Professional Documents
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Phobia
Phobia
Phobia
Introduction
It is persistent avoidance behavior
Secondary to irrational fear of a specific object,
activity or situation.
Phobic reaction results in a disruption of the
persons ability to function in life.
Phobias are very common mental disorders &
approximately 5 to 10% of the population is
affected with phobia.
They must be recognized, otherwise they can
lead to psychiatric complications
Phobias are often responsive to treatment with
cognitive and behavioral psychotherapies, and
to treatment with specific pharmacotherapy.
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Classification
According to DSM IV
agoraphobia,
specific phobia and
social phobia
ICD-10 , includes phobic anxiety
disorders under the broad group of
neurotic.
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Epidemiology
Life time prevalence of agoraphobia - 0.6 to
6%. half of the agoraphobic patients have panic
disorder.
Specific phobia is the most common mental
disorder among women and the second most
common in men
Six months prevalence being 5 to 10 % females
suffering twice as compared to males
Six months prevalence for social phobia is
about 2 to 3%
Cont
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Etiology
Behavioral Factors
Stimulus response model
Operant Conditioning Theory
Psychoanalytic Theories
Genetic-Environmental Factors
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Behavioral Factors
Stimulus response model:- Anxiety is
aroused by a naturally frightening
stimulus
Operant Conditioning Theory:- The
conditioned stimulus gradually loses
its potency to arouse a response. The
symptom may last for years without
any apparent external reinforcement.
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Psychoanalytic Theories
According to it the major function of
anxiety is a signal to the ego, that a
forbidden
unconscious
drive
is
pushing for conscious expression,
thus altering the ego to strengthen and
marshal its defenses against the
threatening instinctual force.
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Genetic-Environmental Factors
The subtypes of phobias can be place along
an etiologic continuum. At one end of
this continuum lies agoraphobia and at
the other end of this continuum lie the
simple phobias.
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Clinical Features
Agoraphobia
Patients rigidly avoid situations. They prefer
to be accompanied by a friend or a
family member in such places as busy
streets, crowded stores, closed-in
spaces and closed-in vehicles. The
patients may insist that they be
accompanied every time they leave the
house. Severely affected patients may
simply refuse to leave the house.
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Specific phobia
Specific phobias have been classified
according to the phobic stimulus. The
DSM-IV identifies subtypes of the most
common specific phobias.
Animal type
Natural Environment type
Blood-injection-injury type
Situational type
Other type
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Classification
Fear
Acrophobia
Height
Ailurophobia
Cats
Algophobia
Pain
Anthophobia
Flowers
Anthropophobia
People
Aquaphobia
Water
Arachnophobia
Spiders
Astraphobia
Lightning
Belonophobia
Needles
Brontophobia
Thunder
Claustrophobia
Closed spaces
Cynophobia
Dogs
Dementophobia
Insanity
Equinophobia
Horses
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Classification
Fear
Herpetophobia
Lizards, reptiles
Mikrophobia
Germs
Murophobia
Mice
Mysophobia
Numerophobia
Numbers
Nyctophobia
Darkness
Ophidiophobia
Snakes
Pyrophobia
Fire
Sidrodromophobia
Railways
Taphaphobia
Thanatophobia
Death
Trichphobia
Hair
Triskaidekaphobia
13 Persons at a table
Xenophobia
Strangers
Zoophobia
Animals
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Social Phobia
The presence of social phobia may be associated with
a higher morbid risk for major depression. Rate of
social phobia are highest among women and
persons who are younger (age, 18 to 29 years),
less educated, single, and of lower socioeconomic
class.
Symptoms associated with social phobia usually
involve blushing, muscle twitching, and anxiety
about scrutiny.
According to DSM-IV, social phobia is characterized
by a marked and persistent fear of one or more
social or performance situations in which the
person is exposed to unfamiliar people or to
possible scrutiny by others. The individual fears
that he or she will act in a way that will be
humiliating or embarrassing.
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Differential Diagnosis
Common for social and specific phobia
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Specific Phobia
Hypochondriasis
Obsessive compulsive disorder
Paranoid personality disorder
Social phobia
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Agoraphobia
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Treatment
Psychotherapy:Insight-oriented psychotherapy enables the
patient to understand the origin of the
phobia, the phenomena of secondary gain
and the role of resistance, and enables the
patient to seek healthy way of dealing with
anxiety provoking stimuli.
Cognitive-behavior therapy and various
techniques of behavior therapy like
desensitization, flooding and social skill
training are used.
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Pharmacotherapy
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