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Presentation Cap 6 Heat II BW
Presentation Cap 6 Heat II BW
Presentation Cap 6 Heat II BW
s =
FD = s dAs
u( y)
u
u
y
As
= 0.99
y =0
qs = k f
= 0.99
Ts T
T
y
y =0
k f T / y
Ts T
y =0
1
hdAs
As As
Transition
How would you characterize conditions in the laminar region of boundary layer
development? In the turbulent region?
What conditions are associated with transition from laminar to turbulent flow?
Why is the Reynolds number an appropriate parameter for quantifying transition
from laminar to turbulent flow?
Transition criterion for a flat plate in parallel flow:
u x
Re x , c c critical Reynolds number
Transition (cont.)
What may be said about transition if ReL < Rex,c? If ReL > Rex,c?
Effect of transition on boundary layer thickness and local convection coefficient:
Why does transition provide a significant increase in the boundary layer thickness?
Why does the convection coefficient decay in the laminar region? Why does it increase
significantly with transition to turbulence, despite the increase in the boundary layer
thickness? Why does the convection coefficient decay in the turbulent region?
Consider concurrent velocity and thermal boundary layer development for steady,
two-dimensional, incompressible flow with constant fluid properties , c p , k and
negligible body forces.
Apply conservation of mass, Newtons 2nd Law of Motion and conservation of energy
to a differential control volume and invoke the boundary layer approximations.
Velocity Boundary Layer:
2u
2u p dp
<< 2 ,
x 2
y x dx
Conservation of Mass:
u v
+
=0
x y
In the context of flow through a differential control volume, what is the physical
significance of the foregoing terms, if each is multiplied by the mass density of
the fluid?
Newtons Second Law of Motion:
x-direction :
1 dp
u
u
2u
u +v
=
+ 2
dx
x
y
y
Conservation of Energy:
T
T
2T u
u
+v
= 2 +
c p y
x
y
y
Similarity Considerations
s and q or h
For a prescribed geometry, the corresponding independent variables are:
Hence,
u = f ( x , y , L, V , , )
s = f ( x, L,V , , )
and
T = f ( x , y , L, V , , , c p , k )
h = f ( x , L, V , , , c p , k )
Key similarity parameters may be inferred by non-dimensionalizing the momentum
and energy equations.
Recast the boundary layer equations by introducing dimensionless forms of the
independent and dependent variables.
x
y
x*
y*
L
L
u
v
u*
v*
V
V
T Ts
T*
T Ts
Neglecting viscous dissipation, the following normalized forms of the x-momentum
and energy equations are obtained:
*
*
dp*
1 2u *
* u
* u
u
+v
= * +
Re L y*2
dx
x*
y*
*
1 2T *
T *
* T
u
+v
=
x*
y* Re L Pr y*2
*
VL VL
=
the Reynolds Number
v
cp v
= the Prandtl Number
Pr
k
Re L
u * = f x* , y* , Re L
u
s =
y
V
=
L
y =0
u
*
y
*
y* = 0
2 u *
Cf
=
V 2 / 2 Re L y*
u *
y*
= f x* , Re L
y* = 0
y* = 0
2
f x* , Re L
Re L
What is the functional dependence of the average friction coefficient?
Cf =
h=
k f T / y
Ts T
y =0
k f (T Ts ) T *
L (Ts T ) y*
y* = 0
k f T *
=+
L y*
y* = 0
= f x* , Re L , Pr
y* = 0
Reynolds Analogy
Advection terms
Diffusion
*
T *
1 2T *
* T
u
+v
=
x*
y* Re y*2
*
Hence, for equivalent boundary conditions, the solutions are of the same form:
u* = T *
u *
y*
Cf
y* = 0
T *
= *
y
Re
= Nu
2
y* = 0
h
Nu
=
Vc p Re Pr
With Pr = 1, the Reynolds analogy, which relates important parameters of the velocity
and thermal boundary layers, is
Cf
2
= St
= St Pr
jH
SCHEMATIC:
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state conditions, (2) Constant properties, (3) Surface area A is
directly proportional to characteristic length L, (4) Negligible radiation, (5) Blade shapes are
geometrically similar.
ANALYSIS: For a prescribed geometry,
Nu =
hL
= f ( ReL , Pr ) .
k
ReL,2 = ( V2 L 2 / 2 ) = 15m 2 / s 2 .
( v1 = v2 ) , ReL,1 = ReL,2.
Therefore,
Nu 2 = Nu 1
( h 2 L2 / k 2 ) = ( h1L1 / k1 )
L
L
q1
h 2 = 1 h1 = 1
L2
L 2 A1 Ts,1 T
L A2
q 2 = h 2 A 2 Ts,2 T = 1
L 2 A1
q2 =
( Ts,2 T ) q
( Ts,1 T ) 1
Ts,2 T
( 400 35)
q1 =
(1500 W )
Ts,1 T
300
35
(
)
q 2 = 2066 W.
COMMENTS: (i) The variation in from Case 1 to Case 2 would cause ReL,2 to differ from
ReL,1. However, for air and the prescribed temperatures, this non-constant property effect is
small. (ii) If the Reynolds numbers were not equal ( Re L,1 Re L 2 ) , knowledge of the specific form of
KNOWN: Expression for the local heat transfer coefficient of air at prescribed velocity and
temperature flowing over electronic elements on a circuit board and heat dissipation rate for a 4 4
mm chip located 120mm from the leading edge.
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state conditions, (2) Power dissipated within chip is lost by convection
across the upper surface only, (3) Chip surface is isothermal, (4) The average heat transfer coefficient
for the chip surface is equivalent to the local value at x = L, (5) Negligible radiation.
PROPERTIES: Table A-4, Air (Evaluate properties at the average temperature of air in the boundary
layer. Assuming Ts = 45C, Tave = (45 + 25)/2 = 35C = 308K. Also, p = 1atm): = 16.69
-6 2
-3
10 m /s, k = 26.9 10 W/mK, Pr = 0.703.
Ts = T + q conv / h Achip
(2)
2
where A chip = l .
( )
Assuming that the average heat transfer coefficient h over the chip surface is equivalent to the local
coefficient evaluated at x = L, that is, h chip h x ( L ) , the local coefficient can be evaluated by
applying the prescribed correlation at x = L.
0.85
hxx
Vx
= 0.04
Nu x =
Pr1/ 3
k VL
h L = 0.04
L
0.85
Pr1/ 3
0.120 m
16.69 10-6 m 2 / s
0.85
COMMENTS: (1) The estimated value of Tave used to evaluate the air properties is reasonable.
(2) How else could h chip have been evaluated? Is the assumption of h = hL reasonable?