Tng hp kin thc c bn ho hc 8

Cc khi nim:
1. Vt th, cht.
- Vt th: L ton b nhng g xung quanh chng ta v trong
khng gian. Vt th gm 2 loi: Vt th t nhin v vt th nhn
to
- Cht: l nguyn liu cu to nn vt th. Cht c khp mi ni,
u c vt th l c cht.
- Mi cht c nhng tnh cht nht nh. Bao gm tnh cht vt l
v tnh cht ho hc.
o Tnh cht vt l: Trng thi (R,L,K), mu sc, mi v, tnh tan,
tnh dn in, dn nhit, nhit si (t0s), nhit nng
chy (t0nc), khi lng ring (d)
o Tnh cht ho hc: L kh nng b bin i thnh cht khc:
Kh nng chy, n, tc dng vi cht khc
2. Hn hp v cht tinh khit.
- Hn hp l 2 hay nhiu cht trn li vi nhau. Mi cht trong hn hp
c gi l 1 cht thnh phn.
- Hn hp gm c 2 loi: hn hp ng nht v hn hp khng ng
nht
- Tnh cht ca hn hp: Hn hp c tnh cht khng n nh, thay
i ph thuc vo khi lng v s lng cht thnh phn.
- Cht tinh khit l cht khng c ln cht no khc. Cht tinh khit
c tnh cht nht nh, khng thay i.
- Khi tch ring cc cht ra khi hn hp ta thu c cc cht tinh
khit. tch ring cc cht ra khi hn hp ngi ta c th s dng
cc phng php vt l v ho hc: tch, chit, gn, lc, cho bay
hi, chng ct, dng cc phn ng ho hc
3. Nguyn t.
a. nh ngha: L ht v cng nh, trung ho v in, cu to nn cc
cht
b. Cu to: gm 2 phn
Ht nhn: to bi 2 loi ht: Proton v Ntron
- Proton: Mang in tch +1, c khi lng 1 vC, k hiu: P
- Ntron: Khng mang in, c khi lng 1 vC, k hiu: N
V: cu to t cc lp Electron
- Electron: Mang in tch -1, c khi lng khng ng k, k hiu:
e
Trong nguyn t, cc e chuyn ng rt nhanh v sp xp thnh tng
lp t trong ra.
+ Lp 1: c ti a 2e
+ Lp 2,3,4 tm thi c ti a 8e
Khi lng nguyn t = s P + s N + s e = s P + s N (v e c khi lng rt nh)

4. Nguyn t ho hc.
L tp hp nhng nguyn t cng loi, c cng s P trong ht nhn
Nhng nguyn t c cng s P nhng s N khc nhau gi l ng v
ca nhau
5. Ho tr.
L con s biu th kh nng lin kt ca nguyn t hay nhm nguyn
t
Quy tc ho tr:

Axa Byb

ta c: a.x = b.y

(vi a, b ln lt l ho tr ca nguyn t A v B)

So snh n cht v hp cht

n cht
hp cht
VD
St, ng, oxi, nit, than Nc, mui n, ng
ch
K/N
L nhng cht do 1 nguyn L nhng cht do 2 hay
t ho hc cu to nn
nhiu nguyn t ho hc cu
to nn
Phn Gm 2 loi: Kim loi v phi Gm 2 loi: hp cht v c v
loi
kim.
hp cht hu c
Phn t - Gm 1 nguyn t: kim loi - Gm cc nguyn t khc loi
(ht i v phi kim rn
thuc cc nguyn t ho hc
din)
- Gm cc nguyn t cng khc nhau
loi: Phi kim lng v kh
CTHH
- Kim loi v phi kim rn:
CTHH = KHHH ca cc
nguyn t + cc ch s tng
CTHH KHHH
(A)
ng
- Phi kim lng v kh:
AxBy
CTHH = KHHH + ch s
(Ax)

So snh nguyn t v phn t

nguyn t
nh
L ht v cng nh, trung
ngha ho v in, cu to nn
cc cht
S bin Nguyn t c bo ton
i
trong cc phn ng ho hc.
trong
phn
ng ho
hc.
Khi l- Nguyn t khi (NTK) cho

phn t
L ht v cng nh, i din
cho cht v mang y
tnh cht ca cht
Lin kt gia cc nguyn t
trong phn t thay i lm
cho phn t ny bin i
thnh phn t khc
Phn t khi (PTK) l khi l-

ng

bit nng nh khc

nhau gia cc nguyn t v
l i lng c trng cho
mi nguyn t
NTK l khi lng ca nguyn
t tnh bng n v
Cacbon

ng ca 1 phn t tnh bng

n v Cacbon
PTK = tng khi lng cc
nguyn t c trong phn t.

p dng quy tc ho tr
-

1. Tnh ho tr ca 1 nguyn t
Gi ho tr ca nguyn t cn tm (l a)
p dng QTHT: a.x = b.y a = b.y/x
Tr li
2. Lp CTHH ca hp cht.
Gi cng thc chung cn lp

- p dng QTHT: a.x = b.y

x b b'

y a a'

- Tr li.
*** C th dng quy tc cho lp nhanh 1 CTHH: Trong CTHH, ho
tr ca nguyn t ny l ch s ca nguyn t kia.
Lu : Khi cc ho tr cha ti gin th cn ti gin trc
6. Phn ng ho hc.
L qu trnh bin i cht ny thnh cht khc.
Cht b bin i gi l cht tham gia, cht c to thnh gi l sn
phm
c biu din bng s :
A + B C + D c l: A tc dng vi B to thnh C v D
A + B C c l A kt hp vi B to thnh C
A C + D c l A b phn hu thnh C v D

PHn loi
HCVC
Oxit (AxOy)

Oxit axit: CO2, SO2, SO3-, NO2, N2O5, SiO2,

P2O5
Oxit baz: Li2O, Na2O, K2O, CaO, BaO,
CuO,Fe2O3
Oxit trung tnh: CO, NO

Hp cht v c

Oxit lng tnh: ZnO, Al2O3, Cr2O3

Axit (HnB)

Baz- M(OH)n

Mui (MxBy)

Axit khng c oxi (Hidraxit): HCl, HBr,

H2S, HF
Axit c oxi (Oxaxit): HNO3, H2SO4, H3PO4
.
Baz tan (Kim): NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH) 2,
Ba(OH)2
Baz khng tan: Mg(OH)2, Cu(OH)2,
Fe(OH)3
Mui axit: NaHSO4, NaHCO3, Ca(HCO3)2
Mui trung ho: NaCl, KNO3, CaCO3

Ngoi ra c th chia axit thnh axit mnh v axit yu

HNO3
H2SO4
HCl

Axit mnh
yu

H3PO4
H2SO3

CH3COOH

Axit trung bnh

H2CO3
H2S

Axit yu

Axit rt

Oxit
axit
nh
L hp cht ca oxi vi L hp cht m phn
ngha 1 nguyn t khc
t gm 1 hay nhiu
nguyn t H lin kt
vi gc axit
Gi nguyn t trong Gi gc axit l B c
oxit l A ho tr n. ho tr n.
CTHH CTHH l:
CTHH l: HnB
- A2On nu n l
- AOn/2 nu n chn
Tn oxit = Tn nguyn - Axit khng c oxi:
t + oxit
Axit + tn phi kim +
Lu : Km theo ho tr hidric
ca kim loi khi kim
- Axit c t oxi: Axit +
Tn gi
loi c nhiu ho tr.
tn phi kim + (r)
Khi phi kim c nhiu
- Axit c nhiu oxi:
ho tr th km tip
Axit + tn phi kim + ic
u ng.
(ric)
TCHH 1. Tc dng vi nc
1. Lm qu tm
- Oxit axit tc dng vi hng
nc to thnh dd Axit
2. Tc dng vi Baz
- Oxit baz tc dng Mui v nc
vi nc to thnh dd 3. Tc dng vi oxit
Baz
baz mui v nc
2. Oxax + dd Baz to 4. Tc dng vi kim loi
thnh mui v nc
mui v Hidro
3. Oxbz + dd Axit to
5. Tc dng vi mui
thnh mui v nc
4. Oxax + Oxbz to mui mi v axit mi
thnh mui

baz
L hp cht m phn
t gm 1 nguyn t
kim loi lin kt vi 1
hay nhiu nhm OH
Gi kim loi l M c
ho tr n
CTHH l: M(OH)n

mui
L hp cht m phn
t gm kim loi lin
kt vi gc axit.

Tn baz = Tn kim
loi + hidroxit
Lu : Km theo ho
tr ca kim loi khi
kim loi c nhiu ho
tr.

Tn mui = tn kim
loi + tn gc axit
Lu : Km theo ho
tr ca kim loi khi
kim loi c nhiu ho
tr.

1. Tc dng vi axit
mui v nc
2. dd Kim lm i
mu cht ch th
- Lm qu tm
xanh
Lm
dd
phenolphtalein
khng mu hng
3. dd Kim tc dng
vi oxax mui v
nc

1. Tc dng vi axit
mui mi + axit mi
2. dd mui + dd
Kim mui mi +
baz mi
3. dd mui + Kim loi
Mui mi + kim loi
mi
4. dd mui + dd
mui 2 mui mi
5. Mt s mui b
nhit phn

Gi kim loi l M, gc
axit l B
CTHH l: MxBy

Lu

4. dd Kim + dd
mui Mui + Baz
5. Baz khng tan
b nhit phn
oxit + nc
- Oxit lng tnh c th - HNO3, H2SO4 c c - Baz lng tnh c - Mui axit c th
tc dng vi c dd axit cc tnh cht ring
th tc dng vi c phn ng nh 1 axit
v dd
dd axit v

Tnh cht ho hc ca cc hp cht v c

+ Baz

Oxit baz

+ Nc

Axit

Mui

+ Oxit Baz

+ dd Mui

+ Nc

axit

+ KL

Kim

Mui + h2

Mui +
baz
+ dd Mui

oxit +
h2O
t

Kim k.tan

+ Oxax

Mui + baz

+ axit

Mui + h2O

+ axit

+ kim loi

+ dd mui

Mui + mui
Tchh ca baz

Mui + kim
loi

+ dd
baz

Baz

Mui + Axit

Tchh ca Axit

Mui + axit

Qu tm xanh
Phenolphalein k.mu hng

Tchh ca oxit

Mui

Oxit axit

Mui + H2O

+ dd Axit

Mui
+ nc

Qu tm

+ dd
Baz

t0

Cc
sn phm
khc nhau

Tchh ca mui

Lu : Thng ch gp 5 oxit baz tan c trong nc l Li2O, Na2O, K2O,

CaO, BaO. y cng l cc oxit baz c th tc dng vi oxit axit.
i vi baz, c cc tnh cht chung cho c 2 loi nhng c
nhng tnh cht ch ca Kim hoc baz khng tan
Mt s loi hp cht c cc tnh cht ho hc ring, trong ny
khng cp ti, c th xem phn c thm hoc cc bi gii thiu
ring trong sgk.
Mi quan h gia cc loi hp cht v c

Kim loi
+ Oxi

Phi kim

+ H2, CO

+ Oxi

Oxit baz

+ dd Kim
+ Oxbz

+ Axit
+ Oxax
+ H2O

t0

Mui + h2O
+ dd Kim

+ Axit
+ Oxax
+ dd Mui

Baz
Kim k.tan

+ Axit
+ Baz
+ Kim loi
+ Oxbz
+ dd Mui

Oxit axit

+ H2O

Phn
hu

Axit
Mnh

yu

Cc phng trnh ho hc minh ho thng gp

4Al + 3O2 2Al2O3
Lu :
CuO + H2 t
Cu + H2O
- Mt s oxit kim loi nh Al2O3,
Fe2O3 + 3CO t
2Fe + 3CO2
MgO, BaO, CaO, Na2O, K2O
S + O2 SO2
khng b H2, CO kh.
- Cc oxit kim loi khi trng
CaO + H2O Ca(OH)2
thi ho tr cao l oxit axit
Cu(OH)2 t
CuO + H2O
nh: CrO3, Mn2O7,
CaO + 2HCl CaCl2 + H2O
- Cc phn ng ho hc xy ra
CaO + CO2 CaCO3
phi tun theo cc iu
Na2CO3 + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 + 2NaOH
kin ca tng phn ng.
NaOH + HCl NaCl + H2O
- Khi oxit axit tc dng vi dd
2NaOH + CO2 Na2CO3 + H2O
Kim th tu theo t l s
BaCl2 + Na2SO4 BaSO4 + 2NaCl
mol s to ra mui axit hay
mui trung ho.
SO3 + H2O H2SO4
VD:
P2O5 + 3H2O 2H3PO4
NaOH + CO2 NaHCO3
P2O5 + 6NaOH 2Na3PO4 + 3H2O
2NaOH + CO2 Na2CO3 + H2O
N2O5 + Na2O 2NaNO3
- Khi tc dng vi H2SO4 c,
BaCl2 + H2SO4 BaSO4 + 2HCl
kim loi s th hin ho tr
2HCl + Fe FeCl2 + H2
cao nht, khng gii phng
2HCl + Ba(OH)2 BaCl2 + 2H2O
Hidro
6HCl + Fe2O3 2FeCl3 + 3H2O
VD:
2HCl + CaCO3 CaCl2 + 2H2O
0

iu ch cc hp cht v c
1

Kim loi + oxi

Phi kim + oxi

Phi kim + hidro

Oxit axit + nc

Nhit phn mui

Nhit phn baz

khng tan

oxit
3

Hp cht + oxi

3Fe + 2O2 t
Fe3O4
t
4P + 5O2
2P2O5
CH4 + O2 t
CO2 +
2H2O
CaCO3 t
CaO + CO2
t
Cu(OH)2
CuO +
H2O
Cl2 + H2
2HCl
askt
SO3 + H2O H2SO4
BaCl2 + H2SO4 BaSO4
+ 2HCl
Ca(OH)2 + Na2CO3
CaCO3 + 2NaOH
CaO + H2O Ca(OH)2
0

1.

2.

Axit

3.

Axit mnh + mui

4.

5.

Kim + dd mui

6.
7.
8.

Oxit baz + nc

10

Baz
9.

11

in phn dd mui
(c mng ngn)
12

19

Kim loi + phi kim

Oxit baz + dd axit 13

20

Kim loi + dd axit

Oxit axit + dd kim 14

21

Kim loi + dd mui

Axit + baz

10.

Oxit axit
+ oxit baz

Mui

15
12.

Dd mui + dd mui 16

13.

Dd mui + dd kim 17

15.

18

17.

Mui + dd axit

14.

16.

18.

Ba(OH)2 + H2SO4 BaSO4 + 2H2O

CuO + 2HCl CuCl2 + H2O
SO2 + 2NaOH Na2SO3 + H2O
CaO + CO2 CaCO3
BaCl2 + Na2SO4 BaSO4 + 2NaCl
CuSO4 + 2NaOH Cu(OH)2 +
Na2SO4
CaCO3 + 2HCl CaCl2 + CO2 +
H2O
2Fe + 3Cl2 t
2FeCl3
0

19.

Tnh cht ho hc ca kim loi

3Fe + 2O2 t
Fe3O4
t
2Fe + 3Cl2
2FeCl3
Fe + 2HCl FeCl2 +
H2
Fe + CuSO4 FeSO4
+ Cu
0

1.

oxit

Mui + H2

2.

3.

+ O2

+ Axit
4.

Kim
loi
+ Phi kim

+ DD Mui

Mui

Mui + kl
Dy hot ng ho hc ca kim loi.
K, Na, Mg, Al, Zn, Fe, Pb, (H), Cu, Ag, Au
(Khi No May A Zp St Phi Hi Cc Bc Vng)

ngha:
K B
a

C
a

Na Mg Al

Z
n

F
e

+ O2: nhit thng

phn ng
K

B
a

C
a

B
a

C
a

S
n

P H C
b
u

A
g

H
g

nhit cao

Na Mg Al

Tc dng vi nc

N
i

Z
n

F
e

N
i

S
n

P H C
b
u

A
u

P
t

Kh
A
g

H
g

A
u

P
t

Khng tc dng vi nc nhit thng

Na Mg Al

Z
n

F
e

N
i

S
n

P H C
b
u

A
g

H
g

A
u

P
t

Tc dng vi cc axit thng thng gii phng Hidro Khng tc

dng.
K

B
a

C
a

Na Mg Al

Z
n

F
e

N
i

S
n

P H C
b
u

A
g

H
g

A
u

P
t

Kim loi ng trc y kim loi ng sau ra khi

mui
K

B
a

C
a

Na Mg Al

H2, CO khng kh c oxit

nhit cao

Z
n

F
e

N
i

S
n

P H C
b
u

A
g

H
g

A
u

P
t

kh c oxit cc kim loi ny

Ch :
- Cc kim loi ng trc Mg phn ng vi nc nhit thng to
thnh dd Kim v gii phng kh Hidro.
- Tr Au v Pt, cc kim loi khc u c th tc dng vi HNO 3 v
H2SO4 c nhng khng gii phng Hidro.
So snh tnh cht ho hc ca nhm v st
* Ging:
- u c cc tnh cht chung ca kim loi.
- u khng tc dng vi HNO3 v H2SO4 c ngui
* Khc:
Tnh cht
Al (NTK = 27)
Fe (NTK = 56)
Tnh cht - Kim loi mu trng, c - Kim loi mu trng xm,
vt l
nh kim, nh, dn in c nh kim, dn in nhit
nhit tt.
km hn Nhm.
- t0nc = 15390C
- t0nc = 6600C
- L kim loi nng, do nn
- L kim loi nh, d dt d rn.
mng, do.
Tc dng 2Al + 3Cl2 t
2AlCl3
2Fe + 3Cl2 t
2FeCl3
vi
2Al + 3S t
Al2S3
Fe + S t
FeS
phi kim
Tc dng 2Al + 6HCl 2AlCl3 + 3H2
Fe + 2HCl FeCl2 + H2
vi
axit
Tc dng 2Al + 3FeSO4 Al2(SO4)3 + Fe + 2AgNO3 Fe(NO3)2 +
vi
3Fe
2Ag
dd mui
Tc dng 2Al + 2NaOH + H2O
Khng phn ng
vi
2NaAlO2 +
dd Kim 3H2
Hp cht - Al2O3 c tnh lng tnh
- FeO, Fe2O3 v Fe3O4 u
Al2O3 + 6HCl 2AlCl3 + l cc oxit baz
3H2O
- Fe(OH)2 mu trng
Al2O3+ 2NaOH2NaAlO2 +
xanh
H2O
- Fe(OH)3 mu nu
- Al(OH)3 kt ta dng keo,
l hp cht lng tnh
0

Kt lun

- Nhm l kim loi lng tnh,

c th tc dng vi c dd
Axit v dd Kim. Trong cc
phn ng ho hc, Nhm
th hin ho tr III

- St th hin 2 ho tr: II,

III
+ Tc dng vi axit thng
thng, vi phi kim yu, vi
dd mui: II
+ Tc dng vi H2SO4 c
nng, dd HNO3, vi phi kim
mnh: III

Gang v thp
Gang
Thp
- Gang l hp kim ca St - Thp l hp kim ca St
vi Cacbon v 1 s nguyn vi Cacbon v 1 s nguyn
t khc nh Mn, Si, S t khc (%C<2%)
(%C=25%)
C + O2 t
CO2
2Fe + O2 t
2FeO
t
t
CO2 + C
2CO
FeO + C
Fe + CO
t
t
3CO + Fe2O3
2Fe +
FeO + Mn
Fe + MnO
t
3CO2
2FeO + Si
2Fe + SiO2
t
4CO + Fe3O4
3Fe +
4CO2
CaO + SiO2 t
CaSiO3
Cng, gin
Cng, n hi

/N

Sn xut

Tnh cht

tnh cht ho hc ca phi kim.

sn phm kh

Oxit axit
+ O2

+ Hidro

HCl + HClO

+ Hidro

+ NaOH

Clo

+ KOH, t0

+ Kim loi

Oxit kim loi hoc mui

Nc Gia-ven

+ H2O

HCl

Phi
Kim

+ Kim loi

NaCl +
NaClO

Mui clorua

KCl + KClO3

Kim cng: L cht

rn trong sut, cng,
khng dn in
Lm trang sc,
mi khoan, dao ct
knh

Than ch: L cht

Cacbon v nh
rn, mm, c kh
hnh: L cht rn,
nng dn in
xp, khng c kh
Lm in cc, cht
nng dn in, c
bi trn, rut bt
nh hp ph.
ch
Lm nhin liu, ch
Cc phng trnh ho hc ng nh
to2O
mt
n phng
dpdd
6. NaCl + 2H
2NaOH +
mnx
Ba
dng
th
hnh
ca
Cacbon
2Fe
+
3Cl

2FeCl
Hidrocacbo
Dn
Dn
1.Hidrocab
2
3Hidrocacb Hidrocacb
Cl2 + HDn
2
t khng no
on
no
n
on
khng
on
thm
xut
xut
xut
FeS

2. Fe + S
2CuO t cha
2Cu + CO
2
Ankan
Anken
no
Aren6. C +cha
cha
H
O
+
Cl

HCl
+
HClO
t
3. Kim
2 loi +2CO2
+
Oxit
KL
+
O
cacbon
CO
+ Fe22O3 Oxi 2Fe +
2
CTTQ
CTTQ:
Ankin
CTTQ7. 3CO
Halogen
Nit
+
Cl

NaCl
+
NaClO
+
4. C2NaOH
2
CnH2n
CTTQ:
CnH2n-6 3COVD:
VD:
VD:
nH2n+2
2
VD:
CH
VD:
C
H
C
H
VD:
C
H
C2H5Cl
C2H5OH
Protein
H
O
4
2
4
n
2n-2
6
6
Phn
loi
hp
cht
hu
c
2
NaOH + CO
NaHCO
Hidro
cacbon
Hp cht hu
Dn
xut
ca 3RH
8. c
2
0

(Metan)

t0
(Etilen)

VD: C2H4

(Benzen)

C6H5Br

CH3COO

Hp
cht
CTPT.
PTK
Cng
thc
cu to

Metan

Etilen

Axetilen

Benzen

CH4 = 16

C2H4 = 28

C2H2 = 26

C6H6 = 78

H
H

H
H

Lin kt n
Trng
thi

H
C

Lin kt i gm 1 lin
kt bn v 1 lin kt
km bn
Kh

Lin kt ba gm 1
lin kt bn v 2 lin
kt km bn

Khng mu, khng mi, t tan trong nc, nh hn khng kh.

Tnh
cht
ho hc
- Ging
nhau
- Khc
nhau

C phn ng chy sinh ra CO2 v H2O

CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O
C2H4 + 3O2 2CO2 + 2H2O

ng
dng

Tnh
cht
vt l

Ch tham gia phn

ng th
CH4 + Cl2
anhsang
CH3Cl + HCl

C phn ng cng
C2H4 + Br2 C2H4Br2
0
C2H4 + H2
C2H6
Ni ,t , P
C2H4 + H2O C2H5OH

3lk i v 3lk n
xen k trong vng 6
cnh u
Lng
Khng mu, khng
tan trong nc, nh
hn nc, ho tan
nhiu cht, c

2C2H2 + 5O2 4CO2 + 2H2O

2C6H6 + 15O2 12CO2 + 6H2O
C phn ng cng
C2H2 + Br2 C2H2Br2
C2H2 + Br2 C2H2Br4

Va c phn ng th
v phn ng cng
(kh)
0
C6H6 + Br2 Fe,t
C6H5Br + HBr
C6H6 + Cl2 asMT
Lm
nhin
liu, Lm nguyn liu iu Lm nhin liu hn Lm dung mi, diu
nguyn liu trong ch nha PE, ru Etylic, x, thp sng, l ch thuc nhum, di sng v trong Axit Axetic, kch thch nguyn liu sn xut c
phm,
thuc

iu
ch

Nhn
bit

cng nghip
C trong kh thin
nhin,
kh
ng
hnh, kh bn ao.

qu chn.
Sp ch ho du m,
sinh ra khi qu chn
0
C2H5OH
H 2 SO4d ,t
C2H4 + H2O
Khg lm mt mu Lm mt mu dung
dd Br2
dch Brom
Lm mt mu Clo
ngoi as
ru Etylic
CTPT: C2H6O

Cng thc

CTCT: CH3 CH2 OH

Tnh cht
vt l

Tnh cht
ho hc.

PVC, cao su
BVTV
Cho t n + nc, Sn phm chng nha
sp ch ho du m
than .
CaC2 + H2O
C2H2 + Ca(OH)2
Lm mt mu dung Ko lm mt mu dd
dch Brom nhiu Brom
hn Etilen
Ko tan trong nc
Axit Axetic
CTPT: C2H4O2
h

CTCT: CH3 CH2 COOH

o
h

L cht lng, khng mu, d tan v tan nhiu trong nc.

Si 78,3 C, nh hn nc, ho tan c
Si 1180C, c v chua (dd Ace 2-5% lm
gim n)
nhiu cht nh Iot, Benzen
- Phn ng vi Na:
2C2H5OH + 2Na 2C2H5ONa + H2
2CH3COOH + 2Na
2CH3COONa + H2
- Ru Etylic tc dng vi axit axetic to thnh este Etyl Axetat
CH3COOH + C2H5OH HSOd,t CH3COOC2H5 + H2O
- Chy vi ngn la mu xanh, to
- Mang tnh cht ca axit: Lm qu
nhiu nhit
tm, tc dng vi kim loi trc H, vi baz,
oxit baz, dd mui
C2H6O + 3O2 2CO2 + 3H2O
2CH3COOH + Mg (CH3COO)2Mg + H2
- B OXH trong kk c men xc tc
C2H5OH + O2 mengiam CH3COOH + H2O CH3COOH + NaOH CH3COONa + H2O
0

ng dng

iu ch

Dng lm nhin liu, dung mi pha sn,

ch ru bia, dc phm, iu ch axit
axetic v cao su
Bng phng php ln men tinh bt hoc
ng
Men
C6H12O6 3032 C 2C2H5OH + 2CO2
Hoc cho Etilen hp nc
C2H4 + H2O ddaxit
C2H5OH
0

Dng pha gim n, sn xut cht do,

thuc nhum, dc phm, t
- Ln men dd ru nht
C2H5OH + O2 mengiam CH3COOH + H2O
- Trong PTN:
2CH3COONa + H2SO4 2CH3COOH +
Na2SO4

glucoz

Cng
thc
phn
t
Trng
thi
Tnh
cht
vt l

saccaroz

tinh bt v xenluloz
C6H12O6
C12H22O11
(C6H10O5)n
Tinh bt: n 1200
6000
Xenluloz: n 10000
14000
Cht kt tinh, khng mu, Cht kt tinh, khng mu, L cht rn trng. Tinh bt tan v ngt, d tan trong nc
v ngt sc, d tan trong c trong nc nng h tinh bt.
nc, tan nhiu trong nc Xenluloz khng tan trong nc k
nng
c un nng

Phn ng trng gng

Thu phn khi un nng
trong dd axit long
C6H12O6 + Ag2O
Tnh
C6H12O7 + 2Ag C12H22O11 + H2O ddaxit,to
cht
ho hc
C6H12O6 + C6H12O6
quan
glucoz fructoz
trng

ng
dng
iu
ch
Nhn
bit

Thu phn khi un nng trong dd

axit long
o
(C6H10O5)n + nH2O ddaxit,t
nC6H12O6

H tinh bt lm dd Iot chuyn mu

xanh
Thc n, dc phm
Thc n, lm bnh ko Tinh bt l thc n cho ngi v
ng vt, l nguyn liu sn
Pha ch dc phm
xut ng Glucoz, ru Etylic.
Xenluloz dng sn xut giy,
vi, g v vt liu xy dng.
C trong qu chn (nho), C trong ma, c ci ng Tinh bt c nhiu trong c, qu,
ht ny mm; iu ch
ht. Xenluloz c trong v ay,
t tinh bt.
gai, si bng, g
Phn ng trng gng
C phn ng trng gng Nhn ra tinh bt bng dd Iot: c
khi un nng trong dd axit mu xanh c trng

PHN B:
CC CHUYN C BN
BI DNG HSG
MN HO THCS

Chuyn 1:
C CH V CN BNG PHng
trnh ho hc
I/ Phn ng oxi ho- kh, v khng oxi ho- kh.
1/ Phn ng ho hp.
- c im ca phn ng: C th xy ra s thay i s oxi
ho hoc khng.
V d:
Phn ng c s thay i s oxi ho.
4Al (r) + 3O2 (k) ----> 2Al2O3 (r)
Phn ng khng c s thay i s oxi ho.
BaO (r) + H2O (l) ----> Ba(OH)2 (dd)
2/ Phn ng phn hu.
- c im ca phn ng: C th xy ra s thay i s oxi ho
hoc khng.
V d:
Phn ng c s thay i s oxi ho.
2KClO3 (r) -------> 2KCl (r) + 3O2 (k)
Phn ng khng c s thay i s oxi ho.
CaCO3 (r) -----> CaO (r) + CO2 (k)
II/ Phn ng c s thay i s oxi ho.
1/ Phn ng th.
- c im ca phn ng: Nguyn t ca n cht thay th
mt hay nhiu nguyn t ca mt nguyn t trong hp cht.
V d:
Zn (r) + 2HCl (dd) ----> ZnCl2 (dd) + H2 (k)
2/ Phn ng oxi ho - kh.
- c im ca phn ng: Xy ra ng thi s oxi ho v s
kh. hay xy ra ng thi s nhng electron v s nhn
electron.
V d:
CuO (r) + H2 (k) ------> Cu (r) + H2O (h)
Trong :
- H2 l cht kh (Cht nhng e cho cht khc)
- CuO l cht oxi ho (Cht nhn e ca cht khc)
- T H2 -----> H2O c gi l s oxi ho. (S chim oxi ca cht
khc)
- T CuO ----> Cu c gi l s kh. (S nhng oxi cho cht khc)

III/ Phn ng khng c thay i s oxi ho.

1/ Phn ng gia axit v baz.
- c im ca phn ng: Sn phm thu c l mui v nc.
V d:
2NaOH (dd) + H2SO4 (dd) ----> Na2SO4 (dd) + 2H2O (l)
NaOH (dd) + H2SO4 (dd) ----> NaHSO4 (dd) + H2O (l)
Cu(OH)2 (r) + 2HCl (dd) ----> CuCl2 (dd) + 2H2O (l)
Trong :
Phn ng trung ho (2 cht tham gia trng thi dung dch).
- c im ca phn ng: l s tc dng gia axit v baz vi
lng va .
- Sn phm ca phn ng l mui trung ho v nc.
V d:
NaOH (dd) + HCl (dd) ----> NaCl (dd) + H2O (l)
2/ Phn ng ga axit v mui.
- c im ca phn ng: Sn phm thu c phi c t nht
mt cht khng tan hoc mt cht kh hoc mt cht in li
yu.
V d:
Na2CO3 (r) + 2HCl (dd) ----> 2NaCl (dd) + H2O (l) + CO2 (k)
BaCl2 (dd) + H2SO4 (dd) -----> BaSO4 (r) + 2HCl (dd)
Lu : BaSO4 l cht khng tan k c trong mi trng axit.
3/ Phn ng gia baz v mui.
- c im ca phn ng:
+ Cht tham gia phi trng thi dung dch (tan c trong nc)
+ Cht to thnh (Sn phm thu c) phi c t nht mt cht
khng tan hoc mt cht kh hoc mt cht in li yu.
+ Ch cc mui kim loi m oxit hay hiroxit c tnh cht lng
tnh phn ng vi dung dch baz mnh.
V d:
2NaOH (dd) + CuCl2 (dd) ----> 2NaCl (dd) + Cu(OH)2 (r)
Ba(OH)2 (dd) + Na2SO4 (dd) ---> BaSO4 (r) + 2NaOH (dd)
NH4Cl (dd) + NaOH (dd) ---> NaCl (dd) + NH3 (k) + H2O (l)
AlCl3 (dd) + 3NaOH (dd) ----> 3NaCl (dd) + Al(OH)3 (r)
Al(OH)3 (r) + NaOH (dd) ---> NaAlO2 (dd) + H2O (l)
4/ Phn ng gia 2 mui vi nhau.
- c im ca phn ng:
+ Cht tham gia phi trng thi dung dch (tan c trong nc)
+ Cht to thnh (Sn phm thu c) phi c t nht mt cht
khng tan hoc mt cht kh hoc mt cht in li yu.
V d:
NaCl (dd) + AgNO3 (dd) ----> AgCl (r) + NaNO3 (dd)
BaCl2 (dd) + Na2SO4 (dd) ----> BaSO4 (r) + 2NaCl (dd)

2FeCl3 (dd) + 3H2O (l) + 3Na2CO3 (dd) ----> 2Fe(OH)3 (r) + 3CO2 (k) + 6NaCl
(dd)

gii thiu 1 s phng php

cn bng phng trnh ho hc.

1/ Cn bng phng trnh theo phng php i s.

V d: Cn bng phng trnh phn ng
P2O5 + H2O -> H3PO4
a cc h s x, y, z vo phng trnh ta c:
- Cn c vo s nguyn t P ta c: 2x = z
- Cn c vo s nguyn t O ta c: 5x + y = z

(1)
(2)

- Cn c vo s nguyn t H ta c: 2y = 3z
Thay (1) vo (3) ta c: 2y = 3z = 6x => y =

(3)
6x
2

= 3x

Nu x = 1 th y = 3 v z = 2x = 2.1 = 2
=> Phng trnh dng cn bng nh sau: P2O5 + 3H2O ->
2H3PO4
V d: Cn bng phng trnh phn ng.
Al + HNO3 (long) ----> Al(NO3)3 + NO + H2O
Bc 1: t h s bng cc n s a, b, c, d trc cc cht tham gia v
cht to thnh (Nu 2 cht m trng nhau th dng 1 n)
Ta c.
a Al + b HNO3 ----> a Al(NO3)3 + c NO + b/2 H2O.
Bc 2: Lp phng trnh ton hc vi tng loi nguyn t c s thay
i v s nguyn t 2 v.
Ta nhn thy ch c N v O l c s thay i.
N:
b = 3a + c
(I)
O:
3b = 9a + c + b/2
(II)
Bc 3: Gii phng trnh ton hc tm h s
Thay (I) vo (II) ta c.
3(3a + c) = 9a + c + b/2
2c = b/2 ----> b = 4c ---> b = 4 v c = 1. Thay vo (I) ---> a = 1.
Bc 4: Thay h s va tm c vo phng trnh v hon thnh
phng trnh.
Al + 4 HNO3 ----> Al(NO3)3 + NO + 2 H2O
Bc 5: Kim tra li phng trnh va hon thnh.

2/ Cn bng theo phng php electron.

V d:
Cu + HNO3 (c) -----> Cu(NO3)2 + NO2 + H2O
Bc 1: Vit PTP xc nh s thay i s oxi ho ca nguyn
t.
Ban u: Cu0 ----> Cu+ 2 Trong cht sau phn ng Cu(NO3)2
Ban u: N+ 5 (HNO3) ----> N+ 4 Trong cht sau phn ng NO2

Bc 2: Xc nh s oxi ho ca cc nguyn t thay i.

Cu0 ----> Cu+ 2
N+ 5 ----> N+ 4
Bc 3: Vit cc qu trnh oxi ho v qu trnh kh.
Cu0 2e ----> Cu+ 2
N+ 5 + 1e ----> N+ 4
Bc 4: Tm bi chung cn bng s oxi ho.
1 Cu0 2e ----> Cu+ 2
2 N+ 5 + 1e ----> N+ 4
Bc 5: a h s vo phng trnh, kim tra, cn bng phn khng
oxi ho - kh v hon thnh PTHH.
Cu + 2HNO3 (c) -----> Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO2 + H2O
+ 2HNO3 (c) ----->
Cu + 4HNO3 (c) -----> Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO2 + 2H2O

3/ Cn bng theo phng php bn phn ng ( Hay ion electron)

Theo phng php ny th cc bc 1 v 2 ging nh phng php
electron.
Bc 3: Vit cc bn phn ng oxi ho v bn phn ng kh theo
nguyn tc:
+ Cc dng oxi ho v dng kh ca cc cht oxi ho, cht kh nu
thuc cht in li mnh th vit di dng ion. Cn cht in li yu,
khng in li, cht rn, cht kh th vit di dng phn t (hoc
nguyn t). i vi bn phn ng oxi ho th vit s e nhn bn tri
cn bn phn ng th vit s e cho bn phi.
Bc 4: Cn bng s e cho nhn v cng hai bn phn ng ta c
phng trnh phn ng dng ion.
Mun chuyn phng trnh phn ng dng ion thnh dng phn t
ta cng 2 v nhng lng tng ng nh nhau ion tri du (Cation v
anion) b tr in tch.
Ch : cn bng khi lng ca na phn ng.
Mi trng axit hoc trung tnh th ly oxi trong H2O.
Bc 5: Hon thnh phng trnh.

Mt s phn ng ho hc thng gp.

Cn nm vng iu kin xy ra phn ng trao i
trong dung dch.
Gm cc phn ng:
1/ Axit + Baz Mui + H2O
2/ Axit + Mui Mui mi + Axt mi
3/ Dung dch Mui + Dung dch Baz Mui mi + Baz
mi
4/ 2 Dung dch Mui tc dng vi nhau 2 Mui mi
iu kin xy ra phn ng trao i l: Sn phm thu c
phi c t nht mt cht khng tan hoc mt cht kh hoc phi
c H2O v cc cht tham gia phi theo yu cu ca tng phn ng.
Tnh tan ca mt s mui v baz.
Hu ht cc mui clo rua u tan ( tr mui AgCl , PbCl 2 )
Tt c cc mui nit rat u tan.
Tt c cc mui ca kim loi kim u tan.
Hu ht cc baz khng tan ( tr cc baz ca kim loi kim,
Ba(OH)2 v Ca(OH)2 tan t.
* Na2CO3 , NaHCO3 ( K2CO3 , KHCO3 ) v cc mui cacbonat ca Ca,
Mg, Ba u tc dng c vi a xt.
NaHCO3 + NaHSO4 Na2SO4 + H2O + CO2
Na2CO3 + NaHSO4 Khng xy ra
NaHCO3 + NaOH Na2CO3 + H2O
Na2CO3 + NaOH Khng xy ra
2NaHCO3 Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2
NaHCO3 + Ba(OH)2 BaCO3 + NaOH + H2O
2NaHCO3 + 2KOH Na2CO3 + K2CO3 + 2H2O
Na2CO3 + Ba(OH)2 BaCO3 + 2NaOH
Ba(HCO3)2 + Ba(OH)2 2BaCO3 + 2H2O
Ca(HCO3)2 + Ba(OH)2 BaCO3 + CaCO3 + 2H2O
NaHCO3 + BaCl2 khng xy ra
Na2CO3 + BaCl2 BaCO3 + 2NaCl
Ba(HCO3)2 + BaCl2 khng xy ra
Ca(HCO3)2 + CaCl2 khng xy ra
NaHSO3 + NaHSO4 Na2SO4 + H2O + SO2
Na2SO3 + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + H2O + SO2
2NaHSO3 + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + 2H2O + 2SO2
Na2SO3 + 2NaHSO4 2Na2SO4 + H2O + SO2
2KOH + 2NaHSO4 Na2SO4 + K2SO4 + H2O
(NH4)2CO3 + 2NaHSO4 Na2SO4 + (NH4)2SO4 + H2O +
CO2
Fe + CuSO4 FeSO4
+ Cu
Cu + Fe SO4 khng xy ra
Cu +
Fe2(SO4)3 2FeSO4 + CuSO4

Fe +
Fe2(SO4)3 3FeSO4
2FeCl2 + Cl2 2FeCl3
t0

Nhm
hiroxit
v gc
axit

H
I

- OH

Bng tnh tan trong nc ca cc axit baz - mui

Hiro v cc kim loi
K Na Ag Mg
Ca
Ba Zn Hg Pb Cu Fe
I
I
I
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II

Fe
III

Al
III

- Cl

t/b

t
t

- NO3

t/b

- CH3COO

t/b

=S

t/b

= SO3

t/b

= SO4

t/k
b
t/b

k/k
b
t/k
b

= CO3
= SiO3
= PO4

t
t

k
t

i
t

t
t

k
t

k
i

k
t

k
t

k
t

k
t

t : hp cht khng tan c trong nc .

k: hp cht khng tan
i: hp cht t tan.

b: hp cht bay hi hoc d bi phn hu thnh kh bay ln.

kb : hp cht khng bay hi.
Vch ngang - " :hp cht khng tn ti hoc b phn hu trong nc.

Mt s PTHH cn lu :
V d: Ho tan m( gam ) MxOy vo dung dch axit (HCl, H2SO4,
HNO3)
Ta c PTHH cn bng nh sau: lu 2y/x l ho tr ca kim loi M

MxOy
+
2yHCl
xMCl2y/x +
yH2O
2MxOy + 2yH2SO4 xM2(SO4)2y/x + 2yH2O
MxOy
+
2yHNO3 xM(NO3)2y/x
+
yH2O
VD: Ho tan m( gam ) kim loi M vo dung dch a xit (HCl, H 2SO4)
Ta c PTHH cn bng nh sau: lu x l ho tr ca kim loi M
2M
+
2xHCl 2MClx
+ xH2
p dng:
Fe
+ 2HCl FeCl2
+
H2
2Al
+ 2*3 HCl 2AlCl3 + 3H2
6
2M
+ xH2SO4 M2(SO4)x
+
xH2
p dng:
Fe
+ H2SO4 FeSO4
+
H2
2Al
+ 3H2SO4 Al2(SO4)3
+
3H2
Cc phn ng iu ch mt s kim loi:
i vi mt s kim loi nh Na, K, Ca, Mg th dng phng php
in phn nng chy cc mui Clorua.
PTHH chung:
2MClx (r ) dpnc 2M(r ) + Cl2( k )
(i vi cc kim loi ho tr II th nh n gin phn h s)
i vi nhm th dng phng php in phn nng chy
Al2O3, khi c cht xc tc Criolit(3NaF.AlF3) , PTHH:
2Al2O3 (r )
dpnc
4Al ( r ) +
3 O2 (k )
i vi cc kim loi nh Fe , Pb , Cu th c th dng cc phng
php sau:
- Dng H2:
FexOy
+ yH2 xFe
+ yH2O
t0

(h)

- Dng C:
2FexOy
+ yC(r ) 2xFe
+
yCO2 ( k )
- Dng CO:
FexOy
+ yCO (k ) xFe
+
yCO2 ( k )
- Dng Al( nhit nhm ): 3FexOy
+ 2yAl (r ) 3xFe
+
yAl2O3 ( k )
- PTP nhit phn st hir xit:
4xFe(OH)2y/x + (3x 2y) O2 2xFe2O3 + 4y H2O
t0

t0

t0

t0

Mt s phn ng nhit phn ca mt s mui

1/ Mui nitrat
Nu M l kim loi ng trc Mg (Theo dy hot ng ho hc)
2M(NO3)x 2M(NO2)x + xO2
(Vi nhng kim loi ho tr II th nh n gin phn h s )
Nu M l kim loi k t Mg n Cu (Theo dy hot ng ho
hc)
4M(NO3)x 2M2Ox + 4xNO2 + xO2
(Vi nhng kim loi ho tr II th nh n gin phn h s )
Nu M l kim loi ng sau Cu (Theo dy hot ng ho hc)
2M(NO3)x 2M
+
2NO2 + xO2
(Vi nhng kim loi ho tr II th nh n gin phn h s)
t0

t0

2/ Mui cacbonat
- Mui trung ho:
M2(CO3)x (r) M2Ox (r)
+ xCO2(k)
(Vi nhng kim loi ho tr II th nh n gin phn h s)
- Mui cacbonat axit: 2M(HCO3)x(r) M2(CO3)x(r)
+ xH2O( h ) +
xCO2(k)
(Vi nhng kim loi ho tr II th nh n gin phn h s)
t0

t0

3/ Mui amoni
NH4Cl NH3 (k) + HCl ( k )
NH4HCO3 NH3 (k) + H2O ( h ) + CO2(k)
NH4NO3 N2O (k) + H2O ( h )
NH4NO2 N2 (k) + 2H2O ( h )
(NH4)2CO3 2NH3 (k) + H2O ( h ) + CO2(k)
2(NH4)2SO4 4NH3 (k) + 2H2O ( h ) + 2SO2 ( k ) + O2(k)
t0

t0

t0
t0

t0

t0

Bi 1: Vit cc phng trnh ho hc biu din cc phn ng

ho hc cc th nghim sau:
a) Nh vi git axit clohiric vo vi.
b) Ho tan canxi oxit vo nc.
c) Cho mt t bt iphotpho pentaoxit vo dung dch kali
hirxit.
d) Nhng mt thanh st vo dung dch ng(II) sunfat.
e) Cho mt mu nhm vo dung dch axit sunfuric long.
f) Nung mt t st(III) hirxit trong ng nghim.
g) Dn kh cacbonic vo dung dch nc vi trong n d.
h) Cho mt t natri kim loi vo nc.
Bi 2: C nhng baz sau: Fe(OH)3, Ca(OH)2, KOH, Mg(OH)2.
Hy cho bit nhng baz no:
a) B nhit phn hu?
b) Tc dng c vi dung dch H2SO4?
c) i mu dung dch phenolphtalein t khng mu thnh mu
hng?

Bi 3: Cho cc cht sau: canxi oxit, kh sunfur, axit clohiric, bari

hirxit, magi cacbonat, bari clorua, iphotpho penta oxit. Cht
no tc dng c vi nhau tng i mt. Hy vit cc phng trnh
ho hc ca phn ng.
Hng dn: Lp bng thy c cc cp cht tc dng c vi
nhau r hn.
Bi 4: Cho cc oxit sau: K2O, SO2, BaO, Fe3O4, N2O5. Vit phng
trnh ho hc(nu c) ca cc oxit ny ln lt tc dng vi nc, axit
sunfuric, dung dch kali hiroxit.
Bi 5: Cho mt lng kh CO d i vo ng thu tinh t nng c
cha hn hp bt gm: CuO, K2O, Fe2O3 (u ng thu tinh cn li
b hn kn). Vit tt c cc phng trnh ho hc xy ra.
Bi 6: Nu hin tng v vit PTHH minh ho
a/ Cho Na vo dung dch Al2(SO4)3
b/ Cho K vo dung dch FeSO4
c/ Ho tan Fe3O4 vo dung dch H2SO4 long.
d/ Nung nng Al vi Fe2O3 to ra hn hp Al2O3 v FexOy.
PTHH tng qut:
3x Fe2O3 + ( 6x 4y ) Al 6 FexOy + ( 3x 2y ) Al2O3
Bi 7: Cho th nghim
MnO2
+
HCl Kh A
Na2SO3
+ H2SO4 ( l ) Kh B
FeS +
HCl Kh C
NH4HCO3 + NaOHd Kh D
Na2CO3 + H2SO4 ( l ) Kh E
a. Hon thnh cc PTHH v xc nh cc kh A, B, C, D, E.
b. Cho A tc dng C, B tc dng vi dung dch A, B tc dung vi C,
A tc dung dch NaOH iu kin thng, E tc dng dung
dch NaOH. Vit cc PTHH xy ra.
t0

Bi 8: Nu hin tng xy ra, gii thch v vit PTHH minh ho khi:

1/ Sc t t n d CO2 vo dung dch nc vi trong; dung dch
NaAlO2.
2/ Cho t t dung dch axit HCl vo dung dch Na 2CO3.
3/ Cho Na vo dung dch MgCl2, NH4Cl.
4/ Cho Na vo dung dch CuSO4, Cu(NO3)2.
5/ Cho Ba vo dung dch Na2CO3, (NH4)2CO3, Na2SO4.
6/ Cho Fe vo dung dch AgNO3 d
7/ Cho t t n d dung dch NaOH vo dung dch AlCl3,
Al2(SO4)3.
8/ Cho Cu ( hoc Fe ) vo dung dch FeCl3.
9/ Cho t t n d bt Fe vo hn hp dung dch gm AgNO3 v
Cu(NO3)2.
10/ Sc t t NH3 vo dung dch AlCl3

Mt s phng php
gii ton ho hc thng dng.
1. Phng php s hc
Gii cc php tnh Ho hc cp II ph thng, thng thng s
dng phng php s hc: l cc php tnh da vo s ph thuc
t l gia cc i lng v cc php tnh phn trm. C s ca cc
tnh ton Ho hc l nh lut thnh phn khng i c p dng
cho cc php tnh theo CTHH v nh lut bo ton khi lng cc
cht p dng cho c php tnh theo PTHH. Trong phng php s
hc ngi ta phn bit mt s phng php tnh sau y:
a. Phng php t l.
im ch yu ca phng php ny l lp c t l thc v
sau l p dng cch tnh ton theo tnh cht ca t l thc tc
l tnh cc trung t bng tch cc ngoi t.
Th d: Tnh khi lng ccbon ixit CO2 trong c 3 g
cacbon.
Bi gii
CO2 12 (16.2) 44

1mol CO2 = 44g

Lp t l thc: 44g CO2
c 12g C
xg
3g C
44 : x = 12 : 3
=> x =

44.3
11
12

Vy, khi lng cacbon ixit l 11g

Th d 2: C bao nhiu gam ng iu ch c khi cho tng
tc 16g ng sunfat vi mt lng st cn thit.
Bi gii
Phng trnh Ho hc: CuSO4 + Fe - > FeSO4 + Cu
160g
64g
16g
xg
=> x =

16.64
6,4 g
160

Vy iu ch c 6,4g ng.
b. Phng php tnh theo t s hp thc.
Dng c bn ca php tnh ny tnh theo PTHH tc l tm
khi lng ca mt trong nhng cht tham gia hoc to thnh phn
ng theo khi lng ca mt trong nhng cht khc nhau. Phng

php tm t s hp thc gia khi lng cc cht trong phn ng c

pht biu nh sau:
T s khi lng cc cht trong mi phn ng Ho hc th bng
t s ca tch cc khi lng mol cc cht vi cc h s trong phng trnh phn ng. C th biu th di dng ton hc nh sau:
m1
mn
1 1
m2 m2 n2

Trong : m1 v m2 l khi lng cc cht, M1, M2 l khi lng mol

cc cht cn n1, n2 l h s ca PTHH.
Vy khi tnh khi lng ca mt cht tham gia phn ng Ho
hc theo khi lng ca mt cht khc cn s dng nhng t s hp
thc tm c theo PTHH nh th no ? minh ho ta xt mt
s th d sau:
Th d 1: Cn bao nhiu gam Ptat n da cho phn ng vi 10g
st III clorua ?
Bi gii
PTHH
FeCL3 + 3KOH -> Fe(OH)3 + 3KCL
10g
?
Tnh t s hp thc gia khi lng Kali hirxit v st II clorua
MKOH = (39 + 16 + 1) = 56g
M FeCL3 (56 35,5.3) 162,5 g
m KOH
56.3
168

m Fecl 3 162,5 162,5

160

* Tm khi lng KOH: m KOH 10 g. 162,5 10,3g

Th d 2: Cn bao nhiu gam st III chorua cho tng tc vi
kalihirxit thu c 2,5g Kaliclorua?
Bi gii
PTHH
FeCl3 + 3 KOH - > Fe(OH)3 + 3KCl
Tnh t s hp thc gia khi lng FeCl3 v Kaliclorua
M FeCL 162,5 g ; MKCL 74,5g
3

m FeCl 4
m KCl

162,5 162,5

74,5.3 223,5

* Tnh khi lng FeCl3:

M FeCL3 2,5.

162,5
1,86 g
223,5

c. Phng php tnh theo tha s hp thc.

Hng s c tnh ra t t l hp thc gi l tha s hp thc v
biu th bng ch ci f. Tha s hp thc c tnh sn v c
trong bng tra cu chuyn mn.
Vic tnh theo tha s hp thc cng cho cng kt qu nh php
tnh theo t s hp thc nhng c tnh n gin hn nh cc
bng tra cu c sn.
Th d: Theo th d 2 trn th tha s hp thc l:

f=

162,5
0,727
223,5

=> M FeCL 2,5. f 2,5.0,727 1,86

Vy, khi lng FeCl3 l 1,86g
3

2. Phng php i s
Trong cc phng php gii cc bi ton Ho hc phng php
i s cng thng c s dng. Phng php ny c u im tit
kim c thi gian, khi gii cc bi ton tng hp, tng i kh
gii bng cc phng php khc. Phng php i s c dng
gii cc bi ton Ho hc sau:
a. Gii bi ton lp CTHH bng phng php i s.
Th d: t chy mt hn hp 300ml hirocacbon v amoniac
trong oxi c d. Sau khi chy hon ton, th tch kh thu c l
1250ml. Sau khi lm ngng t hi nc, th tch gim cn 550ml. Sau
khi cho tc dng vi dung dch kim cn 250ml trong c 100ml
nit. Th tch ca tt c cc kh o trong iu kin nh nhau. Lp
cng thc ca hirocacbon
Bi gii
Khi t chy hn hp hirocacbon v amoniac trong oxi phn
ng xy ra theo phng trnh sau:
4NH3 + 3O2 -> 2N2 + 6H2O
(1)
CxHy + (x +

y
) O2
4

-> xCO2 +

y
2

H2O

(2)

Theo d kin bi ton, sau khi t chy amoniac th to

thnh 100ml nit. Theo PTHH (1) sau khi t chy hon ton
amoniac ta thu c th tch nit nh hn 2 ln th tch amoniac
trong hn hp ban u, vy th tch amonac khi cha c phn ng
l 100. 2 = 200ml. Do th tch hiro ccbon khi cha c phn
ng l 300 - 200 = 100ml. Sau khi t chy hn hp to thnh (550 250) = 300ml, cacbonnic v (1250 - 550 - 300) = 400ml hi nc.
T ta c s phn ng:
CxHy + (x +

y
4

) O2 -> xCO2 +

y
2

H2O

100ml
300ml 400ml
Theo nh lut Avogaro, c th thay th t l th tch cc cht
kh tham gia v to thnh trong phn ng bng t l s phn t
hay s mol ca chng.
CxHy + 5O2 -> 3CO2 + 4 H2O
=> x = 3; y = 8
Vy CTHH ca hydrocacbon l C3H8

b. Gii bi ton tm thnh phn ca hn hp bng phng

php i s.
Th d: Ho tan trong nc 0,325g mt hn hp gm 2 mui
Natriclorua v Kaliclorua. Thm vo dung dch ny mt dung dch
bc Nitrat ly d - Kt ta bc clorua thu c c khi lng l 0,717g.
Tnh thnh phn phn trm ca mi cht trong hn hp.
Bi gii
Gi MNaCl l x v mKcl l y ta c phng trnh i s:
x + y = 0,35 (1)
PTHH:
NaCl + AgNO3 -> AgCl + NaNO3
KCl + AgNO3 -> AgCl + KNO3
Da vo 2 PTHH ta tm c khi lng ca AgCl trong mi phn ng:
M AgCl

mAgCl = x . M
mAgCl = y .

=x.

143
58,5

= x . 2,444

=y.

143
74,5

= y . 1,919

NaCl

M AgCl
M kcl

=> mAgCl = 2,444x + 1,919y = 0,717

T (1) v (2) => h phng trnh

(2)

x y 0,325

2,444 x 1,919 y 0,717

Gii h phng trnh ta c: x = 0,178

y = 0,147
=> % NaCl =

0,178
0,325

.100% = 54,76%

% KCl = 100% - % NaCl = 100% - 54,76% = 45,24%.

Vy trong hn hp: NaCl chim 54,76%, KCl chim 45,24%

3. Phng php p dng nh lut bo ton nguyn t v

khi lng.
a/ Nguyn tc:
Trong phn ng ho hc, cc nguyn t v khi lng ca chng c bo ton.
T suy ra:
+ Tng khi lng cc cht tham gia phn ng bng tng khi lng
cc cht to thnh.
+ Tng khi lng cc cht trc phn ng bng tng khi lng cc
cht sau phn ng.
b/ Phm vi p dng:
Trong cc bi ton xy ra nhiu phn ng, lc ny i khi khng
cn thit phi vit cc phng trnh phn ng v ch cn lp s
phn ng thy mi quan h t l mol gia cc cht cn
xc nh v nhng cht m cho.

Bi 1. Cho mt lung kh clo d tc dng vi 9,2g kim loi sinh ra

23,4g mui kim loi ho tr I. Hy xc nh kim loi ho tr I v mui
kim loi .
Hng dn gii:
t M l KHHH ca kim loi ho tr I.
PTHH: 2M + Cl2 2MCl
2M(g)
(2M + 71)g
9,2g
23,4g
ta c: 23,4 x 2M = 9,2(2M + 71)
suy ra: M = 23.
Kim loi c khi lng nguyn t bng 23 l Na.
Vy mui thu c l: NaCl
Bi 2: Ho tan hon ton 3,22g hn hp X gm Fe, Mg v Zn bng
mt lng va dung dch H2SO4 long, thu c 1,344 lit hiro (
ktc) v dung dch cha m gam mui. Tnh m?
Hng dn gii:
PTHH chung: M + H2SO4 MSO4 + H2
1,344

nH 2 SO 4 = nH 2 = 22,4 = 0,06 mol

p dng nh lut BTKL ta c:
mMui = mX + m H 2 SO 4 - m H 2 = 3,22 + 98 * 0,06 - 2 * 0,06 = 8,98g
Bi 3: C 2 l st khi lng bng nhau v bng 11,2g. Mt l cho tc
dng ht vi kh clo, mt l ngm trong dung dch HCl d. Tnh khi
lng st clorua thu c.
Hng dn gii:
PTHH:
2Fe + 3Cl2 2FeCl3
(1)
Fe + 2HCl FeCl2 + H2 (2)
Theo phng trnh (1,2) ta c:
11,2

11,2

nFeCl 3 = nFe = 56 = 0,2mol

n FeCl 2 = nFe = 56 =
0,2mol
S mol mui thu c hai phn ng trn bng nhau nhng khi lng mol phn t ca FeCl3 ln hn nn khi lng ln hn.
mFeCl 2 = 127 * 0,2 = 25,4g
mFeCl 3 = 162,5 * 0,2 = 32,5g
Bi 4: Ho tan hn hp 2 mui Cacbonnat kim loi ho tr 2 v 3
bng dung dch HCl d thu c dung dch A v 0,672 lt kh (ktc).
Hi c cn dung dch A thu c bao nhiu gam mui khc nhau?
Bi gii:
Bi 1: Gi 2 kim loi ho tr II v III ln lt l X v Y ta c phng
trnh phn ng:
XCO3 + 2HCl -> XCl2 + CO2 + H2O
(1)

Y2(CO3)3 + 6HCl -> 2YCl3 + 3CO2 + 3H2O (2).

S mol CO2 thot ra (ktc) phng trnh 1 v 2 l:
nCO2

0,672
0,03mol
22,4

Theo phng trnh phn ng 1 v 2 ta thy s mol CO 2 bng s

mol H2O.
n H 2O nCO2 0,03mol

v n HCl 0,03.2 0,006mol

Nh vy khi lng HCl phn ng l:
mHCl = 0,06 . 36,5 = 2,19 gam
Gi x l khi lng mui khan ( m XCl 2 m YCl3 )
Theo nh lut bo ton khi lng ta c:
10 + 2,19 = x + 44 . 0,03 + 18. 0,03
=> x = 10,33 gam
Bi ton 2: Cho 7,8 gam hn hp kim loi Al v Mg tc dng vi
HCl thu c 8,96 lt H2 ( ktc). Hi khi c cn dung dch thu c
bao nhiu gam mui khan.
Bi gii: Ta c phng trnh phn ng nh sau:
Mg + 2HCl -> MgCl2 + H2
2Al + 6HCl -> 2AlCl3 + 3H2
S mol H2 thu c l:
nH 2

8,96
0,4mol
22,4

Theo (1, 2) ta thy s mol HCL gp 2 ln s mol H2

Nn: S mol tham gia phn ng l:
n
HCl = 2 . 0,4 = 0,8 mol
S mol (s mol nguyn t) to ra mui cng chnh bng s mol
HCl bng 0,8 mol. Vy khi lng Clo tham gia phn ng:
mCl = 35,5 . 0,8 = 28,4 gam
Vy khi lng mui khan thu c l:
7,8 + 28,4 = 36,2 gam
4. Phng php tng, gim khi lng.
a/ Nguyn tc:
So snh khi lng ca cht cn xc nh vi cht m gi thit
cho bit lng ca n, t khi lng tng hay gim ny, kt hp vi
quan h t l mol gia 2 cht ny m gii quyt yu cu t ra.
b/ Phm v s dng:
i vi cc bi ton phn ng xy ra thuc phn ng phn hu,
phn ng gia kim loi mnh, khng tan trong nc y kim loi yu
ra khi dung sch mui phn ng, ...c bit khi cha bit r phn
ng xy ra l hon ton hay khng th vic s dng phng php
ny cng n gin ho cc bi ton hn.

Bi 1: Nhng mt thanh st v mt thanh km vo cng mt cc

cha 500 ml dung dch CuSO4. Sau mt thi gian ly hai thanh kim
loi ra khi cc th mi thanh c thm Cu bm vo, khi lng dung
dch trong cc b gim mt 0,22g. Trong dung dch sau phn ng,
nng mol ca ZnSO4 gp 2,5 ln nng mol ca FeSO4. Thm
dung dch NaOH d vo cc, lc ly kt ta ri nung ngoi khng
kh n khi lng khng i , thu c 14,5g cht rn. S gam Cu
bm trn mi thanh kim loi v nng mol ca dung dch CuSO 4
ban u l bao nhiu?
Hng dn gii:
PTHH
(1)
Fe + CuSO4 FeSO4 + Cu
(2)
Zn + CuSO4 ZnSO4 + Cu
Gi a l s mol ca FeSO4
V th tch dung dch xem nh khng thay i. Do t l v
nng mol ca cc cht trong dung dch cng chnh l t l v
s mol.
Theo bi ra: CM ZnSO 4 = 2,5 CM FeSO 4 Nn ta c: nZnSO 4 = 2,5 nFeSO 4
Khi lng thanh st tng: (64 - 56)a = 8a (g)
Khi lng thanh km gim: (65 - 64)2,5a = 2,5a (g)
Khi lng ca hai thanh kim loi tng: 8a - 2,5a = 5,5a (g)
M thc t bi cho l: 0,22g
Ta c: 5,5a = 0,22 a = 0,04 (mol)
Vy khi lng Cu bm trn thanh st l: 64 * 0,04 = 2,56 (g)
v khi lng Cu bm trn thanh km l: 64 * 2,5 * 0,04 = 6,4 (g)
Dung dch sau phn ng 1 v 2 c: FeSO 4, ZnSO4 v CuSO4 (nu
c)
Ta c s phn ng:
NaOH d

FeSO4

Fe(OH)2

1

2

, kk

Fe2O3
a
2

mFe 2 O 3 = 160 x 0,04 x

NaOH d

a
2
t

(mol)

= 3,2 (g)
0

CuSO4 Cu(OH)2 CuO

b
b
b
(mol)
mCuO = 80b = 14,5 - 3,2 = 11,3 (g) b = 0,14125 (mol)
Vy nCuSO 4 ban u = a + 2,5a + b = 0,28125 (mol)

CM CuSO 4 =

0,28125
0,5

= 0,5625 M

Bi 2: Nhng mt thanh st nng 8 gam vo 500 ml dung dch

CuSO4 2M. Sau mt thi gian ly l st ra cn li thy nng 8,8

gam. Xem th tch dung dch khng thay i th nng mol/lit

ca CuSO4 trong dung dch sau phn ng l bao nhiu?
Hng dn gii:
S mol CuSO4 ban u l: 0,5 x 2 = 1 (mol)
PTHH
(1)
Fe + CuSO4 FeSO4 + Cu
1 mol
1 mol
56g
64g lm thanh st tng thm 64
- 56 = 8 gam
M theo bi cho, ta thy khi lng thanh st tng l: 8,8 8 = 0,8 gam
Vy c

0,8
8

= 0,1 mol Fe tham gia phn ng, th cng c 0,1 mol

CuSO4 tham gia phn ng.

S mol CuSO4 cn d : 1 - 0,1 = 0,9 mol
Ta c CM CuSO 4 =

0,9
0,5

= 1,8 M

Bi 3: Dn V lit CO2 (ktc) vo dung dch cha 3,7 gam Ca(OH) 2.

Sau phn ng thu c 4 gam kt ta. Tnh V?
Hng dn gii:
Theo bi ra ta c:
3,7
= 0,05 mol
74
4
= 0,04 mol
100

S mol ca Ca(OH)2 =
S mol ca CaCO3 =

PTHH
CO2 + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 + H2O
- Nu CO2 khng d:
Ta c s mol CO2 = s mol CaCO3 = 0,04 mol
Vy V(ktc) = 0,04 * 22,4 = 0,896 lt
- Nu CO2 d:
CO2 + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 + H2O
0,05 0,05 mol 0,05
CO2 + CaCO3 + H2O Ca(HCO3)2
0,01 (0,05 - 0,04) mol
Vy tng s mol CO2 tham gia phn ng l: 0,05 + 0,01 = 0,06
mol
V(ktc) = 22,4 * 0,06 = 1,344 lt
Bi 4: Ho tan 20gam hn hp hai mui cacbonat kim loi ho tr 1
v 2 bng dung dch HCl d thu c dung dch X v 4,48 lt kh (
ktc) tnh khi lng mui khan thu c dung dch X.
Bi gii: Gi kim loi ho tr 1 v 2 ln lt l A v B ta c phng trnh phn ng sau:
A2CO3 + 2HCl -> 2ACl + CO2 + H2O
(1)
BCO3 + 2HCl -> BCl2 + CO2 + H2O (2)
S mol kh CO2 ( ktc) thu c 1 v 2 l:

nCO2

4,48
0,2mol
22,4

Theo (1) v (2) ta nhn thy c 1 mol CO 2 bay ra tc l c 1 mol

mui cacbonnat chuyn thnh mui Clorua v khi lng tng thm
11 gam (gc CO3 l 60g chuyn thnh gc Cl2 c khi lng 71 gam).
Vy c 0,2 mol kh bay ra th khi lng mui tng l:
0,2 . 11 = 2,2 gam
Vy tng khi lng mui Clorua khan thu c l:
M(Mui khan) = 20 + 2,2 = 22,2 (gam)
Bi 5: Ho tan 10gam hn hp 2 mui Cacbonnat kim loi ho tr 2
v 3 bng dung dch HCl d thu c dung dch A v 0,672 lt kh
(ktc).
Hi c cn dung dch A thu c bao nhiu gam mui khc nhau?
Bi gii
Mt bi ton ho hc thng l phi c phn ng ho hc xy ra
m c phn ng ho hc th phi vit phng trnh ho hc l
iu khng th thiu.
Vy ta gi hai kim loi c ho tr 2 v 3 ln lt l X v Y, ta c
phn ng:
XCO3 + 2HCl -> XCl2 + CO2 + H2O
(1)
Y2(CO3)3 + 6HCl -> 2YCl3 + 3CO2 + 3H2O (2).
S mol cht kh to ra chng trnh (1) v (2) l:
n CO2

0,672
22,4

= 0,03 mol

Theo phn ng (1, 2) ta thy c 1 mol CO 2 bay ra tc l c 1

mol mui Cacbonnat chuyn thnh mui clorua v khi lng tng 71
- 60 = 11 (gam) ( m CO 60 g ; mCl 71g ).
S mol kh CO2 bay ra l 0,03 mol do khi lng mui khan
tng ln:
11 . 0,03 = 0,33 (gam).
Vy khi lng mui khan thu c sau khi c cn dung dch.
m (mui khan) = 10 + 0,33 = 10,33 (gam).
3

Bi 6: Ho tan 20gam hn hp hai mui cacbonat kim loi ho tr 1

v 2 bng dung dch HCl d thu c dung dch X v 4,48 lt kh (
ktc) tnh khi lng mui khan thu c dung dch X.
Bi gii: Gi kim loi ho tr 1 v 2 ln lt l A v B ta c phng trnh phn ng sau:
A2CO3 + 2HCl -> 2ACl + CO2 + H2O
(1)
BCO3 + 2HCl -> BCl2 + CO2 + H2O (2)
S mol kh CO2 ( ktc) thu c 1 v 2 l:
nCO2

4,48
0,2mol
22,4

Theo (1) v (2) ta nhn thy c 1 mol CO 2 bay ra tc l c 1 mol

mui cacbonnat chuyn thnh mui Clorua v khi lng tng thm
11 gam (gc CO3 l 60g chuyn thnh gc Cl2 c khi lng 71 gam).

Vy c 0,2 mol kh bay ra th khi lng mui tng l:

0,2 . 11 = 2,2 gam
Vy tng khi lng mui Clorua khan thu c l:
M(Mui khan) = 20 + 2,2 = 22,2 (gam)
Bi 1: Nhng mt thanh kim loi M ho tr II vo 0,5 lit dd CuSO 4
0,2M. Sau mt thi gian phn ng, khi lng thanh M tng ln 0,40g
trong khi nng CuSO4 cn li l 0,1M.
a/ Xc nh kim loi M.
b/ Ly m(g) kim loi M cho vo 1 lit dd cha AgNO3 v Cu(NO3)2 ,
nng mi mui l 0,1M. Sau phn ng ta thu c cht rn A
khi lng 15,28g v dd B. Tnh m(g)?
Hng dn gii:
a/ theo bi ra ta c PTHH .

M
+
CuSO4
MSO4
+
Cu
(1)
S mol CuSO4 tham gia phn ng (1) l: 0,5 ( 0,2 0,1 ) = 0,05 mol
tng khi lng ca M l:
mtng = mkl gp - mkl tan = 0,05 (64 M) = 0,40
gii ra: M = 56 , vy M l Fe
b/ ta ch bit s mol ca AgNO3 v s mol ca Cu(NO3)2. Nhng
khng bit s mol ca Fe
(cht kh
Fe
Cu2+
Ag+ (cht oxh mnh)
0,1
0,1
( mol )
2+
Ag C Tnh oxi ho mnh hn Cu nn mui AgNO3 tham gia phn
ng vi Fe trc.
PTHH:

Fe
+
2AgNO3
Fe(NO3)2
+
2Ag
(1)

Fe
+
Cu(NO3)2
Fe(NO3)2
+
Cu
(2)
Ta c 2 mc so snh:
- Nu va xong phn ng (1): Ag kt ta ht, Fe tan ht, Cu(NO 3)2
cha phn ng.
Cht rn A l Ag th ta c: mA = 0,1 x 108 = 10,8 g
- Nu va xong c phn ng (1) v (2) th khi cht rn A gm:
0,1 mol Ag v 0,1 mol Cu
mA = 0,1 ( 108 + 64 ) = 17,2 g
theo cho mA = 15,28 g ta c: 10,8 < 15,28 < 17,2
vy AgNO3 phn ng ht, Cu(NO3)2 phn ng mt phn v Fe tan
ht.
mCu to ra = mA mAg = 15,28 10,80 = 4,48 g. Vy s mol ca Cu
= 0,07 mol.
Tng s mol Fe tham gia c 2 phn ng l: 0,05 ( p 1 ) + 0,07 ( p 2 )
= 0,12 mol
Khi lng Fe ban u l: 6,72g
+

5. Phng php lm gim n s.

Bi ton 1: (Xt li bi ton nu phng php th nht)
Ho tan hn hp 20 gam hai mui cacbonnat kim loi ho tr I v
II bng dung dch HCl d thu c dung dch M v 4,48 lt CO2 (
ktc) tnh khi lng mun to thnh trong dung dch M.
Bi gii
Gi A v B ln lt l kim loi ho tr I v II. Ta c phng trnh
phn ng sau:
A2CO3 + 2HCl -> 2ACl + H2O + CO2
(1)
BCO3 + 2HCl -> BCl2 + H2O + CO2 (2)
S mol kh thu c phn ng (1) v (2) l:
nCO3

4,48
0,2mol
22,4

Gi a v b ln lt l s mol ca A 2CO3 v BCO3 ta c phng

trnh i s sau:
(2A + 60)a + (B + 60)b = 20 (3)
Theo phng trnh phn ng (1) s mol ACl thu c 2a (mol)
Theo phng trnh phn ng (2) s mol BCl2 thu c l b (mol)
Nu gi s mui khan thu c l x ta c phng trnh:
(A + 35.5) 2a + (B + 71)b = x
(4)
Cng theo phn ng (1, 2) ta c:
a + b = nCO 0,2(mol )
(5)
T phng trnh (3, 4) (Ly phng trnh (4) tr (5)) ta c:
11 (a + b) = x - 20 (6)
Thay a + b t (5) vo (6) ta c:
11 . 0,2 = x - 20
=> x = 22,2 gam
Bi ton 2: Ho tan hon ton 5 gam hn hp 2 kim loi bng
dung dch HCl thu c dung dch A v kh B, c cn dung dch A
thu c 5,71 gam mui khan tnh th tch kh B ktc.
Bi gii: Gi X, Y l cc kim loi; m, n l ho tr, x, y l s mol
tng ng, s nguyn t khi l P, Q ta c:
2X + 2n HCl => 2XCln = nH2
(I)
2Y + 2m HCl -> 2YClm + mH2
(II).
Ta c: xP + y Q = 5 (1)
x(P + 35,5n) + y(Q + 35,5m) = 5,71 (2)
Ly phng trnh (2) tr phng trnh (1) ta c:
x(P + 35,5n) + y(Q + 35,5m)- xP - yQ = 0,71
=> 35,5 (nx + my) = 0,71
2

Theo I v II:

nH 2

1
( xn my )
2

=> th tch: V = nx + my =

0,71
.22,4 0,224
355.2

(lt)

6. Phng php dng bi ton cht tng ng.

a/ Nguyn tc:
Khi trong bi ton xy ra nhiu phn ng nhng cc phn ng cng
loi v cng hiu sut th ta thay hn hp nhiu cht thnh 1 cht tng ng. Lc lng (s mol, khi lng hay th tch) ca cht tng ng bng lng ca hn hp.
b/ Phm vi s dng:
Trong v c, phng php ny p dng khi hn hp nhiu kim loi
hot ng hay nhiu oxit kim loi, hn hp mui cacbonat, ... hoc
khi hn hp kim loi phn ng vi nc.
Bi 1: Mt hn hp 2 kim loi kim A, B thuc 2 chu k k tip nhau
trong bng h thng tun hon c khi lng l 8,5 gam. Hn hp ny
tan ht trong nc d cho ra 3,36 lit kh H2 (ktc). Tm hai kim loi A,
B v khi lng ca mi kim loi.
Hng dn gii:
PTHH
2A + 2H2O 2AOH + H2 (1)
2B + 2H2O 2BOH + H2 (2)
t a = nA , b = nB
ta c: a + b = 2
M

trung bnh:

3,36
22,4

= 0,3 (mol)
8,5
0,3

(I)

= 28,33

Ta thy 23 < M = 28,33 < 39

Gi s MA < MB th A l Na, B l K hoc ngc li.
mA + mB = 23a + 39b = 8,5 (II)
T (I, II) ta tnh c: a = 0,2 mol, b = 0,1 mol.
Vy mNa = 0,2 * 23 = 4,6 g, mK = 0,1 * 39 = 3,9 g.
Bi 2: Ho tan 115,3 g hn hp gm MgCO 3 v RCO3 bng 500ml
dung dch H2SO4 long ta thu c dung dch A, cht rn B v 4,48
lt CO2 (ktc). C cn dung dch A th thu c 12g mui khan.
Mt khc em nung cht rn B ti khi lng khng i th thu c 11,2 lt CO2 (ktc) v cht rn B1. Tnh nng mol/lit ca
dung dch H2SO4 long dng, khi lng ca B, B1 v khi lng
nguyn t ca R. Bit trong hn hp u s mol ca RCO 3 gp 2,5
ln s mol ca MgCO3.
Hng dn gii:
Thay hn hp MgCO3 v RCO3 bng cht tng ng M CO3
PTHH
M CO3 + H2SO4 M SO4 + CO2 + H2O (1)
0,2
0,2
0,2
0,2
S mol CO2 thu c l: nCO 2 =
Vy nH 2 SO 4 = nCO 2 = 0,2 (mol)

4,48
22,4

= 0,2 (mol)

 CM

H 2 SO 4

0,2
0,5

= 0,4 M

Rn B l M CO3 d:
M CO3 M O + CO2 (2)
0,5
0,5
0,5
Theo phn ng (1): t 1 mol M CO3 to ra 1 mol M SO4 khi lng tng
36 gam.
p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng ta c:
115,3 = mB + mmui tan - 7,2
Vy mB = 110,5 g
Theo phn ng (2): t B chuyn thnh B1, khi lng gim l:
mCO 2 = 0,5 * 44 = 22 g.
Vy mB 1 = mB - mCO 2 = 110,5 - 22 = 88,5 g
Tng s mol M CO3 l: 0,2 + 0,5 = 0,7 mol
115,3
Ta c M + 60 = 0,7 164,71 M = 104,71
V trong hn hp u s mol ca RCO 3 gp 2,5 ln s mol ca
MgCO3.
24 * 1 R * 2,5
R = 137
Nn 104,71 =
3,5
Vy R l Ba.
Bi 3: ho tan hon ton 28,4 gam hn hp 2 mui cacbonat ca
2 kim loi thuc phn nhm chnh nhm II cn dng 300ml dung
dch HCl aM v to ra 6,72 lit kh (ktc). Sau phn ng, c cn
dung dch thu c m(g) mui khan. Tnh gi tr a, m v xc nh
2 kim loi trn.
Hng dn gii:
6,72

nCO 2 = 22,4 = 0,3 (mol)

Thay hn hp bng M CO3
M CO3 + 2HCl M Cl2 + CO2 + H2O (1)
0,3
0,6
0,3
0,3
Theo t l phn ng ta c:
nHCl = 2 nCO 2 = 2 * 0,3 = 0,6 mol
CM HCl =

0,6
0,3

S mol ca

= 2M
M

CO3 = nCO 2 = 0,3 (mol)

28,4

Nn M + 60 = 0,3 = 94,67
M = 34,67
Gi A, B l KHHH ca 2 kim loi thuc phn nhm chnh nhm II,
MA < M B
ta c:
MA < M = 34,67 < MB tho mn ta thy 24 < M =
34,67 < 40.
Vy hai kim loi thuc phn nhm chnh nhm II l: Mg v Ca.
Khi lng mui khan thu c sau khi c cn l: m = (34,67 + 71)*
0,3 = 31,7 gam.

7/ Phng php bo ton s mol nguyn t.

a/ Nguyn tc p dng:
Trong mi qu trnh bin i ho hc: S mol mi nguyn t trong
cc cht c bo ton.
b/ V d: Cho 10,4g hn hp bt Fe v Mg (c t l s mol 1:2) ho
tan va ht trong 600ml dung dch HNO3 x(M), thu c 3,36 lit hn
hp 2 kh N2O v NO. Bit hn hp kh c t khi d = 1,195. Xc
nh tr s x?
Hng dn gii:
Theo bi ra ta c:
nFe : nMg = 1 : 2 (I) v 56nFe + 24nMg = 10,4 (II)
Gii phng trnh ta c: nFe = 0,1 v nMg = 0,2
S phn ng.
Fe,
Mg
+ HNO3 ------> Fe(NO3)3 , Mg(NO3)2 + N2O, NO + H2O
0,1 v 0,2
x
0,1
0,2
a v b
(mol)
Ta c:
a+b=

3,36
22,4

= 0,15 v

44a 30b
( a b) 29

= 1,195 ---> a = 0,05 mol v b

= 0,1 mol
S mol HNO3 phn ng bng:
nHNO 3 = nN = 3nFe(NO 3 ) 3 + 2nMg(NO 3 ) 2 + 2nN 2 O + nNO
= 3.0,1 + 2.0,2 + 2.0,05 + 0,1 = 0,9 mol
Nng mol/lit ca dung dch HNO3:
x(M) =

0,9
600

.1000 = 1,5M

8/ Phng php lp lun kh nng.

a/ Nguyn tc p dng:
Khi gii cc bi ton ho hc theo phng php i s, nu s
phng trnh ton hc thit lp c t hn s n s cha bit cn
tm th phi bin lun ---> Bng cch: Chn 1 n s lm chun ri
tch cc n s cn li. Nn a v phng trnh ton hc 2 n, trong
c 1 n c gii hn (tt nhin nu c 2 n c gii hn th cng
tt). Sau c th thit lp bng bin thin hay d vo cc iu
kin khc chn cc gi tr hp l.
b/ V d:
Bi 1: Ho tan 3,06g oxit MxOy bng dung dich HNO3 d sau c
cn th thu c 5,22g mui khan. Hy xc nh kim loi M bit n
ch c mt ho tr duy nht.
Hng dn gii:

PTHH: MxOy + 2yHNO3 -----> xM(NO3)2y/x + yH2O

T PTP ta c t l:
3,06
M x 16 y

5,22
M x 124 y

---> M = 68,5.2y/x

Trong : t 2y/x = n l ho tr ca kim loi. Vy M = 68,5.n (*)

Cho n cc gi tr 1, 2, 3, 4. T (*) ---> M = 137 v n =2 l ph hp.
Do M l Ba, ho tr II.
Bi 2: A, B l 2 cht kh iu kin thng, A l hp cht ca
nguyn t X vi oxi (trong oxi chim 50% khi lng), cn B l hp
cht ca nguyn t Y vi hir (trong hiro chim 25% khi lng). T khi ca A so vi B bng 4. Xc nh cng thc phn t A,
B. Bit trong 1 phn t A ch c mt nguyn t X, 1 phn t B ch
c mt nguyn t Y.
Hng dn gii:
t CTPT A l XOn, MA = X + 16n = 16n + 16n = 32n.
t CTPT A l YOm, MB = Y + m = 3m + m = 4m.
MA

32n

d = M = 4m = 4 ---> m = 2n.
B
iu kin tho mn: 0 < n, m < 4, u nguyn v m phi l s
chn.
Vy m ch c th l 2 hay 4.
Nu m = 2 th Y = 6 (loi, khng c nguyn t no tho)
Nu m = 4 th Y = 12 (l cacbon) ---> B l CH4
v n = 2 th X = 32 (l lu hunh) ---> A l SO2

9/ Phng php gii hn mt i lng.

a/ Nguyn tc p dng:
Da vo cc i lng c gii hn, chng hn:
KLPTTB ( M ), ho tr trung bnh, s nguyn t trung bnh, ....
Hiu sut: 0(%) < H < 100(%)
S mol cht tham gia: 0 < n(mol) < S mol cht ban u,...
suy ra quan h vi i lng cn tm. Bng cch:
- Tm s thay i gi tr min v max ca 1 i lng no
dn n gii hn cn tm.
- Gi s thnh phn hn hp (X,Y) ch cha X hay Y suy ra
gi tr min v max ca i lng cn tm.
b/ V d:
Bi 1: Cho 6,2g hn hp 2 kim loi kim thuc 2 chu k lin tip
trong bng tun hon phn ng vi H2O d, thu c 2,24 lit kh
(ktc) v dung dch A.
a/ Tnh thnh phn % v khi lng tng kim loi trong hn hp ban
u.
Hng dn:

a/ t R l KHHH chung cho 2 kim loi kim cho

MR l khi lng trung bnh ca 2 kim loi kim A v B, gi s MA <
MB
---.> MA < MR < MB .
Vit PTHH xy ra:
Theo phng trnh phn ng:
nR = 2nH 2 = 0,2 mol. ----> MR = 6,2 : 0,2 = 31
Theo ra: 2 kim loi ny thuc 2 chu k lin tip, nn 2 kim loi
l:
A l Na(23) v B l K(39)
Bi 2:
a/ Cho 13,8 gam (A) l mui cacbonat ca kim loi kim vo 110ml
dung dch HCl 2M. Sau phn ng thy cn axit trong dung dch thu
c v th tch kh thot ra V1 vt qu 2016ml. Vit phng trnh
phn ng, tm (A) v tnh V1 (ktc).
b/ Ho tan 13,8g (A) trn vo nc. Va khuy va thm tng git
dung dch HCl 1M cho ti 180ml dung dch axit, thu c V2 lit
kh. Vit phng trnh phn ng xy ra v tnh V2 (ktc).
Hng dn:
a/ M2CO3 + 2HCl ---> 2MCl + H2O + CO2
Theo PTHH ta c:
S mol M2CO3 = s mol CO2 > 2,016 : 22,4 = 0,09 mol
---> Khi lng mol M2CO3 < 13,8 : 0,09 = 153,33 (I)
Mt khc: S mol M2CO3 phn ng = 1/2 s mol HCl < 1/2. 0,11.2 =
0,11 mol
---> Khi lng mol M2CO3 = 13,8 : 0,11 = 125,45 (II)
T (I, II) --> 125,45 < M2CO3 < 153,33 ---> 32,5 < M < 46,5 v M l
kim loi kim
---> M l Kali (K)
Vy s mol CO2 = s mol K2CO3 = 13,8 : 138 = 0,1 mol ---> VCO 2 =
2,24 (lit)
b/ Gii tng t: ---> V2 = 1,792 (lit)
Bi 3: Cho 28,1g qung lmt gm MgCO3; BaCO3 (%MgCO3 = a
%) vo dung dch HCl d thu c V (lt) CO2 ( ktc).
a/ Xc nh V (lt).
Hng dn:
a/ Theo bi ra ta c PTHH:
MgCO3 + 2HCl MgCl2 +
H2O + CO2
(1)
x(mol)
x(mol)
BaCO3
+ 2HCl BaCl2
+
H2O + CO2
(2)
y(mol)
y(mol)
CO2
+
Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 + H2O
(3)
0,2(mol) 0,2(mol) 0,2(mol)
CO2
+
CaCO3 + H2O Ca(HCO3)2
(4)
m
Gi s hn hp ch c MgCO3.Vy BaCO3 = 0

S mol: nMgCO3 =

28,1
84

= 0,3345 (mol)

Nu hn hp ch ton l BaCO3 th mMgCO3 = 0

28,1

S mol: nBaCO3 = 197 = 0,143 (mol)

Theo PT (1) v (2) ta c s mol CO2 gii phng l:
0,143 (mol) nCO2 0,3345 (mol)
Vy th tch kh CO2 thu c ktc l: 3,2 (lt) VCO 2 7,49
(lt)

Chuyn 2:
tan - nng dung dch
Mt s cng thc tnh cn nh:
Cng thc tnh tan:

St

0C

mct

cht

= m . 100
dm
mct

Cng thc tnh nng %:

C% = m . 100%
dd
mdd = mdm + mct Hoc mdd = Vdd (ml) . D(g/ml)
* Mi lin h gia tan ca mt cht v nng phn trm
dung dch bo ho ca cht mt nhit xc nh.
C 100g dm ho tan c Sg cht tan to thnh (100+S)g dung
dch bo ho.
Vy: x(g)
//
y(g)
//
100g
//
Cng thc lin h: C% =
Cng thc tnh nng mol/lit:

100 S
100 S

100.C %
100 C %
1000.n( mol )
V ( ml )

Hoc S =

CM =

n( mol )
V (lit )

* Mi lin h gia nng % v nng mol/lit.

Cng thc lin h: C% =

C M .M
10 D

Hoc CM =

10 D.C %
M

Trong :
- mct l khi lng cht tan( n v: gam)
- mdm l khi lng dung mi( n v: gam)
- mdd l khi lng dung dch( n v: gam)
- V l th tch dung dch( n v: lit hoc mililit)
- D l khi lng ring ca dung dch( n v: gam/mililit)
- M l khi lng mol ca cht( n v: gam)
- S l tan ca 1 cht mt nhit xc nh( n
v: gam)
- C% l nng % ca 1 cht trong dung dch( n v:
%)
- CM l nng mol/lit ca 1 cht trong dung dch( n
v: mol/lit hay M)

Dng 1: Ton tan

Phn dng 1: Bi ton lin quan gia tan ca mt
cht v nng phn trm dung dch bo ho ca cht .
Bi 1: 400C, tan ca K2SO4 l 15. Hy tnh nng phn trm
ca dung dch K2SO4 bo ho nhit ny?
p s: C% = 13,04%
Bi 2: Tnh tan ca Na2SO4 100C v nng phn trm ca
dung dch bo ho Na2SO4 nhit ny. Bit rng 10 0C khi ho
tan 7,2g Na2SO4 vo 80g H2O th c dung dch bo ho Na2SO4.
p s: S = 9g v C% = 8,257%
Phn dng 2: Bi ton tnh lng tinh th ngm nc cn
cho thm vo dung dch cho sn.
Cch lm:
Dng nh lut bo ton khi lng tnh:
* Khi lng dung dch to thnh = khi lng tinh th + khi lng dung
dch ban u.
* Khi lng cht tan trong dung dch to thnh = khi lng cht tan
trong tinh th + khi lng cht tan trong dung dch ban u.
* Cc bi ton loi ny thng cho tinh th cn ly v dung dch cho
sn c cha cng loi cht tan.
Bi tp p dng:
Bi 1: Tnh lng tinh th CuSO4.5H2O cn dng iu ch 500ml
dung dch CuSO4 8%(D = 1,1g/ml).
p s: Khi lng tinh th CuSO4.5H2O cn ly l: 68,75g
Bi 2: iu ch 560g dung dch CuSO4 16% cn phi ly bao
nhiu gam dung dch CuSO4 8% v bao nhiu gam tinh th
CuSO4.5H2O.
Hng dn
* Cch 1:
Trong 560g dung dch CuSO4 16% c cha.
m

ct CuSO4(c trong dd CuSO4 16%) =

560.16
100

2240
25

= 89,6(g)

t mCuSO4.5H2O = x(g)
1mol(hay 250g) CuSO4.5H2O cha 160g CuSO4
Vy

x(g)

//

cha

160x
250

16x
25

(g)

dd CuSO4 8% c trong dung dch CuSO4 16% l (560 x) g

ct CuSO4(c trong dd CuSO4 8%) l

Ta c phng trnh:

(560 x ).2
25

16x
25

(560 x).8
100

= 89,6

(560 x ).2
25

(g)

Gii phng trnh c: x = 80.

Vy cn ly 80g tinh th CuSO 4.5H2O v 480g dd CuSO4 8%
pha ch thnh 560g dd CuSO4 16%.
* Cch 2: Gii h phng trnh bc nht 2 n.
* Cch 3: Tnh ton theo s ng cho.
Lu : Lng CuSO4 c th coi nh dd CuSO4 64%(v c 250g
CuSO4.5H2O th c cha 160g CuSO4). Vy C%(CuSO4) =

160
250

.100%

= 64%.
Phn dng 3: bi ton tnh lng cht tan tch ra hay
thm vo khi thay i nhit mt dung dch bo ho cho
sn.
Cch lm:
- Bc 1: Tnh khi lng cht tan v khi lng dung mi c
trong dung dch bo ho t1(0c)
- Bc 2: t a(g) l khi lng cht tan A cn thm hay
tch ra khi dung dch ban u, sau khi thay i nhit
t t1(0c) sang t2(0c) vi t1(0c) khc t2(0c).
- Bc 3: Tnh khi lng cht tan v khi lng dung mi c
trong dung dch bo ho t2(0c).
- Bc 4: p dng cng thc tnh tan hay nng %
dung dch bo ho(C% ddbh) tm a.
Lu : Nu yu cu tnh lng tinh th ngm nc tch ra hay cn
thm vo do thay i nhit dung dch bo ho cho sn, bc
2 ta phi t n s l s mol(n)
Bi 1: 120C c 1335g dung dch CuSO4 bo ho. un nng dung
dch ln n 900C. Hi phi thm vo dung dch bao nhiu gam
CuSO4 c dung dch bo ho nhit ny.
Bit 120C, tan ca CuSO4 l 33,5 v 900C l 80.
p s: Khi lng CuSO4 cn thm vo dung dch l 465g.
Bi 2: 850C c 1877g dung dch bo ho CuSO4. Lm lnh dung
dch xung cn 250C. Hi c bao nhiu gam CuSO4.5H2O tch khi
dung dch. Bit tan ca CuSO4 850C l 87,7 v 250C l 40.
p s: Lng CuSO4.5H2O tch khi dung dch l: 961,75g
Bi 3: Cho 0,2 mol CuO tan trong H 2SO4 20% un nng, sau lm
ngui dung dch n 100C. Tnh khi lng tinh th CuSO4.5H2O
tch khi dung dch, bit rng tan ca CuSO 4 100C l
17,4g/100g H2O.
p s: Lng CuSO4.5H2O tch khi dung dch l: 30,7g

Dng 2: Ton nng dung dch

Bi 1: Cho 50ml dung dch HNO3 40% c khi lng ring l
1,25g/ml. Hy:
a/ Tm khi lng dung dch HNO3 40%?
b/ Tm khi lng HNO3?
c/ Tm nng mol/l ca dung dch HNO3 40%?
p s:
a/ mdd = 62,5g
b/ mHNO 3 = 25g
c/ CM(HNO 3 ) = 7,94M
Bi 2: Hy tnh nng mol/l ca dung dch thu c trong
mi trng hp sau:
a/ Ho tan 20g NaOH vo 250g nc. Cho bit DH 2 O = 1g/ml, coi nh
th tch dung dch khng i.
b/ Ho tan 26,88 lt kh hiro clorua HCl (ktc) vo 500ml nc
thnh dung dch axit HCl. Coi nh th dung dch khng i.
c/ Ho tan 28,6g Na2CO3.10H2O vo mt lng nc va thnh
200ml dung dch Na2CO3.
p s:
a/ CM( NaOH ) = 2M
b/ CM( HCl ) = 2,4M
c/ CM(Na2CO3) = 0,5M
Bi 3: Cho 2,3g Na tan ht trong 47,8ml nc thu c dung
dch NaOH v c kh H2 thot ra . Tnh nng % ca dung dch
NaOH?
p s: C%(NaOH) = 8%

chuyn 3:
pha trn dung dch
Loi 1: Bi ton pha long hay c dc mt dung dch.
a) c im ca bi ton:
- Khi pha long, nng dung dch gim. Cn c dc,
nng dung dch tng.
- D pha long hay c c, khi lng cht tan lun lun
khng thay i.
b) Cch lm:
C th p dng cng thc pha long hay c c
TH1: V khi lng cht tan khng i d pha long hay c c
nn.
mdd(1).C%(1) = mdd(2).C%(2)
TH2: V s mol cht tan khng i d pha long hay c dc nn.
Vdd(1). CM (1) = Vdd(2). CM (2)
Nu gp bi ton bi ton: Cho thm H2O hay cht tan nguyn
cht (A) vo 1 dung dch (A) c nng % cho trc, c th p
dng quy tc ng cho gii. Khi c th xem:
- H2O l dung dch c nng O%
- Cht tan (A) nguyn cht cho thm l dung dch nng 100%
+ TH1: Thm H2O
Dung dch u C1(%)
C 2(%) - O
C2(%)
m dd .dau

= m
H 2O
H2O

O(%)

+ TH1: Thm cht tan (A) nguyn cht

Dung dch u C1(%)

C 1(%) C2(%)
100 - C 2(%)
C2(%)

m dd .dau
mctA

Cht tan (A)

C2(%)

100(%)

C 1(%)

Lu : T l hiu s nng nhn c ng bng s phn khi

lng dung dch u( hay H2O, hoc cht tan A nguyn cht) cn
ly t cng hng ngang.
Bi ton p dng:

Bi 1: Phi thm bao nhiu gam H2O vo 200g dung dch KOH 20%
c dung dch KOH 16%.
p s: mH2O(cn thm) = 50g
Bi 2: C 30g dung dch NaCl 20%. Tnh nng % dung dch thu
c khi:
- Pha thm 20g H2O
- C c dung dch ch cn 25g.
p s: 12% v 24%
Bi 3: Tnh s ml H2O cn thm vo 2 lit dung dch NaOH 1M
thu c dung dch mi c nng 0,1M.
p s: 18 lit
Bi 4: Tnh s ml H2O cn thm vo 250ml dung dch NaOH1,25M
to thnh dung dch 0,5M. Gi s s ho tan khng lm thay
i ng k th tch dung dch.
p s: 375ml
Bi 5: Tnh s ml dung dch NaOH 2,5%(D = 1,03g/ml) iu ch
c t 80ml dung dch NaOH 35%(D = 1,38g/ml).
p s: 1500ml
Bi 6: Lm bay hi 500ml dung dch HNO3 20%(D = 1,20g/ml)
ch cn 300g dung dch. Tnh nng % ca dung dch ny.
p s: C% = 40%
Loi 2:Bi ton ho tan mt ho cht vo nc hay vo mt
dung dch cho sn.
a/ c im bi ton:
- Ho cht em ho tan c th l cht kh, cht lng hay
cht rn.
- S ho tan c th gy ra hay khng gy ra phn ng
ho hc gia cht em ho tan vi H2O hoc cht tan
trong dung dch cho sn.
b/ Cch lm:
- Bc 1: Xc nh dung dch sau cng (sau khi ho tan ho
cht) c cha cht no:
Cn lu xem c phn ng gia cht em ho tan vi H 2O
hay cht tan trong dung dch cho sn khng? Sn phm
phn ng(nu c) gm nhng cht tan no? Nh rng: c
bao nhiu loi cht tan trong dung dch th c by nhiu
nng .

. Nu cht tan c phn ng ho hc vi dung mi, ta phi

tnh nng ca sn phm phn ng ch khng c tnh
nng ca cht tan .
- Bc 2: Xc nh lng cht tan(khi lng hay s mol) c
cha trong dung dch sau cng.
. Lng cht tan(sau phn ng nu c) gm: sn phm phn
ng v cc cht tc dng cn d.
. Lng sn phm phn ng(nu c) tnh theo ptt phi da
vo cht tc dng ht(lng cho ), tuyt i khng c
da vo lng cht tc dng cho d (cn tha sau phn ng)
- Bc 3: Xc nh lng dung dch mi (khi lng hay th
tch)
. tnh th tch dung dch mi c 2 trng hp (tu theo
bi)

Nu khng cho bit khi lng ring dung dch

mi(Dddm)
+ Khi ho tan 1 cht kh hay 1 cht rn vo 1 cht lng c
th coi:
Th tch dung dch mi = Th tch cht lng
+ Khi ho tan 1 cht lng vo 1 cht lng khc, phi gi s
s pha trn khng lm thy i ng k th tch cht
lng, tnh:
Th tch dung dch mi = Tng th tch cc cht lng ban
u.

Nu cho bit khi lng ring dung dch

mi(Dddm)
mddm

Th tch dung dch mi: Vddm = D

ddm
mddm: l khi lng dung dch mi
+ tnh khi lng dung dch mi
mddm = Tng khi lng(trc phn ng) khi lng kt
ta(hoc kh bay ln) nu c.
Bi tp p dng:
Bi 1: Cho 14,84g tinh th Na2CO3 vo bnh cha 500ml dung dch
HCl 0,4M c dung dch B. Tnh nng mol/lit cc cht trong
dung dch B.
p s: Nng ca NaCl l: CM = 0,4M
Nng ca Na2CO3 cn d l: CM = 0,08M
Bi 2: Ho tan 5,6lit kh HCl ( ktc) vo 0,1lit H 2O to thnh
dung dch HCl. Tnh nng mol/lit v nng % ca dung dch
thu c.
p s:
- CM = 2,5M
- C% = 8,36%

Bi 3: Cho 200g SO3 vo 1 lt dung dch H2SO4 17%(D = 1,12g/ml)

c dung dch A. Tnh nng % dung dch A.
p s: C% = 32,985%
Bi 4: xc nh lng SO3 v lng dung dch H2SO4 49% cn ly
pha thnh 450g dung dch H2SO4 83,3%.
p s:
Khi lng SO3 cn ly l: 210g
Khi lng dung dch H2SO4 49% cn ly l 240g
Bi 5: Xc nh khi lng dung dch KOH 7,93% cn ly khi ho
tan vo 47g K2O th thu c dung dch 21%.
p s: Khi lng dung dch KOH 7,93% cn ly l 352,94g
Bi 6: Cho 6,9g Na v 9,3g Na 2O vo nc, c dung dch A(NaOH
8%). Hi phi ly thm bao nhiu gam NaOH c tinh khit 80%
(tan hon ton) cho vo c dung dch 15%?
p s: - Khi lng NaOH c tinh khit 80% cn ly l 32,3g
Loi 3: Bi ton pha trn hai hay nhiu dung dch.
a/ c im bi ton.
Khi pha trn 2 hay nhiu dung dch vi nhau c th xy ra hay
khng xy ra phn ng ho hc gia cht tan ca cc dung dch
ban u.
b/ Cch lm:
TH1: Khi trn khng xy ra phn ng ho hc(thng gp bi
ton pha trn cc dung dch cha cng loi ho cht)
Nguyn tc chung gii l theo phng php i s, lp h 2
phng trnh ton hc (1 theo cht tan v 1 theo dung dch)
Cc bc gii:
- Bc 1: Xc nh dung dch sau trn c cha cht tan no.
- Bc 2: Xc nh lng cht tan(mct) c trong dung dch
mi(ddm)
- Bc 3: Xc nh khi lng(mddm) hay th tch(Vddm) dung
dch mi.
mddm = Tng khi lng( cc dung dch em trn )
+ Nu bit khi lng ring dung dch mi(Dddm)
mddm

Vddm = D
ddm
+ Nu khng bit khi lng ring dung dch mi: Phi gi s
s hao ht th tch do s pha trn dung dch l khng
ng k, c.
Vddm = Tng th tch cc cht lng ban u em trn

+ Nu pha trn cc dung dch cng loi cht tan, cng loi
nng , c th gii bng quy tc ng cho.
m1(g) dd C1(%)

C 2 C3
C3(%)

m2(g) dd C2(%)
C 3 C1
( Gi s: C1< C3 < C2 ) v s hao ht th tch do s pha trn cc
dd l khng ng k.
m1
m2

C 2 C3
C 3 C1

+ Nu khng bit nng % m li bit nng mol/lit (C M)

th p dng s :
V1(l) dd C1(M)

C 2 C3
C3(M)

V2(g) dd C2(M)
( Gi s: C1< C3 < C2 )
V1
V2

C 3 C1

C 2 C3
C 3 C1

+ Nu khng bit nng % v nng mol/lit m li bit khi

lng ring (D) th p dng s :
V1(l) dd D1(g/ml)

D 2 D3
D3(g/ml)

V2(l) dd D2(g/ml)
D 3 D1
(Gi s: D1< D3 < D2) v s hao ht th tch do s pha trn cc
dd l khng ng k.
V1
V2

D2 D3
D3 D1

TH2: Khi trn c xy ra phn ng ho hc cng gii qua 3 bc tng t bi ton loi 2 (Ho tan mt cht vo mt dung dch
cho sn). Tuy nhin, cn lu .

- bc 1: Phi xc nh cng thc cht tan mi, s lng

cht tan mi. Cn ch kh nng c cht d(do cht tan
ban u khng tc dng ht) khi tnh ton.
- bc 3: Khi xc nh lng dung dch mi (mddm hay Vddm)
Tac: mddm = Tng khi lng cc cht em trng khi lng
cht kt ta hoc cht kh xut hin trong phn ng.
- Th tch dung dch mi tnh nh trng hp 1 loi bi ton
ny.
Th d: p dng phng php ng cho.
Mt bi ton thng c nhiu cch gii nhng nu bi ton no c
th s dng c phng php ng cho gii th s lm bi
ton n gin hn rt nhiu.
Bi ton 1: Cn bao nhiu gam tinh th CuSO 4 . 5H2O ho vo
bao nhiu gam dung dch CuSO 4 4% iu ch c 500 gam
dung dch CuSO4 8%.
Bi gii: Gii Bng phng php thng thng:
Khi lng CuSO4 c trong 500g dung dch bng:
mCuO4

500.8
40 gam
100

(1)

Gi x l khi lng tinh th CuSO4 . 5 H2O cn ly th: (500 - x) l

khi lng dung dch CuSO4 4% cn ly:
Khi lng CuSO4 c trong tinh th CuSO4 . 5H2O bng:
m CuSO4

x.160
250

(2)

Khi lng CuSO4 c trong tinh th CuSO4 4% l:

m CuSO4

(500 x ).4
(3)
100

T (1), (2) v (3) ta c:

( x.160) (500 x).4

40
250
100

=> 0,64x + 20 - 0,04x = 40.

Gii ra ta c:
X = 33,33g tinh th
Vy khi lng dung dch CuSO4 4% cn ly l:
500 - 33,33 gam = 466,67 gam.
+ Gii theo phng php ng cho
Gi x l s gam tinh th CuSO 4 . 5 H2O cn ly v (500 - x) l s
gam dung dch cn ly ta c s ng cho nh sau:
69
4-8
x
x
4
1

=>
8
500 x
500 x 56 14
4
64 - 8
Gii ra ta tm c: x = 33,33 gam.
Bi ton 2: Trn 500gam dung dch NaOH 3% vi 300 gam
dung dch NaOH 10% th thu c dung dch c nng bao nhiu
%.

Bi gii: Ta c s ng cho:
500 3
500 10 C
10 - C%
=> 300 C 3
C%
:
C% - 3%
300 10
: ra ta c: C = 5,625%
Gii

Vy dung dch thu c c nng 5,625%.

Bi ton 3: Cn trn 2 dung dch NaOH 3% v dung dch
NaOH 10% theo t l khi lng bao nhiu thu c dung dch
NaOH 8%.
Bi gii:
Gi m1; m2 ln lt l khi lng ca cc dung dch cn ly. Ta c
s ng cho sau:
m1 10 8
m1
3
10 - 8
=> m 8 3
8
2
10
8-3
m2
Vy t l khi lng cn ly l:

m1 2

m2 5

Bi ton p dng:
Bi 1: Cn pha ch theo t l no v khi lng gia 2 dung dch
KNO3 c nng % tng ng l 45% v 15% c mt dung
dch KNO3 c nng 20%.
p s: Phi ly 1 phn khi lng dung dch c nng d 45% v 5
phn khi lng dung dch c nng 15% trn vi nhau.
Bi 2: Trn V1(l) dung dch A(cha 9,125g HCl) vi V2(l) dung dch
B(cha 5,475g HCl) c 2(l) dung dch D.
Coi th tch dung dch D = Tng th tch dung dch A v dung
dch B.
a) Tnh nng mol/lit ca dung dch D.
b) Tnh nng mol/lit ca dung dch A, dung dch B (Bit
hiu nng mol/lit ca dung dch A tr nng mol/lit
dung dch B l 0,4mol/l)
p s:
a) CM(dd D) = 0,2M
b) t nng mol/l ca dung dch A l x, dung dch B l y ta
c:
x y = 0,4 (I)
V th tch: Vdd D = Vdd A + Vdd B =

0,25
x

0,15
y

= 2 (II)

Gii h phng trnh ta c: x = 0,5M, y = 0,1M

Vy nng mol/l ca dung dch A l 0,5M v ca dung dch B
l 0,1M.

Bi 3: Hi phi ly 2 dung dch NaOH 15% v 27,5% mi dung dch

bao nhiu gam trn vo nhau c 500ml dung dch NaOH
21,5%, D = 1,23g/ml?
p s: Dung dch NaOH 27,5% cn ly l 319,8g v dung dch
NaOH 15% cn ly l 295,2g
Bi 4: Trn ln 150ml dung dch H 2SO4 2M vo 200g dung dch
H2SO4 5M( D = 1,29g/ml ). Tnh nng mol/l ca dung dch
H2SO4 nhn c.
p s: Nng H2SO4 sau khi trn l 3,5M
Bi 5: Trn 1/3 (l) dung dch HCl (dd A) vi 2/3 (l) dung dch HCl (dd
B) c 1(l) dung dch HCl mi (dd C). Ly 1/10 (l) dd C tc dng vi
dung dch AgNO3 d th thu c 8,61g kt ta.
a) Tnh nng mol/l ca dd C.
b) Tnh nng mol/l ca dd A v dd B. Bit nng mol/l dd A
= 4 nng d mol/l dd B.
p s: Nng mol/l ca dd B l 0,3M v ca dd A l 1,2M.
Bi 6: Trn 200ml dung dch HNO 3 (dd X) vi 300ml dung dch HNO 3
(dd Y) c dung dch (Z). Bit rng dung dch (Z) tc dng va
vi 7g CaCO3.
a) Tnh nng mol/l ca dung dch (Z).
b) Ngi ta c th iu ch dung dch (X) t dung dch (Y) bng
cch thm H2O vo dung dch (Y) theo t l th tch: V H 2 O :
Vdd(Y) = 3:1.
Tnh nng mol/l dung dch (X) v dung dch (Y)? Bit s pha
trn khng lm thay i ng k th tch dung dch.
p s:
a) CMdd(Z) = 0,28M
b) Nng mol/l ca dung dch (X) l 0,1M v ca dung dch (Y)
l 0,4M.
Bi 7: trung ho 50ml dung dch NaOH 1,2M cn V(ml) dung
dch H2SO4 30% (D = 1,222g/ml). Tnh V?
p s: Th tch dung dch H2SO4 30% cn ly l 8,02 ml.
Bi 8: Cho 25g dung dch NaOH 4% tc dng vi 51g dung dch
H2SO4 0,2M, c khi lng ring D = 1,02 g/ml. Tnh nng % cc
cht sau phn ng.
p s:
- Nng % ca dung dch Na2SO4 l 1,87%
- Nng % ca dung dch NaOH (d) l 0,26%
Bi 9:Trn ln 100ml dung dch NaHSO 4 1M vi 100ml dung dch
NaOH 2M c dung dch A.
a) Vit phng trnh ho hc xy ra.

b) C cn dung dch A th thu c hn hp nhng cht no?

Tnh khi lng ca mi cht.
p s: b) Khi lng cc cht sau khi c cn.
- Khi lng mui Na2SO4 l 14,2g
- Khi lng NaOH(cn d) l 4 g
Bi 10: Khi trung ho 100ml dung dch ca 2 axit H 2SO4 v HCl
bng dung dch NaOH, ri c cn th thu c 13,2g mui khan.
Bit rng c trung ho 10 ml dung dch 2 axit ny th cn va
40ml dung dch NaOH 0,5M. Tnh nng mol/l ca mi axit trong
dung dch ban u.
p s: Nng mol/l ca axit H2SO4 l 0,6M v ca axit HCl l
0,8M
Bi 11: Tnh nng mol/l ca dung dch H2SO4 v dung dch
NaOH bit rng:
C 30ml dung dch H2SO4 c trung ho ht bi 20ml dung
dch NaOH v 10ml dung dch KOH 2M.
Ngc li: 30ml dung dch NaOH c trung ho ht bi 20ml
dung dch H2SO4 v 5ml dung dch HCl 1M.
p s: Nng mol/l ca dd H 2SO4 l 0,7M v ca dd NaOH l
1,1M.
Hng dn gii bi ton nng bng phng php i s:
Th d: Tnh nng ban u ca dung dch H2SO4 v
dung dch NaOH bit rng:
- Nu 3 lt dung dch NaOH vo 2 lt dung dch H 2SO4
th sau phn ng dung dch c tnh kim vi nng 0,1M.
- Nu 2 lt dung dch NaOH vo 3 lt dung dch H 2SO4
th sau phn ng dung dch c tnh axit vi nng 0,2M.
Bi gii
PTHH: 2NaOH + H2SO4 -> Na2SO4 + 2H2O
Gi nng dung dch xt l x v nng dung dch axit l
y th:
* Trong trng hp th nht lng kim cn li trong dung dch l
0,1 . 5 = 0,5mol.
Lng kim tham gia phn ng l: 3x - 0,5 (mol)
Lng axt b trung ho l: 2y (mol)
Theo PTP s mol xt ln hn 2 ln H2SO4
Vy 3x - 0,5 = 2y.2 = 4y hay 3x - 4y = 0,5 (1)
* Trong trng hp th 2 th lng a xt d l 0,2.5 = 1mol
Lng a xt b trung ho l 3y - 1 (mol)
Lng xt tham gia phn ng l 2x (mol). Cng lp lun nh trn ta c:
3y - 1 =

1
2

. 2x = x hay 3y - x = 1 (2)

T (1) v (2) ta c h phng trnh bc nht:

3x 4 y 0,5

3y x 1

Gii h phng trnh ny ta c x = 1,1 v y = 0,7.

Vy, nng ban u ca dung dch H 2SO4 l 0,7M ca dung
dch NaOH l 1,1M.
Bi 12: Tnh nng mol/l ca dung dch NaOH v dung dch
H2SO4. Bit nu ly 60ml dung dch NaOH th trung ho hon ton
20ml dung dch H2SO4. Nu ly 20ml dung dch H2SO4 tc dng vi
2,5g CaCO3 th mun trung ho lng axit cn d phi dng ht 10ml
dung dch NaOH trn.
p s: Nng mol/l ca dd H 2SO4 l 1,5M v ca dd NaOH l
1,0M.
Bi 13: Tnh nng mol/l ca dung dch HNO3 v dung dch
KOH. Bit
- 20ml dung dch HNO3 c trung ho ht bi 60ml dung
dch KOH.
- 20ml dung dch HNO3 sau khi tc dng ht vi 2g CuO
th c trung ho ht bi 10ml dung dch KOH.
p s: Nng ca dung dch HNO3 l 3M v ca dung dch KOH
l 1M.
Bi 14: C 2 dung dch H2SO4 l A v B.
a) Nu 2 dung dch A v B c trn ln theo t l khi lng 7:3
th thu c dung dch C c nng 29%. Tnh nng %
ca dd A v dd B. Bit nng dd B bng 2,5 ln nng dd
A.
b) Ly 50ml dd C (D = 1,27g/ml) cho phn ng vi 200ml dd BaCl 2
1M. Tnh khi lng kt ta v nng mol/l ca dd E cn li
sau khi tch ht kt ta, gi s th tch dd thay i
khng ng k.
Hng dn:
a/ Gi s c 100g dd C. c 100g dd C ny cn em trn 70g dd
A nng x% v 30g dd B nng y%. V nng % dd C l
29% nn ta c phng trnh:
m

H2SO4(trong dd C) =

70x
100

30 y
100

= 29 (I)

Theo bi ra th: y = 2,5x (II)

Gii h (I, II) c: x% = 20% v y% = 50%
b/ nH2SO4( trong 50ml dd C ) =

C %.mdd
100M

29(50.1,27)
100.98

= 0,1879 mol

BaCl2 = 0,2 mol > nH2SO4. Vy axit phn ng ht

m
BaSO4 = 0,1879 . 233 = 43,78g
Dung dch cn li sau khi tch ht kt ta c cha 0,3758 mol HCl
v 0,2 0,1879 = 0,0121 mol BaCl2 cn d.
n

Vy nng ca dd HCl l 1,5M v ca dd BaCl2 l 0,0484M

Bi 15: Trn dd A cha NaOH v dd B cha Ba(OH) 2 theo th tch
bng nhau c dd C. Trung ho 100ml dd C cn ht 35ml dd H 2SO4
2M v thu c 9,32g kt ta. Tnh nng mol/l ca cc dd A v
B. Cn trn bao nhiu ml dd B vi 20ml dd A ho tan va ht
1,08g bt Al.
p s: nH2SO4 = 0,07 mol; nNaOH = 0,06 mol; nBa(OH)2 = 0,04 mol.
CM(NaOH) = 1,2M; CM(Ba(OH) 2 ) = 0,8M.
Cn trn 20ml dd NaOH v 10ml dd Ba(OH) 2 ho tan ht 1,08g
bt nhm.

Chuyn 4:
Xc nh cng thc ho hc
Phng php 1: Xc nh cng thc ho hc da trn biu
thc i s.
* Cch gii:
- Bc 1: t cng thc tng qut.
- Bc 2: Lp phng trnh(T biu thc i s)
- Bc 3: Gii phng trnh -> Kt lun
Cc biu thc i s thng gp.
- Cho bit % ca mt nguyn t.
- Cho bit t l khi lng hoc t l %(theo khi lng cc
nguyn t).
Cc cng thc bin i.
- Cng thc tnh % ca nguyn t trong hp cht.
CTTQ
AxBy
A xBy
%A =

M A .x
M AxBy

.100%

-->

mA = nA x B y .MA.x

-->

M A .x

%A
%B

= M .y
B
- Cng thc tnh khi lng ca nguyn t trong hp cht.
CTTQ
AxBy
A xBy
mA
mB

M A .x

= M .y
B

Lu :
- xc nh nguyn t kim loi hoc phi kim trong hp
cht c th phi lp bng xt ho tr ng vi nguyn t
khi ca kim loi hoc phi kim .
- Ho tr ca kim loi (n): 1 n 4, vi n nguyn. Ring
kim loi Fe phi xt thm ho tr 8/3.
- Ho tr ca phi kim (n): 1 n 7, vi n nguyn.
- Trong oxit ca phi kim th s nguyn t phi kim trong oxit
khng qu 2 nguyn t.
Bi tp p dng:
Bi 1: Mt oxit nit(A) c cng thc NO x v c %N = 30,43%. Tm
cng thc ca (A).
p s: NO2
Bi 2: Mt oxit st c %Fe = 72,41%. Tm cng thc ca oxit.
p s: Fe3O4
Bi 3: Mt oxit ca kim loi M c %M = 63,218. Tm cng thc oxit.
p s: MnO2
Bi 4: Mt qung st c cha 46,67% Fe, cn li l S.

a) Tm cng thc qung.

b) T qung trn hy iu ch 2 kh c tnh kh.
p s:
a) FeS2
b) H2S v SO2.
Bi 5: Oxit ng c cng thc Cu xOy v c mCu : mO = 4 : 1. Tm
cng thc oxit.
p s: CuO
Bi 6: Oxit ca kim loi M. Tm cng thc ca oxit trong 2 trng hp
sau:
a) mM : mO = 9 : 8
b) %M : %O = 7 : 3
p s:
a) Al2O3
b) Fe2O3
Bi 7: Mt oxit (A) ca nit c t khi hi ca A so vi khng kh l
1,59. Tm cng thc oxit A.
p s: NO2
Bi 8: Mt oxit ca phi kim (X) c t khi hi ca (X) so vi hiro
bng 22. Tm cng thc (X).
p s:
TH1: CO2
TH2: N2O
Phng php 2: Xc nh cng thc da trn phn ng.
Cch gii:
- Bc 1: t CTTQ
- Bc 2: Vit PTHH.
- Bc 3: Lp phng trnh ton hc da vo cc n s theo
cch t.
- Bc 4: Gii phng trnh ton hc.
Mt s gi :
- Vi cc bi ton c mt phn ng, khi lp phng trnh ta
nn p dng nh lut t l.
- Tng qut:
C PTHH:
aA + bB -------> qC +
pD
(1)
Chun b:
a
b.MB
q.22,4
cho:
nA p
nB p
VC (l ) ktc
Theo(1) ta c:
a
n A. pu

b.M B
m B. pu

Bi tp p dng:

q.22,4
VC

Bi 1: t chy hon ton 1gam nguyn t R. Cn 0,7 lit oxi(ktc),

thu c hp cht X. Tm cng thc R, X.
p s: R l S v X l SO2
Bi 2: Kh ht 3,48 gam mt oxit ca kim loi R cn 1,344 lit H 2
(ktc). Tm cng thc oxit.
- y l phn ng nhit luyn.
- Tng qut:
Oxit kim loi A + (H2, CO, Al, C) ---> Kim loi A + (H2O, CO2, Al2O3, CO
hoc
CO2)
- iu kin: Kim loi A l kim loi ng sau nhm.
p s: Fe3O4
Bi 3: Nung ht 9,4 gam M(NO3)n thu c 4 gam M2On. Tm cng
thc mui nitrat
Hng dn:
- Phn ng nhit phn mui nitrat.
- Cng thc chung:
-----M: ng trc Mg---> M(NO2)n (r) + O2(k)
0
M(NO3)3(r) -----t ------ -----M: ( t Mg --> Cu)---> M2On (r) + O2(k) + NO2(k)
-----M: ng sau Cu------> M(r) + O2(k) + NO2(k)
p s: Cu(NO3)2.
Bi 4: Nung ht 3,6 gam M(NO 3)n thu c 1,6 gam cht rn khng
tan trong nc. Tm cng thc mui nitrat em nung.
Hng dn: Theo ra, cht rn c th l kim loi hoc oxit kim
loi. Gii bi ton theo 2 trng hp.
Ch :
TH: Rn l oxit kim loi.
Phn ng: 2M(NO3)n (r) ----t----> M2Om (r) + 2nO2(k) +

2n m
O2(k)
2

Hoc 4M(NO3)n (r) ----t----> 2M2Om (r) + 4nO2(k) + (2n m)O2(k)

iu kin: 1 n m 3, vi n, m nguyn dng.(n, m l ho tr
ca M )
p s: Fe(NO3)2
Bi 5: t chy hon ton 6,8 gam mt hp cht v c A ch thu c 4,48 lt SO2(ktc) v 3,6 gam H2O. Tm cng thc ca cht A.
p s: H2S
Bi 6: Ho tan hon ton 7,2g mt kim loi (A) ho tr II bng dung
dch HCl, thu c 6,72 lit H2 (ktc). Tm kim loi A.
p s: A l Mg

Bi 7: Cho 12,8g mt kim loi R ho tr II tc dng vi clo va

th thu c 27g mui clorua. Tm kim loi R.
p s: R l Cu
Bi 8: Cho 10g st clorua(cha bit ho tr ca st ) tc dng vi
dung dch AgNO3 th thu c 22,6g AgCl(r) (khng tan). Hy xc
nh cng thc ca mui st clorua.
p s: FeCl2
Bi 9: Ho tan hon ton 7,56g mt kim loi R cha r ho tr vo
dung dch axit HCl, th thu c 9,408 lit H2 (ktc). Tm kim loi R.
p s: R l Al
Bi 10: Ho tan hon ton 8,9g hn hp 2 kim loi A v B c cng ho
tr II v c t l mol l 1 : 1 bng dung dch HCl dng d thu c
4,48 lit H2(ktc). Hi A, B l cc kim loi no trong s cc kim loi
sau y: ( Mg, Ca, Ba, Fe, Zn, Be )
p s:A v B l Mg v Zn.
Bi 11: Ho tan hon ton 5,6g mt kim loi ho tr II bng dd HCl
thu c 2,24 lit H2(ktc). Tm kim loi trn.
p s: Fe
Bi 12: Cho 4,48g mt oxit ca kim loi ho tr tc dng ht 7,84g
axit H2SO4. Xc nh cng thc ca oxit trn.
p s: CaO
Bi 13: ho tan 9,6g mt hn hp ng mol (cng s mol) ca 2
oxit kim loi c ho tr II cn 14,6g axit HCl. Xc nh cng thc
ca 2 oxit trn. Bit kim loi ho tr II c th l Be, Mg, Ca, Fe, Zn,
Ba.
p s: MgO v CaO
Bi 14: Ho tan hon ton 6,5g mt kim loi A cha r ho tr vo
dung dch HCl th thu c 2,24 lit H2(ktc). Tm kim loi A.
p s: A l Zn
Bi 15: C mt oxit st cha r cng thc, chia oxit ny lm 2 phn
bng nhau.
a/ ho tan ht phn 1 cn dng 150ml dung dch HCl 1,5M.
b/ Cho lung kh H2 d i qua phn 2 nung nng, phn ng xong thu
c 4,2g st.
Tm cng thc ca oxit st ni trn.
p s: Fe2O3
Bi 16: Kh hon ton 4,06g mt oxit kim loi bng CO nhit
cao thnh kim loi. Dn ton b kh sinh ra vo bnh ng nc vi
trong d, thy to thnh 7g kt ta. Nu ly lng kim loi sinh ra ho

tan ht vo dung dch HCl d th thu c 1,176 lit kh H2 (ktc).

Xc nh cng thc oxit kim loi.
Hng dn:
Gi cng thc oxit l MxOy = amol. Ta c a(Mx +16y) = 4,06
MxOy + yCO -----> xM + yCO2
a
ay
ax
ay
(mol)
CO2 + Ca(OH)2 ----> CaCO3 + H2O
ay
ay
ay
(mol)
Ta c ay = s mol CaCO 3 = 0,07 mol.---> Khi lng kim loi = M.ax =
2,94g.
2M
+
2nHCl
---->
2MCln
+
nH2 ax
0,5nax
(molTa
c:
0,5nax
=
1,176
:
22,4=0,0525molhaynax=0,105Lptl:

Max 2,94
=28.Vy
nax 0,0525

28n ---> Ch c gi tr n = 2 v M = 56 l ph hp. Vy M l Fe.

Thay n = 2 ---> ax = 0,0525.
Ta c:

ax
ay

0,0525
0,07

3
4

x
y

----> x = 3 v y = 4. Vy cng thc oxit

l Fe3O4.

Chuyn 5:
Bi ton v oxit v hn hp oxit
Tnh cht:
- Oxit baz tc dng vi dung dch axit.
- Oxit axit tc dng vi dung dch baz.
- Oxit lng tnh va tc dng vi dung dch axit, va tc
dng dung dch baz.
- Oxit trung tnh: Khng tc dng c vi dung dch axit v
dung dch baz.
Cch lm:
- Bc 1: t CTTQ
- Bc 2: Vit PTHH.
- Bc 3: Lp phng trnh ton hc da vo cc n s theo
cch t.
- Bc 4: Gii phng trnh ton hc.
- Bc 5: Tnh ton theo yu cu ca bi.
A - Ton oxit baz
Bi tp p dng:
Bi 1: Cho 4,48g mt oxit ca kim loi ho tr tc dng ht 7,84g
axit H2SO4. Xc nh cng thc ca oxit trn.

p s: CaO
Bi 2: Ho tan hon ton 1 gam oxit ca kim loi R cn dng 25ml
dung dch hn hp gm axit H 2SO4 0,25M v axit HCl 1M. Tm cng
thc ca oxit trn.
p s: Fe2O3
Bi 3: C mt oxit st cha r cng thc, chia oxit ny lm 2 phn
bng nhau.
a/ ho tan ht phn 1 cn dng150ml dung dch HCl 1,5M.
b/ Cho lung kh H2 d i qua phn 2 nung nng, phn ng xong thu
c 4,2g st.
Tm cng thc ca oxit st ni trn.
p s: Fe2O3
Bi 4: Ho tan hon ton 20,4g oxit kim loi A, ho tr III trong
300ml dung dch axit H2SO4 th thu c 68,4g mui khan. Tm
cng thc ca oxit trn.
p s:
Bi 5: ho tan hon ton 64g oxit ca kim loi ho tr III cn va
800ml dung dch axit HNO3 3M. Tm cng thc ca oxit trn.
p s:
Bi 6: Khi ho tan mt lng ca mt oxit kim loi ho tr II vo mt lng va dung dch axit H 2SO4 4,9%, ngi ta thu c mt dung
dch mui c nng 5,78%. Xc nh cng thc ca oxit trn.
Hng dn:
t cng thc ca oxit l RO
PTHH: RO
+
H2SO4 ----> RSO4 + H2O
(MR + 16)
98g
(MR + 96)g
Gi s ho tan 1 mol (hay MR + 16)g RO
Khi lng dd RSO4(5,87%) = (MR + 16) + (98 : 4,9).100 = MR + 2016
M R 96

C% = M 2016 .100% = 5,87%

R
Gii phng trnh ta c: MR = 24, kim loi ho tr II l Mg.
p s: MgO
Bi 7: Ho tan hon ton mt oxit kim loi ho tr II bng dung dch
H2SO4 14% va th thu c mt dung dch mui c nng
16,2%. Xc nh cng thc ca oxit trn.
p s: MgO

B - bi ton v oxit axit

Bi tp 1: Cho t t kh CO2 (SO2) vo dung dch NaOH(hoc
KOH) th c cc PTHH xy ra:
CO2 + 2NaOH Na2CO3 + H2O ( 1 )

Sau khi s mol CO2 = s mol NaOH th c phn ng.

CO2 + NaOH NaHCO3 ( 2 )
Hng gii: xt t l s mol vit PTHH xy ra.
t

T =

NaOH
CO2

Nu T 1 th ch c phn ng ( 2 ) v c th d CO2.
Nu T 2 th ch c phn ng ( 1 ) v c th d NaOH.
Nu 1 < T < 2 th c c 2 phn ng ( 1 ) v ( 2 ) trn
hoc c th vit nh sau:
CO2 + NaOH NaHCO3 ( 1 ) /
tnh theo s mol ca CO2.
V sau : NaOH d + NaHCO3 Na2CO3 + H2O ( 2 ) /
Hoc da vo s mol CO2 v s mol NaOH hoc s mol Na2CO3 v
NaHCO3 to thnh sau phn ng lp cc phng trnh ton hc
v gii.
t n x,y ln lt l s mol ca Na2CO3 v NaHCO3 to thnh sau
phn ng.
-

Bi tp p dng:
1/ Cho 1,68 lit CO2 (ktc) sc vo bnh ng dd KOH d. Tnh nng
mol/lit ca mui thu c sau phn ng. Bit rng th tch dd l
250 ml.
2/ Cho 11,2 lit CO2 vo 500ml dd NaOH 25% (d = 1,3g/ml). Tnh
nng mol/lit ca dd mui to thnh.
3/ Dn 448 ml CO2 (ktc) sc vo bnh cha 100ml dd KOH 0,25M.
Tnh khi lng mui to thnh.
Bi tp 2: Cho t t kh CO2 (SO2) vo dung dch Ca(OH)2 (hoc
Ba(OH)2) th c cc phn ng xy ra:
Phn ng u tin to ra mui trung ho trc.
CO2 + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3
+
H2O ( 1 )
Sau khi s mol CO2 = 2 ln s mol ca Ca(OH)2 th c phn ng
2CO2 + Ca(OH)2 Ca(HCO3)2 ( 2 )
Hng gii : xt t l s mol vit PTHH xy ra:
n

T =

CO2
Ca (OH ) 2

Nu T 1 th ch c phn ng ( 1 ) v c th d Ca(OH)2.
Nu T 2 th ch c phn ng ( 2 ) v c th d CO2.
Nu 1 < T < 2 th c c 2 phn ng (1) v (2) trn hoc
c th vit nh sau:
CO2 + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3
+
H2O ( 1 )
tnh theo s mol ca Ca(OH)2 .
CO2 d + H2O + CaCO3 Ca(HCO3)2 ( 2 ) !
Hoc da vo s mol CO2 v s mol Ca(OH)2 hoc s mol CaCO3
to thnh sau phn ng lp cc phng trnh ton hc v gii.
-

t n x, y ln lt l s mol ca CaCO3 v Ca(HCO3)2 to thnh sau

phn ng.
Bi tp p dng:
Bi 1: Ho tan 2,8g CaO vo nc ta c dung dch A.
a/ Cho 1,68 lit kh CO2 hp th hon ton vo dung dch A. Hi c
bao nhiu gam kt ta to thnh.
b/ Nu cho kh CO2 sc qua dung dch A v sau khi kt thc th
nghim thy c 1g kt ta th c bao nhiu lt CO 2 tham gia
phn ng. ( cc th tch kh o ktc )
p s:
a/ mCaCO3 = 2,5g
b/ TH1: CO2 ht v Ca(OH)2 d. ---> VCO 2 = 0,224 lit
TH2: CO2 d v Ca(OH)2 ht ----> VCO 2 = 2,016 lit
Bi 2:Dn 10 lt hn hp kh gm N2 v CO2 (ktc) sc vo 2 lit
dung dch Ca(OH)2 0,02M, thu c 1g kt ta. Hy xc nh % theo
th tch ca kh CO2 trong hn hp.
p s:
TH1: CO2 ht v Ca(OH)2 d. ---> VCO 2 = 0,224 lit v % VCO 2 = 2,24%
TH2: CO2 d v Ca(OH)2 ht ----> VCO 2 = 1,568 lit v % VCO 2 =
15,68%
Bi 3: Dn V lit CO2(ktc) vo 200ml dung dch Ca(OH)2 1M, thu c 10g kt ta. Tnh v.
p s:
TH1: CO2 ht v Ca(OH)2 d. ---> VCO 2 = 2,24 lit.
TH2: CO2 d v Ca(OH)2 ht ----> VCO 2 = 6,72 lit.
Bi 4: Cho m(g) kh CO2 sc vo 100ml dung dch Ca(OH) 2 0,05M,
thu c 0,1g cht khng tan. Tnh m.
p s:
TH1: CO2 ht v Ca(OH)2 d. ---> mCO2 = 0,044g
TH2: CO2 d v Ca(OH)2 ht ----> mCO2 = 0,396g
Bi 5: Phi t bao nhiu gam cacbon khi cho kh CO 2 to ra
trong phn ng trn tc dng vi 3,4 lit dung dch NaOH 0,5M ta c
2 mui vi mui hiro cacbonat c nng mol bng 1,4 ln nng
mol ca mui trung ho.
p s:
V th tch dung dch khng thay i nn t l v nng
cng chnh l t l v s mol. ---> mC = 14,4g.

Bi 6: Cho 4,48 lit CO2(ktc) i qua 190,48ml dung dch NaOH

0,02% c khi lng ring l 1,05g/ml. Hy cho bit mui no c to
thnh v khi lng lf bao nhiu gam.
p s: Khi lng NaHCO3 to thnh l: 0,001.84 = 0,084g
Bi 7: Thi 2,464 lit kh CO2 vo mt dung dch NaOH th c
9,46g hn hp 2 mui Na2CO3 v NaHCO3. Hy xc nh thnh phn
khi lng ca hn hp 2 mui . Nu mun ch thu c mui
NaHCO3 th cn thm bao nhiu lt kh cacbonic na.
p s: 8,4g NaHCO3 v 1,06g Na2CO3. Cn thm 0,224 lit CO2.
Bi 8: t chy 12g C v cho ton b kh CO2 to ra tc dng vi mt
dung dch NaOH 0,5M. Vi th tch no ca dung dch NaOH 0,5M
th xy ra cc trng hp sau:
a/ Ch thu c mui NaHCO3(khng d CO2)?
b/ Ch thu c mui Na2CO3(khng d NaOH)?
c/ Thu c c 2 mui vi nng mol ca NaHCO 3 bng 1,5 ln
nng mol ca Na2CO3?
Trong trng hp ny phi tip tc thm bao nhiu lit dung dch
NaOH 0,5M na c 2 mui c cng nng mol.
p s:
a/ nNaOH = nCO2 = 1mol ---> Vdd NaOH 0,5M = 2 lit.
b/ nNaOH = 2nCO 2 = 2mol ---> Vdd NaOH 0,5M = 4 lit.
c/
t a, b ln lt l s mol ca mui NaHCO3 v Na2CO3.
Theo PTHH ta c:
n
CO2 = a + b = 1mol (I)
V nng mol NaHCO3 bng 1,5 ln nng mol Na2CO3 nn.
a
V

= 1,5 V ---> a = 1,5b (II)

Gii h phng trnh (I, II) ta c: a = 0,6 mol, b = 0,4 mol

nNaOH = a + 2b = 0,6 + 2 x 0,4 = 1,4 mol ---> Vdd NaOH 0,5M = 2,8 lit.
Gi x l s mol NaOH cn thm v khi ch xy ra phn ng.
NaHCO3 + NaOH ---> Na2CO3 + H2O
x(mol)
x(mol)
x(mol)
n
NaHCO3 (cn li) = (0,6 x) mol
n
Na2CO3 (sau cng) = (0,4 + x) mol
V bi cho nng mol 2 mui bng nhau nn s mol 2 mui phi
bng nhau.
(0,6 x) = (0,4 + x) ---> x = 0,1 mol NaOH
Vy s lit dung dch NaOH cn thm l: Vdd NaOH 0,5M = 0,2 lit.
Bi 9: Sc x(lit) CO2 (ktc) vo 400ml dung dch Ba(OH)2 0,5M th
thu c 4,925g kt ta. Tnh x.
p s:
TH1: CO2 ht v Ca(OH)2 d. ---> VCO 2 = 0,56 lit.
TH2: CO2 d v Ca(OH)2 ht ----> VCO 2 = 8,4 lit.

C - Ton hn hp oxit.
Cc bi ton vn dng s mol trung bnh v xc nh
khong s mol ca cht.
1/ i vi cht kh. (hn hp gm c 2 kh)
Khi lng trung bnh ca 1 lit hn hp kh ktc:

MTB =

M 1V M 21V2
22 , 4V

Khi lng trung bnh ca 1 mol hn hp kh ktc:

MTB =
Hoc:

MTB =

Hoc:

M 1n1 M 2 ( n n1 )
n

MTB =

M 1V1 M 2V2
V

(n l tng s mol kh trong hn

hp)

M 1 x1 M 2 (1 x1 )
1

(x1l % ca kh th nht)

Hoc: MTB = dhh/kh x . Mx

2/ i vi cht rn, lng.
MTB ca hh = nhh
Tnh cht 1:
MTB ca hh c gi tr ph thuc vo thnh phn v lng cc cht
thnh phn trong hn hp.
mhh

Tnh cht 2:
MTB ca hh lun nm trong khong khi lng mol phn t ca cc
cht thnh phn nh nht v ln nht.

Mmin < nhh < Mmax

Tnh cht 3:
Hn hp 2 cht A, B c MA < MB v c thnh phn % theo s mol
l a(%) v b(%)
Th khong xc nh s mol ca hn hp l.
mB
MB

<

nhh

<

mA
MA

Gi s A hoc B c % = 100% v cht kia c % = 0 hoc ngc li.

Lu :
- Vi bi ton hn hp 2 cht A, B (cha bit s mol) cng tc dng vi 1
hoc c 2 cht X, Y ( bit s mol). bit sau phn ng ht
A, B hay X, Y cha. C th gi thit hn hp A, B ch cha 1 cht A
hoc B
- Vi MA < MB nu hn hp ch cha A th:

nA =

mhh
MA

> nhh =

mhh
M hh

Nh vy nu X, Y tc dng vi A m cn d, th X, Y s c d tc
dng ht vi hn hp A, B
Vi MA < MB, nu hn hp ch cha B th:
-

nB =

mhh
MB

< nhh =

mhh
M hh

Nh vy nu X, Y tc dng cha vi B th cng khng tc

dng ht vi hn hp A, B.
Ngha l sau phn ng X, Y ht, cn A, B d.
3/ Khi lng mol trung bnh ca mt hn hp ( M )
Khi lng mol trung bnh (KLMTB) ca mt hn hp l khi lng ca 1
mol hn hp .
M 1 .n1 M 2 .n 2 ...M i .ni

m hh

= n =
(*)
n1 n 2 ...ni
hh
Trong :
- mhh l tng s gam ca hn hp.
- nhh l tng s mol ca hn hp.
- M1, M2, ..., Mi l khi lng mol ca cc cht trong hn hp.
- n1, n2, ..., ni l s mol tng ng ca cc cht.
Tnh cht: Mmin < M < Mmax
i vi cht kh v th tch t l vi s mol nn (*) c vit li nh
sau:
M

M 1V1 M 2V2 ...M iVi

V1 V2 ...Vi

(**)

T (*) v (**) d dng suy ra:

(***)
M = M1x1 + M2x2 + ... + Mixi
Trong : x1, x2, ..., xi l thnh phn phn trm (%) s mol hoc
th tch (nu hn hp kh) tng ng ca cc cht v c ly theo
s thp phn, ngha l: 100% ng vi x = 1.
50% ng vi x = 0,5.
Ch : Nu hn hp ch gm c hai cht c khi lng mol tng ng
M1 v M2 th cc cng thc (*), (**) v (***) c vit di dng:
M 1 .n1 M 2 .(n n1 )
n
M 1 .V1 M 2 .(V V1 )
(**) M =
V

(*)

(*)/
(**)/

(***) M = M1x + M2(1 - x)

(***)/
Trong : n1, V1, x l s mol, th tch, thnh phn % v s mol
hoc th tch (hn hp kh) ca cht th nht M 1. n gin
trong tnh ton thng thng ngi ta chn M1 > M2.
Nhn xt: Nu s mol (hoc th tch) hai cht bng nhau th M
=

M1 M 2
2

v ngc li.

Bi tp p dng:

Bi 1: Ho tan 4,88g hn hp A gm MgO v FeO trong 200ml dung

dch H2SO4 0,45M(long) th phn ng va , thu c dung dch
B.
a/ Tnh khi lng mi oxit c trong hn hp A.
b/ tc dng va vi 2 mui trong dung dch B cn dng V(lit)
dung dch NaOH 0,2M, thu c kt ta gm 2 hirxit kim loi. Lc
ly kt ta, em nung trong khng kh n khi lng khng i
thu c m gam cht rn khan(phn ng hon ton). Tnh V v m.
p s:
a/ mMgO = 2g v mFeO = 2,88g
b/ Vdd NaOH 0,2M = 0,9 lit v mrn = 5,2g.
Bi 2: ho tan 9,6g mt hn hp ng mol (cng s mol) ca 2
oxit kim loi c ho tr II cn 14,6g axit HCl. Xc nh cng thc
ca 2 oxit trn. Bit kim loi ho tr II c th l Be, Mg, Ca, Fe, Zn,
Ba.
p s: MgO v CaO
Bi 3: Kh 9,6g mt hn hp gm Fe 2O3 v FeO bng H2 nhit
cao, ngi ta thu c Fe v 2,88g H2O.
a/ Vit cc PTHH xy ra.
b/ Xc nh thnh phn % ca 2 oxit trong hn hp.
c/ Tnh th tch H2(ktc) cn dng kh ht lng oxit trn.
p s:
b/ % Fe2O3 = 57,14% v % FeO = 42,86%
c/ VH 2 = 3,584 lit
Bi 4: Cho X v Y l 2 oxit ca cng mt kim loi M. Bit khi ho tan
cng mt lng oxit X nh nhau n hon ton trong HNO3 v HCl ri
c cn dung dch th thu c nhng lng mui nitrat v clorua ca
kim loi M c cng ho tr. Ngoi ra, khi lng mui nitrat khan ln
hn khi lng mui clorua khan mt lng bng 99,38% khi lng oxit
em ho tan trong mi axit. Phn t khi ca oxit Y bng 45%
phn t khi ca oxit X. Xc nh cc oxit X, Y.
p s:
Bi 5: Kh 2,4g hn hp gm CuO v Fe 2O3 bng H2 nhit cao
th thu c 1,76g hn hp 2 kim loi. em hn hp 2 kim loi ho tan
bng dd axit HCl th thu c V(lit) kh H2.
a/ Xc nh % v khi lng ca mi oxit trong hn hp.
b/ Tnh V ( ktc).
p s:
a/ % CuO = 33,33% ; % Fe2O3 = 66,67%
b/ VH 2 = 0,896 lit.
Bi 6: Ho tan 26,2g hn hp Al 2O3 v CuO th cn phi dng va
250ml dung dch H2SO4 2M. Xc nh % khi lng mi cht
trong hn hp.
p s: % Al2O3 = 38,93% v % CuO = 61,07%.

Bi 7: Cho hn hp A gm 16g Fe2O3 v 6,4g CuO vo 160ml dung

dch H2SO4 2M. Sau phn ng thy cn m gam rn khng tan.
a/ Tnh m.
b/ Tnh th tch dung dch hn hp gm axit HCl 1M v axit H 2SO4
0,5M cn dng phn ng ht hn hp A.
p s:
a/ 3,2 < m < 4,8
b/ Vdd hh axit = 0,06 lit.

Chuyn 6:
Axit tc dng vi kim loi
Cch lm:
1/ Phn loi axit:
Axit loi 1: Tt c cc axit trn( HCl, H 2SO4long, HBr,...), tr HNO3 v
H2SO4 c.
Axit loi 2: HNO3 v H2SO4 c.
2/ Cng thc phn ng: gm 2 cng thc.
Cng thc 1: Kim loi phn ng vi axit loi 1.
Kim loi + Axit loi 1 ----> Mui + H2
iu kin:
Kim loi l kim loi ng trc H trong dy hot ng ho hc
Bktp.
Dy hot ng ho hc Bktp.
K, Na, Ba, Ca, Mg, Al, Zn, Fe, Ni, Sn, Pb, H, Cu, Hg, Ag, Pt,
Au.
c im:
Mui thu c c ho tr thp(i vi kim loi c nhiu ho tr)
Th d: Fe + 2HCl ----> FeCl2 + H2
Cu + HCl ----> Khng phn ng.
Cng thc 2: Kim loi phn ng vi axit loi 2:
Kim loi + Axit loi 2 -----> Mui + H2O + Sn phm kh.
c im:
Phn ng xy ra vi tt c cc kim loi (tr Au, Pt).
Mui c ho tr cao nht(i vi kim loi a ho tr)
Bi tp p dng:
Bi 1: Ho tan ht 25,2g kim loi R trong dung dch axit HCl, sau
phn ng thu c 1,008 lit H2 (ktc). Xc nh kim loi R.
p s:
Bi 2: Ho tan hon ton 6,5g mt kim loi A cha r ho tr vo
dung dch axit HCl, th thu c 2,24 lit H2 (ktc). Xc nh kim
loi A.

p s: A l Zn.
Bi 3: Cho 10g mt hn hp gm Fe v Cu tc dng vi dung dch
axit HCl, th thu c 3,36 lit kh H2 (ktc). Xc nh thnh phn
% v khi lng ca mi kim loi trong hn hp u.
p s: % Fe = 84%, % Cu = 16%.
Bi 4: Cho 1 hn hp gm Al v Ag phn ng vi dung dch axit
H2SO4 thu c 5,6 lt H2 (ktc). Sau phn ng th cn 3g mt cht
rn khng tan. Xc nh thnh phn % theo khi lng cu mi kim
loi trong hn hp ban u.
p s: % Al = 60% v % Ag = 40%.
Bi 5: Cho 5,6g Fe tc dng vi 500ml dung dch HNO 3 0,8M. Sau
phn ng thu c V(lit) hn hp kh A gm N2O v NO2 c t khi so
vi H2 l 22,25 v dd B.
a/ Tnh V (ktc)?
b/ Tnh nng mol/l ca cc cht c trong dung dch B.
Hng dn:
Theo bi ra ta c:
nFe = 5,6 : 56 = 0,1 mol
n
HNO3 = 0,5 . 0,8 = 0,4 mol
Mhh kh = 22,25 . 2 = 44,5
t x, y ln lt l s mol ca kh N2O v NO2.
PTHH xy ra:
8Fe + 30HNO3 ----> 8Fe(NO3)3 + 3N2O + 15H2O (1)
8mol
3mol
8x/3
x
Fe + 6HNO3 -----> Fe(NO3)3 + 3NO2 + 3H2O (2)
1mol
3mol
y/3
y
T l th tch cc kh trn l:
Gi a l thnh phn % theo th tch ca kh N2O.
Vy (1 a) l thnh phn % ca kh NO2.
Ta c: 44a + 46(1 a) = 44,5
a = 0,75 hay % ca kh N2O l 75% v ca kh NO2 l
25%
T phng trnh phn ng kt hp vi t l th tch ta c:
x = 3y

(I)

---> y = 0,012 v x = 0,036

8x/3 + y/3 = 0,1

(II)

Vy th tch ca cc kh thu c ktc l:

VN 2 O = 0,81(lit) v VNO 2 = 0,27(lit)
Theo phng trnh th:
S mol HNO3 (phn ng) = 10nN 2 O + 2n NO 2 = 10.0,036 + 2.0,012 =
0,384 mol

S mol HNO3 (cn d) = 0,4 0,384 = 0,016 mol

S mol Fe(NO3)3 = nFe = 0,1 mol
Vy nng cc cht trong dung dch l:
CM(Fe(NO3)3) = 0,2M
CM(HNO3)d = 0,032M
Bi 6: ho tan 4,48g Fe phi dng bao nhiu ml dung dch hn
hp HCl 0,5M v H2SO4 0,75M.
Hng dn: Gi s phi dng V(lit) dung dch hn hp gm HCl 0,5M
v H2SO4 0,75M
S mol HCl = 0,5V (mol)
S mol H2SO4 = 0,75V (mol)
S mol Fe = 0,08 mol
PTHH xy ra:
Fe + 2HCl ---> FeCl2 + H2
Fe + H2SO4 ---> FeSO4 + H2
Theo phng trnh ta c: 0,25V + 0,75V = 0,08
---> V = 0,08 : 1 = 0,08 (lit)
Bi 7: ho tan 4,8g Mg phi dng bao nhiu ml dung dch hn hp
HCl 1,5M v H2SO4 0,5M.
a/ Tnh th tch dung dch hn hp axit trn cn dng.
b/ Tnh th tch H2 thu c sau phn ng ktc.
p s:
a/ Vhh dd axit = 160ml.
b/ Th tch kh H2 l 4,48 lit.
Bi 8: Ho tan 2,8g mt kim loi ho tr (II) bng mt hn hp gm
80ml dung dch axit H2SO4 0,5M v 200ml dung dch axit HCl 0,2M.
Dung dch thu c c tnh axit v mun trung ho phi dng 1ml
dung dch NaOH 0,2M. Xc nh kim loi ho tr II em phn ng.
Hng dn:
Theo bi ra ta c:
S mol ca H2SO4 l 0,04 mol
S mol ca HCl l 0,04 mol
S mol ca NaOH l 0,02 mol
t R l KHHH ca kim loi ho tr II
a, b l s mol ca kim loi R tc dng vi axit H 2SO4 v HCl.
Vit cc PTHH xy ra.
Sau khi kim loi tc dng vi kim loi R. S mol ca cc axit cn li l:
S mol ca H2SO4 = 0,04 a (mol)
S mol ca HCl = 0,04 2b (mol)
Vit cc PTHH trung ho:
T PTP ta c:
S mol NaOH phn ng l: (0,04 2b) + 2(0,04 a) = 0,02
---> (a + b) = 0,1 : 2 = 0,05
Vy s mol kim loi R = (a + b) = 0,05 mol

---> MR = 2,8 : 0,05 = 56 v R c ho tr II ---> R l Fe.

Bi 9: Chia 7,22g hn hp A gm Fe v R (R l kim loi c ho tr
khng i) thnh 2 phn bng nhau:
Phn 1: Phn ng vi dung dch HCl d, thu c 2,128 lit H2(ktc)
Phn 2: Phn ng vi HNO3, thu c 1,972 lit NO(ktc)
a/ Xc nh kim loi R.
b/ Tnh thnh phn % theo khi lng mi kim loi trong hn hp A.
Hng dn:
a/ Gi 2x, 2y (mol) l s mol Fe, R c trong hn hp A --> S mol Fe,
R trong 1/2 hn hp A l x, y.
Vit cc PTHH xy ra:
Lp cc phng trnh ton hc;
mhh A = 56.2x + 2y.MR (I)
nH 2 = x + ny/2 = 0,095 (II)
nNO = x + ny/3 = 0,08
(III)
Gii h phng trnh ta c: MR = 9n (vi n l ho tr ca R)
Lp bng: Vi n = 3 th MR = 27 l ph hp. Vy R l nhm(Al)
b/ %Fe = 46,54% v %Al = 53,46%.

Chuyn 7:
axit tc dng vi baz

(Bi ton hn hp axit tc dng vi hn hp baz)

* Axit n: HCl, HBr, HI, HNO3. Ta c nH = nA xit

* Axit a: H2SO4, H3PO4, H2SO3. Ta c nH = 2nA xit hoc nH =

3nA xit

* Baz n: KOH, NaOH, LiOH. Ta c nOH = 2nBaZ

* Baz a: Ba(OH)2, Ca(OH)2. Ta c nOH = 2nBaZ

PTHH ca phn ng trung ho: H+ + OH - H2O
*Lu : trong mt hn hp m c nhiu phn ng xy ra th phn
ng trung ho c u tin xy ra trc.
Cch lm:
Vit cc PTHH xy ra.
t n s nu bi ton l hn hp.
Lp phng trnh ton hc
Gii phng trnh ton hc, tm n.
Tnh ton theo yu cu ca bi.
Lu :
Khi gp dung dch hn hp cc axit tc dng vi hn hp cc
baz th dng phng php t cng thc tng ng cho axit
v baz.
t th tch dung dch cn tm l V(lit)
-

Tm V cn nh: nHX = nMOH.

Bi tp:
Cho t t dung dch H2SO4 vo dung dch NaOH th c cc phn
ng xy ra:
Phn ng u tin to ra mui trung ho trc.
H2SO4 +
2NaOH Na2SO4 + H2O ( 1 )
Sau khi s mol H2SO4 = s mol NaOH th c phn ng

H2SO4 +
NaOH
NaHSO4 + H2O ( 2 )
Hng gii: xt t l s mol vit PTHH xy ra.
t

T =

n
n

NaOH
H 2 SO4

Nu T 1 th ch c phn ng (2) v c th d H2SO4.

Nu T 2 th ch c phn ng (1) v c th d NaOH.
Nu 1 < T < 2 th c c 2 phn ng (1) v (2) trn.
Ngc li:
Cho t t dung dch NaOH vo dung dch H2SO4 th c cc phn
ng xy ra:
Phn ng u tin to ra mui axit trc.
H2SO4 + NaOH NaHSO4
+ H2O ( 1 ) !
V sau
NaOH d + NaHSO4 Na2SO4 + H2O ( 2 ) !
Hoc da vo s mol H2SO4 v s mol NaOH hoc s mol Na2SO4
v NaHSO4 to thnh sau phn ng lp cc phng trnh ton
hc v gii.
t n x, y ln lt l s mol ca Na2SO4 v NaHSO4 to thnh sau
phn ng.
-

Bi tp p dng:
Bi 1: Cn dng bao nhiu ml dung dch KOH 1,5M trung ho
300ml dung dch A cha H2SO4 0,75M v HCl 1,5M.
p s: Vdd KOH 1,5M = 0,6(lit)
Bi 2: trung ho 10ml dung dch hn hp axit gm H 2SO4 v HCl
cn dng 40ml dung dch NaOH 0,5M. Mt khc ly 100ml dung
dch axit em trung ho mt lng xt va ri c cn th thu c 13,2g mui khan. Tnh nng mol/l ca mi axt trong dung
dch ban u.
Hng dn:
t x, y ln lt l nng mol/lit ca axit H2SO4 v axit HCl
Vit PTHH.
Lp h phng trnh:
2x + y = 0,02 (I)
142x + 58,5y = 1,32 (II)
Gii phng trnh ta c:
Nng ca axit HCl l 0,8M v nng ca axit H 2SO4 l 0,6M.

Bi 3: Cn bao nhiu ml dung dch NaOH 0,75M trung ho

400ml hn hp dung dch axit gm H2SO4 0,5M v HCl 1M.
p s: VNaOH = 1,07 lit
Bi 4: trung ho 50ml dung dch hn hp axit gm H 2SO4 v HCl
cn dng 200ml dung dch NaOH 1M. Mt khc ly 100ml dung
dch hn hp axit trn em trung ho vi mt lng dung dch NaOH
va ri c cn th thu c 24,65g mui khan. Tnh nng
mol/l ca mi axit trong dung dch ban u.
p s: Nng ca axit HCl l 3M v nng ca axit H 2SO4 l
0,5M
Bi 5: Mt dung dch A cha HCl v H 2SO4 theo t l s mol 3:1,
bit 100ml dung dch A c trung ho bi 50ml dung dch NaOH
c cha 20g NaOH/lit.
a/ Tnh nng mol ca mi axit trong A.
b/ 200ml dung dch A phn ng va vi bao nhiu ml dung dch
baz B cha NaOH 0,2M v Ba(OH)2 0,1M.
c/ Tnh tng khi lng mui thu c sau phn ng gia 2 dung
dch A v B.
Hng dn:
a/ Theo bi ra ta c:
n
HCl : nH2SO4 = 3:1
t x l s mol ca H2SO4 (A1), th 3x l s mol ca HCl (A2)
S mol NaOH c trong 1 lt dung dch l:
n
NaOH = 20 : 40 = 0,5 ( mol )
Nng mol/lit ca dung dch NaOH l:
CM ( NaOH ) = 0,5 : 1 = 0,5M
S mol NaOH dung trong phn ng trung ho l:
n
NaOH = 0,05 * 0,5 = 0,025 mol
PTHH xy ra :
HCl + NaOH NaCl
+ H2O (1)
3x
3x
H2SO4 + 2NaOH Na2SO4 + 2H2O (2)
x
2x
T PTHH 1 v 2 ta c : 3x + 2x = 0,025 <--> 5x
= 0,025
x = 0,005
Vy nH2SO4 = x = 0,005 mol
n
HCl = 3x = 3*0,005 = 0,015 mol
Nng ca cc cht c dung dch A l:
CM ( A1 ) = 0,005 : 0,1 = 0,05M
v
C M ( A2 ) = 0,015 :
0,1 = 0,15M
b/ t HA l axit i din cho 2 axit cho. Trong 200 ml dung
dch A c:
n
HA = nHCl + 2nH2SO4 = 0,015*0,2 + 0,05*0,2*2 = 0,05 mol
t MOH l baz i din v V(lit) l th tch ca dung dch B
cha 2 baz cho:

MOH = nNaOH + 2nBa(OH)2 = 0,2 V + 2 * 0,1 V = 0,4 V

PTP trung ho:
HA +
MOH MA
+
H2O (3)
n
n
Theo PTP ta c MOH = HA = 0,05 mol
Vy:
0,4V = 0,05 V = 0,125 lit = 125 ml
c/ Theo kt qu ca cu b ta c:
n
NaOH = 0,125 * 0,2 = 0,025 mol v nBa(OH)2 = 0,125 * 0,1 =
0,0125 mol
n
n
HCl = 0,2 * 0,015 = 0,03 mol v
H2SO4 = 0,2 * 0,05 = 0,01
mol
V P trn l phn ng trung ho nn cc cht tham gia phn ng
u tc dng ht nn d phn ng no xy ra trc th khi lng
mui thu c sau cng vn khng thay i hay n c bo ton.
mhh mui = mSO 4 + mNa + mBa + mCl
= 0,01*96 + 0,025*23 + 0,0125*137 + 0,03*35,5
= 0,96 + 1,065 + 0,575 + 1,7125 = 4,3125 gam
Hoc t:
n
NaOH = 0,125 * 0,2 = 0,025 mol mNaOH = 0,025 * 40 = 1g
n
Ba(OH)2 = 0,125 * 0,1 = 0,0125 mol mBa (OH) 2 = 0,0125 * 171 =
2,1375g
n
HCl = 0,2 * 0,015 = 0,03 mol mHCl = 0,03 * 36,5 = 1,095g
n
H2SO4 = 0,2 * 0,05 = 0,01 mol mH 2 SO 4 = 0,01 * 98 = 0,98g
p dng l BTKL ta c: mhh mui = mNaOH + mBa (OH) 2 + mHCl + mH 2 SO
4 - m 2
H O
V s mol: nH2O = nMOH = nHA = 0,05 mol. mH 2 O = 0,05 *18 =
0,9g
Vy ta c: mhh mui = 1 + 2,1375 + 1,095 + 0,98 0,9 = 4,3125
gam.
n

Bi 6: Tnh nng mol/l ca dung dch H2SO4 v NaOH bit rng:

30ml dung dch NaOH c trung ho ht bi 200ml dung dch
NaOH v 10ml dung dch KOH 2M.
30ml dung dch NaOH c trung ho ht bi 20ml dung dch
H2SO4 v 5ml dung dch HCl 1M.
p s: Nng ca axit H2SO4 l 0,7M v nng ca dung dch
NaOH l 1,1M.
Bi 7: Tnh nng mol/l ca dung dch HNO3 v dung dch KOH
bit:
20ml dung dch HNO3 c trung ho ht bi 60ml dung dch
KOH.
20ml dung dch HNO3 sau khi tc dng ht vi 2g CuO th c
trung ho ht bi 10ml dung dch KOH.
p s: Nng dung dch HNO3 l 3M v nng dung dch KOH
l 1M.
Bi 8: Mt dd A cha HNO3 v HCl theo t l 2 : 1 (mol).

a/ Bit rng khi cho 200ml dd A tc dng vi 100ml dd NaOH 1M,

th lng axit d trong A tc dng va vi 50ml Ba(OH)2 0,2M.
Tnh nng mol/lit ca mi axit trong dd A.
b/ Nu trn 500ml dd A vi 100ml dd B cha NaOH 1M v Ba(OH) 2
0,5M. Hi dd thu c c tnh axit hay baz ?
c/ Phi thm vo dd C bao nhiu lit dd A hoc B c c dd D
trung ho.
/S: a/ CM [ HCl ] = 0,2M ; CM [ H 2 SO 4 ] = 0,4M
b/ dd C c tnh axit, s mol axit d l 0,1 mol.
c/ Phi thm vo dd C vi th tch l 50 ml dd B.
Bi 9: Ho tan 8g hn hp 2 hiroxit kim loi kim nguyn cht
thnh 100ml dung dch X.
a/ 100ml dung dch X c trung ho va bi 800ml dung dch
axit axtic CH3COOH, cho 14,72g hn hp mui. Tm tng s mol
hai hiroxit kim loi kim c trong 8g hn hp. Tm nng mol/l
ca dung dch CH3COOH.
b/ Xc nh tn hai kim loi kim bit chng thuc 2 chu k k
tip trong bng tun hon. Tm khi lng tng hiroxit trong 8g
hn hp.
Hng dn:
Gi A, B l k hiu ca 2 kim loi kim ( cng chnh l k hiu
KLNT ).
Gi s MA < MB v R l k hiu chung ca 2 kim loi ---> MA < MR <
MB
Trong 8g hn hp c a mol ROH.
a/ Nng mol/l ca CH3COOH = 0,16 : 0,8 = 0,2M
b/ MR = 33 ---> MA = 23(Na) v MB = 39(K)
mNaOH = 2,4g v mKOH = 5,6g.

Chuyn 8:
axit tc dng vi mui
1/ Phn loi axit
Gm 3 loi axit tc dng vi mui.
a/ Axit loi 1:
Thng gp l HCl, H2SO4long, HBr,..
Phn ng xy ra theo c ch trao i.
b/ Axit loi 2:
L cc axit c tnh oxi ho mnh: HNO3, H2SO4c.
Phn ng xy ra theo c ch phn ng oxi ho kh.
c/ Axit loi 3:
L cc axit c tnh kh.
Thng gp l HCl, HI, H2S.
Phn ng xy ra theo c ch phn ng oxi ho kh.
2/ Cng thc phn ng.
a/ Cng thc 1:
Mui + Axit ---> Mui mi + Axit mi.
iu kin: Sn phm phi c:
Kt ta.
Hoc c cht bay hi(kh).
Hoc cht in li yu hn.
c bit: Cc mui sunfua ca kim loi k t Pb tr v sau khng
phn ng vi axit loi 1.
V d: Na2CO3 + 2HCl ---> 2NaCl + H2O + CO2 (k)
BaCl2 + H2SO4 ---> BaSO4(r) + 2HCl
b/ Cng thc 2:
Mui + Axit loi 2 ---> Mui + H2O + sn phm kh.
iu kin:
Mui phi c tnh kh.
Mui sinh ra sau phn ng th nguyn t kim loi trong mui
phi c ho tr cao nht.
Ch : C 2 nhm mui em phn ng.
Vi cc mui: CO32-, NO3-, SO42-, Cl- .
+ iu kin: Kim loi trong mui phi l kim loi a ho tr v ho
tr ca kim loi trong mui trc phi ng khng cao nht.
Vi cc mui: SO32-, S2-, S2-.
+ Phn ng lun xy ra theo cng thc trn vi tt c cc kim loi.
c/ Cng thc 3:
Thng gp vi cc mui st(III). Phn ng xy ra theo quy tc 2.(l
phn ng oxi ho kh)
2FeCl3 + H2S ---> 2FeCl2 + S(r) + 2HCl.
Ch :

Bi tp: Cho t t dung dch HCl vo Na2CO3 (hoc K2CO3) th c

cc PTHH sau:
Giai on 1 Ch c phn ng.
Na2CO3
+
HCl NaHCO3 + NaCl ( 1 )
x (mol)
x mol
x mol
Giai on 2 Ch c phn ng
NaHCO3 + HCl d NaCl
+
H2O +
CO2 ( 2 )
x
x
x mol
Hoc ch c mt phn ng khi s mol HCl = 2 ln s mol Na 2CO3.

Na2CO3 +
2HCl
2NaCl
+ H2O
+
CO2 ( 3 )
i vi K2CO3 cng tng t.
Hng gii: xt t l s mol vit PTHH xy ra
t

T =

HCl
Na 2 CO3

Nu T 1 th ch c phn ng (1) v c th d Na2CO3.

Nu T 2 th ch c phn ng (3) v c th d HCl.
Nu 1 < T < 2 th c c 2 phn ng (1) v (2) trn hoc
c th vit nh sau.
t x l s mol ca Na2CO3 (hoc HCl) tham gia phn ng ( 1 )
Na2CO3
+
HCl NaHCO3 + NaCl ( 1 )
x (mol)
x mol
x mol

Na2CO3 +
2HCl
2NaCl
+ H 2O
+
CO2 ( 2 ) !
Tnh s mol ca Na2CO3 (hoc HCl) tham gia phn ng(2!)da vo
bi ra v qua phn ng(1).
-

Th d: Cho t t dung dch cha x(mol) HCl vo y (mol) Na 2CO3

(hoc K2CO3). Hy bin lun v cho bit cc trng hp c th xy ra
vit PTHH , cho bit cht to thnh, cht cn d sau phn ng:
TH 1:
x < y
C PTHH: Na2CO3
+
HCl NaHCO3 + NaCl
x
x
x
x
mol
- Dung dch sau phn ng thu c l: s mol NaHCO3 = NaCl =
x (mol)
- Cht cn d l Na2CO3 (y x) mol
TH 2:
x = y
C PTHH : Na2CO3
+
HCl NaHCO3 + NaCl
x
x
x
x
mol
- Dung dch sau phn ng thu c l: NaHCO3 ; NaCl
- C 2 cht tham gia phn ng u ht.
TH 3:
y < x
<
2y
C 2 PTHH: Na2CO3
+
HCl NaHCO3 + NaCl
y
y
y
y
mol
sau phn ng (1) dung dch HCl cn d (x y) mol nn tip tc c
phn ng
NaHCO3
+
HCl NaCl
+ H2O
+
CO2

(x y)

(x y)

(x y)

(x y)
- Dung dch thu c sau phn ng l: c x(mol) NaCl v
x)mol NaHCO3 cn d
TH 4:
x = 2y

C PTHH: Na2CO3 +
2HCl
2NaCl
+
y
2y
2y
y mol
- Dung dch thu c sau phn ng l: c 2y (mol)
tham gia phn ng u ht.
TH 5:
x > 2y

C PTHH: Na2CO3 +
2HCl
2NaCl
+
y
2y
2y
y mol
- Dung dch thu c sau phn ng l: c 2y (mol)
2y) mol HCl.

H 2O

(2y

CO2

NaCl, c 2 cht
H 2O

CO2

NaCl v cn d (x

Bi tp 5: Cho t t dung dch HCl vo hn hp mui gm NaHCO 3

v Na2CO3 (hoc KHCO3 v K2CO3) th c cc PTHH sau:
t x, y ln lt l s mol ca Na2CO3 v NaHCO3.
Giai on 1: Ch c Mui trung ho tham gia phn ng.
Na2CO3
+
HCl NaHCO3 + NaCl ( 1 )
x (mol)
x mol
x mol
Giai on 2: Ch c phn ng
NaHCO3 + HCl d NaCl
+
H2O +
CO2 ( 2 )
(x + y)
(x + y)
(x + y)
mol
i vi K2CO3 v KHCO3 cng tng t.
Bi tp: Cho t t dung dch HCl vo hn hp mui gm Na 2CO3;
K2CO3; NaHCO3 th c cc PTHH sau:
t x, y, z ln lt l s mol ca Na2CO3; NaHCO3 v K2CO3.
Giai on 1: Ch c Na2CO3 v K2CO3 phn ng.
Na2CO3 + HCl NaHCO3
+
NaCl ( 1 )
x (mol)
x
x
x
(2)
K2CO3
+ HCl KHCO3
+
KCl
z (mol)
z
z
z
Giai on 2: c cc phn ng
NaHCO3 + HCl d NaCl
+
H 2O +
CO2
(3)

KHCO3
z (mol)

HCl
z

(x + y)
(x + y) mol

KCl
+

(x + y)
H2O

CO2

(4)

mol

Bi tp: Cho t t
PTHH sau.
NaAlO2
+
Al(OH)3
NaAlO2
+

dung dch HCl vo dung dch NaAlO2 th c cc

HCl + H2O Al(OH)3
+
3HCl d AlCl3
+
4HCl AlCl3
+
NaCl

+
NaCl ( 1 )
3H2O ( 2 )
+
2H2O ( 3 )

Bi tp p dng:
Bi 1: Ho tan Na2CO3 vo V(ml) hn hp dung dch axit HCl 0,5M v
H2SO4 1,5M th thu c mt dung dch A v 7,84 lit kh B (ktc).
C cn dung dch A thu c 48,45g mui khan.
a/ Tnh V(ml) hn hp dung dch axit dng?
b/ Tnh khi lng Na2CO3 b ho tan.
Hng dn:
Gi s phi dng V(lit) dung dch gm HCl 0,5M v H 2SO4 1,5M.
Na2CO3 + 2HCl ---> 2NaCl + H2O + CO2
0,25V
0,5V
0,5V
0,25V (mol)
Na2CO3 + H2SO4 ---> Na2SO4 + H2O + CO2
1,5V
1,5V
1,5V
1,5V (mol)
Theo bi ra ta c:
S mol CO2 = 0,25V + 1,5V = 7,84 : 22,4 = 0,35 (mol) (I)
Khi lng mui thu c: 58,5.0,5V + 142.1,5V = 48,45 (g) (II)
V = 0,2 (l) = 200ml.
S mol Na2CO3 = s mol CO2 = 0,35 mol
Vy khi lng Na2CO3 b ho tan:
m
Na2CO3 = 0,35 . 106 = 37,1g.
Bi 2:
a/ Cho 13,8 gam (A) l mui cacbonat ca kim loi kim vo 110ml
dung dch HCl 2M. Sau phn ng thy cn axit trong dung dch thu
c v th tch kh thot ra V1 vt qu 2016ml. Vit phng trnh
phn ng, tm (A) v tnh V1 (ktc).
b/ Ho tan 13,8g (A) trn vo nc. Va khuy va thm tng git
dung dch HCl 1M cho ti 180ml dung dch axit, thu c V2 lit
kh. Vit phng trnh phn ng xy ra v tnh V2 (ktc).
Hng dn:
a/ M2CO3 + 2HCl ---> 2MCl + H2O + CO2
Theo PTHH ta c:
S mol M2CO3 = s mol CO2 > 2,016 : 22,4 = 0,09 mol
---> Khi lng mol M2CO3 < 13,8 : 0,09 = 153,33 (I)
Mt khc: S mol M2CO3 phn ng = 1/2 s mol HCl < 1/2. 0,11.2 =
0,11 mol
---> Khi lng mol M2CO3 = 13,8 : 0,11 = 125,45 (II)
T (I, II) --> 125,45 < M2CO3 < 153,33 ---> 32,5 < M < 46,5 v M l
kim loi kim
---> M l Kali (K)

Vy s mol CO2 = s mol K2CO3 = 13,8 : 138 = 0,1 mol ---> VCO 2 =
2,24 (lit)
b/ Gii tng t: ---> V2 = 1,792 (lit)
Bi 3: Ho tan CaCO3 vo 100ml hn hp dung dch gm axit HCl v
axit H2SO4 th thu c dung dch A v 5,6 lit kh B (ktc), c cn
dung dch A th thu c 32,7g mui khan.
a/ Tnh nng mol/l mi axit trong hn hp dung dch ban u.
b/ Tnh khi lng CaCO3 dng.
Bi 4: Cho 4,2g mui cacbonat ca kim loi ho tr II. Ho tan vo
dung dch HCl d, th c kh thot ra. Ton b lng kh c hp th
vo 100ml dung dch Ba(OH)2 0,46M thu c 8,274g kt ta. Tm
cng thc ca mui v kim loi ho tr II.
p s:
TH1 khi Ba(OH)2 d, th cng thc ca mui l: CaCO3 v kim loi
ho tr II l Ca.
TH2 khi Ba(OH)2 thiu, th cng thc ca mui l MgCO3 v kim
loi ho tr II l Mg.
Bi 5: Cho 1,16g mui cacbonat ca kim loi R tc dng ht vi
HNO3, thu c 0,448 lit hn hp G gm 2 kh c t khi hi so vi
hiro bng 22,5. Xc nh cng thc mui (bit th tch cc kh
o ktc).
Hng dn:
Hn hp G gm c kh CO2 v kh cn li l kh X.
C dhh G/ H 2 = 22,5 --> MTB ca hh G = 22,5 . 2 = 45
M MCO 2 = 44 < 45 ---> Mkh X > 45. nhn thy trong cc kh ch c
NO2 v SO2 c khi lng phn t ln hn 45. Trong trng hp ny
kh X ch c th l NO2.
t a, b ln lt l s mol ca CO2 v NO2.
Ta c h
nhh G = a + b = 0,02
a = 0,01
MTB hh G =

44a 46b
ab

= 45

b = 0,01

PTHH:
R2(CO3)n + (4m 2n)HNO3 ---> 2R(NO3)m + (2m 2n)NO2 + nCO2 +
(2m
n)H2O.
2MR + 60n
2m 2n
1,16g
0,01 mol
Theo PTHH ta c:

2 M R 60n
1,16

2m 2n
0,01

Lp bng: iu kin 1 n m 4
n
1
2
2
m
3
2
3
MR
56

----> MR = 116m 146n

3
3

3
4

Ch c cp nghim n = 2, m = 3 --> MR = 56 l ph hp. Vy R l

Fe
CTHH: FeCO3
Bi 6: Cho 5,25g mui cacbonat ca kim loi M tc dng ht vi
HNO3, thu c 0,336 lit kh NO v V lit CO2. Xc nh cng thc
mui v tnh V. (bit th tch cc kh c o ktc)
p s: Gii tng t bi 3 ---> CTHH l FeCO3
Bi 7: Ho tan 2,84 gam hn hp 2 mui CaCO3 v MgCO3 bng dung
dch HCl d thu c 0,672 lt kh CO2 (ktc). Tnh thnh phn % s
mol mi mui trong hn hp.
Bi gii
Cc PTHH xy ra:
CaCO3 + 2HCl CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O (1)
MgCO3 + 2HCl MgCl2 + CO2 + H2O (2)
0,672
T (1) v (2) nhh = nCO 2 =
= 0,03 (mol)
22,4

Gi x l thnh phn % s mol ca CaCO3 trong hn hp th (1 - x) l

thnh phn % s mol ca MgCO3.
2,84
x = 0,67
Ta c M 2 mui = 100x + 84(1 - x) =
0,03

% s mol CaCO3 = 67% ; % s mol MgCO3 = 100 - 67 = 33%.

Bi 8: Ho tan 174 gam hn hp gm 2 mui cacbonat v sunfit ca
cng mt kim loi kim vo dung dch HCl d. Ton b kh thot ra
c hp th ti thiu bi 500 ml dung dch KOH 3M.
a/ Xc nh kim loi kim.
b/ Xc nh % s mol mi mui trong hn hp ban u.
Bi gii
cc PTHH xy ra:
M2CO3 + 2HCl 2MCl + CO2 + H2O (1)
M2SO3 + 2HCl 2MCl + SO2 + H2O (2)
Ton b kh CO2 v SO2 hp th mt lng ti thiu KOH sn phm
l mui axit.
CO2 + KOH KHCO3 (3)
SO2 + KOH KHSO3 (4)
T (1), (2), (3) v (4)
suy ra: n 2 mui = n 2 kh = nKOH =

M 2 mui

174
1,5

500.3
1000

= 1,5 (mol)

= 116 (g/mol) 2M + 60 <

< 2M + 80

18 < M < 28, v M l kim loi kim, vy M = 23 l Na.

b/ Nhn thy

% nNa 2 CO 3

M 2 mui
=

106 126
2

nNa 2 SO 3 = 50%.

= 116 (g/mol).

Chuyn 9:
Dung dch baz tc dng vi
mui.
Bi tp: Cho t t dung dch NaOH (hoc KOH) hay Ba(OH) 2
(hoc Ca(OH)2) vo dung dch AlCl3 th c cc PTHH sau.
3NaOH +
AlCl3 Al(OH)3
+
3NaCl ( 1 )
NaOH d + Al(OH)3 NaAlO2 + 2H2O ( 2 )
4NaOH
+ AlCl3
NaAlO2
+ 3NaCl
+
2H2O ( 3 )
v:
3Ba(OH)2 +
2AlCl3 2Al(OH)3
+
3BaCl2 ( 1 )
Ba(OH)2 d + 2Al(OH)3 Ba(AlO2)2 + 4H2O ( 2 )
4Ba(OH)2
+ 2AlCl3 Ba(AlO2)2 + 3BaCl2 + 4H2O ( 3 )
Ngc li: Cho t t dung dch AlCl3 vo dung dch NaOH (hoc KOH)
hay Ba(OH)2 (hoc Ca(OH)2) ch c PTHH sau:

AlCl3 + 4NaOH
NaAlO2
+ 3NaCl
+
2H2O
v 2AlCl3 + 4Ba(OH)2 ----> Ba(AlO2)2 + 3BaCl2 + 4H2O
Bi tp: Cho t t dung dch NaOH (hoc KOH) hay Ba(OH)2 (hoc
Ca(OH)2) vo dung dch Al2(SO4)3 th c cc PTHH sau.
6NaOH
+
Al2(SO4)3 2Al(OH)3 + 3Na2SO4 ( 1 )
NaOH d
+
Al(OH)3 NaAlO2
+ 2H2O ( 2 )
8NaOH
+
Al2(SO4)3
2NaAlO2 + 3Na2SO4
+
(3)
4H2O
V:
3Ba(OH)2 +
Al2(SO4)3 2Al(OH)3
+
3BaSO4 ( 1 )
Ba(OH)2 d + 2Al(OH)3 Ba(AlO2)2 + 4H2O ( 2 )
4Ba(OH)2
+ Al2(SO4)3 Ba(AlO2)2 + 3BaSO4 + 4H2O ( 3 )
Ngc li: Cho t t dung dch Al2(SO4)3 vo dung dch NaOH (hoc
KOH) hay Ba(OH)2 (hoc Ca(OH)2) th c PTHH no xy ra?

Al2(SO4)3 + 8NaOH
2NaAlO2 + 3Na2SO4
+ 4H2O
(3 )/

Al2(SO4)3 + 4Ba(OH)2

Ba(AlO2)2 + 3BaSO4 + 4H2O

(3 )//

Mt s phn ng c bit:
NaHSO4 (dd) + NaAlO2 + H2O Al(OH)3 + Na2SO4
NaAlO2 + HCl + H2O Al(OH)3 + NaCl
NaAlO2 + CO2 + H2O Al(OH)3 + NaHCO3
Bi tp p dng:
Bi 1: Cho 200 ml dd gm MgCl2 0,3M; AlCl3 0,45; HCl 0,55M tc
dng hon ton vi V(lt) dd C cha NaOH 0,02 M v Ba(OH) 2 0,01
M. Hy tnh th tich V(lt) cn dng thu c kt ta ln nht v

lng kt ta nh nht. Tnh lng kt ta . (gi s khi Mg(OH)2 kt

ta ht th Al(OH)3 tan trong kim khng ng k)
Hng dn gii :
nHCl = 0,11mol ; nMgCl 2 = 0,06 mol ; nAlCl 3 = 0,09 mol.
Tng s mol OH- = 0,04 V (*)
Cc PTHH xy ra:
H+ + OH- H2O (1)
Mg2+ +
OH- Mg(OH)2
(2)
3+
Al
+ 3OH
Al(OH)3
(3)
Al(OH)3 + OH AlO2 + 2H2O
(4)
Trng hp 1: c kt ta ln nht th ch c cc phn ng (1,2,3 ).
Vy tng s mol OH- dng l: 0,11 + 0,06 x 2 + 0,09 x 3 = 0,5
mol (**)
T (*) v (**) ta c Th tch dd cn dng l: V = 0,5 : 0,04 = 12,5
(lit)
mKt ta = 0,06 x 58 + 0,09 x 78 = 10,5 g
Trng hp 2: c kt ta nh nht th ngoi cc p (1, 2, 3) th
cn c p (4) na.
Khi lng Al(OH)3 tan ht ch cn li Mg(OH)2, cht rn cn li l:
0,06 x 58 = 3,48 g
V lng OH- cn dng thm cho p (4) l 0,09 mol.
Vy tng s mol OH- tham gia p l: 0,5 + 0,09 = 0,59 mol
Th tch dd C cn dng l: 0,59/ 0,04 = 14,75 (lit)
Bi 2: Cho 200ml dung dch NaOH vo 200g dung dch Al2(SO4)3
1,71%. Sau phn ng thu c 0,78g kt ta. Tnh nng mol/l
ca dung dch NaOH tham gia phn ng.
p s:
TH1: NaOH thiu
S mol NaOH = 3s mol Al(OH)3 = 3. 0,01 = 0,03 mol ---> CM NaOH =
0,15M
TH2: NaOH d ---> CM NaOH = 0,35M
Bi 3: Cho 400ml dung dch NaOH 1M vo 160ml dung dch hn
hp cha Fe2(SO4)3 0,125M v Al2(SO4)3 0,25M. Sau phn ng tch
kt ta em nung n khi lng khng i c cht rn C.
a/ Tnh mrn C.
b/ Tnh nng mol/l ca mui to thnh trong dung dch.
p s:
a/ mrn C = 0,02 . 160 + 0,02 . 102 = 5,24g
b/ Nng ca Na2SO4 = 0,18 : 0,56 = 0,32M v nng ca
NaAlO2 = 0,07M
Bi 4: Cho 200g dung dch Ba(OH)2 17,1% vo 500g dung dch hn
hp (NH4)2SO4 1,32% v CuSO4 2%. Sau khi kt thc tt c cc phn
ng ta thu c kh A, kt ta B v dung dch C.
a/ Tnh th tch kh A (ktc)

b/ Ly kt ta B ra sch v nung nhit cao n khi lng khng

i th c bao nhiu gam rn?
c/ Tnh nng % ca cc cht trong C.
p s:
a/ Kh A l NH3 c th tch l 2,24 lit
b/ Khi lng BaSO4 = 0,1125 . 233 = 26,2g v mCuO = 0,0625 . 80 =
5g
c/ Khi lng Ba(OH)2 d = 0,0875 . 171 = 14,96g
mdd = Tng khi lng cc cht em trn - mkt ta - mkh
mdd = 500 + 200 26,21 6,12 1,7 = 666g
Nng % ca dung dch Ba(OH)2 = 2,25%
Bi 5: Cho mt mu Na vo 200ml dung dch AlCl3 thu c 2,8 lit
kh (ktc) v mt kt ta A. Nung A n khi lng khng i thu
c 2,55 gam cht rn. Tnh nng mol/l ca dung dch AlCl 3 .
Hng dn:
mrn: Al2O3 --> s mol ca Al2O3 = 0,025 mol ---> s mol Al(OH)3 =
0,05 mol
s mol NaOH = 2s mol H2 = 0,25 mol.
TH1: NaOH thiu, ch c phn ng.
3NaOH + AlCl3 ---> Al(OH)3 + 3NaCl
Khng xy ra v s mol Al(OH)3 to ra trong phn ng > s mol
Al(OH)3 cho.
TH2: NaOH d, c 2 phn ng xy ra.
3NaOH + AlCl3 ---> Al(OH)3 + 3NaCl
0,15
0,05
0,05
mol
4NaOH +
AlCl3 ---> NaAlO2 + 3NaCl + H2O
(0,25 0,15)
0,025
Tng s mol AlCl3 phn ng 2 phng trnh l 0,075 mol
----> Nng ca AlCl3 = 0,375M
Bi 6: Cho 200ml dung dch NaOH x(M) tc dng vi 120 ml dung
dch AlCl3 1M, sau cng thu c 7,8g kt ta. Tnh tr s x?
p s:
TH1: Nng AlCl3 = 1,5M
TH2: Nng AlCl3 = 1,9M
Bi 7: Cho 9,2g Na vo 160ml dung dch A c khi lng ring
1,25g/ml cha Fe2(SO4)3 0,125M v Al2(SO4)3 0,25M. Sau khi phn
ng kt thc ngi ta tch kt ta v em nung nng n khi lng
khng i thu c cht rn.
a/ Tnh khi lng cht rn thu c.
b/ Tnh nng % ca dung dch mui thu c.
p s:
a/ mFe2O3 = 3,2g v mAl2O3 = 2,04g.
b/ Nng % ca cc dung dch l: C%(Na2SO4) = 12,71% v C%
(NaAlO2) = 1,63%

Chuyn 10:
Hai dung dch mui tc dng vi
nhau.
Cng thc 1:
Mui + Mui ---> 2 Mui mi
iu kin:
Mui phn ng: tan hoc tan t trong nc.
Sn phm phi c cht:
+ Kt ta.
+ Hoc bay hi
+ Hoc cht in li yu. H2O
V d: BaCl2 + Na2SO4 ---> BaSO4 + 2NaCl
Cng thc 2:
Cc mui ca kim loi nhm, km, st(III) ---> Gi chung l mui A
Phn ng vi cc mui c cha cc gc axit: CO3, HCO3, SO3, HSO3, S,
HS, AlO2 ---> Gi chung l mui B.
Phn ng xy ra theo quy lut:
Mui A + H2O ----> Hiroxit (r) + Axit
Axit + Mui B ----> Mui mi + Axit mi.
V d: FeCl3 phn ng vi dung dch Na2CO3
2FeCl3 + 6H2O -----> 2Fe(OH)3 + 6HCl
6HCl + 3Na2CO3 ---> 6NaCl + 3CO2 + 3H2O
PT tng hp:
2FeCl3 + 3H2O + 3Na2CO3 ---> 2Fe(OH)3 + 3CO2 + 6NaCl.
Cng thc 3:
Xy ra khi gp st, phn ng xy ra theo quy tc 2.
V d:
AgNO3 + Fe(NO3)2 ---> Fe(NO3)3 + Ag.
Bi 1: Cho 0,1mol FeCl3 tc dng ht vi dung dch Na2CO3 d, thu c cht kh B v kt ta C. em nung C n khi lng khng i
thu c cht rn D. Tnh th tch kh B (ktc) v khi lng cht
rn D.
p s:
Th tch kh CO2 l 3,36 lit
Rn D l Fe2O3 c khi lng l 8g
Bi 2: Trn 100g dung dch AgNO3 17% vi 200g dung dch Fe(NO3)2
18% thu c dung dch A c khi lng ring (D = 1,446g/ml). Tnh
nng mol/l ca dung dch A.
p s:
Dung dch A gm Fe(NO3)2 0,1 mol v Fe(NO3)3 0,1 mol.
-

Nng mol/l ca cc cht l: CM(Fe(NO3)2) = CM(Fe(NO3)3) =

0,5M

Bi 3: Cho 500ml dung dch A gm BaCl2 v MgCl2 phn ng vi

120ml dung dch Na2SO4 0,5M d, thu c 11,65g kt ta. em phn
dung dch c cn thu c 16,77g hn hp mui khan. Xc nh
nng mol/l cc cht trong dung dch.
Hng dn:
Phn ng ca dung dch A vi dung dch Na2SO4.
BaCl2 + Na2SO4 ----> BaSO4 + 2NaCl
0,05
0,05
0,05
0,1
mol
Theo (1) s mol BaCl2 trng dd A l 0,05 mol v s mol NaCl = 0,1
mol.
S mol Na2SO4 cn d l 0,06 0,05 = 0,01 mol
S mol MgCl2 =

16,77 0,01.142 0,1.58,5

95

= 0,1 mol.

Vy trong 500ml dd A c 0,05 mol BaCl2 v 0,1 mol MgCl2.

---> Nng ca BaCl2 = 0,1M v nng ca MgCl2 = 0,2M.
Bi 4: Cho 31,84g hn hp NaX, NaY (X, Y l 2 halogen 2 chu k
lin tip) vo dung dch AgNO3 d, thu c 57,34g kt ta. Tm
cng thc ca NaX, NaY v tnh thnh phn % theo khi lng ca
mi mui.
Hng dn;
* TH1: X l Flo(F) --> Y l Cl. Vy kt ta l AgCl.
Hn hp 2 mui cn tm l NaF v NaCl
PTHH: NaCl + AgNO3 ---> AgCl + NaNO3
Theo PT (1) th nNaCl = nAgCl = 0,4 mol ---> %NaCl = 73,49% v
%NaF = 26,51%.
* TH2: X khng phi l Flo(F).
Gi Na X l cng thc i din cho 2 mui.
PTHH:
Na X
+
AgNO3 --->
Ag X
+
NaNO3
(23 + X )
(108 + X )
31,84g
57,34g
Theo PT(2) ta c:

23 X
31,84

108 X
57,34

--->

= 83,13

Vy hn hp 2 mui cn tm l NaBr v NaI ---> %NaBr = 90,58%

v %NaI = 9,42%
Bi 5: Dung dch A cha 7,2g XSO4 v Y2(SO4)3. Cho dung dch
Pb(NO3)2 tc dng vi dung dch A (va ), thu c 15,15g kt ta
v dung dch B.
a/ Xc nh khi lng mui c trong dung dch B.
b/ Tnh X, Y bit t l s mol XSO4 v Y2(SO4)3 trong dung dch A l
2 : 1 v t l khi lng mol nguyn t ca X v Y l 8 : 7.
Hng dn:
PTHH xy ra:

XSO4 + Pb(NO3)2 ---> PbSO4 + X(NO3)2

x
x
x
mol
Y2(SO4)3 + 3Pb(NO3)2 ---> 3PbSO4 + 2Y(NO3)3
y
3y
2y
Theo PT (1, 2) v cho ta c:
mhh mui = (X+96)x + (2Y+3.96)y = 7,2 (I) ---> X.x + 2Y.y = 2,4
Tng khi lng kt ta l 15,15g --> S mol PbSO4 = x + 3y =
15,15/303 = 0,05 mol
Gii h ta c: mmui trong dd B = 8,6g
(c th p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng)
Theo ra v kt qu ca cu a ta c:
x:y=2:1
X:Y=8:7
x + 3y = 0,05
X.x + 2.Y.y = 2,4
---> X l Cu v Y l Fe
Vy 2 mui cn tm l CuSO4 v Fe2(SO4)3.
Bi 6: C 1 lit dung dch hn hp gm Na2CO3 0,1M v (NH4)2CO3
0,25M. Cho 43g hn hp BaCl2 v CaCl2 vo dung dch trn. Sau khi
cc phn ng kt thc thu c 39,7g kt ta A v dung dch B.
a/ Chng minh mui cacbonat cn d.
b/ Tnh thnh phn % theo khi lng cc cht trong A.
c/ Cho dung dch HCl d vo dung dch B. Sau phn ng c cn dung
dch v nung cht rn cn li ti khi lng khng i thu c rn
X. Tnh thnh phn % theo khi lng rn X.
Hng dn:
chng minh mui cacbonat d, ta chng minh mmui phn ng < mmui
ban u

Ta c: S mol Na2CO3 = 0,1 mol v s mol (NH4)2CO3 = 0,25 mol.

Tng s mol CO3 ban u = 0,35 mol
Phn ng to kt ta:
BaCl2 + CO3 ----> BaCO3 + 2Cl
CaCl2 + CO3 ---> CaCO3 + 2Cl
Theo PTHH ta thy: Tng s mol CO3 phn ng = (43 39,7) : 11 =
0,3 mol.
Vy s mol CO3 phn ng < s mol CO3 ban u.---> s mol CO3 d
b/ V CO3 d nn 2 mui CaCl2 v BaCl2 phn ng ht.
mmui kt ta = 197x + 100y = 39,7
Tng s mol Cl phn ng = x + y = 0,3
----> x = 0,1 v y = 0,2
Kt ta A c thnh phn: %BaCO3 = 49,62% v %CaCO3 = 50,38%
c/ Cht rn X ch c NaCl. ---> %NaCl = 100%.

Chuyn 11:
bi ton hn hp kim loi.
Thng gp di dng kim loi phn ng vi axit, baz, mui v
vi nc.
Dy hot ng ho hc ca kim loi.
K, Na, Mg, Al, Zn, Fe, Pb, (H), Cu, Ag, Au
(Khi No May A Zp St Phi Hi Cc Bc Vng)
ngha:
K B C Na Mg Al Z F N S P H C A H A P
a a
n e i n b
u g g u t
+ O2: nhit thng
phn ng
K

B
a

C
a

Na Mg Al

Tc dng vi nc
K

B
a

C
a

nhit cao
Z
n

F
e

N
i

S
n

P H C
b
u

Kh
A
g

H
g

A
u

P
t

Khng tc dng vi nc nhit thng

Na Mg Al

Z
n

F
e

N
i

S
n

P H C
b
u

A
g

H
g

A
u

P
t

Tc dng vi cc axit thng thng gii phng Hidro Khng tc

dng.
K

B
a

C
a

Na Mg Al

Z
n

F
e

N
i

S
n

P H C
b
u

A
g

H
g

A
u

P
t

Kim loi ng trc y kim loi ng sau ra

khi mui
K

B
a

C
a

Na Mg Al

H2, CO khng kh c oxit

nhit cao

Z
n

F
e

N
i

S
n

P H C
b
u

A
g

H
g

A
u

P
t

kh c oxit cc kim loi ny

Ch :
- Cc kim loi ng trc Mg phn ng vi nc nhit thng
to thnh dd Kim v gii phng kh Hidro.
- Tr Au v Pt, cc kim loi khc u c th tc dng vi HNO 3 v
H2SO4 c nhng khng gii phng Hidro.
ngha ca dy hot ng ho hc

K Na Ba Ca
Ag Pt
Au
-

Mg

Al

Zn

Fe

Ni

Sn

Pb

Cu

Hg

Dy c sp xp theo chiu gim dn tnh hot ng ho hc

(t tri sang phi)
Mt s kim loi va tc dng c vi axit v vi nc: K, Na, Ba, Ca
Kim loi + H2O ----> Dung dch baz + H2
Kim loi va tc dng vi axit, va tc dng vi baz: (Be), Al, Zn,
Cr
2A + 2(4 n)NaOH + 2(n 2)H2O ---> 2Na4 nAO2 + nH2
V d: 2Al + 2NaOH + 2H2O ----> 2NaAlO2+ 3H2
2Al + Ba(OH)2 + 2H2O ----> Ba(AlO2)2 + 3H2
Zn + 2NaOH ---> Na2ZnO2 + H2
Zn + Ba(OH)2 ---> BaZnO2 + H2

Kim loi ng trc H tc dng vi dung dch axit HCl, H2SO4 long
to mui v gii phng H2.
Kim loi + Axit ----> Mui + H2
Lu : Kim loi trong mui c ho tr thp (i vi kim loi a ho
tr)
K t Mg tr i kim loi ng trc y c kim loi ng sau ra
khi mui ca chng. theo quy tc:
Cht kh mnh + cht oxi ha mnh cht oxi ho yu + cht kh
yu.
Lu : nhng kim loi u dy (kim loi tc dng c vi nc) th
khng tun theo quy tc trn m n xy ra theo cc bc sau:
Kim loi kim (hoc kim th) + H2O Dung dch baz
+ H2
Sau : Dung dch baz + dung dch mui Mui mi +
Baz mi (*)
iu kin(*): Cht to thnh phi c t nht 1 cht kt ta (khng
tan).
VD: cho Ba vo dung dch CuSO4.
-

Trc tin:

Ba + 2H2O Ba(OH)2 + H2
Ba(OH)2 + CuSO4 Cu(OH)2
+

c bit: Cu + 2FeCl3 ---> CuCl2 + 2FeCl2

Cu + Fe2(SO4)3 ---> CuSO4 + 2FeSO4
Cc bi ton vn dng s mol trung bnh
v xc nh khong s mol ca cht.
1/ i vi cht kh. (hn hp gm c 2 kh)
Khi lng trung bnh ca 1 lit hn hp kh ktc:

BaSO4

MTB =

M 1V M 21V2
22 , 4V

Khi lng trung bnh ca 1 mol hn hp kh ktc:

MTB =
Hoc:
hp)
Hoc:

MTB =

M 1n1 M 2 ( n n1 )
n

MTB =

M 1 x1 M 2 (1 x1 )
1

M 1V1 M 2V2
V

(n l tng s mol kh trong hn

(x1l % ca kh th nht)

Hoc: MTB = dhh/kh x . Mx

2/ i vi cht rn, lng.
MTB ca hh = nhh
Tnh cht 1:
MTB ca hh c gi tr ph thuc vo thnh phn v lng cc cht
thnh phn trong hn hp.
Tnh cht 2:
MTB ca hh lun nm trong khong khi lng mol phn t ca cc
cht thnh phn nh nht v ln nht.
mhh

Mmin < nhh < Mmax

Tnh cht 3:
Hn hp 2 cht A, B c MA < MB v c thnh phn % theo s mol
l a(%) v b(%)
Th khong xc nh s mol ca hn hp l.

<

mB
MB

nhh

<

mA
MA

Gi s A hoc B c % = 100% v cht kia c % = 0 hoc ngc li.

Lu :
- Vi bi ton hn hp 2 cht A, B (cha bit s mol) cng tc dng vi 1
hoc c 2 cht X, Y ( bit s mol). bit sau phn ng ht
A, B hay X, Y cha. C th gi thit hn hp A, B ch cha 1 cht A
hoc B
- Vi MA < MB nu hn hp ch cha A th:

nA =

mhh
MA

> nhh =

mhh
M hh

Nh vy nu X, Y tc dng vi A m cn d, th X, Y s c d tc
dng ht vi hn hp A, B
Vi MA < MB, nu hn hp ch cha B th:
-

nB =

mhh
MB

< nhh =

mhh
M hh

Nh vy nu X, Y tc dng cha vi B th cng khng tc

dng ht vi hn hp A, B.
Ngha l sau phn ng X, Y ht, cn A, B d.
V d 1: Cho 22,2 gam hn hp gm Fe, Al tan hon ton trong HCl,
ta thu c 13,44 lt H2 (ktc). Tnh thnh phn % khi lng mi
cht trong hn hp v khi lng mui clorua khan thu c.

Bi gii
V phn ng hon ton nn ta c th thay hn hp Fe, Al bng kim
loi tng ng M c ho tr n . Gi x l s mol Fe trong 1 mol hn
hp.
M = 56.x + 27(1 - x)
n = 2.x + 3(1 - x)
PTHH:

22,2
M
22,2 n
.2
M

Theo bi ra:

HCl

Cl n +

n
2

H2

22,2
M

= nH 2 =

22,2 2 x 3(1 x )
56 x 27(1 x).2 = 0,6

13,44
22,4

22,2
M

.2

= 0,6 (mol)

x = 0,6 mol Fe v 0,4 mol Al

M = 0,6.56 + 27.0,4 = 44,4 (g/mol)
% Fe =

0,6.56
44,4

.100% = 75,67%

% Al = 100 - 75,67 = 24,33%

Ta c n = 0,6.2 + 0,4.3 = 2,4 (mol)
Khi lng mui clorua khan:
m=

22,2
M

( M + 35,5.

) = 22,2 +

35,5.2,4
44,4

.22,2 = 64,8 gam.

Ch : C th p dng KLMTB ca mt hn hp vo bi ton xc

nh tn kim loi. Thng thng l bi ton hn hp hai kim loi
thuc 2 chu k, hai phn nhm k tip, ...
V d 2: Khi cho 3,1 gam hn hp hai kim loi kim thuc hai chu k
lin tip tc dng ht vi nc ta thu c 1,12 lt H2 (ktc). Xc nh
hai kim loi v tnh thnh phn % theo khi lng ca hn hp.
Bi gii
V phn ng xy ra hon ton nn ta c th thay th hn hp hai
kim loi kim bng mt kim loi tng ng A c ho tr 1 (kim loi
kim)
2 A + 2H2O 2 A OH + H2 (1)
1,12
Theo (1) n A = 2nH 2 = 2
= 0,1 (mol)
22,4

3,1
0,1

= 31 g/mol

Na = 23 <
Mt khc:

= 31 < K = 39
23 39
s mol hai cht bng nhau
= 31 =
2
A

ngha l trong 1 mol hn hp mi kim loi c 0,5 mol. Thnh

phn % khi lng:
% Na =

0,5.23
31

.100 = 37,1% v % K = (100 - 37,1)% = 62,9%.

Nhn xt: S dng cc i lng trung bnh s cho php chng

ta gii quyt nhanh cc bi tp ho hc.

A-

hn hp Kim loi tc dng vi axit

Bi 1: Cho 10g hn hp gm Zn v Cu tc dng vi dung dch axit

H2SO4 long th thu c 2,24 lit H2 (ktc). Tnh thnh phn % v
khi lng ca mi kim loi trong hn hp ban u.
p s:
Bi 2: Ho tan 5,2g hn hp gm Mg v Fe bng dung dch axit HCl
1M, th thu dc 3,36 lit H2 (ktc).
a/ Tnh thnh phn % theo khi lng mi kim loi trong hn hp.
b/ Tnh th tch dung dch axit HCl dng.
p s:
a/
b/
Bi 3: Cho mt lng hn hp gm Ag v Zn tc dng vi lng d dung
dch axit H2SO4, thu c 5,6 lit kh H2 (ktc). Sau phn ng thy
cn 6,25g mt cht rn khng tan. Tnh thnh phn % v khi lng
mi kim loi trong hn hp.
p s:
Bi 4: Ho tan hon ton 15,3g hn hp gm Mg v Zn bng dung
dch axit HCl 1M th thu c 6,72 lit H2 (ktc).
a/ Xc nh khi lng mi kim loi trong hn hp u.
b/ Tnh th tch dung dch axit HCl cn dng.
p s:
a/ mMg = 2,46g v mZn = 12,84g v
b/ Vdd HCl 1M = 0,6 lit.
Bi 5: A l hn hp gm: Ba, Al, Mg.
Ly m gam A cho tc dng vi nc ti khi ht phn ng thy thot
ra 3,36 lit H2 (ktc).
Ly m gam A cho vo dung dch xt d ti khi ht phn ng thy
thot ra 6,72 lt H2 (ktc).
Ly m gam A ho tan bng mt lng va dung dch axit HCl
th thu c mt dung dch v 8,96 lit H2 (ktc).
Hy tnh m gam v thnh phn % theo khi lng ca mi kim loi
trong hn hp.
p s:
m = 24,65g trong mBa = 19,55g, mAl = 2,7g, mMg = 2,4g.
Bi 3: Ho tan hn hp gm Fe, Zn trong 500ml dung dch HCl 0,4M
c dung dch A v 10,52g mui khan.
a/ Tnh thnh phn % theo khi lng mi kim loi.
b/ Tnh th tch dung dch B gm NaOH 0,02M v Ba(OH) 2 cn
dng trung ho dung dch A.
p s:

a/ %Fe = 46,28% v %Zn = 53,72%

b/ Vdd B = 1(lit)
Bi 7: Ho tan ht 12g hn hp A gm Fe v kim loi M (ho tr II
khng i) vo 200ml dung dch HCl 3,5M thu c 6,72 lit kh
(ktc). Mt khc ly 3,6g kim loi M tan ht vo 400ml dung dch
H2SO4 nng 1M th H2SO4 cn d.
a/ Xc nh kim loi M.
b/ Tnh thnh phn % theo khi lng ca Fe, M trong hn hp.
p s:
a/ M l Mg.
b/ %Mg = 30% v %Fe = 70%.
Bi 8: Ho tan ht 11,3g hn hp A gm Fe v kim loi R (ho tr II
khng i) vo 300ml dung dch HCl 2,5M thu c 6,72 lit kh
(ktc). Mt khc ly 4,8g kim loi M tan ht vo 200ml dung dch
H2SO4 nng 2M th H2SO4 cn d.
a/ Xc nh kim loi R.
b/ Tnh thnh phn % theo khi lng ca Fe, R trong hn hp.
p s:
a/ v b/
Bi 9: Ho tan ht 12,1g hn hp A gm Fe v kim loi M (ho tr II
khng i) vo 150ml dung dch HCl 3M th thu c 4,48 lit kh
(ktc). Mt khc mun ho tan ht 4,875g kim loi M th cn phi
dng 100ml dung dch H2SO4 0,75M, dung dch thu c khng lm
i mu giy qu.
Bi 10: Hn hp A gm Mg v kim loi M ho tr III, ng trc hir
trong dy hot ng ho hc. Ho tan hon ton 1,275 g A vo
125ml dd B cha ng thi HCl nng C1(M) v H2SO4 nng
C2(M). Thy thot ra 1400 ml kh H2 ( ktc) v dd D. trung ho
hon ton lng a xt d trong D cn dng 50ml dd Ba(OH)2 1M. Sau
khi trung ho dd D cn thu c 0,0375mol mt cht rn khng ho
tan trong HCl.
a/ Vit cc PTP xy ra.
b/ Tnh C1 v C2 ca dd B.
c/ Tm NTK ca kim loi M (AM) v khi lng mi kim loi trong hn
hp A em th nghim.
Bit rng ho tan 1,35g M cn dng khng qu 200ml dd HCl
1M.
Hng dn gii:
a/ cc PTHH xy ra.

Mg +
2H+
Mg2+
+
H2
(1)
+
3+

2M +
6H
2M
+
3H2
(2)
+
2Trong dd D c cc Ion: H d , Cl , SO4 , Mg2+, M3+.
Trung ho dd D bng Ba(OH)2.

H+
+
OHH2O
(3)

Ba2+
+
SO42-
BaSO4
(4)
Theo bi ra ta c:
S mol OH- = 2 s mol Ba(OH)2 = 0,05 . 1 . 2 = 0,1 mol
S mol Ba2+ = s mol Ba(OH)2 = 0,05 mol.
b/ S mol H+ trong dd B = 0,125C1 + 2 . 0,125C2
s mol H+ tham gia cc phn ng (1,2,3) l: 0,0625 . 2 + 0,1 =
0,225 mol
( V s mol ca H2 thot ra = 0,0625 mol )
Ta c: 0,125C1 + 2 . 0,125C2 = 0,225 (*)
Mt khc , s mol Ba2+ = 0,05 mol > s mol ca BaSO4 = 0,0375
mol.
Nh vy chng t SO42- phn ng ht v Ba2+ cn d.
Do s mol ca SO42- = s mol ca BaSO4 = 0,0375 mol.
Nn ta c nng mol/ lit ca dd H2SO4 l: C2 = 0,0375 : 0,125
= 0,3M
V s mol ca H2SO4 = s mol ca SO42- = 0,0375 (mol)
Thay v ( * ) ta c: C1 = 1,2 M
c/ PTP ho tan M trong HCl.
2M + 6HCl 2MCl3 +
3H2
(5)
S mol HCl = 0,2 x 1 = 0,2 mol
Theo (5): S mol ca kim loi M 0,2 : 3 (V theo bi ra M b ho
tan ht)
Do NTK ca M l: AM 1,35 : ( 0,2 : 3 ) = 20,25
V M l kim loi ho tr III nn M phi l: Al (nhm)
Gi x, y ln lt l s mol ca Mg v Al trong 1,275 g hn hp A
Ta c: 24x + 27y = 1,275
(I)
Theo PT (1, 2): x + 1,5 y = 0,0625
(II)
Gii h pt (I) v (II) ta c: x = y = 0,025.
Vy khi lng ca cc cht trong hn hp l: mMg = 0,6 g v mAl =
0,675 g.
Bi 11: Cho 9,86g hn hp gm Mg v Zn vo 1 cc cha 430ml
dung dch H2SO4 1M long. Sau khi phn ng hon ton, thm tip
vo cc 1,2 lit dung dch hn hp gm Ba(OH)2 0,05M v NaOH
0,7M, khuy u cho phn ng hon ton, ri lc ly kt ta v
nung nng n khi lng khng i th thu c 26,08g cht rn.
Tnh khi lng mi kim loi trong hn hp u.
Hng dn;
t s mol Mg v Zn l x v y.
Ta c: 24x + 65y = 9,86 (I)
S mol H2SO4 = 043.1= 0,43 mol
t HX l cng thc tng ng ca H2SO4 ---> nHX = 2nH 2 SO 4 =
0,43.2 = 0,86 mol
S mol Ba(OH)2 = 1,2 . 0,05 = 0,06 mol
S mol NaOH = 0,7 . 1,2 = 0,84 mol
t ROH l cng thc tng ng cho 2 baz cho.
Ta c: nROH = 2nBa(OH) 2 + nNaOH = 0,06.2 + 0,84 = 0,96 mol

PTHH xy ra
Gi s hn hp ch cha mnh Zn ---> x = 0.
Vy y = 9,86 : 65 = 0,1517 mol
Gi s hn hp ch Mg ---> y = 0
Vy x = 9,86 : 24 = 0,4108 mol
0,1517 < nhh kim loi < 0,4108
V x > 0 v y > 0 nn s mol axit tham gia phn ng vi kim loi l:
0,3034 < 2x + 2y < 0,8216 nhn thy lng axit dng < 0,86 mol.
Vy axit d --> Do Zn v Mg phn ng ht.
Sau khi ho tan ht trong dung dch c.
x mol MgX2 ; y mol ZnX2 ; 0,86 2(x + y) mol HX v 0,43 mol SO4.
Cho dung dch tc dng vi dung dch baz.
HX
+
ROH --->
RX +
H 2O.
0,86 2(x + y) 0,86 2(x + y)
mol
MgX2
+
2ROH ----> Mg(OH)2 + 2RX
x
2x
x
mol
ZnX2
+
2ROH ----> Zn(OH)2 + 2RX
y
2y
y
mol
Ta c nROH phn ng = 0,86 2(x + y) + 2x + 2y = 0,86 mol
Vy nROH d = 0,96 0,86 = 0,1mol
Tip tc c phn ng xy ra:
Zn(OH)2
+ 2ROH ---->
R2ZnO2 + 2H2O
b: y
0,1
mol
P: y1
2y1
mol
cn: y y1
0,1 2y1
mol
( iu kin: y y1)
Phn ng to kt ta.
Ba(OH)2 + H2SO4 ---> BaSO4 + 2H2O
b: 0,06
0,43
0
mol
p: 0,06
0,06
0,06
mol
cn: 0
0,43 0,06
0,06
mol
Nung kt ta.
Mg(OH)2 -----> MgO + H2O
x
x
mol
Zn(OH)2 -------> ZnO
+ H 2O
y y1
y y1
mol
BaSO4 ----> khng b nhit phn hu.
0,06 mol
Ta c: 40x + 81(y y1) + 233.0,06 = 26,08
---> 40x + 81(y y1) = 12,1
(II)
Khi y y1 = 0 ---> y = y1 ta thy 0,1 2y1 0 ---> y1 0,05
Vy 40x = 12,1 ---> x = 12,1 : 40 = 0,3025 mol
Thay vo (I) ta c y = 0,04 ( y = y1 0,05) ph hp
Vy mMg = 24 . 0,3025 = 7,26g v mZn = 65 . 0,04 = 2,6g

 Khi y y1 > 0 --> y > y1 ta c 0,1 2y1 = 0 (v nROH phn ng

ht)
----> y1 = 0,05 mol, thay vo (II) ta c: 40x + 81y = 16,15.
Gii h phng trnh (I, II) ---> x = 0,38275 v y = 0,01036
Kt qu y < y1 (khng ph hp vi iu kin y y1 ) ---> loi.

B-

hn hp Kim loi tc dng vi nc v baz

Bi 1: Ho tan hon ton 17,2g hn hp gm kim loi kim A v oxit

ca n vo 1600g nc c dung dch B. C cn dung dch B c
22,4g hiroxit kim loi khan.
a/ Tm kim loi v thnh phn % theo khi lng mi cht trong hn
hp.
b/ Tnh th tch dung dch H2SO4 0,5M cn dng trung ho
dung dc B.
Hng dn:
Gi cng thc ca 2 cht cho l A v A2O.
a, b ln lt l s mol ca A v A2O
Vit PTHH:
Theo phng trnh phn ng ta c:
a.MA + b(2MA + 16) = 17,2 (I)
(a + 2b)(MA + 17) = 22,4 (II)
Ly (II) (I): 17a + 18b = 5,2 (*)
Khi lng trung bnh ca hn hp:
MTB = 17,2 : (a + b)
Tng ng: MTB = 18.17,2 : 18(a + b).
Nhn thy: 18.17,2 : 18(a + b) < 18.17,2 : 17a + 18b = 18.17,2 :
5,2
---> MTB < 59,5
Ta c: MA < 59,5 < 2MA + 16 ---> 21,75 < MA < 59,5.
Vy A c th l: Na(23) hoc K(39).
Gii h PT ton hc v tnh ton theo yu cu ca bi.
p s:
a/
Vi A l Na th %Na = 2,67% v %Na2O = 97,33%
Vi A l K th %K = 45,3% v %K2O = 54,7%
b/
TH: A l Na ----> Vdd axit = 0,56 lit
TH: A l K -----> Vdd axit = 0,4 lit.
Bi 2: Ho tan hon ton 3,1g hn hp 2 kim loi kim trong nc thu
c dung dch A. trung ho dung dch A phi dng 50ml dung
dch HCl 2M, sau phn ng thu c dung dch B.

a/ Nu c cn dung dch B th s thu c bao nhiu gam hn hp

mui khan?
b/ Xc nh 2 kim loi kim trn, bit rng t l s mol ca chng
trong hn hp l 1 : 1.
p s:
a/ mMui = 6,65g
b/ 2 kim loi l: Na v K.
Bi 3: Cho 6,2g hn hp 2 kim loi kim thuc 2 chu k lin tip
trong bng tun hon phn ng vi H2O d, thu c 2,24 lit kh
(ktc) v dung dch A.
a/ Tnh thnh phn % v khi lng tng kim loi trong hn hp ban
u.
b/ Sc CO2 vo dung dch A thu c dung dch B. Cho B phn ng
vi BaCl2 d thu c 19,7g kt ta. Tnh th tch kh CO2 b hp
th.
Hng dn:
a/ t R l KHHH chung cho 2 kim loi kim cho
MR l khi lng trung bnh ca 2 kim loi kim A v B, gi s MA <
MB
---.> MA < MR < MB .
Vit PTHH xy ra:
Theo phng trnh phn ng:
nR = 2nH 2 = 0,2 mol. ----> MR = 6,2 : 0,2 = 31
Theo ra: 2 kim loi ny thuc 2 chu k lin tip, nn 2 kim loi
l:
A l Na(23) v B l K(39)
b/ Ta c: nROH = nR = 0,2 mol
PTHH xy ra:
CO2 + 2ROH ----> R2CO3 + H2O
CO2 + ROH ---> RHCO3
Theo bi ra khi cho BaCl2 vo dung dch B th c kt ta. Nh vy
trong B phi c R2CO3 v trong 2 loi mui trn th BaCl2 ch phn
ng vi R2CO3 m khng phn ng vi RHCO3.
BaCl2 + R2CO3 ----> BaCO3 + RCl
---> nCO 2 = nR 2 CO 3 = nBaCO 3 = 19,7 : 197 = 0,1 mol ----> VCO 2 = 2,24
lt.
Bi 4: Hai kim loi kim A v B c khi lng bng nhau. Cho 17,94g
hn hp A v B tan hon ton trong 500g H2O thu c 500ml dung
dch C(d = 1,03464g/ml). Tm A v B.
Bi 5: Mt hn hp X gm 2 kim loi A, B thuc 2 chu k lin tip
trong bng tun hon, c khi lng l 8,5g. Cho X phn ng ht vi
nc cho ra 3,36 lit kh H2(ktc)

a/ Xc nh 2 kim loi v tnh khi lng mi kim loi trong hn hp

u.
b/ Thm vo 8,5g hn hp X trn, 1 kim loi kim th D c hn hp
Y, cho Y tc dng vi nc thu c dung dch E v 4,48 lit kh H2
(ktc). C cn dung dch E ta c cht rn Z c khi lng l 22,15g.
Xc nh D v khi lng ca D.
p s:
a/ mNa = 4,6g v mK = 3,9g.
b/ kim loi D l Ba. --> mBa = 6,85g.
Bi 6: Ho tan 23g mt hn hp gm Ba v 2 kim loi kim A, B
thuc 2 chu k k tip nhau trong bng tun hon vo nc thu c
dung dch D v 5,6 lit H2 (ktc).
Nu thm 180ml dung dch Na2SO4 0,5M vo dung dch D th
cha kt ta ht c Ba(OH)2. Nu thm 210ml dung dch Na2SO4
0,5M vo dung dch D th dung dch sau phn ng cn d Na2SO4.
Xc nh 2 kim loi kim trn.
p s: 2 kim loi kim l Na v K.

C-hn hp Kim loi tc dng vi dung dch mui.

Th d 1: Ngm thanh st vo hn hp dung dch gm AgNO 3 v
Cu(NO3)2
Phn ng xy ra theo th t nh sau:
* Mui ca kim loi c tnh oxi ho mnh hn s ( Ag + > Cu2+ ) tham
gia phn ng trc vi kim loi ( hoc ni cch khc l mui ca kim
loi hot ng ho hc yu hn s tham gia phn ng trc ).
Fe + 2AgNO3 Fe(NO3)2 + 2Ag
Fe + Cu(NO3)2 Fe(NO3)2 + Cu
Bi tp p dung:
1/ C 200ml hn hp dung dch gm AgNO3 0,1M v Cu(NO3)2 0,5M.
Thm 2,24g bt Fe kim loi vo dung dch khuy u ti phn
ng hon ton thu c cht rn A v dung dch B. a/ Tnh s
gam cht rn A.
b/Tnh nng mol/lit ca cc mui trong dung dch B, bit rng
th tch dung dch khng i.
Hng dn gii
Fe + 2AgNO3 Fe(NO3)2 + 2Ag ( 1 )
Fe + Cu(NO3)2 Fe(NO3)2 + Cu
(2)
n
n
S mol ca cc cht l: Fe = 0,04 mol ; AgNO3 = 0,02 mol ;
n
Cu(NO3)2 = 0,1 mol
V Ag hot ng ho hc yu hn Cu nn mui ca kim loi Ag s
tham gia phn ng vi Fe trc.
Theo p ( 1 ): nFe ( p ) = 0,01 mol ; Vy sau phn ng ( 1 ) th nFe
cn li = 0,03 mol.
Theo (p ( 2 ): ta c nCu(NO3)2 p = nFe cn d = 0,03 mol.
Vy sau p ( 2 ): nCu(NO3)2 cn d l = 0,1 0,03 = 0,07 mol
Cht rn A gm Ag v Cu
mA = 0,02 x 108 + 0,03 x 64 = 4,08g
dung dch B gm: 0,04 mol Fe(NO3)2 v 0,07 mol Cu(NO3)2 cn d.
Th tch dung dch khng thay i V = 0,2 lit
Vy nng mol/lit ca dung dch sau cng l:
CM [ Cu(NO 3 ) 2 ] d = 0,35M ; CM [ Fe (NO 3 ) 2 ] = 0,2M
2/ Cho 1,68 g Fe vo 200ml hn hp dung dch gm Cu(NO3)2 0,15M
v AgNO3 0,1M. Sau khi phn ng kt thc thu c cht rn A v
dung dch B.
a/ Tnh khi lng cht rn A.
b/ Tnh nng mol/lit ca dung dch B. Gi s th tch dung
dch khng thay i.
/S: a/ mA = 3,44g
b/ CM [ Cu(NO 3 ) 2 ] d = 0,05M v CM [ Fe (NO 3 ) 2 ] = 0,15M
Th d 2: Cho hn hp gm bt st v km vo trong cng 1 ng
nghim ( 1 l ) cha dung dch AgNO3.
Phn ng xy ra theo th t nh sau:

Kim loi c tnh kh mnh hn s tham gia phn ng trc vi mui.

Zn + 2AgNO3 Zn(NO3)2 + 2Ag
Fe + 2AgNO3 d Fe(NO3)2 + 2Ag
Bi tp p dng:
Nhng 2 ming kim loi Zn v Fe cng vo mt ng nghim ng
dung dch CuSO4, sau mt thi gian ly 2 ming kim loi ra th
trong dung dch nhn c bit nng ca mui Zn gp 2,5 ln
mui Fe. ng thi khi lng dung dch sau phn ng gim so vi trc phn ng 0,11g. Gi thit Cu gii phng u bm ht vo cc
thanh kim loi. Hy tnh khi lng Cu bm trn mi thanh.
Hng dn gii:
- Nu khi lng thanh kim loi tng = mkim lo i giai phong - mkim lo ai tan
- Nu khi lng thanh kim loi tng = mkim lo i tan - mkim lo ai giai phong
V Zn hot ng ho hc mnh hn Fe. Nn Zn tham gia phn ng
vi mui trc.

Zn
+
CuSO4
ZnSO4
+
Cu
(1)
x
x
x
x
(mol)

Fe
+
CuSO4
FeSO4
+
Cu
(2)
y
y
y
y
(mol)
V khi lng dung dch gim 0,11 g. Tc l khi lng 2 thanh kim
loi tng 0,11 g
Theo nh lut bo ton khi lng ta c: (160y 152y) + (160x
161x) = 0,11
Hay
8y x = 0,11
(I)
Mt khc: nng mui Zn = 2,5 ln nng mui Fe
* Nu l nng mol/lit th ta c
x : y = 2,5 (II) (V th
tch dung dch khng i)
* Nu l nng % th ta c
161x : 152y
= 2,5
(II) /
(Khi lng dd chung)
Gii h (I) v (II) ta c:
x = 0,02 mol v y = 0,05 mol .
mCu = 3,2 g v
mZn =
/
1,3 g
Gii h (I) v (II) ta c:
x=
0,046 mol v y = 0,0195 mol
mCu = 2,944 g v
mZn
= 1,267 g

Phng php dng mc so snh

Bi ton 1: Nhng 2 kim loi vo cng 1 dung dch mui ca kim loi
hot ng ho hc yu hn (cc kim loi tham gia phn ng phi t
Mg tr i).
Trng hp 1: Nu cho 2 kim loi trn vo 2 ng nghim ng cng
1 dung dch mui th lc ny c 2 kim loi ng thi cng xy ra
phn ng.
V d: Cho 2 kim loi l Mg v Fe vo 2 ng nghim cha dung dch
CuSO4
Xy ra ng thi cc phn ng:

Mg
+
CuSO4
MgSO4
+
Cu

Fe
+
CuSO4
FeSO4
+
Cu
Trng hp 2:
- Nu cho hn hp gm 2 kim loi l: Mg v Fe vo cng mt ng
nghim th lc ny xy ra phn ng theo th t ln lt nh sau:

Mg
+
CuSO4
MgSO4
+
Cu ( 1 )
- Phn ng (1) s dng li khi CuSO4 tham gia phn ng ht v Mg
dng vi lng va hoc cn d. Lc ny dung dch thu c l
MgSO4; cht rn thu c l Fe cha tham gia phn ng Cu va c
sinh ra, c th c Mg c d.
- C phn ng (2) xy ra khi CuSO4 sau khi tham gia phn ng (1)
cn d (tc l Mg ht)

Fe
+
CuSO4
FeSO4
+
Cu ( 2 )
Sau phn ng (2) c th xy ra cc trng hp l:
+ C Fe v CuSO4 u ht: dung dch thu c sau 2 phn ng l:
MgSO4, FeSO4; cht rn thu c l Cu.
+ Fe cn d v CuSO4 ht: dung dch thu c sau 2 phn ng l:
MgSO4, FeSO4; cht rn thu c l Cu v c th c Fe d.
+ CuSO4 cn d v Fe ht: dung dch thu c sau 2 phn ng l :
MgSO4 , FeSO4 v c th c CuSO4 cn d ; cht rn thu c l Cu.
Gii thch: Khi cho 2 kim loi trn vo cng 1 ng nghim cha
mui ca kim loi hot ng ho hc yu hn th kim loi no
hot ng ho hc mnh hn s tham gia phn ng trc vi mui
theo quy c sau:
Kim loi mnh + Mui ca kim loi yu hn Mui ca kim loi
mnh hn +
Kim loi yu
Trng hp ngoi l:
Fe ( r ) + 2FeCl3 ( dd )
Cu ( r ) + 2FeCl3 ( dd )

3FeCl2 ( dd )
2FeCl2 ( dd ) + CuCl2 ( dd )

Bi ton 2: Cho hn hp (hoc hp kim) gm Mg v Fe vo hn hp

dung dch mui ca 2 kim loi yu hn. (cc kim loi tham gia phn
ng phi t Mg tr i)
Bi 1: Cho hp kim gm Fe v Mg vo hn hp dung dch gm AgNO 3
v Cu(NO3)2 thu c dung dch A v cht rn B.
a/ C th xy ra nhng phn ng no?
b/ Dung dch A c th c nhng mui no v cht rn B c nhng
kim loi no? Hy bin lun v vit cc phn ng xy ra.
Hng dn
cu a.
Do Mg hot ng ho hc mnh hn Fe nn Mg s tham gia phn
ng trc.
V Ion Ag + c tnh oxi ho mnh hn ion Cu 2+ nn mui AgNO3 s
tham gia phn ng trc.
Tun theo quy lut:

Cht kh mnh + cht Oxi ho mnh

kh yu.

Cht Oxi ho yu + cht

Nn c cc phn ng.
Mg
+ 2AgNO3 Mg(NO3)2 + 2Ag (1)
Mg
+
Cu(NO3)2 Cu(NO3)2 + Cu (2)
Fe
+ 2AgNO3 Fe(NO3)2 + 2Ag (3)
Fe
+
Cu(NO3)2 Fe(NO3)2 + Cu (4)
Cu b
C cc trng hp c th xy ra nh sau.
Trng hp 1: Kim loi d, mui ht
* iu kin chung
- dung dch A khng c: AgNO3 v Cu(NO3)2
- cht rn B c Ag v Cu.
Nu Mg d th Fe cha tham gia phn ng nn dung dch A ch
c Mg(NO3)2 v cht rn B cha Mg d, Fe, Ag, Cu.
Nu Mg phn ng va ht vi hn hp dung dch trn v Fe cha
phn ng th dung dch A ch c Mg(NO3)2 v cht rn B
cha Fe, Ag, Cu.
Mg ht, Fe phn ng mt phn vn cn d (tc l hn hp dung
dch ht) th dung dch A cha Mg(NO3)2, Fe(NO3)2 v cht
rn B cha Fe d, Ag, Cu.
Trng hp 2: Kim loi v mui phn ng va ht.
Dung dch A: Mg(NO3)2, Fe(NO3)2
Cht rn B: Ag, Cu.
Trng hp 3: Mui d, 2 kim loi phn ng ht.
* iu kin chung

Dung dch A chc chn c: Mg(NO3)2, Fe(NO3)2

Kt ta B khng c: Mg, Fe.
Nu AgNO3 d v Cu(NO3)2 cha phn ng: th dung dch A
cha AgNO3, Cu(NO3)2,
Mg(NO3)2, Fe(NO3)2 v cht rn B ch c Ag.(duy nht)
Nu AgNO3 phn ng va ht v Cu(NO3)2 cha phn ng: th
dung dch A cha Cu(NO3)2, Mg(NO3)2, Fe(NO3)2 v cht rn B
ch c Ag.(duy nht)
AgNO3 ht v Cu(NO3)2 phn ng mt phn vn cn d: th
dung dch A cha Cu(NO3)2 d Mg(NO3)2, Fe(NO3)2 v cht rn
B ch c Ag, Cu.

Bi tp: Mt thanh kim loi M ho tr II c nhng vo trong 1 lit

dung dch CuSO4 0,5M. Sau mt thi gian ly thanh M ra v cn li,
thy khi lng ca thanh tng 1,6g, nng CuSO4 gim cn bng
0,3M.
a/ Xc nh kim loi M
b/ Ly thanh M c khi lng ban u bng 8,4g nhng vo hh dung
dch cha AgNO3 0,2M v CuSO4 0,1M. Thanh M c tan ht khng?
Tnh khi lng cht rn A thu c sau phn ng v nng mol/lit
cc cht c trong dung dch B (gi s th tch dung dch khng
thay i)
Hng dn gii:
a/ M l Fe.
b/ s mol Fe = 0,15 mol; s mol AgNO3 = 0,2 mol; s mol CuSO4 =
0,1 mol.
(cht kh

Fe

Cu2+

Ag+ (cht oxh mnh)

0,15
0,1
0,2
( mol )
2+
Ag C Tnh o xi ho mnh hn Cu nn mui AgNO3 tham gia
phn ng vi Fe trc.
PTHH :

Fe
+
2AgNO3
Fe(NO3)2
+
2Ag
(1)

Fe
+
CuSO4
FeSO4
+
Cu
(2)
Theo bi ra ta thy, sau phn ng (1) th Ag NO3 phn ng ht v
Fe cn d: 0,05 mol
Sau phn ng (2) Fe tan ht v cn d CuSO4 l: 0,05 mol
Dung dch thu c sau cng l: c 0,1 mol Fe(NO3)2; 0,05 mol FeSO4
v 0,05 mol CuSO4 d
Cht rn A l: c 0,2 mol Ag v 0,05 mol Cu
mA = 24,8 g
V th tch dung dch khng thay i nn V = 1 lit
Vy nng ca cc cht sau phn ng l :
CM [ Fe (NO 3 ) 2 ] = 0,1M ; CM [ CuSO 4 ] d = 0,05M ; CM [ Fe SO 4 ] = 0,05M
+

Bi tp p dng:
Bi 1: Nhng mt thanh kim loi M ho tr II vo 0,5 lit dd CuSO 4
0,2M. Sau mt thi gian phn ng, khi lng thanh M tng ln 0,40 g
trong khi nng CuSO4 cn li l 0,1M.
a/ Xc nh kim loi M.
b/ Ly m(g) kim loi M cho vo 1 lit dd cha AgNO3 v Cu(NO3)2 ,
nng mi mui l 0,1M. Sau phn ng ta thu c cht rn A
khi lng 15,28g v dd B. Tnh m(g)?
Hng dn gii:
a/ theo bi ra ta c PTHH .

Fe
+
CuSO4
FeSO4
+
Cu
(1)
S mol Cu(NO3)2 tham gia phn ng (1) l: 0,5 (0,2 0,1) = 0,05
mol
tng khi lng ca M l:
mtng = mkl gp - mkl tan = 0,05 (64 M) = 0,40
gii ra: M = 56, vy M l Fe
b/ ta ch bit s mol ca AgNO3 v s mol ca Cu(NO3)2. Nhng
khng bit s mol ca Fe
(cht kh
Fe
Cu2+
Ag+ (cht oxh mnh)
0,1
0,1
( mol )
2+
Ag C Tnh oxi ho mnh hn Cu nn mui AgNO3 tham gia phn
ng vi Fe trc.
PTHH:

Fe
+
2AgNO3
Fe(NO3)2
+
2Ag
(1)

Fe
+
CuSO4
FeSO4
+
Cu
(2)
Ta c 2 mc so snh:
- Nu va xong phn ng (1): Ag kt ta ht, Fe tan ht, Cu(NO 3)2
cha phn ng.
Cht rn A l Ag th ta c: mA = 0,1 x 108 = 10,8 g
- Nu va xong c phn ng (1) v (2) th khi cht rn A gm:
0,1 mol Ag v 0,1 mol Cu
mA = 0,1 ( 108 + 64 ) = 17,2 g
theo cho mA = 15,28 g ta c: 10,8 < 15,28 < 17,2
vy AgNO3 phn ng ht, Cu(NO3)2 phn ng mt phn v Fe tan
ht.
mCu to ra = mA mAg = 15,28 10,80 = 4,48 g. Vy s mol ca Cu
= 0,07 mol.
Tng s mol Fe tham gia c 2 phn ng l: 0,05 ( p 1 ) + 0,07 ( p 2 )
= 0,12 mol
Khi lng Fe ban u l: 6,72g
+

Bi 2: Cho 8,3 g hn hp gm Al v Fe c s mol bng nhau vo

100ml hn hp dung dch cha AgNO3 2M v Cu(NO3)2 1,5M. Xc
nh kim loi c gii phng, khi lng l bao nhiu?
/S: mrn = mAg + mCu = 0,2 . 108 + 0,15 . 64 = 31,2 g

Bi 3: Mt thanh kim loi M ho tr II nhng vo 1 lt dd FeSO 4, thy

khi lng M tng ln 16g. Nu nhng cng thanh kim loi y vo 1 lit
dd CuSO4 th thy khi lng thanh kim loi tng ln 20g. Bit
rng cc phn ng ni trn u xy ra hon ton v sau phn ng
cn d kim loi M, 2 dd FeSO4 v CuSO4 c cng nng mol ban
u.
a/ Tnh nng mol/lit ca mi dd v xc nh kim loi M.
b/ Nu khi lng ban u ca thanh kim loi M l 24g, chng t
rng sau phn ng vi mi dd trn cn d M. Tnh khi lng kim loi
sau 2 phn ng trn.
HDG:
a/ V th tch dung dch khng thay i, m 2 dd li c nng
bng nhau. Nn chng c cng s mol. Gi x l s mol ca FeSO 4
(cng chnh l s mol ca CuSO4)
Lp PT ton hc v gii: M l Mg, nng mol/lit ca 2 dd ban u
l: 0,5 M
b/ Vi FeSO4 th khi lng thanh Mg sau phn ng l: 40g
Vi CuSO4 th khi lng thanh Mg sau phn ng l: 44g

Chuyn 12:
Bi ton hn hp mui
Cc bi ton vn dng s mol trung bnh v xc nh
khong s mol ca cht.
1/ i vi cht kh. (hn hp gm c 2 kh)
Khi lng trung bnh ca 1 lit hn hp kh ktc:

MTB =

M 1V M 21V2
22 , 4V

Khi lng trung bnh ca 1 mol hn hp kh ktc:

MTB =
Hoc:
hp)
Hoc:

MTB =

M 1n1 M 2 ( n n1 )
n

MTB =

M 1 x1 M 2 (1 x1 )
1

M 1V1 M 2V2
V

(n l tng s mol kh trong hn

(x1l % ca kh th nht)

Hoc: MTB = dhh/kh x . Mx

2/ i vi cht rn, lng.
MTB ca hh = nhh
Tnh cht 1:
MTB ca hh c gi tr ph thuc vo thnh phn v lng cc cht
thnh phn trong hn hp.
Tnh cht 2:
MTB ca hh lun nm trong khong khi lng mol phn t ca cc
cht thnh phn nh nht v ln nht.
mhh

Mmin < nhh < Mmax

Tnh cht 3:
Hn hp 2 cht A, B c MA < MB v c thnh phn % theo s mol
l a(%) v b(%)
Th khong xc nh s mol ca hn hp l.

<

mB
MB

nhh

<

mA
MA

Gi s A hoc B c % = 100% v cht kia c % = 0 hoc ngc li.

Lu :
- Vi bi ton hn hp 2 cht A, B (cha bit s mol) cng tc dng vi 1
hoc c 2 cht X, Y ( bit s mol). bit sau phn ng ht
A, B hay X, Y cha. C th gi thit hn hp A, B ch cha 1 cht A
hoc B
- Vi MA < MB nu hn hp ch cha A th:

nA =

mhh
MA

> nhh =

mhh
M hh

Nh vy nu X, Y tc dng vi A m cn d, th X, Y s c d tc
dng ht vi hn hp A, B
Vi MA < MB, nu hn hp ch cha B th:
-

nB =

mhh
MB

< nhh =

mhh
M hh

Nh vy nu X, Y tc dng cha vi B th cng khng tc

dng ht vi hn hp A, B.
Ngha l sau phn ng X, Y ht, cn A, B d.

A- Ton hn hp mui cacbonat

Bi 1: Cho 5,68g hn hp gm CaCO3 v MgCO3 ho tan vo dung
dch HCl d, kh CO2 thu c cho hp th hon ton bi 50ml dung
dch Ba(OH)2 0,9M to ra 5,91g kt ta. Tnh khi lng v thnh
phn % theo khi lng mi mui trong hn hp.
p s: mMgCO 3 = 1,68g v m CaCO 3 = 4g
Bi 2: Ho tan hon ton 27,4g hn hp gm M2CO3 v MHCO3 (M l
kim loi kim) bng 500ml dung dch HCl 1M thy thot ra 6,72 lit
kh CO2 (ktc). trung ho axit d phi dng 50ml dung dch
NaOH 2M.
a/ Xc nh 2 mui ban u.
b/ Tnh thnh phn % theo khi lng mi mui trong hn hp ban
u.
p s:
a/ M l Na ---> 2 mui l Na2CO3 v NaHCO3
b/ %Na2CO3 = 38,6% v %NaHCO3
Bi 3: Ho tan 8g hn hp A gm K2CO3 v MgCO3 vo dung dch
H2SO4 d, kh sinh ra c sc vo 300ml dung dch Ba(OH)2 0,2M,
thu c m(g) kt ta.
Tnh thnh phn % theo khi lng mi mui trong hn hp A m
t gi tr cc tiu(nh nht) v cc i(ln nht).
p s:
Khi lng kt ta l cc tiu(nh nht) khi CO2 l cc i. Tc l
%K2CO3 = 0% v %MgCO3 = 100%.
Khi lng kt ta l cc i(ln nht) khi nCO2 = nBa(OH)2 = 0,06
mol. Tc l %K2CO3 = 94,76% v %MgCO3 = 5,24%.
Bi 4: Cho 4,2g mui cacbonat ca kim loi ho tr II. Ho tan vo
dung dch HCl d, th c kh thot ra. Ton b lng kh c hp th
vo 100ml dung dch Ba(OH)2 0,46M thu c 8,274g kt ta. Tm
cng thc ca mui v kim loi ho tr II.
p s:
TH1 khi Ba(OH)2 d, th cng thc ca mui l: CaCO3 v kim loi
ho tr II l Ca.
TH2 khi Ba(OH)2 thiu, th cng thc ca mui l MgCO3 v kim
loi ho tr II l Mg.
Bi 5: Ho tan ht 4,52g hn hp gm 2 mui cacbonat ca 2 kim
loi A, B k tip nhu trong phn nhm chnh nhm II bng 200ml

dung dch HCl 0,5M. Sau phn ng thu c dung dch C v 1,12 lit
kh D (ktc).
a/ Xc nh 2 kim loi A, B.
b/ Tnh tng khi lng ca mui to thnh trong dung dch C.
c/ Ton b lng kh D thu c trn c hp th hon ton bi
200ml dung dch Ba(OH)2. Tnh nng mol/l ca dung dch
Ba(OH)2 :
Thu c 1,97g kt ta.
Thu c lng kt ta ln nht, nh nht.
p s:
a/ 2 kim loi l Mg v Ca
b/ mmui = 5,07g
c/ - TH1: 0,15M
TH2: khi kt ta thu c ln nht l 0,25M.
TH3: khi kt ta thu c nh nht l 0,125M.
Bi 6: Cho 10,8g hn hp gm 2 mui cacbonat ca 2 kim loi k
tip nhau trong phn nhm chnh nhm II tc dng vi dung dch
H2SO4 long d, thu c 23,64g kt ta. Tm cng thc ca 2 mui
trn v tnh thnh phn % theo khi lng ca mi mui trong hn
hp ban u.
%MgCO3 = 58,33% v %CaCO3 = 41,67%.
Bi 7: Ho tan hn hp Na2CO3 v KHCO3 vo nc thnh 400 ml dung
dch A. Cho t t 100 ml dung dch HCl 1,5M vo dung dch A
ng thi khuy u, khi phn ng kt thc ta c dung dch B
v 1,008 lt kh ( ktc). Cho dung dch B tc dng vi dung dch
Ba(OH)2 d c 29,55g kt ta. Tnh khi lng cc cht c trong hn
hp ban u. Nu cho t t dung dch A vo bnh ng 100 ml
dung dch HCl 1,5M th thu c th tch kh thot ra ( ktc) l
bao nhiu?
HDG:
a, t x, y ln lt l s mol ca 2 mui Na2CO3 v KHCO3 (x, y > 0)
Ta c PTP:
Giai on 1: NaCO3 + HCl NaCl + NaHCO3 ( 1 )
Mol:
x
x
x
x

n
n
Nh vy: HCO3 x y (mol ) ; Theo PT (1) th NaHCO3 = n Na2CO3
= x (mol)
Gi a, b l s mol ca HCO3 tham gia phn ng vi dung dch HCl
v dung dch Ba(OH)2
Giai on 2: HCO3 + HCl Cl + H2O + CO2 ( 2 )
Mol:
a
a
a
a
n
Theo bi ra: HCl = 0,1.1,5 = 0,15 ( mol )
n

HCl

( P 2 )

n Na2CO3

( b )

CO2 = a =
n

HCl

1,008
22,4

(P1)

= 0,045 ( mol )

= 0,15 0,045 = 0,105 (mol)

Sau phn ng (1) th ton b Na2CO3 chuyn thnh NaHCO3.

Khi cho dung dch B tc dng vi dung dch Ba(OH) 2 d xy ra phn
ng sau:
HCO3 + Ba(OH)2 BaCO3 + OH + H2O ( 3 )
Mol :
b
b
b
b
n

BaCO3 = b =

29,55
197

= 0,15 ( mol )

Vy n HCO3 ( P ) = a + b = x + y = 0,045 + 0,15 = 0,195 (mol)

n KHCO3 ( b ) = 0,195 0,105 = 0,09 (mol)
Khi lng ca mi cht trong hn hp ban u:
m
Na2CO3 = 0,105 . 106 = 11,13g
m
KHCO3 = 0,09 . 100 = 9g
b/ Khi cho dung dch A vo bnh cha dung dch HCl 1,5M th xy
ra phn ng
*Nu c 2 phn ng xy ra ng thi th ta thy phng trnh
(4) nu gii phng 1 mol kh CO2 cn 2 mol HCl ,gp i s mol
HCl dng cho phn ng (5).
t z l s mol HCl tham gia phn ng (5); th s mol HCl tham gia
phn ng (4) l 2z (mol)
Na2CO3 + 2HCl NaCl + H2O + CO2 ( 4 )
KHCO3 + HCl KCl + H2O + CO2 ( 5 )
Theo PTP ta c: 2z + z = 0,1.1,5 = 0,15 (mol) z = 0,05
( mol ). S mol CO2 thot ra l:
0,1 ( mol )
*Nu phn ng ( 4 ) xy ra trc: ta c 2z = 0,15 ( mol ) z =
0,075 (mol); m s mol ca Na2CO3 = 0,105( mol ) > 0,075.Vy nn
axt phi phn ng ht,nn s mol kh CO2 thot ra l 0,075 (mol)
*Nu phn ng (5) xy ra trc: ta c z = 0,09 ( mol ) z = 0,09
(mol); m s mol ca HCl = 0,15 (mol).Vy s mol HCl cn d = 0,15
0,09 = 0,06 (mol) s tip tc tham gia phn ng (4) .Khi 2z =
0,06 (mol) z = 0,03 (mol). Vy tng s mol CO2 thot ra l:
n
CO2 = 0,09 + 0,03 = 0,12 (mol)
kt hp cc d kin ta c: 0,075 ( mol ) < n CO2 < 0,12(mol)
Hay 1,68 ( lt ) < VCO 2 < 2,688 (lt)
Bi 8: Cho 28,1g qung lmt gm MgCO3; BaCO3 (%MgCO3 = a
%) vo dung dch HCl d thu c V (lt) CO2 ( ktc).
a/ Xc nh V (lt).
b/ Sc V (lt) CO2 va thu c vo dung dch nc vi trong. Tnh
khi lng kt ta ti a thu c bit s mol Ca(OH)2 = 0,2 (mol) v
khi lng ca mi cht c trong hn hp ban u.
Hng dn:
a/ Theo bi ra ta c PTHH:
MgCO3 + 2HCl MgCl2 +
H2O + CO2
(1)
x(mol)
x(mol)
BaCO3
+ 2HCl BaCl2
+
H2O + CO2
(2)
y(mol)
y(mol)
CO2
+
Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 + H2O
(3)

0,2(mol) 0,2(mol) 0,2(mol)

CO2
+
CaCO3 + H2O Ca(HCO3)2
Gi s hn hp ch c MgCO3.Vy mBaCO3 = 0
S mol: nMgCO3 =

28,1
84

(4)

= 0,3345 (mol)

Nu hn hp ch ton l BaCO3 th mMgCO3 = 0

28,1

S mol: nBaCO3 = 197 = 0,143 (mol)

Theo PT (1) v (2) ta c s mol CO2 gii phng l:
0,143 (mol) nCO2 0,3345 (mol)
Vy th tch kh CO2 thu c ktc l: 3,2 (lt) VCO 2 7,49
(lt)
b/ Khi lng kt ta thu c l:
*Nu s mol ca CO2 l: 0,143 ( mol ), th ch c PTP (3) xy ra v
d Ca(OH)2, theo PTP th nCaCO3 = nCO2 = 0,143 (mol).
Vy khi lng kt ta thu c l: mCaCO3 = 0,143 . 100 = 1,43g
*Nu s mol ca CO2 l: 0,3345 (mol), th c c P (3) v (4), theo
PTP ta c: S mol CO2 tham gia P (3) l: nCO2 = nCa(OH)2 = 0,2
(mol). Vy s mol CO2 d l: 0,3345 0,2 = 0,1345 (mol). Tip tc
tham gia P (4) khi :
S mol ca CaCO3 to ra (3) l: nCaCO3 = nCa(OH)2 = 0,2 (mol).
S mol ca CaCO3 P (4) l: nCaCO3 = nCO2 ( d ) = 0,1345 (mol)
Vy sau P (4) s mol ca CaCO3 cn li l: 0,2 0,1345 = 0,0655
(mol)
Khi lng kt ta thu c l: mCaCO3 = 0,0655 . 100 = 6,55g
* thu c kt ta ti a th nCO2 = nCa(OH)2 = 0,2 (mol).
Vy nCaCO3 = nCa(OH)2 = 0,2(mol)
Khi lng ca CaCO3 l: mCaCO3 = 0,2 . 100 = 20g
t x,y ln lt l s mol ca MgCO3 v BaCO3
Theo bi ra v PT (3) ta c:
x + y = 0,2 (*)
x = 0,1(mol)
Gii h PT (*) v (**) ta c:
84x + 197y = 28,1 (**)
y = 0,1(mol)
Vy khi lng ca mi cht c trong hn hp ban u l:
m
MgCO3 = 0,1 . 84 = 8,4g
m
BaCO3 = 0,1 .197 = 19,7g
Bi 9: Khi thm t t v khuy u 0,8 lit dd HCl 0,5 M vo dd
cha 35g hn hp A gm 2 mui Na2CO3 v K2CO3 th c 2,24 lit kh
CO2 thot ra ( ktc) v dd D. Thm dd Ca(OH)2 c d vo dd D thu
c kt ta B.
a/ Tnh khi lng mi mui trong hn hp A v khi lng kt ta B.
b/ Thm m (g) NaHCO3 vo hn hp A c hn hp A/. Tin hnh th
nghim tng t nh trn, th tch dd HCl 0,5M thm vo vn l 0,8
lit, dd thu c l dd D/. Khi thm Ca(OH)2 d vo dd D/ c kt ta B/
nng 30 g. Tnh V (lit) kh CO2 thot ra ( ktc) v m (g).
Hng dn gii:

Gi x, y ln lt l s mol ca Na2CO3 v K2CO3.

Theo bi ra: S mol HCl = 0,4 mol
Giai on 1:
HCl + Na2CO3 NaHCO3 + NaCl
(1)
HCl +
K2CO3 KHCO3 + KCl
(2)
Sau phn ng (1 v 2) S mol HCl cn li l: 0,4 (x + y) tip tc
tham gia phn ng
Giai on 2:
HCl +
NaHCO3 NaCl
+
H2O
+
CO2
(3)
HCl +
KHCO3
KCl
+
H2O
+
CO2
(4)
Theo bi ra ta c: S mol CO2 = 0,1 mol.
Theo PTP ( 3 v 4 ) th: S mol HCl ( p ) = S mol CO2 = 0,1 mol.
Khi thm dd Ca(OH)2 d vo dd D thu c kt ta B , chng t HCl
tham gia phn ng ht. Trong D ch cha Mui clo rua v mui
hir cacbonat (cn li sau phn ng 3 v 4)
Theo PTP:

NaHCO3 +
Ca(OH)2
CaCO3
+
NaOH
+ H2O (5)

KHCO3 +
Ca(OH)2
CaCO3
+
KOH
+ H2O (6)
T cc PT (1, 2, 3, 4) ta c: x + y = 0,3
(I)
Theo bi ra ta c: 106 x + 138 y = 35 (II)
Gii h PT (I) v (II): ta c x = 0,2 ; y = 0,1.
Khi lng ca cc cht trong hn hp ban u l: m Na 2 CO 3 = 21,2
g ; mK 2 CO 3 = 13,8 g
Theo PT (5,6) S mol CaCO3 = S mol (NaKHO3 + KHCO3) cn li
sau phn ng (3,4)
Theo PT (3,4) S mol NaHCO3 + KHCO3 phn ng = S mol CO2 gii
phng = 0,1 mol
Vy s mol NaHCO3 + KHCO3 cn li l: 0,3 0,1 = 0,2 mol
Khi lng CaCO3 to thnh l: 0,2 x 100 = 20 g
b/ khi thm m(g) NaHCO3 vo hn hp A
giai on 1: ch c Na2CO3 v K2CO3 phn ng nn s mol ca HCl
vn l: x + y = 0,3 mol
s mol HCl phn ng giai on 2 vn l: 0,1 mol
Do s mol CO2 vn l 0,1 mol. Vy VCO 2 = 0,1 x 22,4 = 2,24 lit
Nu gi s mol ca NaHCO3 thm vo l b (mol)
Th tng s mol NaHCO3 + KHCO3 cn li sau giai on 2 l: (0,2 +
b) mol
Theo bi ra ta c: 0,2 + b = 30 : 100 = 0,3. Vy b = 0,1 (mol)
Khi lng NaHCO3 thm vo l: 0,1 x 84 = 8,4 g
Bi 10: Cho 38,2g hn hp gm 2 mui cacbonat trung ho ca 2
kim loi ho tr I tc dng va vi dung dch axit HCl th thu c
6,72 lit CO2 (ktc).
a/ Tm tng khi lng 2 mui thu c sau phn ng.
b/ Tm 2 kim loi trn, bit 2 kim loi ny lin tip nhau trong phn
nhm chnh nhm I.

p s:
a/ mhh mui = 41,5g.
b/ 2 kim loi trn l Na v K.
Bi 11: Mt hn hp X gm Na2CO3 v K2CO3 c khi lng l 10,5g.
Khi cho hn hp X tc dng vi HCl d th thu c 2,016 lit kh CO2
(ktc).
a/ Xc nh thnh phn % theo khi lng ca hn hp X.
b/ Ly 21g hn hp X vi thnh phn nh trn cho tc dng vi dung
dch HCl va (khng c kh thot ra). Tnh th tch dung dch
HCl 2M cn dng.
p s:
a/ %Na2CO3 = 60,57% v %K2CO3 = 39,43%.
Bi 12: Cho 7,2g hn hp A gm 2 mui cacbonat ca 2 kim loi k
tip nhau trong phn nhm chnh nhm II. Cho A ho tan ht
trong dung dch H2SO4 long thu c kh B, cho ton b kh B hp
th ht bi 450ml dung dch Ba(OH)2 0,2M thu c 15,76g kt ta.
Xc nh 2 mui cacbonat v tnh thnh phn % theo khi lng
ca chng tronh hn hp.
p s:
TH1: Ba(OH)2 d --> 2 mui l: MgCO3 v CaCO3
%MgCO3 = 58,33% v %CaCO3 = 41,67%
TH2: Ba(OH)2 thiu --> 2 mui l: MgCO3 v BeCO3
%MgCO3 = 23,33% v %BeCO3 = 76,67%
Bi 13: Cho 9,2g hn hp A gm 2 mui cacbonat ca 2 kim loi k
tip nhau trong phn nhm chnh nhm II. Ho tan hon ton hn
hp a trong dung dch HCl thu c kh B, cho ton b kh B hp th
ht bi 550ml dung dch Ba(OH)2 0,2M thu c 19,7g kt ta. Xc
nh 2 mui cacbonat v tnh thnh phn % theo khi lng ca
chng trong hn hp u.
p s:
TH1: Ba(OH)2 d --> 2 mui l: MgCO3 v CaCO3
%MgCO3 = 45,65% v %CaCO3 = 54,35%
TH2: Ba(OH)2 thiu --> 2 mui l: MgCO3 v BeCO3
%MgCO3 = 44% v %BeCO3 = 56%
Bi 14: Mt hn hp X gm 2 kim loi A, B thuc 2 chu k lin tip
trong bng tun hon, c khi lng l 8,5g. Cho X phn ng ht vi
nc cho ra 3,36 lit kh H2(ktc)
a/ Xc nh 2 kim loi v tnh khi lng mi kim loi trong hn hp
u.
b/ Thm vo 8,5g hn hp X trn, 1 kim loi kim th D c hn hp
Y, cho Y tc dng vi nc thu c dung dch E v 4,48 lit kh H2
(ktc). C cn dung dch E ta c cht rn Z c khi lng l 22,15g.
Xc nh D v khi lng ca D.

c/ trung ho dung dch E trn cn bao nhiu lt dung dch F

cha HCl 0,2M v H2SO4 0,1M. Tnh khi lng kt ta thu c.
p s:
a/ mNa = 4,6g v mK = 3,9g.
b/ kim loi D l Ba. --> mBa = 6,85g.
c/ S mol BaSO4 = s mol Ba(OH)2 = s mol Ba = 0,05mol.
---> khi lng ca BaSO4 = 0,05 . 233 = 11,65g.
Bi 15: Ho tan 23g mt hn hp gm Ba v 2 kim loi kim A, B
thuc 2 chu k k tip nhau trong bng tun hon vo nc thu c
dung dch D v 5,6 lit H2 (ktc).
a/ Nu trung ho 1/2 dung dch D cn bao nhiu ml dung dch
H2SO4 0,5M? C cn dung dch thu c sau khi trung ho th c
bao nhiu gam mui khan?
b/ Nu thm 180ml dung dch Na2SO4 0,5M vo dung dch D th
cha kt ta ht c Ba(OH)2. Nu thm 210ml dung dch Na2SO4
0,5M vo dung dch D th dung dch sau phn ng cn d Na2SO4.
Xc nh 2 kim loi kim trn.
p s:
a/ mhh mui = 23,75g
b/ 2 kim loi kim l Na v K.

B- Ton hn hp mui halogen.

Cn nh:
halogen ng trn y c halogen ng di ra khi mui.
Tt c halogen u tan tr: AgCl, AgBr, AgI.
Hin nhin: AgF tan.
Bi 1: Mt hn hp 3 mui NaF, NaCl, NaBr nng 4,82g. Ho tan
hon ton trong nc c dung dch A. Sc kh Cl2 vo dung dch A
ri c cn, thu c 3,93g mui khan. Ly mt na lng mui khan
ny ho tan trong nc ri cho phn ng vi dung dch AgNO3 d, thu
c 4,305g kt ta. Vit cc phn ng xy ra v tnh thnh phn
% theo khi lng mi mui trong hn hp ban u.
Hng dn:
PTHH xy ra:
Cl2 + 2NaBr ---> 2NaCl +
Br2
(1)
z
z
mol
T PT (1) --> Trong 3,93g hn hp c cha x(mol) NaF v (y + z)
mol NaCl.
Phn ng to kt ta:
AgNO3
+
NaCl ----> NaNO3 + AgCl (2)
yz
2

yz
2

Ta c h PT.
mmui ban u = 42x + 58,5y + 103z = 4,82 (I)

mol

mmui khan = 42x + 58,5(y + z) = 3,93

S mol AgCl =

yz
2

(II)

= 4,305 : 143,5 = 0,03 (III)

Gii h 3 phng trnh: x = 0,01, y = 0,04, z = 0,02

---> %NaCl = 48,5%; %NaBr = 42,7% v %NaF = 8,8%.
Bi 2: Dung dch A c cha 2 mui l AgNO3 v Cu(NO3)2, trong
nng ca AgNO3 l 1M. Cho 500ml dung dch A tc dng vi
24,05g mui gm KI v KCl, to ra c 37,85g kt ta v dung dch
B. Ngm mt thanh km vo trong dung dch B. Sau khi phn ng
kt thc nhn thy khi lng thanh kim loi km tng thm 22,15g.
a/ Xc nh thnh phn % theo s mol ca mui KI v KCl.
b/ Tnh khi lng Cu(NO3)2 trong 500ml dung dch A.
p s:
a/ nKI = nKCl ---> %nKI = %nKCl = 50%.
b/ S mol Cu(NO3)2 = 0,5 mol ----> khi lng Cu(NO3)2 = 94g.
Bi 3: Ho tan 5,94g hn hp 2 mui clorua ca 2 kim loi A v B( A,
B l 2 kim loi thuc phn nhm chnh nhm II) vo nc, c 100ml
dung dch X. Ngi ta cho dung dch X tc dng va vi dung
dch AgNO3 th thu c 17,22g kt ta. Lc kt ta thu c dung
dch Y c th tch l 200ml. C cn dung dch Y thu c m(g) hn
hp mui khan.
a/ Tnh m?
b/ Xc nh CTHH ca 2 mui clorua. Bit t l KLNT A so vi B l 5
: 3 v trong mui ban u c t l s phn t A i vi s phn
t mui B l 1 : 3.
c/ Tnh nng mol/l ca cc mui trong dung dch X.
Hng dn:
Vit cc PTHH xy ra.
t x, y l s mol ca mui ACl2 v BCl2
Ta c: (MA + 71).x + (MB + 71)y = 5,94
S mol AgCl to ra = 2(x + y) = 17,22 : 143,5 = 0,12 mol ---> x + y
= 0,06.
----> xMA + yMB = 1,68
dd Y thu c gm x mol A(NO3)2 v y mol B(NO3)2 ---> mui khan.
(MA + 124)x + (MB + 124)y = m
Thay cc gi tr ta c: m = 9,12g
b/ theo bi ra ta c:
MA : M B = 5 : 3
x : y = n A : nB = 1 : 3
x + y = 0,06
xMA + yMB = 1,68
Gii h phng trnh ta c: MA = 40 v MB = 24.
Nng mol/l ca cc dung dch l:
CM(CaCl2) = 0,15M v CM(BaCl2) = 0,45M.

Bi 4: Chia 8,84 gam hn hp MCl v BaCl2 thnh 2 phn bng nhau.

Ho tan phn 1 vo nc ri cho phn ng vi AgNO3 d thu c 8,61g
kt ta. em in phn nng chy phn 2 n hon ton thu c
V lit kh X ktc. Bit s mol MCl chim 80% s mol trong hn hp
ban u.
a/ Xc nh kim loi M v tnh thnh phn % theo khi lng mi
cht trong hn hp u.
b/ Tnh V?
Hng dn:
Gi s mol MCl v BaCl2 trong 8,84g hn hp l 2x v 2y (mol)
Cc PTHH xy ra:
MCl + AgNO3 ---> AgCl + MNO3
BaCl2 + 2AgNO3 ----> Ba(NO3)2 + 2AgCl
Phn 2:
2MCl -----> 2M + Cl2
BaCl2 ------> Ba + Cl2
Ta c: nAgCl = x + 2y = 8,61 : 143,5 = 0,06 mol
---> nCl 2 = (x + 2y) : 2 = 0,03 mol
Vy th tch kh Cl2 thu c ktc l:
V = 0,03 . 22,4 = 0,672 lit
- V MCl chim 80% tng s mol nn ta c: x = 4y ---> x = 0,04 v
y = 0,01.
mhh X = (M + 35,5).2x + (137 + 71).2y = 8,84 ---> M = 23 v M c
ho tr I, M l Na.
%NaCl = 52,94% v %BaCl2 = 47,06%.
Bi 5: Mt hp cht ho hc c to thnh t kim loi ho tr II v phi
kim ho tr I. Ho tan 9,2g hp cht ny vo nc c 100ml dung
dch. Chia dung dch ny thnh 2 phn bng nhau. Thm mt lng
d dung dch AgNO3 vo phn 1, thy to ra 9,4g kt ta. Thm mt
lng d dung dch Na2CO3 vo phn 2, thu c 2,1g kt ta.
a/ Tm cng thc ho hc ca hp cht ban u.
b/ Tnh nng mol/l ca dung dch pha ch.
Hng dn.
t R l KHHH ca kim loi ho tr II v X l KHHH ca phi kim
c ho tr I
Ta c CTHH ca hp cht l: RX2
t 2a l s mol ca hp cht RX2 ban u.
Ta c: 2a(MR + 2MX) = 9,2 (g) ----> a.MR + 2.a.MX = 4,6 (I)
Vit cc PTHH xy ra:
Phn 1:
2a(MAg + MX) = 216.a + 2.a.MX = 9,4
(II)
Hay 2.a.MAg - a.MR = 216.a - a.MR = 9,4 4,6 = 4,8
(*)
Phn 2:
a(MR + MCO 3 ) = a.MR + 60.a = 2,1
(III)
Hay 2.a.MX - a.MCO 3 = 2.a.MX 60.a = 4,6 2,1 =
2,5 (**)

T (*) v (III) ---> 216.a + 60.a = 4,8 + 2,1 = 6,9 ---> a = 0,025.
Thay a = 0,025 vo (III) ---> MR = 24. Vy R l Mg
Thay vo (I) ---> MX = 80. Vy X l Br.
CTHH ca hp cht: MgBr2
p s:
a/ Cng thc ho hc ca hp cht l MgBr2
b/ Nng dung dch MgBr2 l 0,5M.
Bi 6: Hn hp A gm 3 mui MgCl2, NaBr, KI. Cho 93,4g hn hp A
tc dng vi 700ml dung dch AgNO3 2M. Sau khi phn ng kt thc
thu c dung dch D v kt ta B, cho 22,4g bt Fe vo dung dch
D. Sau khi phn ng xong thu c cht rn F v dung dch E. Cho F
vo dung dch HCl d to ra 4,48 lit H2 (ktc). Cho dung dch NaOH
d vo dung dch E thu c kt ta, nung kt ta trong khng kh
cho n khi lng khng i thu c 24g cht rn. Tnh khi lng
kt ta B.
Hng dn:
Gi a, b, c ln lt l s mol MgCl2, NaBr, KI.
Vit cc PTHH xy ra.
Dung dch D gm: Mg(NO3)2, NaNO3, KNO3, v AgNO3 cn d.
Kt ta B gm: AgCl, AgBr, AgI.
Rn F gm: Ag v Fe cn d.
Dung dch E: Fe(NO3)2, Mg(NO3)2, NaNO3, KNO3 ch c Fe(NO3)2,
Mg(NO3)2 tham gia phn ng vi dung dch NaOH d.
----> 24g rn sau khi nung l: Fe2O3 v MgO.
p s:
mB = 179,6g.
Bi 7: Ho tan 104,25g hn hp cc mui NaCl v NaI vo nc. Cho
kh clo i qua ri un cn. Nung cht rn thu c cho n khi
ht hi mu tm bay ra. B cht rn thu c sau khi nung nng
58,5g. Tnh thnh phn % theo khi lng mi mui trong hn hp.
Hng dn:
Gi a, b ln lt l s mol ca NaCl v NaI
Khi sc kh clo vo th ton b mui NaI chuyn thnh mui NaCl.
Tng s mol mui NaCl sau phn ng l: (a + b) = 58,5 : 58,5 = 1
mol
v ta c: 58,5a + 150b = 104,25
Gii phng trnh ta c: a = 0,5 v b = 0,5
---> %mNaCl = (58,5 . 0,5 : 104,25 ) . 100% = 28,06%
v %mNaI = 100 28,06 = 71,94%
Bi 8: Cho 31,84g hn hp NaX v NaY (X, Y l hai halogen thuc 2
chu k lin tip) vo dung dch AgNO3 c d thu c 57,34g kt ta.
Tm cng thc ca NaX v NaY v thnh phn % theo khi lng ca
mi mui trong hn hp ban u.
Hng dn:
Gi R l halogen tng ng ca X v Y.
Cng thc tng ng ca 2 mui NaX, NaY l Na R

Na R + AgNO3 ---> Ag R + NaNO3

C 1 mol kt ta Ag R nhiu hn 1 mol Na R l: 108 23 = 85g
Vy s mol Na R phn ng l: (57,34 31,84) : 85 = 0,3 mol
Ta c: Khi lng mol ca Na R l: 31,84 : 0,3 = 106,13
---> Khi lng mol ca R = 106,13 23 = 83,13.
Vy X l Br v Y l I.
---> %mNaI = 9,43% v %mNaBr = 90,57%
Bi 9: C hn hp gm NaI v NaBr. Ho tan hn hp vo nc ri cho
brm d vo dung dch. Sau khi phn ng thc hin xong, lm bay
hi dung dc lm kh sn phm, th thy khi lng ca sn phm
nh hn khi lng hn hp 2 mui ban u l m(g). Li ho tan sn
phm vo nc v cho clo li qua cho n d, lm bay hi dung dch
v lm kh, cht cn li ngi ta thy khi lng cht thu c li nh
hn khi lng mui phn ng l m(g). Tnh thnh phn % theo khi
lng ca NaBr trong hn hp ban u.
Hng dn;
Gi a, b ln lt l s mol ca NaBr v NaI.
Khi sc Br2 vo trong dung dch th ch c NaI phn ng v ton
b NaI chuyn thnh NaBr. Vy tng s mol NaBr sau phn ng (1)
l: (a + b) mol.
Sau phn ng (1) khi lng gim: m = mI - mBr = (127 - 80)b = 47b
(*)
Tip tc sc Cl2 vo trong dung dch th ch c NaBr phn ng v
ton b NaBr chuyn thnh NaCl. Vy tng s mol NaCl sau phn
ng (2) l: (a + b) mol.
Sau phn ng (2) khi lng gim: m = mBr mCl = (80 35,5)(a + b)
= 44,5(a + b) (**)
T (*) v (**) ta c: b = 17,8a
Vy %mNaBr = (103a : (103a + 150b)) . 100% = 3,7%

Chuyn 13:
bi tp tng hp v tnh theo
PTHH
Bi 1: Chia hn hp gm 2 kim loi A, B c ho tr n, m lm 3 phn
bng nhau.
Phn 1: Ho tan ht trong axit HCl thu c 1,792 lit H2 (ktc).
Phn 2: Cho tc dng vi dung dch NaOH d thu c 1,344 lit kh
(ktc) v cn li cht rn khng tan c khi lng bng 4/13 khi lng mi phn.
Phn 3: Nung trong oxi d thu c 2,84g hn hp gm 2 oxit l A2On
v B2Om . Tnh tng khi lng mi phn v xc nh 2 kim loi A v
B.
Hng dn:
Gi a, b l s mol ca A, B trong mi phn.
Phn 1:
Vit PTHH:
S mol H2 =

na
2

mb
2

= 1,792 : 22,4 = 0,08 mol ----> na + mb =

0,16 (I)
Phn 2:
Tc dng vi NaOH d ch c 1 kim loi tan, gi s A tan.
A + (4 n)NaOH + (n 2)H2O ---> Na4 nAO2 + n/2 H2
a (mol)
na/2 (mol)
S mol H2 = na/2 = 1,344 : 22,4 ---> na = 0,12
(II)
Thay vo (I) --> mb = 0,04.
Mt khc khi lng B trong mi phn:
mB = 4/13.m1/3 hh
Phn 3:
Vit PTHH:
mhh oxit = (2MA + 16n).a/2 + (2MB + 16m).b/2 = 2,84
= MA + MB + 8(na + mb) = 2,84 ---> MA + MB = 1,56 (g)
(*)
mB = 4/13. 1,56 = 0,48 (g) ----> mA = 1,08 (g)
---> MA = 1,08n : 0,12 = 9n --> n = 3 v MA = 27 l ph hp. Vy A l
Al
---> MB = 0,48m : 0,04 = 12m --> m = 2 v MB = 24 l ph hp. Vy
B l Mg.
Bi 2: Nung a(g) hn hp A gm MgCO3, Fe2O3 v CaCO3 nhit
cao n khi lng khng i, thu c cht rn B c khi lng bng
60% khi lng hn hp A. Mt khc ho tan hon ton a(g) hn hp A
trong dung dch HCl thu c kh C v dung dch D. Cho dung dch
D tc dng vi dung dch NaOH d, lc ly kt ta, nung n khi lng khng i, thu c 12,92g hn hp 2 oxit.

Cho kh C hp th hon ton vo 2 lit dung dch Ba(OH) 2 0,075M,

sau khi phn ng xong, lc ly dung dch, thm nc vi trong d vo
trong dung dch thu c thm 14,85g kt ta.
a/ Tnh th tch kh C ktc.
b/ Tnh % khi lng cc cht trong hn hp A.
Hng dn:
t s mol MgCO3, Fe2O3, CaCO3 ln lt l x, y, z (mol) trong hn hp
A.
Ta c: 84x + 160y + 100z = a(g) (I)
Sau khi nung cht rn B gm: x mol MgO, y mol Fe2O3 v z mol
CaO.
40x + 160y + 56z = 0,6a (II)
T (I, II) ta c: 44(x + y) = 0,4a ---> a = 110(x + y)
(III)
Cho A + HCl.
Kh C gm c: S mol CO2 = x + y (mol)
Hn hp D gm c: x mol MgCl2, y mol FeCl3, z mol CaCl2.
Cho D + NaOH d thu c 2 kt ta: x mol Mg(OH)2 v y mol Fe(OH)3
---> 2 oxit tng ng l: x mol MgO, y mol Fe2O3 .
moxit = 40x + 160y = 12,92
(IV)
Cho C + dd Ba(OH)2 ---> a mol BaCO3 v b mol Ba(HCO3)2
Ta c: S mol CO2 phn ng l: a + 2b = x + z
S mol Ba(OH)2 phn ng l: a + b = 2 . 0,075
---> b = (x + y) 0,15 (V)
PTHH:
Ba(HCO3)2 + Ca(OH)2 -----> CaCO3 + BaCO3 + 2H2O
b mol
b mol
b mol
Ta c: 100b + 197b = 14,85 ---> b = 0,05.
T (V) --> x + y = 0,2
T (III) --> a = 110 . 0,2 = 22g
a/ Th tch kh CO2 thu c ktc l: 4,48 lit
b/ Gii h PT (I, III, V) ---> x = 0,195, y = 0,032, z = 0,005.
Khi lng v thnh phn % ca cc cht l:
m
MgCO3 = 16,38g ( 74,45%)
m
Fe2O3 = 5,12g (23,27%)
m
CaCO3 = 0,5g ( 2,27%)
Bi 3: Hn hp bt A gm Fe v Mg c khi lng 2,72g c chia thnh
2 phn bng nhau.
Phn 1: Cho vo 400ml dung dch CuSO4 a(M) ch cho phn ng
xong thu c 1,84g cht rn B v dung dch C. Cho dung dch
NaOH d vo dung dch C thu c kt ta. Sy nung kt ta trong
khng kh n khi lng khng i cn c 1,2g cht rn D.
Tnh thnh phn % theo khi lng ca mi kim loi trong hn hp A
v tr s a?
Phn 2: Cho tc dng vi V(ml) dung dch AgNO3 0,1M. Sau khi phn
ng xong thu c cht rn E c khi lng 3,36g. Tnh thnh phn %
theo khi lng cc cht trong cht rn E? Tnh V?

Hng dn:
Xt phn 1:
m(Mg + Fe) = 2,72 : 2 = 1,36g.
TH1: 1/2 hh A phn ng ht vi CuSO4. ---> dd C gm c: FeSO4,
MgSO4, CuSO4.
Cht rn B l Cu (c khi lng 1,84g)
Cho dd C + dd NaOH ---> kt ta Fe(OH)2, Mg(OH)2, Cu(OH)2 --->
Oxit tng ng sau khi nung trong kk l Fe2O3, MgO, CuO c khi lng
l 1,2g < 1,36g --> Vy A cha tham gia phn ng ht.
TH2: 1/2 hh A phn ng cha ht vi CuSO4.
Gi thit Mg Mg phn ng cha ht (m Mg li hot ng ho hc
mnh hn Fe) th dd CuSO4 phi ht v Fe cha tham gia phn ng
--> dd C l MgSO4 v cht rn D ch c MgO.
---> S mol Mg phn ng = nCu = nMgO = 1,2 : 40 = 0,03 mol
Cht rn B gm Cu, Fe v Mg cn d.
Nhng ta thy mCu to ra = 0,03 . 64 = 1,92g > 1,84g --> Tri vi iu
kin bi ton. Vy Mg phi ht v Fe tham gia 1 phn.
Nh vy:
cht rn B gm c: Cu v Fe cn d
dd C gm c MgSO4 v FeSO4
cht rn D gm c MgO v Fe2O3 c khi lng l 1,2g.
t x, y l s mol Fe, Mg trong 1/2 hh A v s mol Fe cn d l z
(mol)
56x + 24y = 1,36
(x z).64 + y.64 + 56z = 1,84
160(x z) : 2 + 40y = 1,2
Gii h phng trnh trn ta c: x = 0,02, y = 0,01, z = 0,01.
---> %Fe = 82,35% v %Mg = 17,65%
S mol ca CuSO4 = 0,02 mol ----> a = 0,02 : 0,4 = 0,05M
Xt phn 2:
1/2 hh A c khi lng l 1,36g
tng khi lng cht rn = 3,36 1,36 = 2,0g
Gi thit Fe cha phn ng.
Ta c: s mol Mg phn ng = 2 : (2 . 108 24) = 0,0104 mol > nMg
trong phn 1.
----> Nh vy Fe tham gia phn ng v Mg phn ng ht.
mrn do Mg sinh ra = 0,01 . (2. 108 24) = 1,92g
mrn do Fe sinh ra = 2 1,92 = 0,08 g
nFe phn ng = 0,08 : (2. 108 56) = 0,0005 mol.
nFe d = 0,02 0,0005 = 0,0195mol
Vy cht rn E gm c Fe cn d v Ag c sinh ra sau phn ng.
Tng s mol AgNO3 phn ng = (0,01 + 0,0005).2 = 0,021 mol
Th tch ca dd AgNO3 0,1M dng = 0,021 : 0,1 = 0,21 lit.
Bi 4: Cho 9,86g hn hp gm Mg v Zn vo 1 cc cha 430ml dung
dch H2SO4 1M long. Sau khi phn ng hon ton, thm tip vo
cc 1,2 lit dung dch hn hp gm Ba(OH)2 0,05M v NaOH 0,7M,

khuy u cho phn ng hon ton, ri lc ly kt ta v nung

nng n khi lng khng i th thu c 26,08g cht rn. Tnh
khi lng mi kim loi trong hn hp u.
Hng dn;
t s mol Mg v Zn l x v y.
Ta c: 24x + 65y = 9,86 (I)
S mol H2SO4 = 043.1= 0,43 mol
t HX l cng thc tng ng ca H2SO4 ---> nHX = 2nH 2 SO 4 =
0,43.2 = 0,86 mol
S mol Ba(OH)2 = 1,2 . 0,05 = 0,06 mol
S mol NaOH = 0,7 . 1,2 = 0,84 mol
t ROH l cng thc tng ng cho 2 baz cho.
Ta c: nROH = 2nBa(OH) 2 + nNaOH = 0,06.2 + 0,84 = 0,96 mol
PTHH xy ra
Gi s hn hp ch cha mnh Zn ---> x = 0.
Vy y = 9,86 : 65 = 0,1517 mol
Gi s hn hp ch Mg ---> y = 0
Vy x = 9,86 : 24 = 0,4108 mol
0,1517 < nhh kim loi < 0,4108
V x > 0 v y > 0 nn s mol axit tham gia phn ng vi kim loi l:
0,3034 < 2x + 2y < 0,8216 nhn thy lng axit dng < 0,86 mol.
Vy axit d --> Do Zn v Mg phn ng ht.
Sau khi ho tan ht trong dung dch c.
x mol MgX2 ; y mol ZnX2 ; 0,86 2(x + y) mol HX v 0,43 mol SO4.
Cho dung dch tc dng vi dung dch baz.
HX
+
ROH --->
RX +
H 2O.
0,86 2(x + y) 0,86 2(x + y)
mol
MgX2
+
2ROH ----> Mg(OH)2 + 2RX
x
2x
x
mol
ZnX2
+
2ROH ----> Zn(OH)2 + 2RX
y
2y
y
mol
Ta c nROH phn ng = 0,86 2(x + y) + 2x + 2y = 0,86 mol
Vy nROH d = 0,96 0,86 = 0,1mol
Tip tc c phn ng xy ra:
Zn(OH)2
+ 2ROH ---->
R2ZnO2 + 2H2O
b: y
0,1
mol
P: y1
2y1
mol
cn: y y1
0,1 2y1
mol
( iu kin: y y1)
Phn ng to kt ta.
Ba(OH)2 + H2SO4 ---> BaSO4 + 2H2O
b: 0,06
0,43
0
mol
p: 0,06
0,06
0,06
mol
cn: 0
0,43 0,06
0,06
mol
Nung kt ta.
Mg(OH)2 -----> MgO + H2O
x
x
mol

Zn(OH)2 -------> ZnO

+ H 2O
y y1
y y1
mol
BaSO4 ----> khng b nhit phn hu.
0,06 mol
Ta c: 40x + 81(y y1) + 233.0,06 = 26,08
---> 40x + 81(y y1) = 12,1
(II)
Khi y y1 = 0 ---> y = y1 ta thy 0,1 2y1 0 ---> y1 0,05
Vy 40x = 12,1 ---> x = 12,1 : 40 = 0,3025 mol
Thay vo (I) ta c y = 0,04 ( y = y1 0,05) ph hp
Vy mMg = 24 . 0,3025 = 7,26g v mZn = 65 . 0,04 = 2,6g
Khi y y1 > 0 --> y > y1 ta c 0,1 2y1 = 0 (v nROH phn ng ht)
----> y1 = 0,05 mol, thay vo (II) ta c: 40x + 81y = 16,15.
Gii h phng trnh (I, II) ---> x = 0,38275 v y = 0,01036
Kt qu y < y1 (khng ph hp vi iu kin y y1 ) ---> loi.
Bi 5: Cho X l hn hp ca 3 cht gm kim loi R, oxit v mui
sunfat ca kim loi R. bit R c ho tr II khng i trong cc hp
cht. Chia 29,6 gam X thnh 2 phn bng nhau.
Phn 1: em ho tan trong dung dch H2SO4 long d thu c dung
dch A, kh B. lng kh B ny va kh ht 16g CuO. Sau
cho dung dch A tc dng vi dung dch KOH d cho n khi kt
thc phn ng thu c kt ta C. Nung C n khi lng khng i
th thu c 14g cht rn.
Phn 2: Cho tc dng vi 200ml dung dch CuSO4 1,5M. Sau khi
phn ng kt thc tch b cht rn, c cn phn dung dch th
thu c 46g mui khan.
a/ Vit cc PTHH xy ra.
b/ Xc nh kim loi R.
c/ Tnh thnh phn % theo khi lng cc cht trong X. Bit cc phn
ng xy ra hon ton.
Hng dn:
t x, y, z l s mol R, RO, RSO4 trong 1/2 hh X ta c:
x.MR + (MR + 16).y + (MR + 96).z = 14,8g
phn 1;
Vit cc PTHH xy ra;
dd A c RSO4 = (x + y + z) mol v H2SO4 d
Kh B l H2 = x mol
H2
+ CuO -----> Cu + H2O
x
x
x
mol
nCuO = x = 16 : 80 = 0,2 mol
dd A + KOH d
H2SO4 + 2KOH ----> K2SO4 + H2O
RSO4
+ 2KOH ----> K2SO4 + R(OH)2
R(OH)2 ------> RO
+
H 2O
(x + y + z)
(x + y + z)
mol
Ta c: (MR + 16). (x + y + z) = 14
(II).
Thay x = 0,2 vo (I, II) --> z = 0,05

Phn 2:
R + CuSO4 ----> RSO4 + Cu
b: 0,2
0,3
mol
p: 0,2
0,2
0,2 mol
S mol CuSO4 d = 0,3 0,2 = 0,1 mol
Tng s mol RSO4 = (0,2 + z) mol
mMui khan = mRSO 4 + mCuSO 4 = 0,1.160 + (MR + 96)(0,2 + z) = 46.
Thay z = 0,05 ---> MR = 24, R c ho tr II ---> R l Mg
Thay cc gi tr vo tnh c y = 0,1.
mMg = 4,8g --> %Mg = 32,43%
mMgO = 4,0g --> %MgO = 27,03%
mMgSO 4 = 6,0g --> %MgSO4 = 40,54%
Bi 6: Ho tan ht 7,74g hn hp bt 2 kim loi Mg v Al bng 500ml
dung dch hn hp cha axit HCl 1M v axit H2SO4 long 0,28M, thu
c dung dch A v 8,736 lit kh H2 (ktc). Cho rng cc axit phn
ng ng thi vi 2 kim loi.
a/ Tnh tng khi lng mui to thnh sau phn ng.
b/ Cho dung dch A phn ng vi V lit dung dch hn hp gm NaOH
1M v Ba(OH)2 0,5M. Tnh th tch V cn dng sau phn ng
thu c lng kt ta ln nht, tnh khi lng kt ta .
Hng dn:
t x, y l s mol Mg v Al
24x + 27y = 7,74 (I)
t HA l cng thc tng ng ca hn hp gm 2 axit HCl v
H2SO4.
nHA = nHCl + 2nH 2 SO 4 = 0,5 + 2.0,14 = 0,78 mol.
Vit cc PTHH xy ra.
nH 2 = x + 1,5y = 8,736 : 22,4 = 0,39 (II)
T (I, II) --> x = 0,12 v y = 0,18.
mmui = mhh kim loai + mhh axit - mH 2 = 38,93g
t ROH l cng thc tng ng ca hn hp gm 2 baz l NaOH
v Ba(OH)2
nROH = nNaOH + 2nBa(OH) 2 = 1V + 2.0,5V = 2V (mol)
Vit cc PTHH xy ra.
----> Tng s mol ROH = 0,78 mol. Vy th tch V cn dng l: V =
0,39 lit
Ngoi 2 kt ta Mg(OH)2 v Al(OH)3 th trong dung dch cn xy ra
phn ng to kt ta BaSO4.Ta c nBaSO 4 = nH 2 SO 4 = 0,14 mol
(V nBa(OH) 2 = 0,5.0,39 = 0,195 mol > nH 2 SO 4 = 0,14 mol) ---> nH 2 SO
4 phn ng ht.
Vy khi lng kt ta ti a c th thu c l.
mkt ta = mMg(OH) 2 + mAl(OH) 3 + mBaSO 4 = 53,62g
Bi 7:

1. Ho tan va axit ca kim loi M c cng thc MO vo dung

dch H2SO4 long nng 4,9% c dung dch ch cha mt mui
tan c nng 7,6 %.
a) Cho bit tn kim loi M.
b) Tnh khi lng dung dch H2SO4 dng
2. Hp th ton b hn hp gm kh CO2 v hi H2O vo 900 ml
dung dch Ca(OH)2 1M, thu c 40 gam kt ta. Tch b phn kt
ta, thy khi lng dung dch tng 7,8 gam so vi khi lng dung
dch Ca(OH)2 ban u.
Hy tm khi lng CO2 v khi lng H2O em dng.
Hng dn:
Gi x l s mol MO
MO + H2SO4 MSO4 + H2O
Khi lng cht tan MSO4 l: (M+96)x.
Khi lng MO l:
(M+16)x.
Khi lng H2SO4 ban u:
m=
Khi lng dung dch MSO4:
m=

( M 96) x
2000 x ( M 16) x

98 x.100
2000 x
4,9

2000x + (M + 16)x

.100 7,69

m = 2000 (g)

(x=1)
Do x c nhiu gi tr nn c rt nhiu gi tr khi lng dung dch
H2SO4 tng ng.
2,
a . Khi s mol CO2 s mol Ca(OH)2
CO2 + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 + H2O
S mol CaCO3 =

40
100

= 0,4 mol

Khi lng CO2 l 0,4 . 44 = 17,6 (g)

17,6 + mdd+mH2O= m' + 40 (m' = mdd+7,8)
mH2O=7,8+40-17,6 = 30,2 (g)
b) Khi nCa(OH)2 < nCO2 < 2nCa(OH)2
CO2 + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 + H2O
?

0,9

0,9

CO2 + CaCO3 + H2O Ca(HCO3)2

S mol kt ta:
0,9- t =

40
0,4 t 0,5
100

S mol CO2: 0,9 + 0,5 = 1,4 (mol)

Khi lng CO2: 1,4.44 = 61,6 (g)
Khi lng H2O: 40 +7,8 - 61,6 < 0 -----> Ta loi trng hp ny.
Bi 8: Ho tan hon ton 25,2 g mt mui cacbonat ca kim loi
ha tr II bng dung dch HCl 7,3% (D = 1,038 g/ml). Cho ton b
kh CO2 thu c vo
500 ml dung dch NaOH 1M th thu c 29,6g mui.
a. Xc nh CTHH ca mui cacbonat.
b. Tnh th tch ca dung dch HCl dng.
Hng dn:
a/ t cng thc ca mui cacbonat l MCO3.
Cc PTHH:
MCO3 + 2 HCl
MCl2 + CO2 + H2O (2)
NaOH + CO2
NaHCO3.
(3)
a
a
a
2NaOH + CO2
Na2CO3 + H2O.
(4)
2b
b
b
S mol NaOH: nNaOH = 0,5. 1 = 0,5 mol
Gi a, b ln lt l s mol CO2 tham gia phn ng (3) v (4).
Theo phng trnh v bi ta c:
nNaOH = a + 2b = 0,5 mol
(5).
mmui = 84 a + 106 b = 29,6 g (6)
Gii (5) v (6) ta c: a = 0,1mol ; b = 0,2mol.
S mol CO2 to thnh (2):
nCO2 = a + b = 0,1 + 0,2 = 0,3 mol.
Theo pt (2):
nMCO3= nCO2 = 0,3 mol.
Khi lng phn t ca mui ban u:
25, 2
M MCO3
= 84.
0,3
M + 60 = 84 M = 24 vC.
Vy M l Mg suy ra CTHH ca mui cn tm: MgCO 3
Lu : HS c th bin lun chng minh xy ra c (3) v (4).
Ta thy:
29, 6
29, 6
< nmui <
106
84
0,28 mol < nmui < 0,35 mol.

M nCO2 = nmui.
: 0,28 < nCO2 < 0,35.

0,5 nNaOH
0,5

2
0,35 nCO2
0, 28

1< nNaOH/ nCO2 < 2

 ra to 2 mui c c (3 ) v (4) xy ra.

a. Theo phng trnh (2)

nHCl =2nCO2 =2 . 0,3 = 0,6 mol
Khi lng HCl dng:
MHCl =0,6 .36,5 =21,9 (g)
Khi lng dung dch HCl dng:
mddHCl =

21.9 x100
7,3

= 300g.

Th tch dung dch HCl dng:

Vdd HCl =

300
1,038

= 289ml = 0,289 (lit)

Bi 9: Cho 4g Fe v mt kim loi ho tr II vo dung dch H 2SO4

long ly d thu c 2,24 lt kh H2 (ktc). Nu cho 1,2g kim loi ho
tr II ni trn phn ng vi 0,7 lt kh O 2(ktc) th lng Oxi cn d
sau phn ng.
a, Xc nh kim loi ha tr II.
b, Tnh % khi lng tng kim loi trong hn hp.
Hng dn:
a/ Cc PTP:
Fe
+
H2SO4

FeSO4
+
H2
xmol
xmol
xmol
A
+
H2SO4

ASO4
+
H2
ymol
ymol
ymol
nH

2,24
=0,1mol
22,4

Theo bi ra ta c h phng trnh:

56x +Ay =4
(a)
x +y =0,1

Ay - 56y = - 1,6
y

1,6
56 - A
1,6
0,1 M A 40
56 - A

0 <
2A

(1)

O2

0,7
mol
n O2 = 22,4 =0,03125

Theo PTP (*):

1,2 0,03125
<
2A
1

(do oxi d)

---> 2A > 38,4

Vy A > 19,2
(2)
(1) v (2) Ta c 19,2 < MA < 40.
Do A l kim loi c ho tr II nn A l Mg.
b. Thay A vo h PT (a)

2AO

(*)

 56x 24y 4 x ,0 05

x y 0,1 y 0,05

mFe = 0,05. 56= 2,8g

mMg = 1,2g
% Fe =

2,8
.100% =70%
4

% Mg = 100% - 70% = 30%

Bi 10: Nhit phn hon ton 20 g hn hp MgCO3, CaCO3 , BaCO3
thu c kh B. Cho kh B hp th ht vo nc vi trong thu c 10
gam kt ta v dung dch C. un nng dung dch C ti phn ng
hon ton thy to thnh thm 6 gam kt ta. Hi % khi lng ca
MgCO3 nm trong khong no?
Hng dn: Cc PTHH:
t0

MgCO3

CaCO3
BaCO3

MgO + CO2(k)

(1)

(B)

Ca0 + CO2(k)

(2)

(B)

BaO + CO2;k)
(3)
(B)
+ Ca (OH)2(dd) ----> CaCO3(r) + H2O(l) (4)

t0

CO2(k)
(B)
2CO2(k) + Ca(OH)2(dd) ----> Ca(HCO3)2(dd)
(5)
(B)
(C)
0
Ca(HCO3)2 t
CaCO3(r) + CO2(k) + H2O(l) (6)
(C)
Theo phng trnh phn ng (4) v (6) ta c:
nCaCO3 = 0,1 + 0,06 = 0,16 (mol) ----> n cO2 = 0,1 + 0,06 x 2 =
0,22 (mol)
theo phng trnh phn ng (1) , (2) , (3), (4 ), (5) ta c:
Tng s mol mui: n mui = n CO2 = 0,22 (mol)
Gi x, y, z ln lt l s mol ca mui: MgCO3, CaCO3, BaCO3 c
trong 100 gam hn hp v tng s mol ca cc mui s l: x + y + z
= 1,1 mol
V ban u l 20 gam hn hp ta quy v 100 gam hn hp nn
nmui = 1,1 (mol)
Ta c: 84x + 100y + 197z = 100 ---> 100y + 197z = 100 84x
V
x +
y +
z = 1,1 --->
y +z
= 1,1 x
100 y 197 z 100 84 x

<--> 100 <

< 197
yz
1,1 x
----> 52,5 < 84x < 86,75
Vy % lng MgCO3 nm trong khong t 52,6% n 86,75 %

Bi 11: Ho tan 11,2g CaO vo nc ta c dd A.

1/ Nu kh CO2 sc qua A v sau khi kt thc th nghim c 2,5 g
kt ta th c bao nhiu lt kh CO2 tham gia phn ng?
2/ Nu ho tan 28,1g hn hp MgCO3 v BaCO3 c thnh phn thay
i trong cha a% MgCO3 bng dd HCl v cho tt c kh thot
ra hp th ht vo dd A th thu c kt ta D.
Hi: a c gi tr bao nhiu th lng kt ta D nhiu nht v t
nht?
1.

nCaO =

11,2
56

= 0,2 mol

Phng trnh ho hc:

CaO + H2O

0,2

Ca(OH)2 (1)
0,2

mol

Khi sc CO2 vo c phn ng:

CO2 + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 + H2O
(2)
Trng hp 1: Ca(OH)2 d v CO2 phn ng ht th:
Theo (2)

nCO2 = nCaCO3 =

2,5
100

= 0,025 mol

VCO2 = 0,025 . 22,4 = 0,56 Lt.

Trng hp 2:
CO2 d, Ca(OH)2 phn ng ht c thm phn ng:

CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O
Ca(HCO3)2
(3)
Theo (1) nCO2 = nCa(OH)2 = nCaCO3 = 0,2 mol.
nCaCO3 phn ng (3): = 0,2 - 0,025 = 0, 175 mol.
Theo (3) nCO2 = nCaCO3 = 0,175 Mol.
Tng nCO2 (2) v (3) l: 0,2 + 0,175 = 0,375 mol.
VCO2 = 0,375 . 22,4 = 8,4 Lt.
2. Cc phn ng xy ra:
MgCO3 + 2 HCl MgCl2 + CO2 + H2O (1)
BaCl2 + CO2 + H2O (2)
BaCO3 + 2 HCl
Khi sc CO2 vo dd A c th xy ra cc phn ng :
CaCO3 + H2O
CO2 + Ca(OH)2
(3)
2 CO2 + Ca(OH)2 Ca(HCO3)2
(4)
lng kt ta CaCO3 thu c l ln nht th ch xy ra phn ng
(3).
Khi : nCO2 = nCa(OH)2 = 0,2mol.
Theo bi khi lng MgCO3 c trong 28,1 g hn hp l:

mMgCO3 =
nBaCO3

2,81.a
= 0,281a
100
28,1 0,281a
=
197

nMgCO3 =

0,281a
84

Theo (1) v (2) nCO2 = nMgCO3 + nBaCO3

Ta c phng trnh:
0,281a 28,1 0,281a

84
197

= 0,2.

Gii ra ta c: a = 29,89 % . Vy khi a = 29,89 % th lng kt ta

ln nht.
Khi a = 0 % th ngha l hn hp ch ton mui BaCO 3
Khi nCO2 =

28,1
197

= 0,143 mol.

Ta c:
nCO2 < nCa(OH)2.
Theo (3): nCaCO3 = nCO2 = 0,143 mol.
m CaCO3 = 0,143 . 100 = 14,3g.
Khi a = 100% ngha l hn hp ch ton mui MgCO 3 khi
:
nCO2 =

28,1
84

= 0,334 > nCa(OH)2 = 0,2 mol.

Theo (3): nCaCO3 = nCa(OH)2 = 0,2 mol.

V CO2 d nn CaCO3 tip tc phn ng:
CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O Ca(HCO3)2
(5)
Theo (5): nCaCO3 = nCO2 d = 0,334 - 0,2 = 0,134.
nCaCO3 cn li : 0,2 - 0,134 = 0,066
mCaCO3 = 0,066 . 100 = 6,6 < 14,3g.
Vy khi a = 100% th lng kt ta thu c b nht.
Bi 12: Ho tan 7,74g hn hp 2 kim loi Mg, Al trong 500ml dung
dch hn hp cha HCl 1M v H 2SO4 0,38M (long). Thu c dung
dch A v 8,736 lt kh H2(ktc).
a. Kim loi tan ht cha? gii thch?
b. Tnh khi lng mui c trong dung dch A?
Hng dn:
n HCl = 0,5 mol ; n H 2 SO4 = 0,19 mol ; n H 2 = 0,39 mol
a/ Cc P.T.H.H: Mi PTHH ng cho.
Mg
+ 2 HCl
MgCl2
+
H2
(1)
2 Al
+ 6 HCl
2AlCl3
+ 3H2
(2)
Mg
+ H2SO4
MgSO4
+ H2
(3)
2 Al
+ 3 H2SO4
Al2(SO4)3 + 3H2
(4)
T 1,2 :
1

n H 2 = 2 n HCl = 2 .0,5 = 0,25 (mol).

T 3, 4
n H 2 = n H 2 SO4 = 0,19 (mol)
Suy ra: Tng n H 2 = 0,25 + 0,19 = 0,44 (mol)
Ta thy:

0,44 > 0,39

Vy: Axt d, kim loi tan ht.

b/ Theo cu a: Axt d.
* TH1: Gi s HCl phn ng ht, H2SO4 d:

n H 2 =0,25 mol
(1,2)
n H 2 = 0,39 - 0,25 = 0,14 (mol) suy ra n H 2 SO4 = 0,14 mol
(3,4)
(p)
Theo nh lut BTKL:
m mui
= 7,74 + 0,5 .35,5 + 0,14 .96 = 38,93g
(A)
* TH2: Gi s H2SO4 phn ng ht, HCl d
Suy ra n H 2 SO4 = 0,19 mol suy ra n H 2 = 0,19 mol
3,4
n H 2 = 0,39 0,19 = 0,2 (mol) suy ra n HCl = 0,2.2 =0,4 (mol)
(1,2)
(p )
Theo nh lut bo ton khi lng:
m mui = 7,74 + 0,19.96 + 0,4.35,5 = 40,18 (g)
V thc t phn ng xy ra ng thi. Nn c 2 axt u d.
Suy ra tng khi lng mui trong A thu c l:
38,93 (g) < m mui A <40,18 (g)
n HCl = 0,5 mol

Bi 13: Cho hn hp gm MgO, Al2O3 v mt oxit ca kim loi ho tr

II km hot ng. Ly 16,2 gam A cho vo ng s nung nng ri
cho mt lung kh H2 i qua cho n phn ng hon ton. Lng
hi nc thot ra c hp th bng 15,3 gam dung dch H2SO4 90%,
thu c dung dch H2SO4 85%. Cht rn cn li trong ng em ho
tan trong HCl vi lng va , thu c dung dch B v 3,2 gam cht
rn khng tan. Cho dung dch B tc dng vi 0,82 lt dung dch
NaOH 1M, lc ly kt ta, sy kh v nung nng n khi lng
khng i, c 6,08 gam cht rn.
Xc nh tn kim loi ho tr II v thnh phn % khi lng ca
A.
Hng dn:
Gi R l KHHH ca kim loi ho tr II, RO l CTHH ca oxit.
t a, b, c ln lt l s mol ca MgO, Al2O3, RO trong hn hp A.
Theo bi ra ta c:
40a + 102b + (MR + 16)c = 16,2 (I)
Cc PTHH xy ra:
RO + H2 -----> R + H2O (1)
MgO + 2HCl ----> MgCl2 + H2O
(2)
Al2O3 + 6HCl ---> 2AlCl3 + 3H2O (3)
MgCl2 + 2NaOH ----> Mg(OH)2 + 2NaCl (4)
AlCl3
+ 3NaOH -----> Al(OH)3 + 3NaCl (5)
C th c: Al(OH)3 + NaOH -----> NaAlO2 + H2O (6)

x
x
x
Gi x l s mol ca NaOH cn d tham gia phn ng vi Al(OH)3
Mg(OH)2 -----> MgO + H2O (7)
2Al(OH)3 ------> Al2O3 + 3H2O (8)
2b x
2

2b x

mol

Ta c:
Khi lng ca axit H2SO4 trong dd 90% l:
m = 15,3 . 0,9 = 13,77 (g)
Khi lng ca axit H2SO4 trong dd 85% vn l 13,77(g). V khi pha
long bng H2O th khi lng cht tan c bo ton.
Khi lng dd H2SO4 85% l: (15,3 + 18c)
Ta c: C% =

13,77
(15,3 18c )

.100% = 85%

Gii phng trnh: c = 0,05 (mol)

Cht rn khng tan trong axit HCl l R, c khi lng 3,2g.
MR =

3,2
0,05

= 64. Vy R l Cu.

Thay vo (I) ---> 40a + 102b = 12,2 (II)

S mol NaOH = 0,82.1 = 0,82 (mol)
TH1: Phn ng 6 xy ra nhng Al(OH)3 tan cha ht.
nNaOH = 2a + 6b + x = 0,82 (III)
40a + 102(

2b x
2

) = 6,08

(IV)

Gii h phng trnh (II) v (IV) c: x = 0,12 (mol)

Thay vo (III) ---> 2a + 6b = 0,7 (III)/
Gii h phng trnh: (II) v (III)/ c: a = 0,05 v b = 0,1
%CuO = 24,69% ; %MgO = 12,35% v %Al2O3 = 62,96%
TH2: Phn ng 6 xy ra v Al(OH)3 tan ht
mrn = mMgO = 6,08g
nMgO = 6,08 : 40 = 0,152 mol
mAl 2 O 3 = 12,2 6,08 = 6,12 g
nAl 2 O 3 = 6,12 : 102 = 0,06 mol
nNaOH = 2nMgO + 6nAl 2 O 3 = 2.0,152 + 6.0,06 = 0,664 mol
nAl(OH) 3 = 2nAl 2 O 3 = 0,12 mol
nNaOH d = 0,82 0,664 = 0,156 mol
Nhn thy: nNaOH d = 0,156 > nAl(OH) 3 = 0,12 mol => Al(OH)3 tan
ht.
Tnh c: mCuO = 4g => %mCuO = 24,69%
mMgO = 6,08g => %mMgO = 37,53%
mAl 2 O 3 = 6,12 => % mAl 2 O 3 = 37,78%

Chuyn 14:
nhn bit - phn bit cc cht.
I/ Nguyn tc v yu cu khi gii bi tp nhn bit.
Mun nhn bit hay phn bit cc cht ta phi da vo phn
ng c trng v c cc hin tng: nh c cht kt ta to thnh
sau phn ng, i mu dung dch, gii phng cht c mi
hoc c hin tng si bt kh. Hoc c th s dng mt s tnh
cht vt l (nu nh bi cho php) nh nung nhit khc
nhau, ho tan cc cht vo nc,
Phn ng ho hc c chn nhn bit l phn ng c trng n gin v c du hiu r rt. Tr trng hp c bit,
thng thng mun nhn bit n ho cht cn phi tin hnh (n
1) th nghim.
Tt c cc cht c la chn dng nhn bit cc ho cht
theo yu cu ca bi, u c coi l thuc th.
Lu : Khi nim phn bit bao hm so snh (t nht phi c
hai ho cht tr ln) nhng mc ch cui cng ca phn bit
cng l nhn bit tn ca mt s ho cht no .
II/ Phng php lm bi.
1/ Chit(Trch mu th) cc cht vo nhn bit vo cc ng
nghim.(nh s)
-

2/ Chn thuc th thch hp(tu theo yu cu bi: thuc th tu

chn, han ch hay khng dng thuc th no khc).
3/ Cho vo cc ng nghim ghi nhn cc hin tng v rt ra kt
lun nhn bit, phn bit c ho cht no.
4/ Vit PTHH minh ho.
III/ Cc dng bi tp thng gp.
Nhn bit cc ho cht (rn, lng, kh) ring bit.
Nhn bit cc cht trong cng mt hn hp.
Xc nh s c mt ca cc cht (hoc cc ion) trong cng mt
dung dch.
Tu theo yu cu ca bi tp m trong mi dng c th gp 1
trong cc trng hp sau:
+ Nhn bit vi thuc th t do (tu chn)
+ Nhn bit vi thuc th hn ch (c gii hn)
+ Nhn bit khng c dng thuc th bn ngoi.
1. i vi cht kh:
Kh CO2: Dng dung dch nc vi trong c d, hin tng xy ra l
lm c nc vi trong.
Kh SO2: C mi hc kh ngi, lm phai mu hoa hng hoc
Lm mt mu dung dch nc Brm hoc Lm mt mu dung
dch thuc tm.
5SO2 + 2KMnO4 + 2H2O 2H2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + K2SO4
Kh NH3: C mi khai, lm cho qu tm tm t ho xanh.
Kh clo: Dng dung dch KI + H tinh bt th clo lm dung
dch t mu trng chuyn thnh mu xanh.
Cl2 + KI 2KCl + I2
Kh H2S: C mi trng thi, dng dung dch Pb(NO3)2 to
thnh PbS kt ta mu en.
Kh HCl: Lm giy qu tm t ho hoc sc vo dung dch
AgNO3 to thnh kt ta mu trng ca AgCl.
Kh N2: a que dim vo lm que dim tt.
Kh NO ( khng mu ): ngoi khng kh ho mu nu .
Kh NO2 ( mu nu ): Mi hc, lm qu tm tm t ho .
4NO2 + 2H2O + O2 4HNO3
2. Nhn bit dung dch baz (kim): Lm qu tm
ho xanh.
Nhn bit Ca(OH)2:
Dng CO2 sc vo n khi xut hin kt ta th dng li.
Dng Na2CO3 to thnh kt ta mu trng ca CaCO3
Nhn bit Ba(OH)2:
Dng dung dch H2SO4 to thnh kt ta mu trng ca
BaSO4.
3. Nhn bit dung dch axt: Lm qu tm ho
Dung dch HCl: Dng dung dch AgNO3 lm xut hin kt ta
mu trng ca AgCl.

Dung dch H2SO4: Dng dung dch BaCl2 hoc Ba(OH)2 to ra

kt ta BaSO4.
Dung dch HNO3: Dng bt ng v un nhit cao
lm xut hin dung dch mu xanh v c kh mu nu thot ra
ca NO2.
Dung dch H2S: Dng dung dch Pb(NO3)2 xut hin kt ta mu
en ca PbS.
Dung dch H3PO4: Dng dung dch AgNO3 lm xut hin kt ta
mu vng ca Ag3PO4.
4. Nhn bit cc dung dch mui:
Mui clorua: Dng dung dch AgNO3.
Mui sunfat: Dng dung dch BaCl2 hoc Ba(OH)2.
Mui cacbonat: Dng dung dch HCl hoc H2SO4.
Mui sunfua: Dng dung dch Pb(NO3)2.
Mui phtphat: Dng dung dch AgNO3 hoc dng dung dch
CaCl2, Ca(OH)2 lm xut hin kt ta ma trng ca Ca3(PO4)2.
5. Nhn bit cc oxit ca kim loi.
* Hn hp oxit: ho tan tng oxit vo nc (2 nhm: tan trong nc v
khng tan)
Nhm tan trong nc cho tc dng vi CO2.
+ Nu khng c kt ta: kim loi trong oxit l kim loi kim.
+ Nu xut hin kt ta: kim loi trong oxit l kim loi kim th.
Nhm khng tan trong nc cho tc dng vi dung dch baz.
+ Nu oxit tan trong dung dch kim th kim loi trong oxit l Be,
Al, Zn, Cr..
+ Nu oxit khng tan trong dung dch kim th kim loi trong oxit
l kim loi kim th.
-

Nhn bit mt s oxit:

- (Na2O; K2O; BaO) cho tc dng vi nc--> dd trong sut, lm xanh
qu tm.
- (ZnO; Al2O3) va tc dng vi dung dch axit, va tc dng vi dung
dch baz.
- CuO tan trong dung dch axit to thnh ung dch c mu xanh
c trng.
- P2O5 cho tc dng vi nc --> dd lm qu tm ho .
- MnO2 cho tc dng vi dd HCl c c kh mu vng xut hin.
- SiO2 khng tan trong nc, nhng tan trong dd NaOH hoc dd HF.
Bi tp p dng:
Bi 1: Ch dng thm mt ho cht, nu cch phn bit cc oxit:
K2O, Al2O3, CaO, MgO.
Bi 2: C 5 mu kim loi Ba, Mg, Fe, Al, Ag nu ch dng dung dch
H2SO4 long c th nhn bit c nhng kim loi no. Vit cc PTHH
minh ho.

Bi 3: Ch c nc v kh CO2 hy phn bit 5 cht bt trng sau

y: NaCl, Na2CO3, Na2SO4, BaCO3, BaSO4.
Bi 4: Khng c dng thm mt ho cht no khc, hy nhn bit 5
l b mt nhn sau y. KHCO3, NaHSO4, Mg(HCO3)2 , Na2CO3,
Ba(HCO3)2.
Bi 5: Ch dng thm Cu v mt mui tu hy nhn bit cc ho
cht b mt nhn trong cc l ng tng cht sau: HCl, HNO 3,
H2SO4, H3PO4.

Chuyn 15:
Tch - Tinh ch cc cht
tch v tinh ch cc cht ta c th:
1/ S dng cc phng php vt l.
Phng php lc: Dng tch cht khng tan ra khi hn hp
lng
Phng php c cn: Dng tch cht tan rn (Khng ho hi
khi gp nhit cao) ra khi dung dch hn hp lng.
Phng php chng ct phn on: Dng tch cc cht lng
ra khi hn hp lng nu nhit ng c ca chng cch
bit nhau qu ln.
Phng php chit: Dng tch cc cht lng ra khi hn hp
lng khng ng nht.
2/ S dng phng php ho hc.
S tch:
Tch bng
AX
ng php
Tch
l
hh A,B + X
bng
p tch
PP vt l

XY
+Y
ph(P ti to)

vt
(A)

(B)
Lu : Phn ng c chn tch phi tho mn 3 yu cu:
-

Ch tc dng ln mt cht trong hn hp cn tch.

Sn phm to thnh c th tch d dng khi hn hp
T sn phm phn ng to thnh c kh nng ti to c cht
ban u.

Bi tp p dng:
Bi 1: Tch ring tng cht ra khi hn hp rn gm: Al 2O3 ; CuO ;
Fe2O3
Bi 2: Tch cc kim loi sau y ra khi hn hp bt gm: Cu, Fe, Al,
Ag.
Bi 3: Bng phng php ho hc hy tch 3 mui KCl, AlCl3 v FeCl3
ra khi nhau trong mt dung dch.

Bi 4: Tch ring tng cht nguyn cht t hn hp cc oxit gm:

MgO, CuO, BaO.
Bi 5: Trnh by cch tinh ch: Cl2 c ln CO2 v SO2.
Bi 6: Tch ring tng cht ra khi hn hp kh: H2S, CO2, N2 v hi
nc.
Bi 7: Tch ring N2, CO2 dng tinh khit ra khi hn hp: N2, CO,
CO2, O2 v hi H2O.
Mt s lu :
Phng php

Thu kh c tnh cht

Kt qu thu c

thu
p ngc ng thu Nh hn khng kh

kh
H2, He, NH3, CH4,

Nga ng thu

Nng hn khng kh

N2
O2, Cl2, HCl, SO2,

Khng tan v khng tc dng

H2S
H2, O2, N2, CH4, He

y nc

vi H2O

Chuyn 16:
Vit phng trnh ho hc
iu ch cht v c v
thc hin s chuyn ho
(Vn dng tnh cht ho hc ca cc cht v cc phn ng ho hc
iu ch cc cht vit)
Bi 1: Vit PTHH thc hin s sau.
CaCO3
+A
+B
CO2
+E
+C
nhng cht
+D
khc nhau )
Na2CO3

( Bit A,B,C,D,E l

Bi tp p dng: hon thnh cc PTHH theo s phn ng.

1/ Xc nh cc cht A,B,C,D,E v hon thnh s bin ho sau
NaHCO3
+A
CO2

+B
+D

+A

+E

CaCO 3

+C
Na2CO3

2/ Xc nh cc cht A, B, C, D, E, F, M v hon thnh cc phng

trnh ho hc theo s sau:
A NaOH
C
+HCl (d d )
+ F,kk,t0
( dd )

H 2 ,t 0

+ Fe,t0

+ Cl2 ,t0

+ Cl2 ,t0

E
+ NaOH ( dd )

t D CO ,t M.
0

3/ Xc nh B, C, D, E, M, X, Z. Gii thch v hon thnh cc phng

trnh ho hc th hin theo s bin ho sau:
B
+ HCl
+X+Z
M

t0

pnc

M.
+Z
+ NaOH

+Y+Z
C

4/ Vit cc phng trnh ho hc th hin theo s bin ho sau

( ghi r iu kin nu c ).
(2)
(3)
FeCl2
Fe(NO3)2
Fe(OH)2
(1 )

Fe

(4)
(9)

( 11 )

( 10 )

Fe2O3

(5)

FeCl3

Fe(NO3)3

( 6)

Fe(OH)3

(7)

(8)

5/ Xc nh cc cht A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H v hon thnh s

bin ho sau:
C
(2)
+H2SO4
+ H2 O
(1)

(3)+E
+G

(6)
+ H2SO4
(4)

H
(5) +F

D
Bit H l mui khng tan trong axt mnh, A l kim loi hot ng
ho hc mnh, khi chy ngn la c mu vng.
6/ Hon thnh dy bin ho sau ( ghi r iu kin nu c )
FeSO4
(2)
Fe(OH)2
(3)
Fe2O3
Fe
(1)
Fe
(10)

(7)

(8)

(5)
Fe2(SO4)3
Fe3O4

(6)

Fe(OH)3

(9)

(4)

7/ Hon thnh cc phng trnh phn ng theo s bin ho

sau( ghi r iu kin nu c )
BaCO3
(2)

(1)
Ba
BaCO3

(3)

Ba(OH)2

(8)

BaCl2

(9)

(6)

(7)

BaO
(4)

(5)

Ba(HCO3)2

8/ Hon thnh cc phng trnh phn ng theo s bin ho

sau( ghi r iu kin nu c )
CaCO3
(2)

Ca
CaCO3

(3)

Ca(OH)2

(1)

(8)

CaCl2

(9)

(6)

(7)

CaO
(4)

(5)

Ca(HCO3)2
Hoc cho s sau: Bit rng C l thnh phn chnh ca
phn.
C
(2)

+G

+ H

(3)

(9)

A
C

(1)
(7)
+H2 O

(8)

(6)

F
+ G
(4)

+H
(5)

D
9/ Hon thnh cc phng trnh phn ng theo s bin ho
sau( ghi r iu kin nu c )
K2CO3
(2)

(3)

K
KNO3

KOH

(1)

(8)

KCl

(9)

(6)

(7)

KNO2
(4)

(5)

KHCO3
10/ Al

(1)

Al2O3

(2)

AlCl3

(3)

Al(NO3)3

Al(OH)3

(4)

(5)

Al2O3
11/ Xc nh cc cht X1, X2 v hon thnh s bin ho sau
X1
(1)
(2)
4Fe(OH) 2 + O2 2Fe2O3
+ 4H2O
t0

FeCl2

(5)

Fe 2O3

(3)

(4)
4FeCl2 + 8KOH + 2H2O + O2

X2

4Fe(OH)3 +

8KCl
12/ Hon thnh dy bin ho sau (ghi r iu kin nu c)
+B
0
+H2,t
A
X+D
X

+O2,t0

+ Br2 + D

Y+Z

+Fe,t0
C
+Y hoc Z
A+G
Bit A l cht kh c mi xc c trng v khi sc A vo dung
dch CuCl2 c cht kt ta to thnh.
13/ Hon thnh cc phng trnh phn ng sau:
KClO3

t0

A+B

A + MnO2 + H2SO4
C+D+E+F
A
pnc
G+C
G + H2 O
L+M
0
C+L
t
KClO3 + A + F
14/ Hon thnh cc phng trnh phn ng sau:
KClO3

t0

A+B

A + KMnO4 + H2SO4

C + ...

A
pnc
D + H2O
C+E
t0

C+D
E + ...
...

15/ Hon thnh cc phng trnh ho hc theo s phn ng

sau.
M+A
M +B
M+C

F
E
G
I

Fe

H
K

F
L

H + BaSO 4

J
M+D

16/ Hon thnh cc phng trnh ho hc theo s phn ng

sau.
Fe(OH)3 + A
FeCl2 + B + C
FeCl2 + D + E

FeCl3

FeCl2 + F
Fe2(CO3)3

Fe(OH)3 + G ( k )

17/ Chn 2 cht v c tho mn cht R trong s sau:

A
B
C
R
R
R
X
Y
Z
2 cht v c tho mn l NaCl v CaCO3
CaO
Ca(OH)2
CaCO3
CaCO3
CaCO3
CO2
NaHCO3
Na
NaCl

NaOH

CaCl2
CaCO3
Na2CO3
Na 2SO4

NaCl
Cl2

NaCl
HCl

NaCl
BaCl 2

Bi tp tng hp: Vit PTHH theo s chui phn ng,

gii thch th nghim, nhn bit phn bit tch cht v
c
1/ Cho s sau:
B

A
C

Bit A l kim loi B, C, D, E, F, G l hp cht ca A. Xc nh cng

thc ca A, B, C, D, E, F, G vit phng trnh phn ng xy ra.
A l Fe; B l FeCl2; C l FeCl3; D l Fe(OH)2; E l Fe(OH)3; F l
FeO;
G l Fe2O3.
Cc phng trnh
Fe + 2HCl FeCl2 + H2
2Fe + 3Cl2 2FeCl3
2FeCl3 + Fe 3FeCl2
FeCl2 + NaOH Fe(OH)2 + NaCl

Fe(OH)2 + O2 + 2H2O 4Fe(OH)3

Fe2O3 + CO FeO + CO2
Fe2O3 + 3CO 2FeO + 3CO2
FeO + CO Fe + CO2
2/ t cacbon trong khng kh nhit cao c hn hp A1. Cho
A1 tc dng vi CuO nung nng c kh A2 v hn hp A3. Cho A2 tc
dng vi dung dch Ca(OH)2 th thu c kt ta A4 v dung dch
A5. Cho A5 tc dng vi Ca(OH)2 li thu c A4. Cho A3 tc dng vi
H2SO4 c nng thu c kh B1 v dung dch B2. Cho B2 tc dng
vi dung dch NaOH d c kt ta B3. Nung B3 n khi lng khng
i c cht rn B4.
Vit cc PTHH xy ra v ch r : A 1 , A2 , A3 , A4 , A5 , B1 , B2 , B3 ,
B4 l cht g?
- t cacbon trong khng kh thu c hn hp kh A1
PTHH :

2C + O2t 2CO
0

t0 2CO
2CO + O
2
2

(1)
(2)

Hn hp kh A1 gm CO v CO2
- Cho A1 tc dng vi CuO
PTHH :

t0 Cu + CO2 (3)
CO + CuO

Kh A2 l CO2
Hn hp A3 l Cu v c th c CuO d.
- Cho A2 tc dng vi dd Ca(OH)2
CO2 + Ca(OH)2 Ca CO3 + H2O

(4)

CO2 + CaCO3 + H2O Ca(HCO3)2

(5)

Kt ta A4 l CaCO3
dung dch A5 l Ca(HCO3)2
- Cho A5 tc dng vi Ca(OH)2 thu c A4
Ca(HCO3)2 + Ca(OH)2 2CaCO3 + 2H2O

(6)

- Cho A3 tc dng vi H2SO4 (, nng) c kh B1 v dung dch

B2.
.t0 CuSO + 2H O + SO
Cu + 2H2SO
4
4
2
2

(7)

CuO + H2SO
.t40 CuSO4 + H2O

(8)

Kh B1 l SO2, dung dch B2 l CuSO4

- Cho B2 tc dng vi NaOH d thu c kt ta B3
CuSO4 + 2NaOH Cu(OH)2 + Na2SO4

(9)

- Kt ta B3 l Cu(OH)2
- Nung B3 n khi lng khng i c B4.
Cu(OH)2 t CuO + H2O
0

(10)

B4 l CuO
Theo phn ng 1 10 ta c :
A1 : CO; CO2

B1 : SO2

A2 : CO2

B2 : CuSO4

A3 : Cu; CuO (d)

A4 : CaCO3

B3 : Cu(OH)2
B4 : CuO

A5 : Ca(HCO3)2
3/

Hn hp A gm Fe3O4, Al, Al2O3, Fe.

Cho A tan trong dung dch NaOH d, thu c cht rn B, dung
dch C v kh D. Cho kh D d tc dng vi A nung nng c cht
rn A1. Dung dch C cho tc dng vi dung dch H 2SO4 long d c
dung dch C1. Cht rn A1 tc dng vi dung dch H2SO4 c nng
(va ) thu c dung dch E v kh F. Cho E tc dng vi bt Fe d
c dung dch H. Vit cc PTHH xy ra.
4/ t chy cacbon trong oxi nhit cao c hn hp kh A.
Cho A tc dng vi FeO nung nng c kh B v hn hp cht rn C.
Cho B tc dng vi dung dch nc vi trong thu c kt ta K v
dung dch D, un si D li thu c kt ta K. Cho C tan trong dung
dch HCl, thu c kh v dung dch E. Cho E tc dng vi dung dch
NaOH d c kt ta hiroxit F. Nung F trong khng kh ti khi lng
khng i thu c cht rn G. Xc nh cc cht A, B, C, D, K, E,
F. Vit cc PTHH xy ra.
5/ Xc nh cc cht t A1 n A11 v vit cc phng trnh phn
ng sau:

A1
+
A2
A3 +
A4
A3
+
A5 A6 +
A7

A6
+
A8
+
A9
A10

A10
A11

A4

A11
t0

+
A1

A8
+

A8

Bit A3 l mui st Clorua, nu ly 1,27 gam A3 tc dng vi dd

AgNO3 d thu c 2,87 gam kt ta.
6/ Hn hp A gm BaO, FeO, Al2O3. Ho tan A trong lng nc d c dd
D v phn khng tan B. Sc kh CO2 d vo D, phn ng to kt ta.
Cho kh CO d i qua B nung nng c cht rn E. Cho E tc dng
vi dd NaOH d, thy tan mt phn v cn li cht rn G. Ho tan
ht G trong lng d H2SO4 long ri cho dd thu c tc dng vi dd
NaOH d, lc kt ta nung ngoi khng kh n khi lng khng
i thu c cht rn Z.
Gii thch th nghim trn bng cc phng trnh ho
hc.
7/ C cc phn ng sau:
MnO2
+
HCl Kh A
Na2SO3
+ H2SO4 ( l ) Kh B
FeS +
HCl Kh C
NH4HCO3 + NaOHd Kh D
Na2CO3 + H2SO4 ( l ) Kh E
c. Xc nh cc kh A, B, C, D, E.
d. Cho A tc dng C , B tc dng vi dung dch A, B tc dung vi C,
A tc dung dch NaOH iu kin thng, E tc dng dung
dch NaOH. Vit cc PTHH xy ra.
e. C 3 bnh kh A, B, E mt nhn. Bng phng php ho hc hy
phn bit cc kh.
8/ Mt hn hp X gm cc cht: Na2O, NaHCO3, NH4Cl, BaCl2 c s
mol mi cht bng nhau. Ho tan hn hp X vo nc, ri un nh
thu c kh Y, dung dch Z v kt ta M. Xc nh cc cht trong
Y, Z, M v vit phng trnh phn ng minh ho.
9/ Nhit phn mt lng MgCO3 trong mt thi gian thu c mt cht
rn A v kh B. Cho kh B hp th hon ton vo dung dch NaOH
thu c dung dch C. Dung dch C c kh nng tc dng c vi
BaCl2 v KOH. Cho A tc dng vi dung dch HCl d li thu c kh B
v mt dung dch D. C cn dung dch D
c mui khan E. in phn nng chy E c kim loi M.
Xc nh A, B, C, D, E, M v Vit cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra
trong th nghim trn.
10/ Cho BaO vo dung dch H2SO4 long ,sau khi phn ng xy ra
hon ton thu c kt ta A v dung dch B. Cho nhm d vo dung
dch B thu c kh E v dung dch D. Ly dung dch D cho tc
dng vi dung dch Na2CO3 thu c kt ta F. Xc nh cc cht
A,B,C,D,F . Vit cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra.

11/ Tm cc cht A,B,C,D,E (hp cht ca Cu) trong s sau v

vit phng trnh ho hc:
A

D
Cu

S v cc PTHH xy ra:
A - Cu(OH)2

B- CuCl2
(1)

Cu(OH)2
(5)
CuCl2

C - Cu(NO3)2
(2)

D- CuO
(3)

CuCl2

(4)

Cu(NO3)2

(6)
Cu(NO3)2

(7)
Cu(OH)2

CuO
Cu
(8)
CuSO4

(1) Cu(OH)2 + 2 HCl

CuCl2 + 2 H2O

(2) CuCl2 + 2AgNO3

2AgCl + Cu(NO3)2

(3)

t0

2Cu(NO3)2

E - CuSO4

2CuO + 4 NO2 + O2

(4) CuO + H2

t0

Cu + H2O

(5) CuCl2 + 2AgNO3

2AgCl + Cu(NO3)2

(6) Cu(NO3)2 + 2 NaOH

(7) Cu(OH)2 + H2SO4

Cu(OH)2 + 2 NaNO3
CuSO4 + 2H2O

(8) Fe + CuSO4 FeSO4 + Cu.

12/ Nung nng Cu trong khng kh, sau mt thi gian c cht rn
A. Ho tan A trong H2SO4 c, nng c dung dch B v kh C.
Kh C tc dng vi dung dch KOH thu c dung dch D, Dung dch
D va tc dng c vi BaCl2 va tc dng c vi NaOH. Cho B tc
dng vi KOH. Vit cc PTHH Xy ra.
13/ C mt ming Na do khng cn thn nn tip xc vi khng
kh m trong mt thi gian bin thnh sn phm A. Cho A phn
ng vi nc c dung dch B. Cho bit thnh phn c th c ca A,
B? Vit cc PTHH v gii thch th nghm trn.

14/ Hn hp A gm BaO, FeO, Al2O3. Ho tan A trong lng nc d c

dung dch D v phn khng tan B. Sc kh CO2 d vo D, phn ng
to kt ta. Cho kh CO d i qua B nung nng c cht rn E. Cho
E tc dng vi dung dch NaOH d thy tan mt phn v cn li cht
rn G. Ho tan ht G trong lng d dung dch H2SO4 long. Vit cc
PTHH xy ra.
15/ Cht rn A mu xanh lam tan c trong nc to thnh dung
dch. Khi cho thm NaOH vo dung dch to ra kt ta B mu
xanh lam . Khi nung nng cht B b ho en. Nu sau tip tc
nung nng sn phm trong dng kh H2 th to ra cht rn C mu
. Cht rn C tc dng vi mt axt v c m c to ra dung
dch ca cht A ban u. Hy cho bit A l cht no. Vit tt c
cc PTHH xy ra.

Phn B. Ho hc hu c
Cc phng php gii ton ho hc c bn.
1/ Phng php p dng nh lut bo ton nguyn t.
Trong mi qu trnh bin i vt cht th cc nguyn t
(ngoi tr cc phn ng bin i ht nhn nguyn t), tng s
khi lng v in tch ca cc thnh phn tham gia bin i lun
lun c bo ton.
2/ Phng php p dng nh lut v thnh phn khng i
Vi mi hp cht cho trc th:
T l khi lng ca mi nguyn t i vi khi lng hp cht l
mt s khng i.
T l khi lng gia cc nguyn t l mt s khng i.
3/ Phng php p dng cc nh lut vt l v cht kh.
nh lut Avgar: cng mt iu kin v nhit v p
sut, bt k cht kh no nu c cng s phn t bng nhau
th chim th tch nh nhau.
H qu: 1 mol phn t cht kh no cng c mt s phn t l
N = 6,02.1023 phn t. Do 1 mol phn t kh no cng
chim mt th tch nh nhau khi xt cng iu kin v nhit
v p sut.
Phng trnh Mendeleev Clapeyron:
PV = nRT
Trong :
+ n: s mol
+ p: p sut (atm) = p/760 (mmHg)
V: th tch (lit)
T = t0c + 273 (nhit tuyt i: K)
R = 22,4/273 atm.lit/mol.K (hng s Rydberg)
4/ Phng php chuyn bi ton hn hp thnh bi ton mt
cht tng ng
(phng php trung bnh)
Khi hn hp gm nhiu cht cng tc dng vi mt cht khc m
phn ng xy ra cng mt loi (oxi ho - kh, trung ho, axit
baz,...) v hiu sut cc phn ng bng nhau th ta c th thay
th c hn hp bng mt cht gi l cht tng ng c s mol,
khi lng, hay th tch bng s mol, khi lng hay th tch ca c
hn hp m cc kt qu phn ng ca cht tng ng y ht nh
kt qu cc phn ng ca ton hn hp.
Cng thc ca cht tng ng gi l cng thc tng ng hay
cng thc trung bnh.

Khi lng mol phn t, khi lng mol nguyn t, s nguyn t ca

cc nguyn t ca cht tng ng l cc gi tr trung bnh M , A ,
x , y , z ,...
Gi a1, a2, a3, ...< 1 ln lt l thnh phn % theo s mol ca cc cht
1, 2, 3, ...trong hn hp. Ta c:
=

Khoiluonghonhop
Tongsomol

m hh

= n
= a1M1 + a2M2 + a3M3 + ....
hh
Vi mhh = n1M1 + n2M2 + n3M3 + ...
Trong : n1, n2, n3, ...ln lt l s mol phn t ca cht 1, 2,
3,...
A = a1A1 + a2A2 + a3A3 + ...
x = a1x1 + a2x2 + a3x3 + ...
y = a1y1 + a2y2 + a3y3 + ...
z = a1z1 + a2z2 + a3z3 + ...
Gi tr nh nht < gi tr trung bnh < gi tr ln nht.
Suy ra:
Hai cht ng ng lin tip th:
x < x < x + 1 ; 2p < y < 2(p + 1)
- Hn hp anken v ankyn th: 1 < k < 2
- Hai s c gi tr trung bnh l trung bnh cng khi v ch khi
hai s c h s bng nhau; n1 = n2 ---> a1 = a2
Trung bnh ca hai s nguyn lin tip l mt s khng nguyn
v trong khong hai s nguyn .
Th d: cho n v n + 1 c n = 3,2
---> n = 3 v n + 1 = 4.
M

5/ Bn cht phn ng sc kh CO2 hay SO2 vo dung dch

kim.
Dung dch kim c th l dung dch NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH) 2,
Ba(OH)2. Khi cho CO2 hay SO2 l nhng oxit axit vo trong dung
dch th CO2 hay SO2 s kt hp vi nc ca dung dch kim s to ra
axit.
Bn cht ca phn ng gia CO2 hay SO2 v dung dch kim l
phn ng trung ho axit v baz.
H+ + OH- ----> H2O
- Nu s mol OH- s mol H+ ---> mi trng trung ho hay c tnh
kim. Do bi ton cho kim d (nc vi trong d, xt d,...) th
phn ng ch to ra mui trung tnh khi kim dng va hoc d.
- Nu s mol H+ > s mol OH- ---> mi trng c tnh axit.
s mol H+(d) = s mol H+(b) s mol OH- .
Nu s mol H+(d) s mol CO32- ---> Phn ng ch to mui
axit.
Nu s mol H+(d) < s mol CO32- ----> Phn ng ch bin i
mt phn mui trung tnh ra mui axit, ngha l to ra hai
mui.
6/ Phng php bin lun:

Khi ta s dng ht gi thit m vn cha tm c kt qu hoc

cho nhiu kt qu khng hp l th bi ton phi c gii hoc
chn nghim hp l bng phng php bin lun.
Ni chung, trong ton Ho, ta hay da vo quy lut ca s t
nhin, quy lut kt hp ca cc nguyn t, thuyt cu to ho hc,
dy in ho, bng phn loi tun hon bin lun.

chuyn 17:
Vit ng phn ctct, vit PTHH
theo chui phn ng - iu ch,
nhn bit - phn bit - tch cc
cht hu c.
Bi 1: Vit cc cng thc cu to c th c ng vi cng thc phn
t C5H10:
CH2 = CH - CH2 - CH2 - CH3
CH2 = C - CH2 - CH3
|
CH3
CH3 - CH = CH- CH2 - CH3

CH3 - C= CH - CH3
|
CH2
CH3
CH2

CH2 = CH - CH - CH3
|
CH3

CH2

CH2
CH2

CH - CH2 - CH3
CH2

CH2

CH2

CH3

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH

CH

CH3

CH2

CH2

CH3

CH2
CH

CH3

Bi 2:
1. A, B, D, F, G, H, I l cc cht hu c tho mn cc s phn
ng sau:
A B + C
;
B + C D
;
D + E F
;
F + O2 G + E ; F + G H + E
;
H + NaOH I + F
G + L I + C
Xc nh A, B, D, F, G, H, I, L. Vit phng trnh ho hc biu din
s phn ng trn.
2. Vit cng thc cu to cc ng phn ca A ng vi cng
thc phn t C5H12. Xc nh cng thc cu to ng ca A bit
rng khi A tc dng vi clo( askt ) theo t l 1 : 1 v s mol to ra
mt sn phm duy nht.
t0

t 0 , xt

t 0 , xt

t 0 , xt

t 0 , xt

t0

3. T nguyn liu chnh l vi, than , cc cht v c v

iu kin cn thit. Vit s phn ng iu ch cc ru
CH3OH; C2H5OH; CH3 CH2 CH2OH v cc axit tng ng.
Bi 3:
1/ Vit cng thc cu to c th c ng vi cng thc phn t :
C5H12 , C3H6O2 , C3H7O
2/ C cc cht ng ring bit trong cc l mt nhn gm: Ru
etylic, axit axtic, benzen, dung dch NaOH, dung dch H 2SO4, dung
dch Ba(OH)2. Bng phng php ho hc hy phn bit cc cht
ng trong mi l trn.
Bi 4: Hon thnh s bin ho sau (ghi r iu kin nu c)
B (3) C (4) Cao su buna
(2)

CaC2

(1)

A
(5)

(6)

Ru etylic

(7)

(8 )

( 9)

G
10

CH3Cl

Bit F l: CH3COONa
Bi 5:
1/ a - Vit cng thc cu ti c th c ca C 4H8, C2H4O2, C3H8O.
b - C cc cht kh sau C2H6, C2H2, C2H4, CO2, N2, O2. Bng phng php ho hc hy phn bit cc cht trn.
2/ Vit PTP theo s bin ho sau (Ghi r iu kin nu c):
CH3COOH
2

C2H2

CH3CHO

CH3COOC2H5

C2H5OH
C2H5OH
3/ T than , vi, cc cht v c v cc iu kin cn thit.
Vit cc PTP
(Ghi r iu kin) iu ch Vinyl clorua, Poly etilen, Cao su
buna.
Bi 6:
a. Xc nh cc cht A , B , C , D , E , F v vit cc PTHH
minh ho.
C2H6 Cl , AS A NaOH B O , xt C Ca(OH ) D Na CO E
b. Vit tt c cc ng phn c th c ng vi cng thc
phn t : C3H6O2
2

NaOH , xtCaO ,t 0

Bi 7:
1. C cc cht: H2O, ru etylic, axit axtic v axit cacbonic. Sp
xp theo th t gim dn v tnh axit, t dn ra cc phng trnh phn ng minh ho cho trt t sp xp .

2. T kh thin nhin, cc cht v c v iu kin cn thit vit

cc phng trnh phn ng iu ch axtilen, ru etylic, axit
axtic, poli vinyl clorua (PVC), cao su buna.
Bi 8: Hy nhn bit cc l mt nhn ng cc cht lng: CH 3COOH,
HCl, C2H5OH, NaOH v C6H6 bng phng php ho hc.
Bi 9: Xc nh cng thc cu to ca A, B, C, D, E, F, G v hon
thnh cc phng trnh ho hc th hin theo s bin ho
sau(ghi r cc iu kin nu c).
C
+Y
C ( TH:t0,p,xt)
G
+ X, (t0,xt)
(xt)
(t0,xt)
A B
E
0
+Y, (t ,xt)
+X
(t0,xt)
0
D
( t 0,xt )
F ( T ; H 2 SO
15000 C , LLN

c )

CH3 COOC2H5
Bit A l thnh phn chnh ca kh bn ao, D ch c 1 nhm chc
l: CHO, G l PE
Bi 10: Vit cc phng trnh ho hc th hin theo s chuyn
ho sau.
CaCO3 (1) CaO (2) CaC2 (3) C2H2 (4) C2H4 (5) C2H5OH (6) CH3COOH (7)
CH3COONa (8) CH4 (9) CO2 ( 10) Ba(HCO3)2.
Bi 11:
1/ Hon thnh cc phng trnh ho hc theo dy bin ho sau .
a/ CaC2 CH = CH CH2 = CH2 CH3 CH2 OH
CH3 COOH CH3 COONa CH4 CH3Cl
b/ CH3 COOH CH3 COOC2H5 CH3 CH2 OH
CH3 CH2 ONa
2/ Vit phng trnh ho hc ca axtilen vi H2, HCl, dung dch
Brm v vi Ag2O trong mi trng NH3 (hoc AgNO3 trong mi trng
NH3).
Bi 12:
1/ Vit cc cng thc cu to thu gn ca cc ng phn c cng
cng thc phn t ca cc hp cht hu c sau : C 4H8 , C4H10O ,
C3H6O2 .
2/ Hn hp X gm mt ankan v mt ankin c t l phn t khi tng ng l
22 : 13. t chy hon ton 0,2 mol hn hp X, thu c 22g CO2 v
9g H2O. Xc nh cng thc phn t ca ankan v ankin trn.
3/ Hon thnh cc phng trnh phn ng theo s bin ho
sau(ghi r iu kin nu c)
D NaOH E

men gim

Xt : CaO, T

+O2
A Lenmen
B
CO2 ASKT ,Clorofin
+H2 O

CH4

XT
XT, T 0

Crcking,T 0

C4H6

H 2 , Ni ,t C4H10
0

CH4

1500 0 c

Xc nh cc cht A,B,D,E,F trong mi phng trnh.

Bi 13:
1/ C 3 hp cht hu c c cng thc phn t nh sau: CH2O2,
C2H4O2, C3H6O2. Hy vit cng thc cu to c th c ng vi 3 cng
thc phn t trn.
2/ Hon thnh s bin ho sau (ghi r iu kin nu c)
B (3) C (4) Cao su buna
(2)

CaC2

(1)

A
(5)

D (6) Ru etylic (7) E (8) F (9) G

Bit G (thnh phn chnh ca kh bn ao)
3/ Bng phng php ho hc hy phn bit cc dung dch ng
trong cc l mt nhn cha ring bit cc dung dch: CH 3COOH,
HCOOH, C2H5OH, C6H6.
4/ Hy xc nh cng thc cu to c th c ca cc hp cht hu
c ng vi cng thc tng
qut: CXHYOZ khi x 2. Bit rng cc hp cht u tc dng c
vi kali v khng phi l
hp cht a chc.
5/ Cho mt hir cacbon A, t chy hon ton 1 mol A cn 6
mol oxi. Xc nh cng thc phn t, vit cng thc cu to v gi
tn A. Bit A th kh.
Bi 14:
1/Xc nh cc cht A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H v hon thnh s
bin ho sau (ghi r iu kin nu c)
C
(2)

(3)

D
(4)

Ln men gim
Ln men
+ Cl2 , askt
A
(1)
(8)
H

(5)

(7)

+ H2 , xt Ni, t
E
(6)
F
Bit: E l nguyn liu chnh sn xut cao su buna.
G l thnh phn chnh ca kh bn ao.
2/ Cho mt ru no X, t chy hon ton mt mol X cn 3 mol
oxi. Xc nh cng thc phn t, vit cng thc cu to v gi tn
X.
3/ Bng phng php ho hc hy tch ring CO2 v C2H6 ra khi hn
hp kh CO2, C2H2, C2H4 v C2H6.
4/ C 4 l mt nhn cha ring bit cc kh CO2 ,CH4 ,C2H4 v
C2H2.Bng phng php ho hc hy nhn bit cc nm trong mi l.
Vit phng trnh ho hc minh ho (nu c).
0

Bi 15:
1/ Vit cng thc cu to cc ng phn ng vi cng thc phn
t: C3H6O2, C3H8O, C3H6, C5H10
2/ Cht A c cng thc phn t C2H6 .Xc nh cng thc cu to
ca cc cht B, C, D, E, F v hon thnh cc phng trnh ho hc
theo s phn ng sau:
C O , XT D Ca (OH ) E Na CO
B NaOH
F
C2H6 Cl , ASKT
CH4
3/ t chy 1 lt hn hp gm 2 Hir cacbon th kh thu c 1,6
lt kh CO2 v 1,4 lt hi nc. Cc th tch o cng iu kin
nhit v p sut. Xc nh 2 cht v thnh phn % v s mol
ca mi cht trong hn hp.
4/ Bng phng php ho hc hy nu cch phn bit 4 cht kh
sau: CH4, C2H2, SO2v CO2.
2

NaOH , Xt:CaO , t 0

Bi 16: Cho s biu din bin ho ho hc sau:

R1

R2

R3

R4
R6

R5

R3

- Xc nh cng thc cc cht R 1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6 (thuc hp cht

hu c) v vit cc phng trnh ho hc biu din cc bin ho
trn (mi mi tn ch vit mt PTHH).
- Trong cc bin ho trn c khi no phn ng xy ra theo chiu ngc
li khng? (Vit cc PTHH, nu iu kin xy ra cc phn ng)
V R1 tc dng vi I2 to ra mau xanh nn R1 l tinh bt(C6H10O5)n ta
c:
R1->R2: (C6H10O5 )n + nH2O
nC6H12O6 (1)
R2->R3 : C6H12O6
men zima
2C2H5OH + 2CO2
(2)
R3->R4 : C2H5OH + O2
XT
CH3COOH + H2O (3)
R3->R5 : C2H5OH
H2SO4
C2H4 + H2O (4)

R5->R3 : C2H4 + H2O

AX
C2H5OH (5)
R3->R6 : C2H5OH + CH3COOH
H2SO4
CH3COOC2H5 +
H2O (6)
R4->R6 : CH3COOH +C2H5OH
CH 3COOC2H5 +
H2O (7)
Nhng phn ng xy ra theo chiu ngc li c l :(4), (5)
C2H4 + H2O
XT,P
C2H5OH
C2H5OH
H2SO4
C2H4 + H2O

Chuyn 18:
Ton hirocacbon
Cng thc phn t tng qut v cng thc phn t ca cht
tng ng vi hn hp.
Cng thc mt cht
CxHy iu kin: y 2x + 2
Hay CnH2n + 2 2k iu kin: x, y, n
N0 Vi k l tng s lin kt
v vng.
Nu mch h --> k = tng s ni
, k N.
k = 0: Ankan
CnH2n + 2 ; n 1
k = 1: Xiclankan hay anken.
Xiclankan: CnH2n ; n 3
Anken: CnH2n ; n 2
k = 2 (mch h): Ankaien hay
ankyn
Ankaien: CnH2n 2 ; n 3
Ankyn: CnH2n 2 ; n 2
k = 4: Aren (3 + 1 vng)
CnH2n 6 ; n 6

Cng thc cht tng ng

C x H y , x > 1; y > 2
Hay C n H2 n + 2 - 2 k
n > 1; k 0

C n H2 n

+ 2

C n H2 n ;

- 2

C n H2 n

- 6

>1

>2

C n H2 n

>2

>6

1/ Phn ng cng:
Hirocacbon c ni , Xiclopropan, xiclobutan mi c phn ng
cng.
Cng H2: vi cht xc tc l Ni hoc Pt nung nng.
CnH2n + 2 2k + kH2 ----> CnH2n + 2
C n H2 n + 2 - 2 k + k H2 ----> C n H2 n + 2
k mol
1mol
1mol
H qu:
gim s mol ca hn hp lun lun bng s mol H 2 tham gia
phn ng.
Tng s mol hirocacbon sn phm v s mol hirocacbon
nguyn liu (d) lun lun bng s mol hirocacbon nguyn liu
ban u.
2/ Phn ng cng Br2:
C n H2 n + 2 - 2 k + k Br2 ----> C n H2 n
H qu:
-

+ 2- 2k

Br2 k

S mol hirocacbon tham gia phn ng bng

3/ Phn ng chy:

1
k

s mol Br2.

CxHy + (x +

y
4

C n H2 n

+ (3 n + 1 -

+ 2- 2k

)O2 ---->

CO2 +
k

y
2

H2O

)/2 O2 ---->

CO2 + ( n + 1 -

) H2O.

H qu:
*) k = 0, ta c:
C n H2 n + 2 + (3 n + 1)/2 O2 ----> n CO2 + ( n + 1) H2O
n x mol
x mol
( n + 1)x mol
----> x = ( n + 1)x - n x
= s mol H2O s mol CO2
Vy ta c: C n H2 n + 2 chy <---> s mol H2O > s mol CO2
v s mol C n H2 n + 2 = s mol H2O - s mol CO2
*) k = 1, ta c:
C n H2 n + 3 n /2 O2 ----> n CO2 + n H2O
C n H2 n chy <--> s mol H2O = s mol CO2
*) k = 2, ta c:
C n H2 n - 2 + (3 n - 1)/2 O2 ----> n CO2 + ( n - 1) H2O
n x mol
x mol
( n - 1)x mol
----> x = n x - ( n + 1)x
= s mol CO2 - s mol H2O
Vy ta c: C n H2 n - 2 chy <---> s mol H2O < s mol CO2
v s mol C n H2 n - 2 = s mol CO2 - s mol H2O
*) Ch :
- Hn hp hirocacbon th kh th: n 4 v n 4
- Ch c nhng Ankyn 1 (c ni 3 u mch) mi c phn ng
th AgNO3/NH4OH.
- Ngoi tr CH CH, cc ankyn cn li khi b hyrat ho cho sn
phm chnh l xtn.
- Nu hircacbon b hyrat ho m to ra ru n chc no th
hirocacbon ny chnh l anken (hay olefin)
Bi tp p dng:
Bi 1:
1. Hn hp A gm mtan, axtylen theo t l th tch l 1:1
a/ Tinh ch CH4 t hn hp
b/ Tinh ch C2H2 t hn hp
2. Hn hp A gm axtylen v hidro c t khi so vi hidro bng 4.
a/ Tnh % v th tch ca mi kh trong hn hp A,
b/ t nng hn hp trong bnh kn c t bt Ni lm xc tc thu c hn hp kh B.
- Cho 1/2 khi lng B i qua dung dch AgNO3 trong NH3 thy to
thnh 0,12g kt ta mu vng. Tnh khi lng ca C2H2 trong hn
hp B.

- Cho 1/2 lng kh B qua dung dch nc Brm thy bnh nng
thm 0,041(g). Tnh khi lng ca tylen c trong hn hp B.
Hng dn:
1.
a/ Cho hn hp i qua nc Br2 d:
C2H2 + 2Br2 C2H2Br4
Tinh ch c CH4
b/ Cho hn hp i qua dung dch Ag2O (NH2)
C2H2 + Ag2O C2Ag2 + H2O
- Lc ly kt ta hon tan bng HNO3
C2Ag2 + HNO3 AgNO3 + C2H2
2.
a. Gi mt s mol ca C2H2 l x -> nH2 = 1 - x
Ta c:

26 x 2(1 x)
2

=4

-> x = 0, 25
Ta c: C2H2 chim 25%; v H2Chim 75%
b. t nng hn hp
Ni
> C2H4
to
Ni
C2H2 + 3H2 0 > C2H6
t

C2H2 + H2

Hn hp kh B; C2H2; C2H4; C2H6

Cho 1/2B i qua dung dch Ag2O (NH3)
C2H2 + Ag2O NH C2Ag2 + H2O
3

nC2H2 = nC2Ag2 =

0,12
240

= 0,0005 (mol)

Khi lng C2H2 c trong hn hp B: 0,0005.2. 26 = 0,026(g)

- Cho 1/2 B i qua dung dch Br2
Cc phn ng:
C2H4 + Br2 C2H4 Br2
C2h2 + 2Br2 C2H2 Br4
- Khi lng ca C2H4 trong hn hp B l:
(0,041 -

0,026
).
2

2 = 0,056 (g)

Bi 2: Cc hirocacbon A, B, C u trng thi kh iu kin thng, xc nh cng thc ca chng bng kt qu ca tng th
nghim sau:
a, 1,4g cht A lm mt mu va mt dung dch cha 8g
brm.
b, Mt th tch V ca B chy cn 2,5V kh xi.
c, Tng th tch C v th tch xi va bng tng th
tch ca kh CO2 v hi nc to thnh, th tch hi nc ng bng
th tch CO2.

a, theo TN ta c : MA=

1,4.160
8

= 28 (g)

Xt cc trng hp :- hirocacbon CnH2n+2 v CnH2n-2 khng c

trng hp no c M = 28g
- hirocacbon CnH2n : ch c C2H4 l tho mn M=28g vy A
l C2H4 (1)
b, Gi cng thc B l CxHy v t VB = V0
Ta c :C2H4 + (x+
VO2

(x +

y
4

y
4

) O2

xCO2 +

y
2

H2O

)V0

y
4

x+

VCxHy
V0
x, y phi tho mn iu kin :
x, y l nhng s nguyn dng
2x-2 y 2x+2
Ch c nghim x=y=2 tho mn . Vy B l C2H2
C, Ta c : CnH2n + (n+

n
2

)O2

nCO2 + nH2O

-Theo PTHH VCO2= VH2O(hi )

n

Nu ly VCnH2n =1 th Vu = 1+ n + 2
Vcui =Vu

-> 1= 2 -> n=2 Vy C l C2H4

Bi 3: Hn hp A gm cc kh mtan, tylen v axtylen.

a. Dn 2,8 lt hn hp A ktc qua bnh ng dung dch nc
Brm thy bnh b nht mu i mt phn v c 20g brm phn
ng.
b. Mt khc t chy hon ton 5,6 lit A ktc ri cho ton b
sn phm chy qua bnh ng 175,2 gam dung dch NaOH 20%
sau th nghim thu c dung dch cha 1,57% NaOH.
Tnh % theo th tch ca mi kh c trong hn hp A.
Hng dn:
Gi x, y, z ln lt l cc s mol ca CH4 , C2H4 v C2H2 c trong 2,8 lt
hn hp:
nhh =

2,8
22,4

= 0, 125 mol

Khi cho 2,8 lt hn hp i qua bnh ng ncBrm ch c C2H4

v C2H2 phn ng
Phng trnh phn ng:
C2H4 + Br2 -> C2H4Br2
C2H2 + 2 Br2 -> C2H2Br
Ta c: nBr2 = y + 2z =

20
=
100

t chy 5,6 lt hn hp
CH4 + 2O2 -> CO2 + 2h2O
2x
2x

0, 125

C2H4 + 3O2-> 2CO2 + 2H2O

2y
4y
2C2H2 + O2 -> 4 CO2 + 2 H2O
2z
4z
Ta c: n CO2 = 2x + 4y + 4z = 0,375 + y
n NaOH = 0,876 mol
CO2 + 2NaOH -> Na2CO3 + H2O
1mol
2mol
n NaOH phn ng = 2n CO2 = 0,75 + 2y
n NaOH d = 0, 876 - 0,75 - 2y = 0,126 - 2y

x y z 0,125

Ta c h phng trnh y 2 z 0,125

40.(0,126 2 y )
.100 1,57
(0,375 y ).44 175,2

Gii h ta c: y = 0,025
x = z = 0, 05
% CH4 = 40%
% C2H4 = 20%
% C2H2 = 40%

Bi 4: Hn hp A gm CH4, C2H2 v mt hirocacbon X c cng thc

CnH2n +2. Cho 0,896 lt hn hp A i qua dung dch Brom d
phn ng xy ry ra hon ton, thy thot ra 0,448 lt hn hp hai
kh .
Bit rng t l s mol CH4 v CnH2n+ 2 trong hn hp l 1:1, khi
t chy 0,896 lit A thu c 3,08gam CO2 ( KTC).
a- Xc nh cng thc phn t ca Hirocacbon X
b- Tnh thnh phn % theo th tch ca mi kh trong hn
hp A.
Hng dn:
a- Khi cho hn hp A qua dung dch brom d, c phn ng:
C2H2 + 2Br2
C2H2Br4
V phn ng xy ra hon ton v c hai kh thot ra khi dung
dch brom, nn hai kh l CH4 v CnH2n+ 2
Theo bi, VC2H2 tham gia phn ng l: 0,896 - 0,448 = 0,448
(lt)
Vy s mol C2H2 l: 0,448 = 0,02 (mol)
22,4
Gi s mol ca CH4 l x. Theo bi => s mol ca C nH2n + 2 cng
l x.
Vy ta c: x + x = 0,448 = 0,02 => x = 0,01.
22,4
Phng trnh ho hc ca phn ng t chy hn hp:
2C2H2 + 5O2
4CO2 + 2H2O
0,02 mol
0,04 mol

CH4 + 2O2
CO2 + 2H2O
0,01 mol
0,01mol
2CnH2n + 2 + (3n + 1) O2
2nCO2 + 2 (n +1)H2O
0,01 mol
0,01,n mol
Vy ta c: nCO2 = 0,04 + 0,01 +0,01n = 3,08
=> n = 2
44
Vy cng thc phn t ca hirocacbon X l C2H6
b- Tnh % th tch cc kh:
% VC2H2 = 0,448: 0,896 x 100% = 50%
% VCH4 = % VC2H6 = (100% - 50%) : 2 = 25%
Bi 5: Ngi ta t chy mt hidrcacbon no bng O2 d ri dn sn
phm chy i ln lt qua H2SO4 c ri n 350ml dung dch
NaOH 2M thu c dung dch A. Khi thm BaCl2 d vo dung dch A
thy tc ra 39,4gam kt ta BaCO3 cn lng H2SO4 tng thm
10,8gam. Hi hir cc bon trn l cht no ?
Hng dn:
- Sn phm chy khi t Hir cac bon bng kh O 2 l CO2; H2O; O2
d. Khi dn sn phm chy i qua H 2SO4 c th ton b H2O b
gi li (do H2SO4 c ht nc mnh), do vy lng H2SO4 tng
10,8gam, chnh bng lng nc to thnh ( mH O = 10,8gam), kh cn
li l CO2, O2 d tip tc qua dung dch NaOH, xy ra phn ng gia
CO2 v NaOH
CO2 + 2NaOH Na2CO3 + H2O
(1)
CO2 + NaOH NaHCO3
(2)
Tu thuc vo s mol ca CO2 v NaOH m c th
to ra mui trung ho Na2CO3 ln mui axit NaHCO3)
* Trng hp 1:
NaOH d, sn phm ca phn ng gia CO 2 v NaOH ch
l mui trung ho. Dung dch A gm Na2CO3 + H2O
Khi phn ng vi dung dch BaCl2, ton b mui gc cacbonat b
chuyn thnh kt ta BaCO3.
Na2CO3 + BaCl2 BaCO3 + 2NaCl (3)
nBaCO = nCO
Ta c:
2

nBaCO =

V:

39,4
0,2(mol)
197

nCO = 0,2 (mol)

2

10,8
0,6(mol)
Trong khi: nH O =
18

0,2

CO
Suy ra: T s n 0,6 3 khng tn ti hir cc bon no no nh vy
H O
2

v t s nh nht l

1
2

CH4 chy

* Trng hp 2:
- Nh vy NaOH khng d. Ngha l NaOH phn ng ht. ng thi to
ra c mui axt v mui trung ho (c phn ng (1) v (2) u xy

ra, lng CO2 phn ng hon ton, lng CO2 b gi li hon ton)
- Theo phng trnh (1) n NaOH ban u = 0,35 . 2 = 0.7 (mol)
nNaOH = 2. nNa CO = 2 . nBaCO = 2 . 0,2 = 0,4 (mol)
nCO (1) = 0,2 (mol) (*)
Lng NaOH cn li: 0,7 - 0,4 = 0,3 (mol). Tham gia phn ng (2)
- Theo phng trnh (2): nCO = n NaOH = 0,3 (mol) (**)
- Vy t (*), (**) lng kh CO2 to thnh trong phn ng chy l
nCO = 0,2 + 0,3 = 0,5 (mol)
Gi CTHH hir cc bon no l CnH2n+2 (n 1)
Phn ng chy;
2

CnH2n+2 +
Do ;

3n 1
O2
2

n CO2 + (n + 1)H2O

n
0,5

n 5
n 1 0,6

Vy hir cc bon cn tm c cng thc ho hc C5H12

Bi 6: Cho bit X cha 2 hoc 3 nguyn t trong s cc nguyn t

C; H; O.
1/ Trn 2,688lt CH4 (ktc) vi 5,376lt kh X (ktc) thu c hn
hp kh Y c khi lng 9,12g. Tnh khi lng phn t X.
2/ t chy hon ton hn hpY. Cho sn phm chy hp th ht vo
dung dch cha 0,48 mol Ba(OH) 2 thy to ra 70,92g kt ta. Xc
nh CTPT v vit CTCT ca X.
Hng dn:
1/ S mol cc cht =
nx =

5,376
22,4

2,688
22,4

= 0,12 mol

= 0,24 mol

mx = 9,12 . 0,12 . 16 = 7,2

=> Mx =

7,2
0,24

= 30

2/ Cc PTHH c th xy ra gm:
CH4 + 2O2 -> CO2 + 2H2O
CxHyOz + (x +

y
2

z
2

)O2 -> xCO2 +

(1)
y
2

H2O

CO2 + Ba(OH)2 -> BaCO3 + H2O

CO2d + H2O + BaCO3 -> Ba(HCO3)2
Xy ra 2 trng hp:
a, Trng hp 1: CO2 thiu -> khng c PTHH(4)

(2)
(3)
(4)

nCO2 = nBaCO3 = 70,92 = 0,36 mol

197

lng CO2 do CH4 to ra theo PT (1) = nCH = 0,12 mol. Do lng CO2
do X to ra = 0,36 - 0,12 = 0,24 mol. Nh vy s nguyn t C trong
4

X=

0,24
0,24

=1
12 . 1 + y + 16z = 30 hay y + 16z = 18.

Cp nghim duy nht

=> CTPT l CH2O

z = 1 v y = 2
CTCT l H - C

O
H

b, Trng hp 2: CO2 d c PTHH (4)

Lc n CO2 = 0,48 + ( 0,48 - 0,36 ) = 0,6 mol

d
nCO do X to ra = 0,6 - 0,12 = 0,48 mol
2

-> nguyn t C trong X =

0,48
0,24

=2

ta c

12 . 2 + y + 16z = 30
<=> 24 + y + 16z = 30
<=> y + 16z = 6
Cp nghim duy nht z = 0 ; y = 6
H H
CTPT l C2H6
CTCT l
H-C-C-H
H H
Bi 7: t chy hon ton 1 hn hp kh gm 2 hidrocacbon c cng
thc tng qut CnH2n v C mH2m + 2. (4 m 1); (4 n 2) cn dng
35,2g kh O2.
Sau phn ng thu c 14,4g H2O v lng kh CO2 c th tch
bng

7
3

th tch ca hn hp kh ban u.

a. Tnh % th tch ca hn hp kh ban u.

b. Xc nh CTPT v CTCT c th c ca cc hidrocacbonat
ni trn.
35,2
=1,1 mol
32
14,4
H 2O =
= 0,8 mol
18

n O2 =
n

Gi a, b ln lt l s mol ca 2 hirocacbon CnH2n v CmH2m + 2

Ta c PTHH
3n
O2
2
3na
2

CnH2n +
a.

CmH2m + 2 +
b
3na
2

H 2O =

na

na

(3m + 1)O 2
m CO2 + (m +1)H2O
2

n O2 =
n

n CO2 + n H2O

3m 1)
2)

). b

(3m 1)
2

mb

b = 1,1

na + (m+1)b = 0,8

n CO2 = na + mb =

7
3

(a+b)

(m+1)b
(1)
(2)
(3)

Gii h PT ta c a = 0,2
b = 0,1
% CnH2n =0,2/0,3 x 100% 66,7%

a. % CmH2m + 2 = 100% - 66,7% = 33,3 %

b. na + mb =

7
3

( a +b)

0,2n + 0,1m =

7
3

x 0,3

2n + m = 7
n
2
3
m
3
1
Cc hirocacbon c CT: C2H4 v C3H8
C3H6 v CH4
Bi 8: Cho hn hp A gm C2H4 v C2H2. Ly 2,96g hn hp A em
t chy hon ton thu c m1g CO2 v m2g H2O. Ly 0,616 lt
A(ktc) cho phn ng vi lng d nc Brm thy c 6,8g Br2 tham gia
phn ng (phn ng xy ra hon ton).
a, Vit PTP.
b, Tnh % theo khi lng v theo th tch ca mi
hirocacbon trong A.
c, Tnh m1 v m2.
a) (1 im) C2H4 + O2 2CO2 + 2H2O
(1)
C2H2 +

5
O
2 2

2CO2 + H2O

(2)

C2H4 + Br2 C2H4Br2

(3)

C2H2 + 2Br2

(4)

b)

nhn hp

C2H2Br4

0,616
=0,0275
mol
22,4

6,8
nBr2 =
=0,0425
mol
160

Gi s mol C2H4 l a mol

C2H2 l b mol

a+b = ,00275 a= ,00125mol

Theo PT (3) v (4) ta c h PT: {
{
a+2b= ,00425 b= ,0015mol
trong 0,0275 mol hn hp : 0,0125.28 = 0,35 g.
m C2H 2 trong 0,0275 mol hn hp : 0,015.26 = 0,39g.
Tng khi lng = 0,35 + 0,39 = 0,74 g
T l 2,96g : 0,616 lt = 2,96 : 0,74 = 4:1
S mol C2H4 v C2H2 trong 2,96 g hn hp l:
n C2H 4 =0,0125.4 =0,05mol
n C 2H 2 =0,015.4 =0,06mol
% C2H4 theo V bng:

0,05
.100% =45,45%
0,11

m C 2H 4

% C2H2 theo V bng 100%- 45,45% = 54,55%

% C2H4 theo m bng

0,05.28
.100% =47,3%
2,96

% C2H2 theo m bng 100%- 47,3%= 52,7%

c, Tnh m1, m2
Theo PT (1) v (2):
n CO2 = 2n C 2H 4 + 2n C 2H 2 = 0,1 + 0,12 = 0,22 (mol)
m1
=
0,22.44=

9,68(g)

n H 2O = 2n C 2H 4 + 2n C 2H 2 = 2.0,05 + 0,06 = 0,16 (mol)

m2 = 0,16.18 = 2,88(g)
Bi 9: Cho 3,36 lt hn hp kh A (KTC) gm hiro cacbon X c
cng thc CnH2n + 2 v hiro cacbon Y (cng thc C mH2m) i qua
bnh nc Brom d thy c 8 gam brom tham gia phn ng. Bit 6,72
lt hn hp A nng 13 gam, n v m tho mn iu kin: 2 n; m
4.
Tm cng thc phn t 2 hiro cacbon X; Y.
Hng dn:
Cho hn hp kh qua dd nc brom

X:

CnH2n + 2 +

Br2

Y:

CmH2m

Br2

Khng phn ng
CmH2mBr2

Gi s mol X, Y trong hn hp ln lt l a v b ta c:
a + b =

3,36
22,4

nY = nBrom = b =

= 0,15 (mol)

8
160

= 0,05 (mol

a = 0,1 mol

Theo khi lng hn hp:

(14n + 2)0,1 + 14m . 0,05 =

13 .

3,36
6,72

= 6,5

Rt gn: 2n + m = 9
V cn tho mn iu kin 2 n; m 4. ( m, n nguyn dng)
Ch hp l khi n = m = 3
Vy cng thc phn thc phn t X l C3H8; Y l C3H6.
Bi 10: Mt hn hp gm kh Metan, Etilen c th tch 5 lt c
trn ln vi 5 lt kh Hiro ri nung n 250 0C c bt kn xc tc
cho n khi phn ng kt thc. Sau khi tr li nhng iu kin lc
u. V nhit v p sut th tch tng cng ch cn li 8 lt
c dn qua dung dch nc Brom. Hi
1) Dung dch Brom c b mt mu khng ?
2) Tnh thnh phn % theo th tch ca CH 4 v C2H4 trong
hn hp lc u

3) Nu thay C2H4 bng cng th tch ca C 2H2 th sau phn

ng th tch tng cng bng bao nhiu ?
Hng dn:
a) Khi trn hn hp kh CH4; C2H4 vi kh H2 n khi phn ng
kt thc c ngha phn ng xy ra hon ton v ch c C 2H4
phn ng vi H2.
Ni
PTHH : C2H4+ H2 t0
C2H6
Theo phn ng ta c n

C2H4

= nH2

M theo bi ra : nC2H4 < nH2 nn sau phn ng c H2 (d) v

CH4 ; C2H6 l nhng cht khng phn ng vi dd Brom. Nn Brom
khng mt mu.
b) Theo phn ng trn : Vh hp gim = VC2H4 phn ng.
=> VC2H4 = 5 + 5 - 8 = 2 (lt)
% C2H4

2
.100% 40%
5

% CH4 = 100% - 40% = 60%

c) Nu thay C2H4 + Ni
2H2
Theo PTHH :

C2H6

t0

VH2 = 2VC2H2 = 2.2 = 4 (l)

=> VH2 (d) = 5 - 4 = 1 (lt)
Vhh = 3 +2 + 1 = 6 (lt).
Bi 11: Hp cht hu c A ch cha hai nguyn t X v Y. t chy
hon ton m gam A thu c ng m gam H2O. A c phn t khi
trong khong 150 < M < 170.
a. X v Y l nguyn t g?
b. Xc nh cng thc n gin nht (cng thc trong t l
s nguyn t ca cc nguyn t l ti gin) v cng thc phn t
ca A.
Hng dn:
- Nu c v A l hp cht hu c nn trong X v Y phi c mt
nguyn t l C.
Mt khc khi t A thu c H2O. Vy X v Y l C v H
- Vit c phng trnh tng qut:
CxHy + (x +
a

y
4

)O2 xCO2 +

y
2

y
2

.a

H2O

- Lp c h thc a(mol) CxHy =>

M MA =

m
a

y
2

.a(mol) H2O

v MH 2 O = a y = 18 => a.MA = 9.a.y => MA = 9y.

2

V 150 < M < 170 nn 16 < y < 19.

Ta c:
y
16
17
18
19
M
145
156
16
171
2
A
V nu M = 156, y = 17 th x = 11,5 (loi). Vy ch c y = 18,
x = 12 v M = 162 l ph hp.
Cng thc phn t ca A l: C12H18
Cng thc n gin nht l: (C2H3)n
Bi 12: Hn hp kh B cha mtan v axetilen.
1. Cho bit 44,8 lt hn hp B nng 47g. Tnh % th tch mi kh
trong B.
2. t chy hon ton 8,96 lt hn hp B v cho tt c sn phm
hp th vo 200ml dung dch NaOH 20% (D = 1,2 g/ml). Tnh nng
% ca mi cht tan trong dung dch NaOH sau khi hp th sn
phm chy.
3. Trn V lt hn hp B vi V' Hircacbon X (cht kh) ta thu c
hn hp kh D nng 271g, trn V' lt hn hp kh B vi Vlt
Hirocacbon X ta thu c hn hp kh E nng 206g. Bit V' - V =
44,8 lt. Hy xc nh cng thc phn t ca Hirocacbon X. Cc
th tch kh u o iu kin tiu chun.
Hng dn:
1. Gi n l s mol C2H2 trong 1 mol hn hp B ta c phng trnh v
khi
lng mol: MB = 26n +16 (1 - n) = 47/2 = 23,5 => n = 0,75 tc
axetilen= 75%,
mtan = 25%
2. Cc phng trnh:
2C2H2 + 5O2
4CO2+2H2O
(1)
CH4+ 2O2
CO2+2H2O
(2)
Tnh nB = 0,4 mol , trong c 0,3mol C2H2 v 0,1mol CH4
Theo cc phn ng : 1;2:
Tng mol CO2 = 0,3 x 2 + 0,1 x 1 = 0,7 mol
Tng mol H2O = 0,3 x 1 + 0,1 x 2 = 0,5 mol
S mol NaOH = 200x 1 ,2 x 20 /100x40 = 1,2mol
V: s mol CO2< s mol NaOH < 2 x s mol CO2.
Do to thnh 2 mui :
CO2+ 2NaOH
Na2CO3 + H2O
(3)
CO2 +NaOH
NaHCO3
(4)

Gi a, b ln lt l s mol Na2CO3 v NaHCO3 Ta c:

a + b = 0,7
=> a = 0,5mol Na2CO3
2a +b = 1,2
b = 0,2mol NaHCO3
Khi lng dung dch NaOH sau khi hp th CO2 vH2O l:
200x 1,2+ 0,7 x 44 + 0,5 x 18 = 279,8 g
Vy % N2CO3 =106 x 0,5 x 100/279,8 = 18,94%
% NaHCO3 = 84 x 0,2 x 100/279,8 = 6%
3- Ta c cc phng trnh v hn hp D v E:
V . 23,5 + V' .M = 271
(a)
22,4
22,4
V' . 23,5 + V .M
= 206
(b)
22,4
22,4
Mt khc: V' - V = 44,8 lt
(c)
Trong : M l khi lng phn t ca HirocacbonX.
T (a), (b) v (c) gii ra ta c M = 56
Gi cng thc X l CXHY ta c: 12 x + y = 56
Suy ra cng thc ca X l C4H8
Bi 13: Hn hp X (ktc) gm mt ankan v mt anken. Cho 3,36
(l) hn hp X qua bnh nc Brom d thy c 8(g) Brm tham gia phn
ng. Bit 6,72 (l) hn hp X nng 13(g).
1, Tm cng thc phn t ca ankan v anken, bit s nguyn t
cacbon trong mi phn t khng qu 4.
2, t chy hon ton 3,36 (l) hn hp X v cho tt c sn phm
chy hp th vo dung dch NaOH (d), sau thm BaCl2 d th thu
c bao nhiu (g) cht kt ta?
Hng dn:
t CTPT ca X, Y ln lt l CnH2n + 2 v CmH2m
iu kin: 1 n 4 v 2 m 4 ( m, n nguyn dng)
Cho hn hp kh qua dd nc brom

X:

CnH2n + 2 +

Br2

Y:

CmH2m

Br2

Khng phn ng
CmH2mBr2

Gi s mol X, Y trong hn hp ln lt l a v b ta c:
a + b =

3,36
22,4

nY = nBrom = b =

= 0,15 (mol)

8
160

= 0,05 (mol

a = 0,1 mol

Theo khi lng hn hp:

(14n + 2)0,1 + 14m . 0,05 = 13 .
Rt gn: 2n + m = 9

3,36
6,72

= 6,5

V cn tho mn iu kin: 1 n 4 v 2 m 4 ( m, n nguyn

dng)
Ch hp l khi n = m = 3
Vy cng thc phn thc phn t X l C3H8; Y l C3H6.
2/ Ta c cc PTHH xy ra:
C3H8 + 5O2 ----> 3CO2 + 4H2O
0,1
0,3 mol
2C3H6 + 9O2 -----> 6CO2 + 6H2O
0,05
0,15 mol
CO2 + 2NaOH -----> Na2CO3 + H2O
0,45
0,9
0,45 mol
BaCl2 + Na2CO3 ----> BaCO3 + 2NaCl
0,45
0,45 -----> 0,45 mol
mrn = 0,45 . 197 = 88,65g

Chuyn 19:
tnh cht - iu ch Ancol
Cng thc phn t tng qut v cng thc phn t ca cht
tng ng vi hn hp ru.
Cng thc mt cht
Ru no: CnH2n + 2Ox
x n ; n, x N*
Ru no n chc: CnH2n + 2O
Ru cha no no, mch h, c k ni
v n chc.
CnH2n + 2 2kO
n 3, n, k N*
Cc phn ng ca ru:

Cng thc cht tng ng

C n H2 n + 2O x
x < n
C n H2 n + 2O
n > 1
C n H2 n + 2- 2 k O
n > 3

Phn ng vi kim loi kim:

2R(OH)n + 2nM ----> 2R(OM)n + nH2
2R-OH + 2M ----> 2R-OM + H2
R(OH)n : Ru n chc, R-OH: Ru n chc.
Phn ng vi axit:
R-OH + H-Br ---> R-Br + H2O
- Phn ng tch nc:
CnH2n + 1-OH -------> CnH2n + H2O.
Phn ng ete ho ca ru n chc, ta c:
S mol ete = 1/2 s mol ca ru tham gia phn ng.
Hn hp 2 ru b ete ho s to ra 3 ete.
Phn ng chy ca ru no hay ete no.
n
C H2 n + 2O x + (3 n + 1 - x )/2 ------> n CO2 + ( n + 1)H2O
n xmol ( n + 1)x mol
xmol
H qu:
Ru no hay ete no chy ----> s mol H 2O > s mol CO2. V s mol ru no hay ete no tham gia phn ng = s mol H2O s mol CO2.
-

Bi tp p dng:
Bi 1: t chy 3,075 gam hn hp 2 ru no n chc k tip nhau
trong dy ng ng. Sn phm thu c ln lt cho qua bnh 1
ng H2SO4 c v bnh 2 ng KOH rn. Tnh khi lng cc
bnh ny tng ln, bit rng nu cho lng ru trn tc dng vi Na
thy thot ra 0,672 lt H2 (ktc). Lp cng thc phn t ca 2 ru.
Bi gii
Gi n l s nguyn t cacbon trung bnh ca 2 ru. Ta c CTPT tng
ng ca 2 ru l C n H2 n + 1OH.

Phn ng t chy:
C n H2 n + 1OH +

3n
2

O2

t n

CO2 + ( n + 1) H2O

(1)

Khi cho sn phm thu c qua bnh 1 ng H2SO4 th H2O b hp

th v qua bnh 2 ng KOH th CO2 b gi li theo phng trnh.
(2)
CO2 + 2KOH K2CO3 + H2O
Phn ng ru tc dng vi Na
(3)
2C n H2 n + 1OH + 2Na 2C n H2 n + 1ONa + H2
Theo (3) s mol hn hp 2 ru l.
nhh = 2.nH 2 = 2

M hh

3,075
0,06

0,672
22,4

= 0,06 (mol)

= 51,25 = 14 n + 18

n = 2,375. V 2 ru k tip nhau nn suy ra: C2H5OH v C3H7OH.

Theo (1) ta c:
Khi lng bnh 1 tng = mH 2 O = 0,06(2,375 + 1).18 = 3,645 g
Khi lng bnh 2 tng = mCO 2 = 0,06 . 2,375 . 44 = 6,27 g
Bi 2: A l hn hp gm ru Etylic v 2 axit hu c k tip nhau c
dng CnH2n+1COOH v Cn+1H2n+3COOH. Cho 1/2 hn hp A tc dng ht
vi Na thot ra 3,92 lt H 2 (ktc). t 1/2 hn hp A chy hon ton,
sn phm chy c hp th ht vo dung dch Ba(OH)2 d th c
147,75g kt ta v khi lng bnh Ba(OH)2 tng 50,1 g.
a, Tm cng thc 2 axit trn.
b, Tm thnh phn hn hp A.

nH

3,92

= 22,4 = 0,175 (mol)

PT phn ng:
2C2H5OH + 2Na 2C2H5ONa + H2
(1)
2CnH2n+1 COOH +2Na 2CnH 2n+1COONa + H2 (2)
2Cn+1H2n+3 COOH +2Na 2Cn+1H2n+3COONa + H2
(3)
Bin lun theo tr s trung bnh.
Tng s mol 3 cht trong 1/2 hn hp = 0,175.2= 0,35 (mol)
t0
2CO2 + 3H2O
C2H6O + 3O2
(4)
2

CxH2xO2 +

3x 2
2

t0
O2 xCO2 + xH2O

(5)
147,75

Cht kt ta l BaCO3 nBaCO3 = 197 = 0,75 (mol)

PT: CO2 + Ba(OH)2 BaCO3 + H2O (6)
Theo PT (6) ta c: nCO2 = nBaCO3 = 0,75 (mol)
mCO2 = 0,75 x44 = 33(g)
mH2O = m tng - mCO2
mH2O = 50,1 - 33 = 17,1 (g)
nH2O = 17,1 = 0,95 (mol)
18

T PT (4) ta thy ngay:

S mol ru C2H5OH = 0,95 - 0,75 = 0,2 ( mol)
Theo PT (4) ta thy s mol CO2 to ra l
nCO2 = 2.nC2H5OH = 2.0,2 = 0,4 (mol)
Suy ra: 2 a xt chy to ra 0,75 - 0,4 = 0,35 (mol CO 2)
T PT (4) ta thy nH2O = 3.nC2H5OH = 3.0,2 = 0,6 (mol)
Suy ra 2 axit chy to ra: 0,95 - 0,6 = 0,35 mol H2O
Vi s mol 2axit = 0,35 - 0,2 = 0,15 x = 0,35 : 0,15 = 2,33
(x l s mol trung bnh gia n+1 v n+2)
2 axit l CH3COOH v C2H5COOH.
Gi s mol CH3COOH, C2H5COOH trong 1/2 A l a, b.
Theo phng trnh t chy ta c:
S mol ca 2 axit = 0,15mol = a + b.
nCO2 sinh ra = 2a + 3 b = 0,35. Gii ra ta c: a = 0,1; b =
0,05.
Vy hn hp c 0,2 mol CH3COOH l 12 g v 0,10 mol C2H5COOH l
7,4g
Bi 3: Hn hp A gm 0,1 mol Ru Etylic v a mol Ru X c cng thc
l: CnH2n(OH)2. Chia A thnh 2 phn bng nhau. Phn 1 cho tc dng
ht vi Na thy bay ra 2,8lt kh Hir ( KTC). Phn th 2 em
t chy hon ton thu c 8,96 lt kh CO2 ( KTC) v b g nc.
a/ Tm cc gi tr ca a, b?
b/ Xc nh cng thc phn t, vit cng thc cu to ca X, bit
rng mi nguyn t C ch lin kt c vi 1 nhm OH?
Hng dn:
1. Cc phn ng xy ra.
2C2H5OH + 2Na 2C2H5ONa + H2
(1)
CnH2n(OH)2 + 2 Na CnH2n(ONa)2 + H2 (2)
C2H5OH + 3 O2 to
2 CO2 + 3 H2O
(3)
3n 1
2

CnH2n(OH)2 +

O2

to

n CO2 + (n+1) H2O

Theo phn ng (1), (2) ta c:

n H2 =

0,1
2,2

2,8
22,4

+2 =

= 0,125 (mol) a = 0,2 mol.

Theo phn ng (3), (4):

n CO2 =

0,1
2

.2+

0,2
2

.n =

8,96
22,4

= 0,4 (mol). n = 3.

Theo phn ng (3), (4):

n H2O =

0,1
2

.3 +

0,2
2

. 4 = 0,55 (mol).

(4)

m H2O = b = 0,55 . 18 = 9,9g

2. Cng thc phn t ca X l: C3H8O2 hay C3H6(OH)2.
Cng thc cu to hp cht l:
CH2 - CH - CH3

CH2 - CH2 - CH2

OH

OH

OH

OH

Bi 4 : t chy hon ton 23g mt ru no n chc A, thu c 44g CO2

v 27g H2O.
a/ Xc nh CTPT, CTCT ca A
b/ Hn hp X gm A v B l ng ng ca nhau. Cho 18,8g hn hp X
tc dng vi Na d, thu c 5,6 lit H2 (ktc). Xc nh CTPT, CTCT ca A,
B v tnh thnh phn % theo khi lng ca A, B trong X.
c/ t chy hon ton hn hp X ri cho ton b sn phm i qua bnh
ng dung dch Ca(OH)2 d, thu c 35g kt ta. Tnh khi lng hn hp
X em t chy.
Hng dn :
a/ S mol CO2 = 1 mol v s mol ca H2O = 1,5 mol. Nhn thy s mol
ca H2O > s mol ca CO2 -----> Ru A l ru no.
n 1

nH 2 O : nCO 2 = n = 1,5 ----> n = 2. CTPT ca A l C2H6O v CTCT l

CH3 CH2 OH.
b/ Gi CTPT TB ca A v B l C n H2 n + 1OH, a l s mol ca ru tng
ng.
m = (14 n + 18)a = 18,8 (*)
2C n H2 n + 1OH + 2Na ------> 2C n H2 n + 1ONa + H2
a(mol)
a/2(mol)
S mol H2 = a/2 = 5,6/22,4 = 0,25 ----> a = 0,5 mol
Thay a = 0,5 vo (*) ----> n = 1,4 Vy n < n < n + 1 (n nguyn dng v n 1)
Vy ru B ch c 1 nguyn t C, B l CH3 OH.
t s mol ca CH3 OH l x, s mol ca CH3 CH2 OH l y.
x + y = a = 0,5
32x + 46y = 18,8
Gii phng trnh ta c: x = 0,3 v y = 0,2.
---> mCH 3 OH = 0,3 . 32 = 9,6g ---> % mCH 3 OH = 51,06% v % mCH 3 - CH
2
- OH = 48,94%.
c/
2C n H2 n + 1OH + 3 n O2 ----> 2 n CO2 + 2( n + 1) H2O
n a mol
a mol
CO2 + Ca(OH)2 ----> CaCO3 + H2O
n a mol
n a mol
S mol ca CaCO3 = n a = 35 : 100 = 0,35 mol ----> a = 0,35 :
0,35 : 1,4 = 0,25.

Ta c: mX = (14 n + 18)a = 14 n a + 18a = 14.0,35 + 18.0,25 =

9,4g.
Bi 5:
1 - Trong bnh kn 150 0C cha hn hp kh gm 1 th tch
axetilen v 2 th tch oxi. t chy axetilen bng chnh kh oxi
trong bnh. Sau khi phn ng kt thc a bnh v nhit ban
u th p sut trong bnh thay i nh th no?
2 - Trn 12,4 g hn hp hai ru CH3OH v C2H5OH vi 3 g axit
CxHyCOOH ri em t th thu c 13,44 l kh CO2 (KTC). Nu
em 3 g oxit trn trung ho bi dung dch KOH 0,5 M th cn 100
ml DD KOH.
a. Tm CTHH ca axit trn.
b. Tnh % khi lng hn hp ru ban u.
c. Vit PTHH cc phn ng Este ho gia cc cht trn.
Hng dn:
1 - 1500C nc th hi.
Gi V l th tch ca C2H2
2

th VO
= 2V
Th tch hn hp C2H2 v O2 trong bnh bng 3V
PTHH:
2C2H2(k) + 5O2(k) 4CO2(k)
+ 2H2O(h)
2 mol
5 mol
4 mol
2 mol
Vl
2,5 V l
2Vl
Vl
xl
2 Vl
yl
zl
x=

4
V
5

VC 2 H

y=

8
V
5

z =

cn d = V -

4
V
5
8

4
V
5

Vhh sau phn ng = ( 5 V +

1
V
5
4
V
5

+ 5V ) =

13
V
5

Gi p sut trong bnh lc u l 100%

Pd

p sut trong bnh sau phn ng l a %. p dng cng thc P =

s
nd
ns

Vd

= V
s

Ta c: a =

100.

13
5

= 86,7 (%)

Vy p sut kh trong bnh gim i l:

100 % - 86,7 % = 13,3 %
2.
a- Tm CTHH ca axit:
nKOH = 0,5 . 0,1 = 0,05 (mol)

PTHH: CxHyCOOH (dd) + KOH (dd) CxHyCOOK (dd) + H2O (l)

0,05 mol
0,05 mol
3

MC x H y COOH = 0,05 = 60
12 x + y + 45 = 60
12x + y = 15
x = 1 v y = 3 ----> CTHH ca axit l: CH3COOH.
b. Tnh phn khi lng ca hn hp ru ban u:
13,44

Nco 2 = 22,4 = 0,6 (mol)

Gi x, y ln lt l s mol CH3OH v C2H5OH trong hn hp (x, y > 0).
PTHH: t chy hn hp
2CH3OH (l) + 3O2 (k) 2CO2(k) + 4H2O (h)
x mol
x mol
C2H5OH (l) + 3O2 (k) 2 CO2 (k) + 3H2O (h)
y mol
2y mol
CH3COOH (l) + 2O2 (k) 2 CO2 (k) + 2H2O (h)
0,05 mol
0,1 mol
Tng s mol CO2: 2y + x + 0,1 = 0,6
2y + x = 0,5
Khi lng hn hp hai ru bng 12,4 gam
46 y + 32 x = 12,4
suy ra x = 0,1 mol v y = 0,2 mol
% CH3OH =

0,1.32
12,4

. 100%

25,8 %

% C2H5OH = 100% - 25,8 % = 74,2%

c. Phn ng ESTE ho:
CH3COOH (l) + C2H5OH (l)
CH3COOH (l) + CH3OH (l)

H2SO4(c), t0
CH3COOC2H5 (l) + H2O (l)
H2SO4(c), t0
CH3COOCH3 (l) + H2O (l)

Chuyn 20:
tnh cht, iu ch axit v
este
Cng thc phn t tng qut ca axit v este a chc no,
mch h.
CnH2n + 2 2kO2k vi k: nhm chc COOH hay C O H v n, k thuc
N* = 1, 2, 3..
O
Hn hp: C. n H2 n + 2 - 2 k O2 k vi n , k > 1.
k = 1: ---> este v axit u n chc no c cng thc phn t l:
CnH2nO2 vi axit th n 1 v este th n 2.
Hn hp: C. n H2 n O2 vi axit th n > 1 v este th n > 2.
Nu mt trong hai gc ru hoc axit l n chc th este mch
h. Nu ru v axit u a chc th este mch vng.
Axit v este u tc dng vi dung dch kim gi chung l
phn ng x phng ho, u to ra mui kim ca axit hu c.
RCOOH
R C O R/

MOH ---->

RCOOM + H 2O
RCOOM + R/OH

O
Este c phn ng thu phn trong mi trng axit H2SO4 to ra ru v axit.
Phn ng chy ca axit v este n chc no u to ra CO 2 v
H2O c s mol bng nhau.
Tng qut, mt cht c cng thc phn t l C nH2nOx v mch
h th CnH2nOx c mt ni trong cng thc cu to v khi chy
to ra CO2 v H2O c s mol bng nhau.

Bi ton p dng:
Bi 1: t chy 3(g) mt hp cht hu A c trong khng kh thu c
4,4g CO2 v 1,8g H2O.
a. Xc nh CTPT ca hp cht hu c A. Bit rng t khi ca A
so vi H2 l 30. Vit CTCT c th c ca A.
b. Nu em ton b lng kh CO2 trn tc dng vi 100 ml dd
NaOH 1,5M th thu c mui g? Tnh khi lng ca mi mui.
Hng dn;
a.V t chy hp cht hu c A thu c CO2 v H2O nn chc
chn trong A phi cha hai nguyn t l C v H c th c O.
S mol sn phm.

4,4
0,1mol
nC nCO2 0,1mol
mC 0,1.12 1,2 g
44
=>
=>
1,8
n H 2O
0,1mol n H 2n H 2O 0,2mol m H 0,2.1 0,2 g
18
Ta c: mC m H 2,4 0,2 2,6( g ) m A 6 g
nCO2

Do trong A phi cha nguyn t O

mO m A (mC m H ) 3 (1,2 0,2) 1,6( g )
1,6
nO
0,1( mol )
16
T l : nC : n H : nO 0,1 : 0,2 : 0,1 1 : 2 : 1

Cng thc n gin nht ca A l CH2O. t cng thc tng qut

ca A l ( CH2O)n c mA =30n
Theo cng thc dA/ H = 30.2 = 60 =>30n = 60 => n = 2.
Vy cng thc phn t ca A l C2H4O2.
b. n NaOH 0,1.1,5 0,15mol .
Phng trnh phn ng: CO2 + NaOH NaHCO3
Trc phn ng:
0,1
0,15
Phn ng:
0,1
0,1
Sau phn ng :
0
0,05
0,1
Tip tc c phn ng: NaHCO3 + NaOH Na2CO3 + H2O
Trc phn ng:
0,1
0,05
0,05
0,05
Sau phn ng
0,05
0
0,05
Ta thu c 2 mui: NaHCO3 v Na2CO3 c khi lng l:
2

m NaHCO3 0,05.84 4,2 g

m Na2CO3 0,05.106 5,3 g

Bi 2: t chy hon ton 4,4g hp cht hu c Y cha C, H, O cn

va 5,6 lt kh xi (KTC), thu c kh CO2 v hi nc vi th
tch bng nhau.
a) Xc nh cng thc phn t ca Y, bit rng khi lng phn t
ca Y l 88 vc.
b) Cho 4,4gam Y tc dng hon ton vi mt lng va dung dch
NaOH sau lm bay hi hn hp thu c m1 gam hi ca mt ru n chc v m2 gam mui ca mt A xit hu c n chc. S
nguyn t cc bon trong ru v A xt thu c bng nhau. Hy xc
nh cng thc cu to v tn gi ca Y. Tnh lng m1 v m2
Hng dn:
a/ Gi cng thc phn t ca cht Y l CxHyOz. Phn ng t chy
Y:
CxHyOz

(0.05mol)
Tnh nY=

(x+

y
4

xCO2+

t 0

0.25mol

4.4
0.5mol
88

nCO2=0.05x

- 2 )O2

y
2

0.05x
;

5.6
0.25( mol )
22.4
y
n H2O=0.05 2

nO2=

H2O.

(1)
y

0.05 2

V th tch CO2bng th tch hi nc, do ta c:

y
0.05x = 0.05 2 y=2x (2)
y

nO2=(x+ 4 -

z
2

)0.05=0.25

(3)

Thay (2) vo (3) ta c:

3x -z=10 (4)
Khi lng phn t ca Y=12x+y+16z =88 (5)
T cc phng trnh (2,3,4,5) ta c: x = 4 ; y = 8; z = 2
Vy cng thc phn t ca Y l: C4H8O2
b/ Phn ng vi NaOH
V Y(C4H8O2) + NaOH Ru (m1gam) + mui(m2gam) nn Y phi l
mt este v s nguyn t cacbon trong ru =s nguyn t cc bon
trong axit =

4
2

= 2 nguyn t C

Do cng thc ca ru l C2H5OH vi m1= 0.05 46 = 23g

Cng thc axt l CH3COOH Vi m2= 0.05 82 =4.1g CH3COONa
Bi 3: t chy hon ton 3 gam cht A, thu c 2,24 lt CO2 (
ktc) v 1,8g nc. T khi hi ca A so vi Mtan l 3,75. Tm cng
thc cu to ca A bit A tc dng c vi NaOH.
Hng dn: Ta c.
nCO

2,24
0,1mol
22,4

nH O

1,8
0,1mol mH 0,2g
18

mC = 1,2g

mO = 3 - (1,2 + 0,2) = 1,6g

t cng tc ca A l: CxHyO2, theo bi ra ta c:
MA = 3,75 . 16 = 60 (g)
Ta c:

12y
y
162 60

1,2 0,2 1,6

3

Gii ra ta c: x = 2, y = 4, z = 2
CTTQ ca A l: C2H4O2
A C cc CTCT: CH3COOH v HCOOC2H5
V A phn ng c vi NaOH nn A c th l CH 3COOH v
HCOOC2H5 (axit axetic)
* CH3COOH + NaOH CH3COONa + H2O
* HCOOCH3 + NaOH HCOONa + CH3OH

Chuyn 21
TM KHONG BIN THIN CA MT
LNG CHT
( Cc tr trong gii ton ho hc )

I- KIN THC CN NH
- Thng gp: hn hp

A
(c tnh cht tng t ) tc dng vi cht X ( thng ly
B

thiu )
- Nu lng cht X ly vo phn ng thay i th lng sn phm do hn hp

A
to
B

ra cng thay i trong mt khong no ( gi chung l khong bin thin )

Phng php :
1) Nu hn hp bit lng ca mi cht th xt 2 trng hp :
A tc dng trc ri n B
lng cht cn tm m1
B tc dng trc ri n A
lng cht cn tm m2
khong bin thin :
m1 < m < m2 ( hoc ngc li )
2) Nu hn hp cha bit khi lng ca mi cht th xt 2 trng hp :
Hn hp ch c cht A lng cht cn tm m1
Hn hp ch c cht B lng cht cn tm m2
3) C th dng phng php i s (da vo gii hn ca i lng bit
khong bin thin ca mt i lng cha bit.) :
m hh
m hh
n hh
M nang
M nhe

; Hiu sut:

0 < H% < 100%

0 < s mol A < s mol hn hp A,B

Nu

x. A y.B
m
x y

th A < m < B ( hoc ngc li )

II- BI TP P DNG
1) Cho hn hp gm 8 gam CuO v 3,6 gam FeO vo trong 300ml dung dch HCl
0,8M. Sau phn ng c m gam cht rn khng tan . Hi m nm trong khong no ?
Hng dn :
S mol CuO = 0,1
s mol FeO = 0,05
s mol HCl = 0,24
Vy HCl khng tc dng vi hn hp oxit
+ Nu CuO phn ng trc :
CuO + 2HCl
CuCl2 + H2O
0,1
0,2
FeO + 2HCl
FeCl2 + H2O
0,02 0,04
Sau phn ng : mFeO ( d ) = 3,6 (0,02 72 ) = 2,16 gam
+ Nu FeO phn ng trc

FeO + 2HCl
FeCl2 + H2O
0,05 0,1
CuO + 2HCl
CuCl2 + H2O
0,07 0,14
Sau phn ng : mCuO ( d ) = 8 (0,07 80 ) = 2,4 gam
V thc t FeO v CuO cng phn ng vi HCl nn
2,16 gam < m < 2,4
gam
Cch 2 : C th t RO l CTHH i din cho hn hp
RO + 2HCl
RCl2 + H2O
0,12 0,24
nRO = 0,15 0,12 = 0,03
khi lng RO d : m = 0,03 M
V 72< M < 80 nn 72 0.03 < m < 80 0,03

2,16gam < m < 2,4 gam

2) Nung 20 gam hn hp MgCO 3, CaCO3, BaCO3 nhit cao th thu c kh A.
Dn kh A vo trong dung dch nc vi th thu c 10 gam kt ta v ddB. un
nng B hon ton th to thnh thm 6 gam kt ta. Hi % khi lng ca MgCO 3
nm trong khong no ?
Hng dn :
s mol kt ta CaCO3 = 0,1 mol , S mol CaCO 3 ( to
thm ) = 0,06 mol
MgCO3 t
MgO + CO2
0

.x
CaCO3 t
CaO +
.y
BaCO3 t
BaO +
.z
CO2 + Ca(OH)2
0,1
2CO2 + Ca(OH)2
0

CO2
y

CO2
z

CaCO3 + H2O
0,1

Ca(HCO3)2
Ca(HCO3)2 t
CaCO3 + H2O + CO2
0,06
Trong x,y,z l s mol MgCO3, CaCO3, BaCO3 trong 100gam hn hp
0

Theo cc ptp :

n CO2 n CaCO3 ( 4) 2 n CaCO3 ( 6) 0,1 2 0, 06 0, 22mol

84x 100y 197z 100

x y z 0, 22 5 1,1
100y 197z 100 84x (1)

y z 0, 22 5 1,1 x (2)
100y 197z 100 84x

T (1) v (2) ta c :
yz
1,1 x
100 84x
Suy ra ta c : 100 1,1 x 197 gii

Suy ra ta c h pt :

ra c

0,625 < x < 1,032

Vy khi lng MgCO3 nm trong khong : 52,5 % 86,69 %

3) t chy 10,5 gam hn hp A gm CH 4; C2H4; C2H2 trong oxi thu c kh B.
Dn kh B vo trong dung dch nc vi d th thy c 75gam kt ta. Hi % khi
lng ca CH4 ti a l bao nhiu?.
( S: 38,1% )

4) Mt hn hp kh A gm etilen , propilen , hiro c t trng ( ktc) l P A ( g/l). Cho A i

qua xc tc Ni, nung nng th thu c hn hp kh B.
a/ Vi gi tr no ca PA th hn hp kh B khng lm mt mu dung dch brom
b/ Xc nh % th tch ca hn hp A, nu PA = 0,741g/l ; PB = 1,176 g/l
Hng dn :
t s mol gm etilen , propilen , hiro : x,y,z
kh B khng lm mt mu dung dch Brom th Anken khng d ( s mol H 2 = s
mol 2 anken )
zx+y
MA

28x 42y 2z
22, 4 p A
x yz

Bin lun : z = x+y

(1)

(1)
30x 44y
44, 8 p A
xy

0,67 < pA < 0,98

Nu z > x+y M A gim pA gim pA 0,67

5) Mt bnh kn dung tch 8,96 lt cha y hn hp X gm N2, O2, SO2 t l mol 3 :1
:1 . t chy lu hunh trong hn hp X th thu c hn hp kh Y ( sau khi a
bnh v nhit ban u ). Bit d Y X 1, 089
a/ p sut trong bnh c thay i hay khng ? V sao ?
b/ Xc nh % th tch ca hn hp kh Y
c/ Khi s mol ca oxi bin i th d Y X bin i trong khong no
(S : b/ 60%N2 ; 10%O2 ; 30%SO2 ,
c/ 1 d Y X 1,18 )
6) Ho tan hn hp 6,4 gam CuO v 16 gam Fe 2O3 trong 320ml dung dch HCl 2M.
Sau phn ng c m rn khng tan v m gam mui. Xc nh m v m bin thin
trong khong no ?
7) Ho tan va 6 gam hn hp gm kim loi X ( ho tr I) v kim loi Y ( ho tr
II) trong hn hp hai axit HNO3 v H2SO4 thy c 2,688 lt hn hp kh NO2 v SO2
sinh ra ( ktc) nng 5,88 gam. C cn dung dch sau phn ng thu c m ( gam)
mui khan.
a/ Tm m
b/ Khi t l s mol ca cc kh thay i th m bin thin trong khong no ?
8) Cho 46,7 gam hn hp X gm CuO, ZnO, FeO vo trong 800ml ddHCl 1,75M .
Lng axit cn d phi trung ho ng 200ml ddNaOH 1M. Xc nh khong bin
thin % khi lng FeO trong hn hp X.
9/ Hn hp A gm 0,56 gam Fe v 16 gam Fe 2O3. Trn A vi a mol bt nhm ri
nung nhit cao( khng c khng kh ) thu c hn hp B. Nu cho B tan trong
H2SO4 long d th thu c V lt kh , nhng nu cho B tan trong NaOH d th thu
c 0,25V lt kh ( cc kh trong cng iu kin)
a/ Vit cc PTHH xy ra
b/ Tm khong bin thin ca khi lng nhm ( nu phn ng nhit nhm ch to ra
Fe)

Hng dn :
Fe2O3 + 2Al t
Al2O3 + 2Fe
Ban u:
0,1
a
0
0,01(mol)
P :
x
2x
x
2x (mol)
Sau p : (0,1-x)
(a-2x)
x
(0,01+2x)
Vit cc PTHH ca rn B vi H2SO4 long v NaOH ( d )
0

t l :

1,5(a 2x) (0, 01 2x)

V

1,5(a 2x)
0, 25V

4,5a 0, 01
11

v 0 < x 0,1 nn 2,22. 103 < a 0,2467

hay :
0,06 gam < mAl 6,661 gam
10/ Cho 6,2 gam hn hp X gm Na v K tc dng vi dung dch HCl d. Tnh khi
lng mui to thnh.
Hng dn :
Cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra:
2Na + 2HCl 2NaCl + H2
2K + 2HCl 2KCl + H2
Ta c :

6, 2
6, 2
< n kl <
39
23

Theo PTP ta c : s mol KL = s mol ClKhi lng mui to thnh l : m = mKl + mCl = 6,2 + 35,5. nkl
Thay ( 1 ) vo ( 2) ta c : 11,84 gam < m < 15,77 gam
*

C th gi s ch c Na m1 , gi s ch c K m2 .
------------------------

m1 < m < m2

Chuyn 22
Bi tp tng gim khi lng
kim loi
1. Cho l st c khi lng 5,6 gam vo dd ng sunfat. Sau
mt thi gian, nhc l st ra, ra nh, lm kh v cn
thy l st c khi lng l 6,4 gam. Khi lng l st to
thnh l bao nhiu?
2. Cho l st c khi lng 5 gam vo 50 ml dd CuSO4 15% c
khi lng ring l 1,12 g/ml. Sau mt thi gian phn ng,
ngi ta ly l st ra khi dd, ra nh, lm kh, cn nng
5,16 gam.
a) Vit PTHH.
b) Tnh nng phn trm cc cht cn li trong dd sau
phn ng?
3. Nhng mt l nhm vo dd CuSO4. Sau mt thi gian, ly
l nhm ra khi dd th thy khi lng dd gim 1,38 gam.
Tnh khi lng ca Al tham gia phn ng?
4. Cho 1 l ng c khi lng l 6 gam vo dd AgNO3. Phn
ng xong, em l kim loi ra ra nh, lm kh cn c
13,6 gam.
a) Vit PTHH.
b) Tnh khi lng ng tham gia phn ng?
5. Nhng 1 thanh nhm c khi lng 594 gam vo dd AgNO3
2M. Sau mt thi gian khi lng thanh nhm tng 5%.
a) Tnh s gam nhm tham gia phn ng?
b) Tnh s gam Ag thot ra?
c) Tnh V dd AgNO3 dng?
d) Tnh khi lng mui nhm nitrat dng?

6. Ngm 1 ming st vo 320 gam dd CuSO4 10%. Sau khi

tt c ng b y khi dd CuSO4 v bm ht vo ming
st, th khi lng ming st tng ln 8%. Xc nh khi
lng ming st ban u?
7. Ngm 1 ming ch c khi lng 286 gam vo 400 ml dd
CuCl2. Sau mt thi gian thy khi lng ming ch gim
10%.
a) Gii thch ti sao khi lng ming ch b gim i so vi
ban u?
b) Tnh lng ch phn ng v lng ng sinh ra.
c) Tnh nng mol ca dd CuCl2 dng.
d) Tnh nng mol ca dd mui ch sinh ra.
( Gi thit ton b lng ng sinh ra u bm vo ming
ch v th tch dd khng i )
8. Cho l km c khi lng 25 gam vo dd ng sunfat. Sau
phn ng kt thc, em tm kim loi ra, ra nh, lm kh
cn c 24,96 gam.
a) Vit PTHH.
b) Tnh khi lng km phn ng.
c) Tnh khi lng n sunfat c trong dd.
9. C hai l km c khi lng nh nhau. Mt l cho vo dd ng
(II) nitrat, l kia cho vo dd ch (II) nitrat. Sau cng mt
thi gian phn ng, khi lng l km th nht gim 0,05
gam.
a) Vit cc PTHH.
b) Khi lng l km th 2 tng hay gim l bao nhiu gam?
Bit rng trong c hai phn ng trn, khi lng km b
ho tan bng nhau.

10.

Ngm mt l st c khi lng 50 gam trong 200 gam

dd mui ca kim loi M c ho tr II, nng 16%. Sau khi

ton b lng mui sunfat tham gia phn ng, ly l st
ra khi dd, ra nh, lm kh, cn nng 51,6 gam. Xc
nh CTHH mui sunfat ca kim loi M.
11.

Ngm mt vt bng ng c khi lng 10 gam trong

250 gam dd AgNO3 4%. Khi ly vt ra th khi lng AgNO3

trong dd gim 17%. Xc nh khi lng ca vt sau phn
ng?
12.

Ngm 1 inh st c khi lng 4 gam c ngm

trong dd CuSO4. Sau mt thi gian phn ng ly inh st

ra ra nh, lm kh, cn nng 4,2 gam.
a) Vit PTHH.
b) Tnh khi lng cc cht tham gia v to thnh sau phn
ng.
13.

Nhng 1 thanh km vo dd cha 8,32 gam CdSO4. Sau

khi km y hon ton camii ra khi mui, khi lng

thanh km tng 2,35% so vi ban u. Hi khi lng thanh
km ban u l bao nhiu?
14.

Ngm 1 l nhm ( lm sach lp oxit ) trong 250 ml

dd AgNO3 0,24M. Sau mt thi gian, ly ra, ra nh, lm

kh, khi lng l nhm tng thm 2,97 gam.
a) Tnh lng Al phn ng v lng Ag sinh ra.
b) Tnh nng mol ca cc cht trong dd sau phn ng.
Cho rng V dd thay i khng ng k.
15.

Ngm 1 l ng trong 20 ml dd bc nitrat cho ti khi

l ng khng th tan thm c na. Ly l ng ra, ra

nh, lm kh v cn th thy khi lng l ng tng thm
1,52 gam. Hy xc nh nng mol ca dd bc nitrat

dng ( gi thit ton b lng bc gii phng bm ht vo l

ng ).
16.

Cho 1 thanh st vo 100 ml dd cha 2 mui Cu(NO3)2

0,5M v AgNO3 2M. Sau phn ng ly thanh st ra khi ,

ra sch v lm kh th khi lng thanh st tng hay
gim. Gii thch?
17.

Hai thanh kim loi ging nhau ( u cng nguyn t R

c ho tr II) v c cng khi lng. Cho thanh th nht vo

dd Cu(NO3)2 v thanh th hai vo dd Pb(NO3)2. Sau cng
mt thi gian phn ng, khi s mol 2 mui bng nhau, ly
2 thanh kim loi ra khi dd thy khi lng thanh th
nht gim i 0,2% cn khi lng thanh th hai tng 28,4 %
. Xc nh nguyn t R.

Chuyn 23
XC NH THNH PHN CA HN
HP
DA VO
PHNG TRNH PHN NG
I- KIN THC C BN
Da vo tnh cht ca hn hp, chng ta c th chia cc bi tp hn hp thnh 3 dng
chnh nh sau:

1) Dng 1:
Tng qut :

Hn hp gm cc cht c tnh cht khc nhau

A X

AX
B ( kho
ng p )

Cch gii : Thng tnh theo 1 PTHH tm lng cht A

( hoc ngc li nu d kin cho khng lin quan n PTHH )

2) Dng 2:
Tng qut :

lng cht B

Hn hp gm cc cht c tnh cht tng t

A X

AX
BX

Cch gii :
t n ( a,b ) cho s mol ca mi cht trong hn hp
Vit PTHH tnh theo PTHH vi cc n
Lp cc phng trnh ton lin lc gia cc n v cc d kin
Gii phng trnh tm n
Hon thnh yu cu ca

3) Dng 3: Hn hp cha mt cht c CTHH trng sn phm ca cht kia.

Tng qut :

A X

AX B (m
i sinh)
B (ban a
u)

Cch gii :
Nh dng 2
Cn ch : lng B thu c sau phn ng gm c lng B cn li v
lng B mi sinh ra trong phn ng vi cht A
4) Mt s im cn lu khi gii ton hn hp:
Nu hn hp c chia phn c t l ( gp i, bng nhau ) th t n x,y
cho s mol tng cht trong mi phn.
Nu hn hp c chia phn khng c quan h th t n (x,y,z )cho s mol
mi cht mt phn v gi s s mol phn ny gp k ln s mol phn kia.
II-BI TP P DNG

1) Ho tan 40 gam hn hp Ag v Al trong ddHCl d th thy sinh ra 10,08 lt kh

( ktc). Tnh % khi lng ca mi cht trong hn hp ban u
Gii :
Ch c Al tc dng vi dung dch HCl
2Al + 6HCl 2AlCl3 + 3H2
0,3
0,45 ( mol )
Thnh phn hn hp :
%Al

0 ,3 27
100% 20 ,25%
40

%Ag = 79,75%

2) Ho tan hn hp Ag v Al bng H 2SO4 long th thy 6,72 lt kh sinh ra ( ktc) v

mt phn rn khng tan. Ho tan rn khng tan bng dd H 2SO4 c nng ( d ) th
thy c 1,12 lt kh SO2 ( ktc).
a/ Tnh khi lng mi cht trong hn hp ban u
b/ Tnh t khi ca hn hp kh ( gm 2 kh sinh ra trn ) i vi kh oxi.
3) Ho tan hon ton 2,8 gam hn hp 2 kim loi Cu v Ag trong dung dch HNO 3 d
th sinh ra kh NO2 duy nht. hp th hon ton kh sinh ra phi dng ng 40ml
dung dch NaOH 1M.
Tnh % khi lng ca mi kim loi trong hn hp.
Gii :
t s mol ca Ag v Cu ln lt l a, b mol
Ag + 2HNO3 AgNO3 + H2O + NO2
a.
a
Cu + 4HNO3 Cu(NO3)2 + 2H2O + 2NO2
b.
2b
2NO2 + 2NaOH NaNO2 + NaNO3 + H2O
(a.+ 2b) (a.+ 2b)
108a 64b 2 ,8
a 2b 1 0 ,04 0 ,04

theo u bi ta c :

0,0164
%mCu =
100% 22,86%
2,8

(1)
(2)

gii ra a = 0,02 ; b = 0,01

%mAg = 77,14%

4) Ho tan 34,2 gam hn hp gm Al2O3 v Fe2O3 vo trong 1 lt dung dch HCl 2M,
sau phn ng cn d 25% axit. Cho dung dch to thnh tc dng vi ddNaOH 1M
sao cho va t kt ta b nht.
a/ Tnh khi lng ca mi oxit trong hn hp
b/ Tnh th tch ca dung dch NaOH 1M dng.
Hng dn :
a/
t n cho s mol Fe2O3 v Al2O3 ln lt l a, b ( mol)
Fe2O3 + 6HCl 2FeCl3 + 3H2O
a.
2a
Al2O3 + 6HCl 2AlCl3 + 3H2O
b.
2b
FeCl3 + 3NaOH Fe(OH)3 + 3NaCl
2a
6a
2a
AlCl3 + 3NaOH Al(OH)3 + 3NaCl
2b
6b
2b
V lng kt ta b nht nn Al(OH)3 b tan ra trong NaOH d

Al(OH)3 + NaOH NaAlO2 + 2H2O

2b
2b
HCl
+ NaOH NaCl
+ H2 O
0,5
0,5
75
= 1,5 mol
100
25
S mol HCl ( p vi NaOH ) : 2
= 0,5 mol
100
6a 6b 1,5
Theo bi ta c :
gii ra c a = 0,15 ; b = 0,1
160a 102b 34 ,2

S mol HCl ( p vi oxit ) : 1 2

Khi lng ca mi oxit trong hn hp

mFe O 0 ,15 160 24(gam)
mAl O 34 ,2 24 10 ,2(gam)
;
b/
Tng s mol NaOH =
6a + 8b + 0,5 = 2,2 mol
VddNaOH = 2,2 : 1 = 2,2 lt
5) Kh 13,6 gam hn hp A gm Fe v Fe2O3 bng kh CO d th thu c mt rn
B. ho tan hon ton rn B phi dng ng 400ml dung dch HCl 1M. Lng
mui sinh ra cho tc dng vi dd NaOH d th thu c m ( gam) kt ta. Tnh %
khi lng mi cht trong A v nh m.
Hng dn:
Gi a,b ln lt l s mol ca Fe v Fe2O3 trong hn hp
Fe2O3 + 3CO t
2Fe
+
3CO2
.
b
2b
Rn B gm : (a + 2 b ) mol Fe
Fe
+
2HCl
FeCl2 + H2
(a+2b)
2(a+2b)
(a+2b)
FeCl2 + 2NaOH 2NaCl
+ Fe(OH)2
(a+2b)
(a+2b)
2 3

2 3

Theo bi ta c :
%mFe =

56a 160b 13,6

2(a 2b) 0,4 1 0 ,4

0,1 56
100% 41,18%
13,6

gii ra : a = 0,1 ; b = 0,05

%mFe2O3 58,82%

Khi lng kt ta : m = ( a+ 2b) 90 = 0,2 90 = 18 gam

6) t chy 10 gam hn hp 3 kh CO, CO2, SO2 th thu c hn hp kh A. Hp th
kh A trong dung dch NaOH 2M d th thu c 24,8 gam mui. tc dng ht
lng mui ny th dng ng 400ml ddHCl 0,5M. Tnh % th tch mi kh trong hn
hp v th tch dd NaOH 2M a phn ng.
7) Ho tan 4,64 gam hn hp Cu - Mg - Fe trong dung dch H 2SO4 long d th thy
sinh ra 2,24 lt kh ( ktc) v 0,64 gam rn khng tan.
a/ Tnh % khi lng ca mi kim loi trong hn hp
b/ Tnh khi lng ddH2SO4 24,5% ti thiu phi dng.
8/ Ho tan hon ton 19,46 gam hn hp Mg-Al-Zn ( khi lng Al v Mg bng
nhau) vo trong dung dch HCl 2M th thu c 16,352 lt kh ( ktc).
a/ Tnh khi lng mi kim loi trong hn hp
b/ Tnh th tch dung dch HCl 2M dng; bit axit cn d 10% so vi l thuyt
c/ trung ho ht lng axit cn d th phi dng bao nhiu gam dd hn hp 2
kim cha KOH 28% v Ca(OH) 14,8%.

Hng dn :
a/ t n cho s mol Al,Mg,Zn l a,b,c ( mol )
bi : 27a + 24b + 65c = 19,46
48a + 65c = 19,46
Mt khc : t cc PTHH ta c : 1,5a + b + c = 0,73
(2)
b=

9
a 1,125a
8

( 1)

(3)

Gii h phng trnh tm a,b,c

c/ t khi lng ca dung dch hn hp kim l m
9) Chia 50 gam dung dch cha 2 mui MgCl2 v CuCl2 lm 2 phn bng nhau:
- Phn 1: Tc dng AgNO3 d th thu c 14,35 gam kt ta
- Phn 2: Tc dng vi NaOH d , lc ly kt ta em nung th thu c 3,2 gam
hn hp 2 cht rn. Kh hon ton hn hp ny bng H2 th thu c hn hp rn Y.
a/ Xc nh nng % ca mi cht trong dung dch ban u
b/ Xc nh % khi lng ca mi cht trong rn Y
10)* Mt hn hp gm CH4, H2, CO
TN1: t chy 8,96 lt hn hp th cn ng 7,84 lt kh O2
TN2: Dn 11,8 gam hn hp qua ng ng CuO ang nung nng th c 48 gam CuO
phn ng.
Tnh % th tch ca mi cht trong hn hp
Hng dn : t s mol 3 kh trong TN 1 l x,y,z v TN2 l ax , ay , az ( a l
lch s mol 2 TN)
11)* Chia hn hp X gm :Na, Al, Mg lm 3 phn bng nhau:
- Phn 1: Tc dng vi nc sinh ra 8,96 lt kh
- Phn 2: Tc dng NaOH d th thy sinh ra 15,68 lt kh
- Phn 3 : Tc dng vi ddHCl, phn ng xong thu c 26,88 lt kh
Cc th tch kh o ktc
a/ Vit cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra
b/ Xc nh % khi lng ca mi cht trong hn hp X
12* C 15 gam hn hp Al v Mg chia i. Cho 1 ma hn hp vo 600ml dung
dch HCl xM thu c kh A v dung dch B, c cn B thu c 27,9 gam mui khan.
Cho na cn li tc dng vi 800ml dung dch HCl xM v lm tng t thu c
32,35 gam mui khan. Xc nh % khi lng mi kim loi v tr s x ? Tnh th tch
H2 thot ra TN2( ktc).
Hng dn : Cn c u bi nhn thy TN 1 kim loi cha ht cn th nghim 2
kim loi ht ( bng cch so snh lng cht )
13) Ho tan 14,4 gam Mg vo 400cm3 dung dch HCl th thu c V1 lt kh H2 v
cn li mt phn cht rn khng tan. Lc ly phn khng tan cho thm 20 gam Fe ri
ho tan trong 500cm3 dung dch HCl nh trn, thy thot ra V2 lt kh H2 v cn li
3,2 gam rn khng tan. Tnh V1, V2 . Bit cc kh o ktc
14) Ho tan hn hp CaO v CaCO 3 bng H2SO4 long c dung dch A v kh B.
C cn dung dch A thu c 3,44 gam thch cao CaSO4.2H2O. Hp th ht B bng
100 ml dung dch NaOH 0,16 M, sau thm BaCl 2 d thy to ra 1,182 gam kt
ta. Tm s gam mi cht ban u.
Hng dn : CO2 tc dng vi NaOH cha bit c to mui axit hay khng, nn phi
bin lun.
15) Cho dng kh H2 d i qua 2,36 gam hn hp gm Fe, FeO, Fe 2O3 ang c
nung nng. Sau phn ng trong ng nghim cn li 1,96 gam Fe. Nu cho 2,36 gam
hn hp u tc dng vi dng dch CuSO 4 n phn ng hon ton, lc ly cht rn
lm kh cn nng 2,48 gam. Tnh khi lng tng cht trong hn hp.

16) Cho a gam Fe tc dng dd HCl ( TN 1), c cn dung dch thu c 3,1 gam cht
rn. Nu cho a (gam) Fe v b(gam) Mg tc dng vi ddHCl cng mt lng nh trn
( TN2) th sau khi c cn dung dch li thu c 3,36 gam cht rn v 448ml kh H 2
( ktc). Tnh a, b v khi lng cc mui.
17)* t chy hon ton 1,14 gam hn hp A gm CH 4, C2H4, C3H6 thu c 3,52
gam CO2. Nu cho 448ml hn hp A i qua dung dch Brm d th c 2,4 gam brm
phn ng. Tnh % th tch ca mi kh trong hn hp A. Cc th tch kh o ktc.
Hng dn :
Gii tng t nh bi 10
18)* Cho 22,3 gam hn hp Al v Fe2O3 vo trong bnh kn ( khng c khng kh ).
Nung nng bnh n khi phn ng hon ton th thu c hn hp rn X. Ho tan rn
X trong HCl d th thu c 5,6 lt kh ( ktc).
a/ Xc nh khi lng mi cht trong hn hp u
b/ cho X tc dng vi ddNaOH

1
M phn ng va th phi dng bao nhiu lt
6

dung dch NaOH.

Hng dn : hn hp X tc dng khng bit c va hay khng nn phi bin lun
( S : 6,3gam Al ; 16 gam Fe2O3 )
19)* t hon ton 16,8 gam hn hp X gm Mg, Cu, Ca trong kh oxi th thu c
23,2 gam hn hp oxit. Nu cho 0,2 mol hn hp X tc dng vi H 2O d th c
dung dch Y ; m( gam) rn Q v 0,2 gam kh Z. Tm khi lng mi kim loi trong
16,8 gam hn hp X ? nh m ?
Hng dn : Gii nh bi 10 ( S : 2,4 g Mg ; 6,4 g Cu ; 8 g Ca )
20) Hn hp Axit axetic v ru tylic ( hn hp A). Cho Na d vo trong A th thu
c 3,36 lt kh H2 ( ktc). Nu cho A tc dng vi NaOH th phi dng ng 200ml
dd NaOH 1M.
a/ Tnh % khi lng mi cht trong hn hp A
b/ Thm H2SO4 c vo A v un nng phn ng hon ton th thu c bao nhiu
gam este.
c/ Nu phng php tch ri hn hp Axit axetic , ru tylic, etyl axetat
-------------------

CHUYN 24:
TAN V CC PHP LP LUN TI
TAN CAO CP
Bi tp
Tnh tan ca mui n 20 oC, bit rng nhit 50 gam nc ha
tan ti a 17,95 gam mui n
2. C bao nhiu gam mui n trong 5 kg dung dch bo ha mui n 20 oC, bit
tan ca mui n nhit l 35, 9 gam .
3. tan ca A trong nc 10 OC l 15 gam , 90OC l 50 gam. Hi lm lnh
600 gam dung dch bo ha A 90OC xung 10OC th c bao nhiu gam A kt
tinh ?
4. C bao nhiu gam tinh th NaCl tch ra khi lm lnh 1900 gam dung dch
NaCl bo ha t 90OC n 0OC . Bit tan ca NaCl 90 OC l 50 gam v
0OC l 35 gam
5. Xc nh lng AgNO3 tch ra khi lm lnh 2500 g dung dch AgNO 3 bo ha
60oC xung cn 10oC . Cho bit tan ca AgNO3 60oC l 525 g v
10oC l 170 g .
*.6. Cho 0,2 mol CuO tan ht trong dd axit sunfuric 20% un nng va .Sau
lm ngui dd n 10oC.Tnh lng tinh th CuSO4.5H2O tch ra khi dd, bit tan
ca CuSO4 10oC l 17,4 gam.
Gii
CuO + H2SO4
CuSO4 + H2O
0,2
0,2
0,2mol
mCuSO4 =0,2.160 = 32 gam
1.

98.0, 2.100
20
mdd sau = 0,2. 80 +
= 114 gam

mH2O =114- 32 = 82gam

khi h nhit : CuSO4 + 5H2O
CuSO4.5H2O
gi x l s mol CuSO4.5H2O tch ra sau khi h nhit .
Khi lng CuSO4 cn li: 32 160x
Khi lng nc cn li : 82- 90x
tan:17,4 =

(32 160 x )100

=> x =0,1228 mol
82 90 x

m CuSO4.5H2O tch ra = 0,1228.250 =30,7 gam.

Bi tp
Cu 7a.Cn ly bao nhiu CuSO4 ha tan vo 400ml dd CuSO4 10%
( d = 1,1g/ml) to thnh dd C c nng 29,8%
b.Khi h nhit dd C xung 12 oC th thy c 60 gam mui CuSO 4.5H2O kt
tinh,tch ra khi dd.Tnh tan ca CuSO4 12oC.
s:
Cu 8.Xc nh lng FeSO4.7H2O tch ra khi lm lnh 800 gam dd bo ha FeSO 4
t 70oC xung 20oC.Bit tan ca FeSO4 ln lt l 35,93gam v 21 gam.
s:87,86gam

Cu 9.Lm lnh 1877 gam dd bo ha CuSO 4 t 85oC xung 25oC. Hi c bao niu
gam tinh th CuSO4.5H2O tch ra. Bit tan ca CuSO 4 ln lt l 87,7 g v 40 g.
S: 961,5 gam
Cu 10.Dung dch Al2(SO4)3 bo ha 10oC c nng 25,1 %
a. Tnh tan T ca Al2(SO4)3 10oC
b. Ly 1000 gam dd Al2(SO4)3 bo ha trn lm bay hi 100gam H 2O.Phn
dd cn li a v 10oC thy c a gam Al2(SO4)3.18H2O kt tinh. Tnh a.
S: 33,5gam;95,8 gam
Cu 11.Cn ly bao nhiu gam CuSO4 ha tan vo 400 ml dd CuSO4 10%
(d =1,1g/ml) to thnh dd C c nng 28,8%.
-khi h nhit dd C xung 12oC th thy c 60 gam mui CuSO4.5H2O kt tinh, tch
ra khi dung dch.Tnh tan ca CuSO4 12oC.
S: 60 gam; 17,52 gam.
Cu 12.Cho 600 g dd CuSO4 10% bay hi nhit 200C ti khi dd bay hi ht 400g
nc.Tnh lng CuSO4.5H2O tch ra, bit rng dd bo ha cha 20% CuSO4 200C.
S: 45,47gam
Cu 13. 200C tan trong nc ca Cu(NO 3)2.6H2O l 125 gam,Tnh khi lng
Cu(NO3)2.6H2O cn ly pha ch thnh 450g dd Cu(NO3)2 dd bo ha v tnh nng
% ca dd Cu(NO3)2 nhit . S: 250g v 35,285%.

CHUYN 25:
PHA CH DUNG DCH
m1C1 + m2C2 = (m1+m2)C
m1C1 + m2C2 = m1C+m2C
m1(C1-C) = m2(C- C2)
m1 C C 2

m2 C1 C

tng t c

v1 C C 2

v 2 C1 C

v d: Cn ly bao nhiu gam SO3 v bao nhiu gam dd H2SO4 10% to thnh
100g dd H2SO4 20%.
Gii
Khi cho SO3 vo dd xy ra phn ng SO3 + H2O
80 g
coi SO3 l dd H2SO4 c nng :

H2SO4
98 g

98 x100
122,5 %
80

gi m1 v m2 ln lt l khi lng ca SO3 v dd H2SO4 ban u.

m1

C C2

20 10

10

Ta c m2 C1 C 122,5 20 102,5 *
m1+ m2 =100 **.t * v ** gii ra m1 = 8,88gam.
1. Xc nh lng SO3 v lng H2SO4 49% trn thnh 450 gam dd H2SO4
73,5%. S: 150 g v 300g
2. C hai dd .Dung dch A cha H2SO4 85% v dung dch B cha HNO3 cha
bit nng . Hi phi trn hai dd theo t l l bao nhiu c dd mi, trong
H2SO4 c nng 60% v HNO3 c nng l 20%. Tnh nng phn
trm ca HNO3 ban u.
S: t l 12/5, C% HNO3 = 68%
Gii:
Gi m1 , m2 l khi lng dd H2SO4 v HNO3 ban u.Khi cho HNO3 vo H2SO4
th coi HNO3 l dd H2SO4 c nng 0%.
Ta c

m1 C C 2 60 0 60 12

(*)
m2 C1 C 85 60 25 5

-Cho H2SO4 vo HNO3 th coi H2SO4 l dd HNO3 c nng 0%.

Ta c

m1 C C 2 20 C 2 20 C 2 12

C 2 68 %
m2 C1 C
0 20
20
5

3. C V1 lt dd HCl cha 9,125 gam cht tan(ddA). C V 2lit dd HCl cha 5,475
gam cht tan (ddB). Trn V1 lt dd A vi V2 lit dd B c dd C c V=2 lt.
a. Tnh CM ca C

b. Tnh CM ca A,B bit CM(A) _ CM(B) = 0,4.

4. Ha tan mt t NaCl vo nc c V ml dd A c khi lng ring d. Thm V 1
ml nc vo dd A c (V1+ V) ml dd B c khi lng ring d1. Hy chng
minh d>d1. Bit khi lng ring ca nc l 1g/ml.
5. cn ly bao nhiu gam NaOH cho thm vo 120 gam dd NaOH 20% thu
c dd mi c nng 25%. S: 8 gam
6. Phi pha thm nc vo dd H2SO4 50% thu c dd 20%. Tnh t l khi
lng nc v dd axit phi dng.
S: t l 3:2

CHUYN 26.
CO2 TC DNG VI DUNG DCH KIM
Ch xt trng hp c bit khi cho s mol dd kim( Ca(OH)2 hoc
Ba(OH)2 v s mol kt ta CaCO3 hoc BaCO3 ) n kt ta < n kim
Phng php: xt hai trng hp
Trng hp 1: Ca(OH)2 d ch xy ra phn ng
CO2 + Ca(OH)2
CaCO3 + H2O khi nCO2 = nCaCO3
Trng hp 2: CO2 d th xy ra hai phn ng
CO2 + Ca(OH)2
CaCO3 + H2O
CO2 + H2O + CaCO3
Ca(HCO3)2
nCO2 =nCaCO3 + n Ca(HCO3)2
v d: Dn V lt CO2 (ktc) vo 500ml dd Ca(OH)2 1M ta thy c 25 gam kt ta.
Tnh V.
Gii
nCa(OH)2 = 0,5x1= 0,5mol
nCaCO3 = 25/100 = 0,25mol
ta thy nCaCO3< nCa(OH)2 . Xt hai trng hp
-Trng hp 1: nCO2< nCa(OH)2 ch xy ra phn ng
CO2 + Ca(OH)2
CaCO3 + H2O
0,25
0,25 mol
V = 0,25 x22,4 = 5,6 lt
- Trng hp 2: nCO2> nCa(OH)2 xy ra hai phn ng
CO2 + Ca(OH)2
CaCO3 + H2O
0,5
0,5 mol
0,5 mol
CO2 + H2O + CaCO3
Ca(HCO3)2
0,25mol
0,25mol
0,25mol
nCO2 = 0,5 + 0,25 = 0,75 mol
V = 0,75x22,4 =16,8 lt
Bi tp
t chy hon ton 2,24 lt kh C2H4 (ktc) ri cho ton b sn phm vo dd
cha 11,1 gam Ca(OH)2 .Hi sau khi hp th khi lng phn dd ban u tng
hay gim bao nhiu gam.
2. t chy hon ton 2,24 lt mt hicacbon,ly ton b sn phm cho vo 150
ml dd Ca(OH)2 1M thu c 10 gam kt ta .xc nh cng thc ca
hicacbon. S: C2H2, C2H4, C2H6
3. t chy ht 0,224 lt mt Ankan dng mch h,sn phn sau khi chy cho i
qua 1lit nc vi trong 0,134% ( d= 1g/ml) thu c 0,1 gam kt ta.Tm
cng thc ca ankan.
4. Nung 25,28 gam hn hp FeCO 3 v FexOy d ti phn ng hon ton, thu
c kh A v 22,4 gam Fe 2O3 duy nht.Cho kh A hp th hon ton vo
400ml ddBa(OH)2 0,15M thu c 7,88 gam kt ta.Tm cng thc phn t
ca FexOy .S: Fe2O3
5. Thi CO qua ng x ng m gam Fe 2O3 nung nng, sau mt thi gian thu
c 10,88 gam cht rn A( cha 4 cht) v 2,668 lt kh CO2 (ktc)
a.Tnh m
1.

b. ly 1/10 lng CO2 trn,cho vo 0,4 lt Ca(OH)2 thu c 0,2 gam kt ta v

khi nung nng dd to thnh kt ta li tng thm p gam .Tnh nng mol ca dd
Ca(OH)2 v p
S:m= 12,8 gam; CM = 0,0175M; p = 5 gam.
6. Cho lung kh CO i qua ng x nung nng cha m gam Fe xOy cho n khi
phn ng xy ra hon ton.Dn ton b lng kh sinh ra i chm vo 1 lit dd
Ba(OH)2 0,1M thu c 9,85 gam kt ta.Mt khc khi ha tan ton b lng
kim loi st trn vo V lit dd HCl 2M d th thu c mt dd, sau khi c cn
thu c 12,7 mui khan.
a. Xc nh cng thc oxit st
b. Tm m
c. Tnh V,bit axit dng d 20% so vi lng cn thit.
S:Fe2O3; m =8 gam; V = 0,12 lt
7.Dng 30 gam NaOH hp th 22 gam CO2
a. C nhng mui no to thnh
b. Tnh khi lng cc mui to thnh .
8.Cho 9,4 gam K2O vo nc . Tnh lng SO2 cn thit phn ng vi dung
dch trn to thnh :
a. Mui trung ha .
b. Mui axit
c. Hn hp mui axit v mui trung ha theo t l mol l 2 : 1
9.Dung dch A cha 8 gam NaOH
d. Tnh th tch dung dch H2SO4 0,5M cn dng ha tan hon ton dung
dch A
e. Tnh th tch SO2 cn thit khi tc dng vi dung dch A to ra hn
hp mui axit v mui trung ha theo t l mol tng ng l 2:1
10.Tnh th tch CO2 cn thit khi tc dng vi 16 gam dung dch NaOH 10%
to thnh:
a. Mui trung ha ?
b. Mui axit ?
c. Hn hp mui axit v mui trung ha theo t l mol l 2 : 3 ?
11. Dng 1 lt dung dch KOH 1,1M hp th 80 gam SO3
a. C nhng mui no to thnh ?
b. Tnh khi lng cc mui to thnh ?
12.cht X cha 2 hoc 3 nguyn tC,H,O.
a. trn 2,688 lt CH4 (ktc)vi 5,376 lt kh X thgu c hn hp kh Y c
khi lng 9,12 gam. Tnh khi lng phn t X
b. t chy hon ton kh Y v cho sn phn hp th vo dd cha 0,45 mol
Ba(OH)2 thy to thnh 70,82 gam kt ta.Hy s dng s liu trn, xc
nh cng thc cu to X
13.t chy hon ton 0,672 lt kh (ktc)hn hp kh gm CH 4 v CxH2x (trong
x 4,CH4 chim 50% th tch) ri cho sn phm chy hp th vo 350ml
dd Ba(OH)2 0,2M thy to thnh 9.85 gam kt ta. Xcnh cng thc phn
t CxH2x.
14.cho V lt CO2 (ktc) hp th vo 20ml dd cha KOH 1M v Ca(OH) 2 0,75M
thu c 12 gam kt ta.Tnh V

Chuyn 27:
AXIT + BAZ V CC PHP BIN LUN
V d:
Trn 120ml dd H2SO4 vi 40 ml dd NaOH.Dung dch sau khi trn cha mt mui
axit v cn d axit c nng 0,1M.Mt khc nu trn 60ml dd H 2SO4 vi 60 ml
dd NaOH ny th trong dd sau khi trn cn d NaOH vi nng 0,16M.Tm
nng ca hai dd ban u.
Gii
Gi x,y ln lt l nng ban u ca H2SO4 v NaOH
Th nghim 1: H2SO4
+ NaOH
NaHSO4 + H2O (1)
0,04y
0,04y
T v (1) ta c: 0,12x-0,04y =0,1x0,16=0,016(*)
Th nghim 2: H2SO4
+ 2NaOH
Na2SO4 + H2O (2)
0,04x
0,08x
T 2 v ta c: 0,06y-0,08x =0,016(**)
T * v ** gii ra x =0,4M; y = 0,8M.
Bi tp
Cu 1.Trn 50 ml dung dch HNO3 nng x M vi 150 ml dung dch Ba(OH)2 0,2
M thu c dung dch A . Cho mt t qu tm vo dung dch A thy c mu xanh .
Thm t t 100 ml dung dch HCl 0,1 M vo d/dch A thy qu tr li thnh mu
tm . Tnh x ?
Cu 2.Dung dch X cha hn hp KOH v Ba(OH) 2 c nng ln lt l 0,2M v
0,1M.Dung dch Y cha hn hp H2SO4 v HCl c nng ln lt l 0,25M v 0,75
M.
a. tnh th tch dung dch va trung ha 40 ml dd Y v khi lng kt ta
to thnh sau phn ng.
b.Dng V ml dd Y ha tan va m gam CuO,lm to thnh dd Z.Cho
12gam bt Mg Vo Z sau phn ng kt thc lc c 12,8 gam cht rn.Tnh m
Cu 3. A l dd HCl, B l dd Ba(OH) 2. trn 50 ml dd a vi 50ml dd B c ddC.Thm
t qu tm vo dd C thy mu .Thm t t dd NaOH 0,1M vo C cho ti khi qu
tr li mu tm,thy tn ht 50 ml NaOH.trn 50 ml dd A vi 150 ml ddB c dd
D.Thm qu tm vo ddD thy mu xanh,Thm t t dd HNO 3 0,1M vo dd D cho
ti khi qu tr li mu tm thy tn ht 350 ml dd HNO3. tnh nng ca ddA, ddB.
Cu 4. trn ln dd A cha NaOH v dd B cha Ba(OH) 2 cha bit nng theo t l
th tich 1:1 thu c dd C. ly 100ml dd c trung ha bng H 2SO4 2M th va ht
14ml v thu c 2,33g kt ta.
a. xc nh nng mol ca A,B
b. cn thm bao nhiu ml dd B vo 10 ml; dd A cho trn trung ha va 7,6 ml
dd HCl 2M.
Cu 5. tnh nng mol ca dd H2SO4 v dd NaOH bit:
- 30 ml dd H2SO4 d9uo75c trung ho ht bi 20 ml dd NaOH v 10ml dd KOH 2M
- 30 ml dd NaOH c trung ha bi 20ml dd H2SO4 v 5 ml dd HCl 1M
Cu 6. cho a gam dd H2SO4 24,5% vo b gam dd NaOH 8% th to c 3,6 gam
mui axit v 2,84 gam mui trung ha.
a. Tnh a,b

b. Tnh nng % ca dd sau phn ng

CHUYN 28:
TON V HIU SUT V
TNH TON THEO HIU SUT
Nu hiu sut tnh theo cht sn phm:
Lng sn phm thc t

H =

x100
Lng sn phm theo l thuyt

Nu hiu sut tnh theo cht tham gia:

Lng sn phm theo l thuyt

H=

x 100
Lng sn phm theo thc t

V d:. Trong cng nghip sn xut H2SO4 t qung FeS2 theo s sau:
FeS2
SO2
SO3
H2SO4
a. Vit cc phn ng v ghi r iu kin
b. Tnh lng axit 98% iu ch c t 1 tn qung cha 60% FeS 2. Bit hiu
sut ca qu trnh l 80%
Gii
FeS2
2H2SO4
129tn
196tn
0,6

0, 6 x196
= 0,91tn
129

do hiu sut 80% nn lng axit thc t thu c l:

Lng axit 98% l: mdd =

0,91x80
0,728 tn.
100

mctx100 0, 728 x100

=
= 74,2 tn.
c%
98

Bi tp
Cu 2. Trong cng nghip , ngi ta sn xut nhm bng pp in phn Al 2O3 nng
chy vi in cc than ch
a. Vit phng trnh phn ng nu trong qu trnh in phn cc dng bng than
ch b chy thnh CO2
b. Tnh lng Al2O3 phn ng bit hiu xut ca qu trnh l 68%
c. Tnh lng C cn thm b vo phn cc dng b chy .
Cu 3. Ngi ta iu ch C2H2 t than theo s sau:
90%
CaCO3 95% CaO 80% CaC2
C2H2
Tnh lng vi cha 75% CaCO3 cn iu ch 2,24m3 C2H2 kc theo s trn .
Cu 4. Cho 39 gam glucoz tc dng vi dd AgNO 3 trong NH3 .Hi c bao nhiu
gam Ag kt ta nu hiu xut phn ng l 75%. Nu ln men 1 lng glucoz nh
th th thu c bao nhiu ru etilic v bao nhiu lt CO 2 ,nu hiu sut phn ng l
80%.
Cu 5. un nng 1 hn hp cha 12 gam axit axetic v 4,6 gam axit fomic HCOOH
vi 18,4 gam etilic c H2SO4 lm xc tc . Sau th nghim ngi ta xc nh trong
hn hp sn phm c cha 8,8 gam CH 3COOC2H5 v 5,55 gam HCOOC2H5 . Tnh
hiu sut to thnh mi este .

Cu 6. Vit phn ng iu ch ru etylic t tinh bt . Bit hiu sut ca qu trnh

75% hy tnh s lt ru etylic 46o thu c 100 kg go cha 81% tinh bt . Cho ru
nguyn cht c khi lng ring l 0,8g/ml
Cu 7. Ngi ta nu x phng t 1 loi cht bo c cng thc (C 15H31COO)3C3H5 .
Tnh lng x phng to thnh t 200 kg cht bo c cha 19,4% tp cht khng
phn ng , bit s hao ht trong phn ng l 15%
1. Tnh khi lng H2SO4 95% thu c t 60 kg qung pirit nu hiu sut p/ ng
l 85% ?
2. Dng 150 gam qung pirit ch 20% cht tr iu ch H 2SO4 . em ton b
lng axit iu ch c ha tan va m gam Fe 2O3 . Tt c phn ng xy ra
hon ton , hy
a. Tnh khi lng H2SO4 iu ch c ?
b.Tnh m ?
3. T 1 tn qung pirit ch 90% FeS2 c th iu ch bao nhiu lt H2SO4 m c
98% (d = 1,84 g/ml) , bit hiu sut trong qu trnh iu ch l 80% ?
4. C th iu ch bao nhiu tn CH3COOH t 100 tn CaC2 c 4% tp cht , gi
s cc phn ng t hiu sut 100% ?
5. a.tnh lng axit axetic thu c khi ln men 1lit ru etylic 10 0 v tnh nng
% ca dd .gi s hiu sut l 100%.
c. Tch ton b lng ru c trong 1lit ru 11,5 0 khi dd v em oxi ha thnh
axit axetic.cho hn hp sau phn ng tc dng vi Na d thu c 33,6 lt kh
H2 (ktc). Tnh hiu sut phn ng oxi ha ru thnh axit.
Cu 6.cho m gam glucoz ln men, kh thot ra c dn vo dd nc vi trong
d thu c 55,2 gam kt ta.
a. Tnh khi lng glucoz ln men, bit H = 92%
b. Cho ton b lng ru thu c trn tc dng vi 300ml dd
CH3COOH 2M thu c 22 gam este. Tm hiu sut este ha
c. Trn V ml ru etylic nguyn cht vi V1 ml nc thu c 1 lit dd ru
( D =0.92g/ml) tm ru.

CHUYN 29:
TON V LNG CHT D
BIN LUN CHT D TRONG PHH
V d: un nng 16,8 gam bt st v 6,8 gam S (khng c kk) thu c cht rn
A .Ho tan A bng HCl d thot ra kh B .Cho kh B t t qua dd Pb(NO 3)2 tch ra
kt ta D mu en . Bit cc phn ng xy ra 100%
a.Tnh th tch kh B , khi lng kt ta D
b.Cn bao nhiu lt O2 t chy hon ton kh B.
Gii:
S mol Fe = 0,3 mol; s mol S = 0,2mol
Fe + S
FeS
cht rn A gm FeS v Fe d
0,2
0,2
0,2
FeS + 2HCl
FeCl2 + H2S
0,2
0,2
Fe + HCl
FeCl2 + H2 (B gm H2S v H2)
0,1
0,2
0,2
0,1
H2S +
Pb(NO3)2
PbS
+ 2HNO3 (D l PbS)
0,2
0,2
2H2S + 3 O2
2SO2 + 2H2O
2H2 + O2
2H2O
VB = 6,72 lit
MD = 47,8 gam
VO2 = 7,84 lit
Bi tp
Cu 1. Trn 100 ml dd st III sunfat 1,5M vi 150 ml dd Ba(OH) 2 2M thu kt ta A
v dd B .Nung kt ta A trong khng kh n khi lng khng i thu c cht
D .Thm BaCl2 vo dd B th tch ra kt ta E.
Tnh lng E,D .Tnh nng mol cht tan trong dd B (coi th tch thay i khng
ng k )
Cu 2. 1,36 gam hn hp Mg v Fe c ho tan trong 100 ml dd CuSO 4 .Sau phn
ng thu c dd A v 1,84 gam cht rn B gm 2 kim loi . Thm NaOH d vo A
ri lc kt ta tch ra nung trong khng kh n khi lng khng i thu c ht
rn D gm MgO v Fe2O3 nng 1,2 gam .Tnh lng Fe,Mg ban u
Cu 3. Dn 4,48 dm3 CO i qua m gam CuO nung nng nhn c cht rn X v
kh Y , Sc kh Y vo dd Ca(OH)2 d tch ra 20 gam kt ta trng . Ho tan cht rn
X bng 200 ml dd HCl 2M th sau phn ng phi trung ho dd thu c bng 50 gam
Ca(OH)2 7,4%. Tnh m
Cu 4. Th 2,3 gam Na vo 100ml dd AlCl 3 thy thot ra kh A, xut hin kt ta B.
Lc kt ta B nung thu c cht cn nng a gam .Tnh a
Cu 5. Nung x1 gam Cu vi x2 gam O2 thu c cht rn A1.un nng A1 trong x3
gam H2SO4 98% sau khi tan ht thu c dd A2 kh A3. Hp thu ton b A3 bng
200ml NaOH 0,15M to thnh dd cha 2,3 gam mui .Bng pp thch hp tch
CuSO4 ra khi dd A2 thu c 30 gam tinh th CuSO4.5H2O .Nu cho A2 tc dng vi
dd NaOH 1M th to ra lng kt ta nhiu nht phi dng 300ml NaOH . Tnh
x1,x2,,x3

Cu 6. Cho 6,8 gam hn hp Fe v CuO tan trong 100 ml dd HCl thu c d A v

224 ml kh B cng 2,4 gam cht rn .Thm tip HCl vo hh A+D th D tan 1 phn,
sau thm tip NaOH cho n d vo , lc kt ta nung trong khng kh n khi
lng khng i cn nng 6,4 gam .Tnh thnh phn % ca Fe v CuO

CHUYN 30:
BI TON QUY V 100
V d: Hn hp gm CaCO3 ln Al2O3v Fe2O3 trong nhm oxit chim 10,2 % ,st
III oxit chim 9,8 % . nung hn hp ny nhit cao thu c cht rn c lng
bng 67% lng hn hp ban u . Tnh % cht rn to ra
Gii:
Gi s hn hp lc l 100 gam, th lng Al2O3 =10,2 gam v Fe2O3= 9,8 gam v lng
CaCO3=80 gam
Khi nung hn hp : CaCO3
CaO + CO2
gim 100- 67 =33g l khi lng CO2
S mol CO2 = s mol CaCO3 = 33/44 = 0,75 mol
Sau phn ng c : 10,2g Al2O3= 15,22%
9,8g Fe2O3 = 14,62%
CaCO3 d 80-75 = 5 gam ( 7,4%)
CaO = 62,6%
Bi tp
Cu 1. Hn hp gm NaCl, KCl(A) tan trong nc thnh dd.Thm AgNO3 d vo dd
ny tch ra 1 lng kt ta 299,6%so vi lng A, Tm % mi cht trong A
Cu 2.Hn hp cha FeO, Fe2O3, Fe nu ho tan a gam hn hp bng bng HCl d
th lng H2 thot ra bng 1% lng hn hp em th nghim ,nu kh a gam hh bng
H2 nng, d th thu c 1 lng nc bng 21,15% lng hn hp em th
nghim.xc nh % mi cht tronh HH .
Cu 3.Hn hp mui A to bi Kim loi M(II) v phi kim X (I) .Ho tan mt lng A
vo nc c dd B. Nu thm AgNO 3 d vo B th lng kt ta tch ra bng 188%
lng A .Nu thm Na2CO3 d vo dd B th lng kt ta tch ra bng 50% lng A
tm kim loi M v phi kim X
Cu 4. Hn hp A gm kim loi Mg, Al .Cu, .Oxi ho hon ton m gam A thu c
1,72m gam hn hp 3 oxit vi ho tri cao nht ca mi kim loi . Ho tan m gam A
bng HCl d thu c 0,952m dm3 lt kh . Tnh % mi kim loi trong A
Cu 5. nung nng 1,32a gam hh Mg(OH) 2 v Fe(OH)2 trong khng kh n khi
lng khng i thu c cht rn c khi lng a gam tnh % mi oxit to ra
Cu 6. Cho m gam hh Na, Fe tc dng ht vi HCl , dd thu c cho tc dng vi
Ba(OH)2 d ri lc kt ta nung trong kk n khi lng khng i thu c cht rn
m gam . Tnh % mi kim loi ban u .
TNG GIM KHI LNG( KIM LOI + MUI)
Phng php:
-Nu bi cho khi lng kim loi tng th lp phng trnh i s
Kl kim loi ban u(a) mkim loi phn ng + mkim loi bm vo = a + mkim loi tng

-Nu bi cho khi lng kim loi gim th lp phng trnh i s

Kl kim loi ban u(a) mkim loi phn ng + mkim loi bm vo = a - mkim loi tng
cn lu :Khi bi cho phn ng xy ra hn tn th mt trong hai cht
tham gia phi ht hoc ht c hai
Bi cho sau mt thi gian th c th c hai cht tham gia u d
V d:
Cho a gam bt kim loi M c ha tr khng i vo 500ml dd hn hp gm
Cu(NO3)2 v AgNO3 u c nng 0,4M. Sau khi cc phn ng xy ra hon
ton, ta lc c (a + 27,2 gam) cht rn A gm ba kim loi v c mt dd ch
cha mt mui tan .hy xc nh kim loi M v v s mol mui to thnh trong
dd.
Gii:
Bi cho sau khi phn ng xy ra hn tn v c 3 kim loi to thnh chng t hn hp
mui tham gia ht
M +
nAgNO3
M(NO3)n + nAg (*)
0,2/n
0,2mol
0,2mol
2M + nCu(NO3)2
2 M(NO3)n + nCu (**)
0,4/n
0,2mol
0,2mol
Theo ra v pt ta c: a - M

0, 2
0, 4
+ 108.0,2 - M
+ 64.0,2 = a +27,2
n
n

0,6M = 7,2n n = 2 v M =24 vy kim loi l Mg.

-Bi tp
Cu 1. cho 27,4 gam Ba vo 400 gam dd CuSO 4 3,2 %, thu c kh A, kt ta B
v dd C.
a. tnh th tch kh A
b. Nung kt ta B nhit cao n khi lng khng i th thu c bao
nhiu gam cht rn
c. Tnh nng phn trm cc cht trong C
Cu 2. Ngm mt vt bng Cu nng 10 gam vo 250 gam dd AgNO 3 4%.khi ly ra
th khi lng AgNO3 trong dd gim 17%.Tm khi lng ca vt sau khi ly ra.
Cu 3. cho 0,51 gam hn hp A gm kim loi Fe v Mg vo 100ml dd CuSO 4.Sau
khi cc phn ng hon ton,lc thu c 0,69 gam cht rn B v ddC.Thm
ddNaOH d vo C ly kt ta em nung ngoi khng kh n khi lng khng
i thu c 0,45 gam cht rn D.Tm nng mol ca ddCuSO4.Tnh thnh phn
% ca mlo64i kim loi trong A v th tch SO 2 bay ra khi ha tan cht rn B trong
H2SO4 c nng d.
Cu 4. Nhng mt thanh st v mt thanh km vo cng mt cc cha 500ml dd
CuSO4. sau mt thi gian ly hai thanh kim loi ra khi cc th mi thanh c thm
ng bm vo, khi lng dd trong cc b gim i 0,22 gam.Trong dd sau phn
ng, nng ZnSO4 gp 2,5 ln nng FeSO4. thm dd NaOH d vo cc, lc
ly kt ta ri nung ngoi khng kh n khi lng khng i, thu c 14,5
gam cht rn.tnh khi lng Cu bm trn mi kim loi v nng CuSO 4 ban
u.
Cu 5. Cho 80 gam bt Cu vo dd AgNO3,sau mt thi gian phn ng lc c dd
A v 95,2 gam cht rn.Cho tip 80 gam bt Pb vo dd A, phn ng xong lc tch
c dd B ch cha mt mui duy nht v 67,05 gam cht rn
a. Tnh nng mol ca dd AgNO3 dng

b. Cho 40 gam kim loi R ha tri II vo 1/10 dd B, sau khi phn ng hon ton
lc tch c 44,575 gam cht rn khng tan, hy xc nh kim ,loi R.
Cu 6.th nghim 1.cho mt lng kim loi Mg vo 200ml dd X cha AgNO 3
0,15M v Cu(NO3)20,01M. Phn ng kt thc thu c 5 gam cht rn v dd Y
Th nghim 2: Cho 0,78 gam mt kim loi T ng trc Cu trong dy hot ng ha
hc kim loi,c ha tr II cng vo dd X .Phn ng kt thc thu c 2,592 gam cht
rn v dd Z.
a. Tnh khi lng kim loi Mg dng
b. Xc nh T
c. Tnh nng mol cc cht trong Y v Z,coi th dd khng thay i v th tch cht
rn khng ng k.
Cu 7. Nhng mt l Al vo dd CuSO4,sau mt thi gian ly l nhm ra khi dd
th khi lng dd gim 1.38 gam.khi lng nhm phn ng l bao nhiu.
Cu 8.Cho mt thanh ch Pb tc dng va vi dd mui nitrat ca kim loi ha
tri II, sau mt thi gian khi khi lng thanh ch khng i th ly ra khi dd thy
khi lng ca n gim i 14,3 gam.Cho thanh st c khi lng 50 gam vo dd
sau phn ng trn,khi lng thanh st khng i na th ly ra khi dd ra sch
sy kh cn li nng 65,1 gam.Tm kim loi ha tr II
Cu 9. Hai thanh kim loi ging nhau ca cng mt nguyn t R ha tri II c cng
khi lng.Cho thanh th nht vo dd Cu(NO 3)2 v thanh th hai vo dd
Pb(NO3)2.Sau mt thi gian, khi s mol hai mui bng nhau,ly hai kim loi ra
khi dd thy khi khi lng thanh th nht gim i 0,2% cn thanh th hai tng
28,4%,Xc inh kim loi R
Cu 10. Nhng mt thi st 100 gam vo dung dch CuSO4 . Sau mt thi gian ly
ra ra sch , sy kh cn nng 101,6 gam . Hi khi kim loi c bao nhiu gam
st , bao nhiu gam ng ?
Cu 11.Cho mt bn nhm c khi lng 60 gam vo dung dch CuSO 4 . Sau mt
thi gian ly ra ra sch , sy kh cn nng 80,7 gam . Tnh khi lng ng bm
vo bn nhm ?
Cu 12.Ngm mt l ng vo dung dch AgNO 3 . Sau phn ng khi lng l
ng tng 0,76 gam . Tnh s gam ng tham gia phn ng ?
Cu 13.Ngm inh st vo dung dch CuSO 4 . Sau mt thi gian ly ra ra sch ,
sy kh cn nng hn lc u 0,4 gam
a. Tnh khi lng st v CuSO4 tham gia phn ng ?
b. Nu khi lng dung dch CuSO4 dng trn l 210 gam c khi lng
ring l 1,05 g/ml . Xc nh nng mol ban u ca dung dch CuSO4 ?
Cu 14.Cho 333 gam hn hp 3 mui MgSO 4 , CuSO4 v BaSO4 vo nc c
dung dch D v mt phn khng tan c khi lng 233 gam . Nhng thanh nhm
vo dung dch D . Sau phn ng khi lng thanh kim loi tng 11,5 gam . Tnh
% v khi lng ca mi mui c trong hn hp trn ?
Cu 15.Cho bn st c khi lng 100 gam vo 2 lt dung dch CuSO 4 1M. Sau
mt thi gian dung dch CuSO4 c nng l 0,8 M . Tnh khi lng bn kim
loi , bit rng th tch dung dch xem nh khng i v khi lng ng bm
hon ton vo bn st ?
Cu 16.Nhng mt l km vo 500 ml dung dch Pb(NO 3)2 2M . Sau mt thi gian
khi lng l km tng 2,84 gam so vi ban u .
c. Tnh lng Pb bm vo l Zn , bit rng lng Pb sinh ra bm hon ton
vo l Zn.

d.Tnh mng M cc mui c trong dung dch sau khi ly l km ra , bit rng
th tch dung dch xem nh khng i ?

e.

CHUYN 31:
BIN LUN TM CNG THC
Phng php: tm khi lng dung dch sau phn ng
Ha tan 1 mui cacbonat kim loi M bng 1 lng va dd H 2SO4 9,8%
thu c dd mui sunfat c nng 14,18 %.Tm kim loi M.
Gii:
Cng thc mui M2(CO3)n ( n l ha tr kim loi)
M2(CO3)n + nH2SO4
M2(SO4)n + nH2O + nCO2
(2M +60n)g 98ng
(2M+96n)g
44ng
98n.100
= 1000n
9,8
(2 M 96n).100
theo bi ta c:
= 14,18 M =28n
1000n 2 M 60n 44n

khi lng dd axit

n=2 ,M=56 (Fe)

Bi tp
Cu1. Ha tan hon ton 14,2 gam hn hp C gm MgCO 3 v mui
cacbonat kim loi R vo dd HCl 7,3% va , thu c dd D v 3,36 lt
CO2(ktc). Nng MgCl2 trong dd D l 6,028%
a. xc nh R v thnh phn phn trm cc cht trong C
b. Cho dd NaOH d vo dd D, lc ly kt ta ri nung ngoi khng kh
n khi phn ng hon ton.Tnh s gam cht rn cn li sau khi nung.
S:Fe,MgCO3= 59,15%,FeCO3=40,85%, MgO=4g,Fe2O3=4g.
Cu 2.ha tan hon ton a gam kim loi M c ha tr khng i vo b gam
dd HCl thu c dd D.Thm 240g dd NaHCO 3 7% vo dd D th va tc
dng ht vi dd HCl cn d, thu c dd E trong c nng phn
trm ca NaCl v mui ca kim loi M tng ng l 2,5% v 8,12%.Thm
tip lng d dd NaOH vo dd E, sau lc kt ta, ri nung n khi
lng khng i th thu c 16 gam cht rn.Vit cc phn ng v xc
nh M, nng phn trm ca HCl dng
S: Mg, 16%
Cu 3.ho tan hon ton m gam kim loi M bng dd HCl d thu c V lt
kh H2 (ktc).Mt khc ha tan hon tan m gam kim loi trn vo dd HNO 3
long cng thu c V lit kh NO duy nht (ktc)
a. so snh ha tr ca M trong mui clorua v mui nitrat
b. hi M l kim loi no?bit rng khi lng mui nitrat to thnh gp
1,905 ln khi lng mui clorua.
S:x/y =2/3, Fe.
Cu 4. Cho 27,2 gam hn hp X gm kim loi M c ha tri II v III,oxit
MxOy tc dng vi 0,8 lit dd HCl 2M th hn hp X tan ht cho ddA v 4,48
lit kh ktc. trung ha lng axit cn d cn 0,6 lt dd NaOH 1M.Xc
nh cng thc oxit v % khi lng cc cht trong X,bit s mol mt trong
hai cht gp i s mol cht cn li.S:Fe

Cu 5. Ha tan mt mui cacbonat kim loi M bng mt lng dung dch

H2SO4 9,8% ,ngi ta trhu c mt dd mui sunfat c nng 11,54%.
Tm cng thc ca mui.
Cu 6. thm t t dd H2SO4 10% vo ly ng mt mui cacbonat kim loi
ha tr I, cho ti khi va thot ht kh CO 2 th thu c dd mui c nng
13,63%.Xc nh cng thc ca mui.
Cu 7. Ha tan mt mui cacbonat kim ,oi ha tr III vo dd H 2SO4
16%.sau khi kh khng thot ra na c dd mui sunfat 20%,Xc nh
tn kim loi.
Cu 8. ha tan x gam mt kim loi M trong 200g dd HCl 7,3% va thu
c ddA trong nng mui M l 11,96%.tm kim loi M.

CHUYN 32:
CHNG MINH HN HP KIM LOI
(MUI,AXIT D)
Khi gp bi ton ny ta gii nh sau:
- Gi s hn hp ch gm mt kim loi (hoc mui) c M nh, khi chia
khi lng hn hp 2 kim loi ( hoc hn hp 2 mui) cho M c s mol
ln,ri so snh vi s mol axit cn d hay hn hp cn d
v d: Ha tan 13,2 gam hn hp A gm hai kim loi c cng ha tr vo
400ml dd HCl 1,5M.C cn dd sau phn ng thu c 32,7 gam hn hp
mui khan.
1. chng minh hn hp A tan khng ht
2. tnh th tch kh H2 sinh ra.
Gii:
Gi hai kim loi ln lt l A,B c s mol l a, b
2A + 2nHCl
2ACln + nH2
a
na
a
0,5na
2B + 2nHCl
2BCln + nH2
b
nb
b
0,5nb
s mol axit 0,4x 1,5 = 0,6 mol =n( a+ b)
theo v phng trnh ta c: (A +35,5n)a +(B + 35,5n)b = 32,7
Aa + Bb +35,5n(a + b) = 32,7
Aa + Bb =11,4 < 13,2 Vy hn hp tan khng ht.
- th tch H2 = 22,4 x 0,5n(a +b) = 6,72 lt
bi tp
Cu 1.Cho 3,87 gam hn hp gm Mg v Al tc dng vi 500 ml dung dch
HCl 1M
a.Chng minh rng sau phn ng vi Mg v Al , axit vn cn d ?
b.Nu phn ng trn lm thot ra 4,368 lt kh H 2 (ktc) . Hy tnh s
gam
Mg v Al dng ban u ?
3.
Tnh th tch dung dch ng thi NaOH 2M v Ba(OH) 2 0,1M cn
dng trung ha ht lng axit cn d ?
Cu 2.Ha tan 31,9 gam hn hp BaCl2 v CaCl2 vo nc c dung dch
A . Cho ton b dung dch A tc dng vi 500 ml dung dch Na 2CO3 2M thy
xut hin mt lng kt ta
aChng t rng lng kt ta trn thu c l ti a ?
b.Nu cho ton b lng dung dch A tc dng vi lng d dung dch
AgNO3 th thu c 53,4 gam kt ta . Xc nh % v khi lng mi mui
dng ban u ?
Cu 3.Cho 8,4 gam hn hp Zn v Mg tc dng vi 500 ml dung dch HCl
2M
a.Chng minh rng sau phn ng axit vn cn d ?
b.Nu thot ra 4,48 lt kh ktc . Hy tnh s gam Mg v Al dng ban
u
cTnh th tch ng thi ca 2 dung dch KOH 0,5 M v Ba(OH) 2 1M cn
dng trung ha ht lng axit cn d ?

Cu 4.Cho 7,8 gam hn hp Mg v Al tc dng vi 500 ml dung dch

H2SO4 1M
a.Chng minh rng sau phn ng vi Mg v Al , axit vn cn d ?
bNu phn ng trn lm thot ra 4,368 lt kh H 2 (ktc) . Hy tnh % v khi
lng ca Mg v Al dng ban u ?
Cu 5.Cho 31,8 gam hn hp X gm 2 mui MgCO 3 v CaCO3 vo 0,8 lt
dung dch HCl 1M
thu c dung dch Z .
aHi dung dch Z c d axit khng ?
b,Cho vo dung dch Z mt lng NaHCO3 d th th tch CO2 thu c l
2,24 lt . tnh khi lng mi mui c trong hn hp X ?
Cu 6.X l hn hp hai kim loi Mg v Zn, Y l dd H2SO4 cha r nng .
-Th nghim 1: Cho 24,3 gam X vo 2 lt Y, sinh ra 8,96 lt kh H 2
-Th nghim 2: Cho 24,3 gam X vo 3 lt Y, sinh ra 11,2 lt kh H 2
a. chng t rng trong th nghim 1 th X tan cha ht, th nghim 2 th X
tan
ht
b.tnh nng mol ca axit v khi lng mi kim loi trong X ( cc kh o
ktc)
Cu 7.Cho 39,6 gam hn hp gm KHSO 3 v K2CO3 vo 400g dd HCl
7,3%, khi xong phn ng thu c hn hp kh X c t khi so vi H 2 bng
25,33 v mt dd A.
a.Chng minh rng axit cn d
b.Tnh nng phn trm cc cht trong A.