people should
pay should
taxes and
it is Hence
clear why
authority
a single of
party
whichparty
governs
thegoverns
country.the
The
systemThe
of system of
Europe the
criticizes
Chinese
for a failure
complete
to government
ofStates
the United
States of
the other
hand, is based
Europe criticizes
Chinesethepeople
for people
a complete
to failure
government
of the United
of America,
onAmerica,
the otheron
hand,
is based
powers formulated
by
the termThe
"liberty."
The do
Europeans
docomplete
not enjoy complete
on the
of the ofdivision
of threeformulated
understand understand
the term "liberty."
Europeans
not enjoy
on the theory
of theory
the division
three powers
by
and is in
expressed
in forms
the exact
of a written
andfight
therefore
to win
But the
Chinese
have Montesquieu,
enjoyed Montesquieu,
liberty, andliberty,
therefore
to winfight
it. But
the it.
Chinese
have
enjoyed
and is expressed
the exact
of aforms
written
constitution.
Yet Montesquieu
himself
basedofhisthe
theory
of the division
unlimited
and
know the
meaning
word.
unlimited liberty,
and liberty,
therefore
dotherefore
not knowdo
thenot
meaning
of the
word.of the constitution.
Yet Montesquieu
himself based
his theory
division
of three
powers
on the
politicaloftraditions
England.
Later, the reforms
two tendencies
politicalabsolutism,
history, absolutism,
and powers
These two These
tendencies
of politicalofhistory,
and of three
on the
political
traditions
England. of
Later,
the reforms
Japan
and the revolutions
in othertook
Countries
took as
are the distinguishing
features China
separating
from in
Europe.
liberty, are liberty,
the distinguishing
features separating
fromChina
Europe.
Japan andinthe
revolutions
in other Countries
as the basis
of the
theirbasis of their
But history
in political
there
also two
classesthose
of people:
who constitution
the Constitution
of the
United
The English
But in political
therehistory
are also
twoare
classes
of people:
who those
constitution
the Constitution
of the United
States.
TheStates.
English
andare
those
who areHere
governed.
what one philosopher
said
Constitution
is not formulated
in documents,
the American
govern and govern
those who
governed.
is whatHere
one isphilosopher
said
Constitution
is not formulated
in documents,
whereas thewhereas
American
on this
subject:
"There
are men
occupied
with gym-nastics
mind, constitution
a formal
way in documents.
Therefore, the
on this subject:
"There
are men
occupied
with
gym-nastics
of the mind,of the
constitution
is expressedisinexpressed
a formal in
way
in documents.
Therefore, the
there
are men
occupied
with of
gymnastics
thefirst
body.
The
first will
rule, Constitution
"'elastic,"
while the isAmerican is
English Constitution
is still
called while
there are men
occupied
with
gymnastics
the body.ofThe
will
rule,
English
is still called
"'elastic,"
the American
the second
willThose
be ruled."
who
willhave
rule knowledge,
must have knowledge,
the second will
be ruled."
who Those
will rule
must
"strict" and "strict"
"exact."and "exact."
those
be not
ruled
must
not have knowledge.
England isbygoverned
bypersons,
individual
persons,
while are
the U.S.A. are
while those while
who will
bewho
ruledwill
must
have
knowledge.
The people The
of people ofEngland is governed
individual
while
the U.S.A.
ancient
were likethinking
children,
thinking
of who
should
direct bygoverned
by laws,England
although
is the
country
ancient times
were times
like children,
only
of whoonly
should
direct
governed
laws, although
is England
the country
where
therewhere
first there first
them.the
Butpeople
now the
grown
up and understand
this a appeared
a constitution,
notindrawn
in exact
Our old
them. But now
havepeople
grownhave
up and
understand
that this that
appeared
constitution,
though not though
drawn up
exact up
words.
Our words.
old
distinction
between
rulersmust
and be
ruled
must beInabolished.
In Europe,
the system
Chinese
system of government
is athree
system
of three
distinction between
rulers
and ruled
abolished.
Europe, the
Chinese
of government
is a system of
powers,
justpowers,
like thejust like the
and its were
Emperors
were overthrown
during
English.
monarchicalmonarchical
system and system
its Emperors
overthrown
only duringonlyEnglish.
recent and
centuries,
and the
people
enjoy comparative
recent centuries,
the people
enjoy
comparative
liberty. Myliberty. My
"Fivefold Constitution"
strives to
this distinction,
thereby
"Fivefold Constitution"
strives to destroy
thisdestroy
distinction,
thereby
146

74

74

147

greatlyininterested
Is notoftheHung
theory
Hung
and Lao anarchism?
I
greatly interested
it. Is not in
theit.theory
andofLao
anarchism?
I

The Old
Chinese
System of Government
The of
Constitution
of other Counties
The Old Chinese
System
of Government
The Constitution
other Counties
talked of in
anarchism
in China
repeat that repeat
peoplethat
havepeople
talkedhave
of anarchism
China for
several for several

thousand
and because
it is onlythebecause
Chinese
youth do not
thousand years:
and years:
it is only
Chinesetheyouth
do not

Powerofof
Power
Power
of Administration
Judicial Administration
Power of
Power
Power of
of
Judicial
Legislative Legislative
thisfail
thatto they
failthat
to realize
that such propaganda
is quite
understand understand
this that they
realize
such propaganda
is quite
Punishment
the Emperor Examination
Power
Power
Power
Punishment the
Emperor Examination
Power
Power
Power

at time.
the present time.
unnecessaryunnecessary
at the present
I have
saidpolitical
that both
political tendencies,
I have already
saidalready
that both
tendencies,
liberty and liberty and
must
come to a compromise
order that
neither
absolutism, absolutism,
must come to
a compromise
in order thatinneither
should
go should go
Judicial
Administrative
Power
Power of
Judicial
Administrative
Legislative Legislative
Power of
Power of
of
to an
extreme,
like the and
centrifugal
and forces.
centripetal
forces.only
To speak only
to an extreme,
like
the centrifugal
centripetal
To speak
Examination Examination
Punishment Punishment
of the centrifugal
or the force
centripetal
force is undoubtedly
of the centrifugal
or the centripetal
is undoubtedly
wrong. We wrong. We
one side
speakAny
of both.
Any
must speakmust
of both.
opinion
of opinion
one sideofalone
will alone
never will
be never be
of both
and the combination
of both
successful. successful.
The equalityThe
of equality
both forces
and forces
the combination
of both
tendenciesthe
constitute
of a great
future forThe
mankind. The
tendencies
promisethe
of promise
a great future
for mankind.
to the
above the
diagram,
Chinese
of constitute
According According
to the above
diagram,
Chinesethesystem
of system
of the Constitution
is like
work of Ia emphasize
machine: Ithat
emphasize that
work of
Constitution
is like the work
of the
a machine:
includes
of examination,
of the work
governmentgovernment
includes the
power the
of power
examination,
the power the
of power
the Government
is a I machine.
maytold
thenthat
be such
told an
that such an
the Government
is a machine.
may thenI be
andofthethepower
of thewhich
Emperor,
which
includes legislative,
punishment punishment
and the power
Emperor,
includes
legislative,
illustration
is rather
Butthat
youthere
knoware
that
there arefor
machines for
rather strange.
Butstrange.
you know
machines
and administrative
system of examinations
is is
judicial andjudicial
administrative
departments.departments.
The system The
of examinations
is illustration
rawthe
materials:
the same
applies
to the mechanism
working
differentup
rawdifferent
materials:
same applies
to the
mechanism
veryIt valuable.
It distinguished
used to be distinguished
for itsabsence
accuracy,
of up working
very valuable.
used to be
for its accuracy,
of absence
human
is the mechanism
human
of human of
affairs.
Lawaffairs.
is theLaw
mechanism
of human of
affairs.
Theaffairs. The
freedom
frominfluence:
personal but
influence:
butstrictness
later this strictness
bribes and bribes
freedomand
from
personal
later this
is a great
the
of compromise
is a great machine
machine
the machine
of machine
compromise
between between
gradually
to be
As for of
thepunishment,
power of punishment,
there Constitution
gradually began
to bebegan
relaxed.
As relaxed.
for the power
there Constitution
liberty and government.
liberty and government.
special
in it.
control
it. Inofthetheevent
of the Emperor's
were specialwere
officials
in officials
control of
In theofevent
Emperor's
At theofbeginning
of our IRevolution
I put
the idea of the
our Revolution
put forward
the forward
idea of the
actions
being
wrong,
he too wastosubjected
to punishment
by this power,At the beginning
actions being
wrong,
he too
was subjected
punishment
by this power,
"three i.e.
principles"
i.e. nationalism,
democracy
and These
Socialism.
"three
principles"
nationalism,
democracy and
Socialism.
are These are
which
insisted on punishment,
this were
this
which insisted
on punishment,
even thougheven
this though
were death.
Thusdeath.
this Thus
the same
words
as were
uttered
by theofPresident
of States,
the United States,
the same words
as were
uttered
by the
President
the United
system
deserves approval.
system deserves
approval.
Lincoln: "Government
of by
thethe
people,
by and
the people,
and for the people."
Lincoln:
of the people,
people,
for the people."
is an professor,
American Burgess,
professor,who
Burgess,
who has
a "Government
There is anThere
American
has written
a written
must
govern themselves,
and then
theycompletely
will be completely
must Men
govern
themselves,
and then they
will be
book
entitled
and Government,
which
that theMen
power
book entitled
Liberty
and Liberty
Government,
in which heinsays
thathe
thesays
power
satisfied.
If
they
cannot
govern
themselves,
they
cannot
beIf satisfied. If
satisfied.
If
they
cannot
govern
themselves,
they
cannot
be
satisfied.
of
punishment
in
China
is
the
best
example
of
a
compromise
between
of punishment in China is the best example of a compromise between
desire to the
overthrow
system of government
of have
those who have
we
system the
of government
of those who
and government.
Thepeople
Chinese
have
littledesire
of toweoverthrow
liberty and liberty
government.
The Chinese
havepeople
spoken
littlespoken
of
been only
developed only
developed
developed their
mindstheir
overminds
those over
who those
have who
been have
developed
liberty: the
extremeis of
liberty is The
anarchism.
Thethe
reason
for the constant
liberty: the extreme
of liberty
anarchism.
reason for
constant
we in
must
bear
mind
that the
willeven
can deal even
physically,
we must bear
mind
thatin the
human
will human
can deal
discussion
of in
anarchism
Europe
is its comparative
newness
there. physically,
discussion of
anarchism
Europe isin its
comparative
newness there.
horses
with theThere
heavens.
There
in horses
the world
with the heavens.
are in
the are
world
which
can which
travel can travel
The first
knownwas
anarchist
was the
French
and philosopher,
The first known
anarchist
the French
thinker
andthinker
philosopher,
of miles
day, birds
which
can rise
almost
the skies, fish
miles a day,
birdsawhich
can rise
almost
to the
skies,tofish
and Russian,
then the Bakunin:
Russian, the
Bakunin:
the representative
of ofhundreds
Proudhon, Proudhon,
and then the
representative
of hundreds
whichatcan
the very
bottom
of which
the seaman
which
which can swim
theswim
very at
bottom
of the
sea
cannotman cannot
at the
was the
Russian philosopher,
anarchism atanarchism
the present
day present
was theday
Russian
philosopher,
Kropotkin, Kropotkin,
do.wish
But to
if we
wish
to travelofhundreds
miles
But if we
travel
hundreds
miles in aofday,
or intoa day, or to
who diedMany
recently.
have
in concentrated
studynaturally
of this do.naturally
who died recently.
have Many
engaged
in engaged
concentrated
study of this
theas
aira as
high
bird, in
orthe
to swim
in the
can we
fly inIt the
as in
high
bird,
oras
to aswim
sea, can
we sea,
do this?
Wedo this? We
in political
thought,
simply
because
it wasnew.
stillItquite
is airfly
tendency in tendency
political thought,
simply
because
it was
still quite
is new.
can, machines.
if we haveIfmachines.
If we
take an automobile,
we can
if we have
we take an
automobile,
we can traverse
a traverse a
laughable
speak students
of Chinese
students
whotheory
study thiscan,
theory
laughable when
peoplewhen
speakpeople
of Chinese
who
study this
distance
than miles
a thousand
miles
a day.anBy
using an airplane,
distance of more
thanofamore
thousand
in a day.
Byinusing
airplane,
and
not to the
fall fashion,
behind the
fashion,
without speaking
and advocate
it, advocate
trying notit,totrying
fall behind
without
speaking
wethe
canloftiest
reach heights.
the loftiest
heights.
With
help of submarines,
we can
we can reach
With
the help
of the
submarines,
we can
of whether
they itunderstand
it or not. the
In essence,
theory of anarchism
of whether they
understand
or not. In essence,
theory ofthe
anarchism
descend
to of
thethe
bottom
of the
is what will
the human
will and ideas
descend
bottom
sea. This
is sea.
whatThis
the human
and ideas
knownseveral
in China
severalyears
thousand
were to the
was knownwas
in China
thousand
ago, years
when ago,
manywhen
were many
148

75

75

149

can do.there
Formerly
who were
adopted in
England
wassystem
adoptedwas
in practice
by practice
Englandby
a fairly
longa fairly long
can do. Formerly
were there
Greekswere
whoGreeks
were capable
of capable
marchingof marchingThis systemThis
miles
in of
a day:
they
of course
weresuch
borna with
such atime
natural
time
and by
America
twenty
or thirty
years
ago, and
by ago,
America
about
twentyabout
or thirty
years
ago. All
thisago.
wasAll this was
hundreds ofhundreds
miles in aofday:
they
course
were
born with
natural
endurance
forwhich
marching
which
verynow
rare.weBut borrowed
now we from
borrowed
Chinese
system of examinations
China.from
The China.
ChineseThe
system
of examinations
is the best is the best
endurance and
capacityand
forcapacity
marching
is very
rare.isBut
havewith
machines,
with
helpweofcan
which
can very
theall
world,
and all
countries
in thethat
world,inand
countries
now
use it. now use it.
have machines,
the help
of the
which
verywe
easily
obtaineasily
that obtain
which
in former
timesvast
demanded
Above I that
mentioned
that the authority
legislativeis authority
is headed by
Above I mentioned
the legislative
headed by
which in former
times
demanded
energy.vast energy.
on to the
of democracy,
which
for theParliament,
people
Parliament,
thebyexecutive
by thethe
President,
the executive
the President,
judicial the
by ajudicial
judge; by
thea judge; the
Let us go onLet
to us
thego
question
of question
democracy,
which for the
people
a machine to
wherewith
to fly,and
run,doswim
andthat
do all
else that it examining
pleases. and
examining
andauthorities
punishing are
authorities
are alsoby
controlled
by appropriate
punishing
also controlled
appropriate
is a machineiswherewith
fly, run, swim
all else
it pleases.
Butofwhat
kind is
ofit?
machine
is it? This
is a constitution. persons. When
persons.
I was atI Nanking,
requested
theadopt
Senate
I wasWhen
at Nanking,
requested Ithe
Senate to
theto adopt the
But what kind
machine
This machine
is amachine
constitution.
Fivefold Constitution.
But not
theyunderstand
did not understand
it, as it cut
Fivefold Constitution.
But they did
it, as it cut
TheofConstitution
Five
Grades (or Authorities)
The Constitution
Five Gradesof(or
Authorities)
their points
personal
of view.
The Fivefold
completely completely
across theiracross
personal
of points
view. The
Fivefold
the own
fruit labors,
of my own
labors,
is a vast
Constitution,Constitution,
the fruit of my
is a vast
machine.
If machine.
you wish If you wish
Judicial
Executive
Legislative Legislative
Judicial
Executive
Punishment Punishment
Examination Examination
to travelofhundreds
milesyou
in atake
day,anyou
take an automobile
or an
to travel hundreds
miles in ofa day,
automobile
or an
wish to
manage you
a country,
youa must
use a machine
airplane; if airplane;
you wishiftoyou
manage
a country,
must use
machine
which
you can control.
which you can
control.
Thisorfive-grade
Fivefold Constitution
is our auto-mobile,
our
This five-grade
Fivefold or
Constitution
is our auto-mobile,
our
submarine
and our
airplane.
is divided
into theauthorities:
following authorities:
submarine and
our airplane.
It is
dividedItinto
the following
The State Machine
The State Machine
judicial, administrative
or executive,
and
legislative, legislative,
judicial, administrative
or executive,
punishment punishment
and
examining
for civilservants
all completely
of one
examining for
civil servants
all completely
independentindependent
of one
another. Itthedeprives
of and
his power
and takes legislative,
People's Conference
Every
has one delegate
another. It deprives
EmperortheofEmperor
his power
takes legislative,
People's Conference
Every district has
onedistrict
delegate
and administrative
authority
awaymaking
from him,
judicial and judicial
administrative
authority away
from him,
themmaking
quite them quite
of the administration
stands theatPresident; at
independent.independent.
At the headAt
of the
the head
administration
stands the President;
Government
Government
of the machine
legislative
is Parliament;
the head ofthe
thehead
legislative
is machine
Parliament;
at the head atofthe
thehead of the
judiciary is ajudiciary
judge. is a judge.
Every
worker
in State employment
first certain
of all pass certain
Every worker
in State
employment
must first ofmust
all pass
Punishing
Judicial
Executive
Punishing
Judicial
Executive
Legislative Legislative
Examinatory Examinatory
examinations.
remember
when
arrived many
in Canton,
examinations.
I remember Ithat,
when Ithat,
arrived
in ICanton,
peoplemany people
authority
authority
authority
authority
authority
authority
authority
authority
authority
authority
to posts
give them
the Civil
The Government
asked me toasked
give me
them
in theposts
CivilinService.
TheService.
Government
neededand
competent
and experienced
I knew
none. Perhaps
needed competent
experienced
workers. Butworkers.
I knew But
none.
Perhaps
there were experienced
workers
amongst
these
there were experienced
old workersold
amongst
these
persons,
butpersons,
without but without
of
Minister
Minister
of of Minister of
Minister of Minister
Minister
Minister
Minister of Minister
Minister
certain
of their Iknowledge
I could do
nothing.
In such
a certain testa of
their test
knowledge
could do nothing.
In such
a case
this a case this
Justice
Finance
InteriorAffairs
Foreign
Affairs
Education
Justice
of
Finance offor
Interior forForeign
Education
is very
useful.
Many
skilled
have beentounknown
to a
authority is authority
very useful.
Many
skilled
people
havepeople
been unknown
a
largeof section
societythey
because
never to
subjected to
large section
society ofbecause
were they
neverwere
subjected
And sometimes
happens
thatand
ignorant
Provincial authority
examination.examination.
And sometimes
it happens itthat
ignorant
almost and almost
Provincial authority
illiterate
people
achieve
thereby
only
illiterate people
achieve
high
posts, high
and posts,
therebyand
only
awaken
andawaken and
District authority
right of citizens
District authority
Direct rightDirect
of citizens
develop
sullen
hostility
of Thus
the people.
develop sullen
hostility
in the
heartsinofthe
thehearts
people.
we seeThus
that we
the see that the
examining
is a veryand
essential
andlink
important
examining power
is a power
very essential
important
in the link
Statein the State
Without
linkthough
it is as
we werea without a
machinery. machinery.
Without this
link itthis
is as
we though
were without
Initiative
of Recall
Referendum
Direct
Initiative
Right
of RecallRight Referendum
Direct electoral
rightselectoral rights
with this
can experienced
we have experienced
civil
conductor. conductor.
Only with Only
this system
cansystem
we have
civil
servants. servants.
150
151
76
76

is the for
machinery
for the
governing
country.
This is the This
machinery
governing
country.theBeside
the Beside the
Fivefold Constitution,
a verypart
important
part is
the of
direct
right of citizens
Fivefold Constitution,
a very important
is the direct
right
citizens
in local government.
right"rights
is the true
"rights
of man."
in local government.
Direct right Direct
is the true
of man."
It has
four It has four
forms:theelectoral,
right
recall, the
initiative
and the referendum.
If
forms: electoral,
right of the
recall,
theofinitiative
and
the referendum.
If
Fivefold Constitution
can betocompared
to a vast
the Fivefoldthe
Constitution
can be compared
a vast machine,
themachine,
direct the direct
right isofthe
citizens
themachine.
key to theIf machine.
If citizens
have
right of citizens
key toisthe
citizens have
the right
of the right of
election,
alsoright
haveofthe
right of the
dismissing
election, they
shouldthey
alsoshould
have the
dismissing
officialsthe officials
whomIfthey
elect.know
If citizens
of the
of useful
whom they elect.
citizens
of theknow
existence
ofexistence
useful laws,
whichlaws, which
for some
reason
pass the legislature,
should
for some reason
cannot
passcannot
the legislature,
they shouldthey
be able
as abe able as a
to adopt
Suchis acalled
right the
is called
the right of
community community
to adopt them.
Suchthem.
a right
right of
referendum.referendum.
In our Provisional
is no
definite paragraph
In our Provisional
ConstitutionConstitution
there is no there
definite
paragraph
about of
the citizens
rights of
citizensto referred
to the
above.
In the Constitution
about the rights
referred
above. In
Constitution
adopted there
at Nanking
is only one "The
paragraph:
"The
Chinese Republic
adopted at Nanking
is onlythere
one paragraph:
Chinese
Republic
only to the
Chinese
a whole."
was my proposal.
belongs onlybelongs
to the Chinese
people
as a people
whole."asThis
was myThis
proposal.
Thenotrest
was not with
concerted
with my
andbeI held
cannot be held
The rest was
concerted
my opinion,
andopinion,
I cannot
for it.
The yesterday
day beforeI yesterday
I spoke
to the
you about the
responsible responsible
for it. The day
before
spoke to you
about
generalofprinciples
of our Provisional
Provincial IAssembly;
general principles
our Provisional
Provincial Assembly;
trust that I trust that
of thatwill
Assembly
demand
of the
Canton Parliament
the memberstheofmembers
that Assembly
demandwill
of the
Canton
Parliament
thatthe
it Fivefold
adopt theConstitution
Fivefold Constitution
as the foundation
of the
that it adopt
as the foundation
of the
GovernmentGovernment
of China. of China.

152

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77