Myron M. Weinstein, (L971).

"A Hebrew Qur'5n Manuscript,"

Studies in Bibliography and Booklore 10, Winter: !9-52.
(Out of Print)

L*potat Lrnt,n^q^,^t-\ Ju-'-b Yc^^ Do.,-ts (t-o^rl^U.1

(,oton bo ah&t.5iol'f Sr-rzno
^-J
.

L%

$IM

1:S0 pm

-f

;.$

137o

jstor.org

S Hnhrmt&r Qurnfrr: h{fimffisf,ript

h$ffi'HT

.glr: $m*ir' rv&r*i CI$ $Eceraber, t8lr, Jose$ trVol$' rmchcd the F*rsi*n eiry eif
I ltlcshhnd. Alrnosr s ye*r had pass*d rince hir depa*ure from Melm frrr Ccntrsl Ari*,
I and to this p*inr in Kharayan few flurtlpenns had pr*cedcd him in ffirdern *mes.
f iui.*nionery ze*l *nd quixoric prrpose hs cCImbin*t in * sinpl* rnterprise: he w*uld
bring the Chrlstian rurh tn hix benighted jewi*h brcthren and s**k nur the lqst tribes

T3l

nf lcranl.'
ln M*shhd* who*e Jet*i*h popul*ion hs *cdrnst*d tt rnsas*i he nncounterd I group
pf jcwish Su$s in *ymhiori* wirh rhsir Muslim *cnf;eres. lt is hsrdly pumible t* form a
cle*r coneepcion cf rhis frnrernity fr*rn l&'olff's hos*le and ssrnewhst confusd descrip"
dans. WE cxrr*sr, hewcvcr, rhe fallowixrgl dstails: the Jewish $ufis * f*wer th*n ten *re
**S{ullah'Moh*mrn*d Ali Y*hk*pam
1
hnd b*en inidat*d by * *{uslim d*signar*ti
nnwxl
*fxhqSbIdi}
nnd this per$on smved ns th*ir rnurshid- Wolff
.{*hkeputi" {rppurcnrly,
*scribes t* him rh* {htl*rring principlc*r r i "trh*rr: is ** tvil in the werld. r} A msn whos*
rnird ie *br*rlrcd in So*1, no ri*c rinn hann. l) ?hc rrorld smnds fram etemity' a) The
rvorld *nd $od arc $ne *nd tlre $flmc" l1rc J*ws w*re secrctly $ufis tthis is stress(d
lnnic*lrrly in rhc msc of * d*1,*n of the Me$hh{d kthilah}, end th*y h*ld antinornian
'I
h*lieli".$,'* Tte Jcn'ish nnd il{uxlim $uli* $xet tog*ther in *ach *hcrs' hsrn*s. hey tmoked
* **rr*rtie. Thnl' recognia*d r:rl.r$*s prophets in sddidon t* Mo*es* jenrr nnd Mub*mmad,
h*r did nor fhl c$nnr*in*d by them. They tlnirned an *fiinity with th* prophet CIbudiah,
* $ufi nnd *n *utwerdly-c*ncertd fd*nrim,s They sckn*wledgrd tht prirn*cy *f Mire$
*be *t-Qe*irn $hiflai, l*R*r'n ns Suk&t ar S*kirn i. e.- *'$ilettcc" cr 'n$ilent.'u{
Wnltr rarrled in M*shhcd s*rne fl** mcnrh$ * Srs*rhing, dixpuring, inquiring, and
uAbbEs l!{irs}, Frincc Rcgenr a*tl Heir Apparent of Fersir, whs wan
$l*ying {o$ffi to
dcs*nd, hcwever" nssr ro escend rhe thr*ne. Witlr thc evid if n*cridc*l * intsrest'
in manuscriprs thar he displ*yed on his tr*vtls,r WsIff recnr+Js the manuscripts in ths
h*ntl* nf the Me*hhd jevrs: He reports thar the Jen"i*h $uS* Ireltl cnpies *f the Fsrnian
rranslntion of the Fcnt*t*tch and Ftslxn* pr*pared by onder rf NXdir $h{h;f the porrll
YB**f *n* tul*ikht in * ycrsion di{Tering frtlm th s compored by n Muslim (i. e., prcbebly
rhe rvnrl* af $hihin rarhcr thsn that of J*mi;;* and the diw*n cf HISA in 'Jtwish-Fer*ian
shlracters" ti. e., rhe Psrsian ductus of the Hebrew scrlpt).'o
Snc of the $ufis, the Naai' or Kedkhod$ sf the Ju** sf ll{erhhed,** wa$ in posre*sian
nf a d*fmss of the Qur'fln crrnposed by x fom*r Jerr, Mulll Beniemin *f Yaed, lnter
H*ii Srn;nn who had *en*l*rc* the Sible int* judm-F*rsian with anuotsden$ fbr
prrrporf$.* Dcscribing his *xperiencex in Me*hhed, lVolff Soe$ on to relttt the fullowing;
"tr rner here in the hou*e nf M*llxh Meshi*l*h s'ith an Hehrerv smsl*tinn of the Koran*
p0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,1esrric

rq

SIM

'

4\

1s%[

istor.org

Stdir

TS

1:90 pm

fir

Si$

rrqp*y

srd 8*o*Jarr, lfirrrrr, ry7tf7s

with thtl fcllowing tltl*: *.Ihc ta*, of thc lshrn*efitesn calld Kor*1, r*n*l**d frsm the
*tr*bic intp Fren*h, hy Duri*r* rrd fiurn the French into tr*tch, by Slcsenrn*ehsr, *td [",
a|fixr
P:ffiffiv
knrncr*usl inc*b ls{d*rt* h*vs now ffa$slatsd it into the haly l*rynl*ge, writtcn hcre st
Kogwn by $*vid, th* $sn *f l*as* tchen *f Ser[ino*"**
Thcalshthcboo**m'cnrion*dbylffotsafsnorn.$ufi,"''rther*i*n*rei$ontodoubtthr
er*nti*l $ff$nr*p of drese rporrsr despi* tlre frct thrt lVolffs eooounts ef his rr*vels
*rc by ilo merms fuc of *ffor or aontradiction.'s Cupirs cf the Fsffiian m*ntl*tions cf thr
P63mmu*h *nd Fmkns pr*pmd *r thn bcll*cr of Nldir $hlh survive.'$ A rclrrsd fs*ateuch
nnnwcripr w*s ecryipad by Wolff hinncslf upon rmching $okh*r* in rffgr. Thi* hilirqurl
runu*crip, wrhr*n in Hehrsur {in Arnbic chnrscters} nnd F*r*is*n is ownd by dr*Ubmrl'
uf rhe Sritish *nd Forei** Sibl* Sociery in Lsdon.'r The Y&nuf *nd [ul*ikhfr of $h*hin's
Sslnarir fiao* ir pndrafe what i* raernt in th* *c*ond i*m*nc*, bw ctherJtd*o-Fersian co*rrpo*rtinns xnploying dre Y. nrd 3, r*atlf mty *utviv*.rr The diwEn of $[Sf is rcpresemd
by r*rcr*lmanuecriprx in H*br*rv *cript.**Thc,ugrh th* literary effons of ll{ulti Se$amin /
ISii En*tr scem so fu unre*pd*d in tibrsry c-*ralognu th*y cre well within thc limits of
tlre pms.ibla,'o
Whnr, howevern of rhe Hebrerry Qnr'fu rmnuscripr cboxr which lff*l$trnn*mits **vernl
somrsg d*r*ils? Th* quemion brirqs us to the subiect of o*r inquiry *nd an inve*tigadon
af the relnnmt liters*Ire.
Thn frrst Hebrw trlnsladon af rhs Qlrr'*n to be pubtished w*s Herffenn Re*ke*dorf's
Atqofwt'a H*niqr{ {teipar* rSS:}- Of pr*-Rwk*rdod H*brerv ff*nuledo$s, *rnc
mnrmecripta ars knosm ts {r$ no zurrlve. Thsse are {l } $cdleim Ms. iUichsel t r 3 {SI. gc},

dc*tribdinthsNeub*u*rffm*Icgur*r'I**qrl'?ss{*No'ttofrr}ns*setentesnb
ffiffiurf nnnn*cripr in ltnlisn r*bbinie

ch*naeter rnade f'rorn the Larino (E)

$ritirh Mus*um

ix the lkl*rgnlimth fxmiagre, r. l, FP.5Sr-Sr {*No' 1156}

** * t*ru*ladon in sq$flr character of tfu* It*linn version plbli*lred in Vcnice, t g{?,
*ppare*ly wrimm in lrdi* in the sevcnt*emh rsltur)', and {l} a nsnn*cript preaerrcd
Ibl*.

Sr.66f4

dEe*ribcd

iu d!* Slebr*i* Section of the Libr*ry of Coxgre*s whosc acquisidon is rssrded in ths
/g'gpgtilt Riryrrrs;ffer !.ifu*riatta/ffrngrcss, rgsrn pp. rtg*t6, whcrc it is s$$d {by lsm*l
Scl1apiss) to be in cr:r*iv* script *nd Siblitrl styls, witha*t dste cr naine of ranslator,
bm written lorg bcfore Reckendorf."
Thn idcndq sf the mn*slrdon* pres*rved in the Sodleian *nd Sri**h Musn*m m*nu*
o*ipt* lns hesr c*uriotr*Iy *uggectd in rhe Snepc&apwdra l*dmc* enicle dsversd to rhe
Qlr*Aa"o* Tlds *uggesrion is dmlb*lce* c*rraff. It is ttot the cescn hctryevcr, th*t the
fiqdlicrt u,*nuseripr tra*sle**n ha* bffii tak*n * wirh*ut excepdcn * to hsc* bft*t
m*ds frsm the l,edn" lr h*s b*en d*seribed anffi plesiuusly a; heving beur prepnrtd frsm
tc aacrCI*lxtt for the obviourly
sn Inlien ryer*ion. Thi* ir sig$ifimff &r it absistos the
impm*ibl* arhiw*rneru of an idmdcal trsnsl*dm f:srn rrro dirlisrfitt la*gu*g*s. As th*
cnx of dre meuer in the pre*iauo dirmsaian is the mxning of th* trnn 'ltrltr prb {u*"
snpplid in rh* eocond lr*nilJ- the l*ngu*ge from ryhich tre manrlrtinrr is s*id nn l. ra of

nd

$lhd

1:90 pm
jstor.org

'{ ffrfu*q* ftr"-#r* ;td**u*ripr

Sodtcien

M*. Michr*l

rr

-t :$ 13% [
?a
{"r

3 ta h*rre becn pr*prnd,*3 $tre *h*ll cxnmin* how thi* terrn h*s

b**m nnd*r*tmd"

*esf In l*4r, H*imr*n Joseph Mich*eln lvho th*n swnrd rhe mrnuscripq xnno*n*cd itc NEXT
prseilcc in his collesi*n ilr rhe Litrr**trbl*tt drs #***s {n*. }s, *ol, do#-8}. He ws$
writinr rc clrim prierity, *s it weren for irs reve$renth cenmry tranulator, Rabbi J*mb
bm Isme! H*levi, ovetr a ninemcnth rerxury rabblo L. {Jllm*nn, who hed tran*latd r}re
"X'h* dirnr nf the p*riodicnl,
Julius Fiirst, in * concili*ting quiddicy,
Qur'6n into Gcrnr*n.
rmsign* his conrsxrporery rhe plnr for nen*leting fiorn Ar*bi* *nd frnds orher cnnsolations
fcr Mi*k**l** rmnuscript" Wh*t isr*restr us is thlt in his fmtnatq Siirst ss$utnr$ rhough he hnd obviou*ly ner s{r;t th* menun*rip * that 'rxu pub d*nign*ta h*r* th*
l,*in lo*gu*gn- Sev*n ye*r$ htern in S*mr C&ffiru tHanrhurg, 1848), rhe catnlog of the
Michd eolloction, $teinschncider * wirh a nripc et Ftirst {p. llS} - reinfnrces thi*
inrerprer*don.** How*ver, S'iirtt weff on ro d**crihe thix maruscripc in hi* SilJlcr*rec
l$d*isn,3 volx" {teipaig, r84,g-{3}n r;ro*rr*guite surpriringtry, sin*c it l* *xplicitly
,*tnrod that his bibliogruphy exclud*$ nncnu$crip* {cf. r, p. vi} * but thsre we lind thsr
lrs h*s *h*ngd hir n*i*d *nd hc ncw identi$es':xx llub *s Imlierr.
In rhe prss*rlt in*ance one m$ff pr*f*r Fiirst t* $rsinschn*ider" L*dn i*, *f csurser
-txlt ilplt p*r *xe*lleRr*.*$ Ir c*nnor be g*in**ido rhough, tlrat thi* detigne$on is acc*tc ltalisn. $t*inschneid*r rrecill*t*d in his wderst*ndirq
riom*lly rpplied by lrulian
"lew*
cf the $rettrr srd **erns never fin*lly trl hsvc besr cnnvined"*{ unfurnrn*rely, f*r s$mc
rcrssn nm wh*lly npp*mntr Nmb*uer mJ*pces in his frrralogar m $r*ins*hneidrr"s posidon.
It ir un*le*r whsh*r hc wes flware of $iirm's ehansc of heert.ot
S*q wlntever *re opinims nf th*o* timns cf H*brew bibliography, so*nding* in rhe
amnuscrips lc*d sne fs conclud* that dny arc two excrnpl*rs of thc $arnf Flcbr*n* t*xt,
rhar neith*r i* thn V*rlnge cf rhE other, th*t neither is the *urcgraph of the rranslaror,'l
*n* thnt th*y ruprese$t * rendering rnndc frcm frc Arrivtben* {*Moeenigo) Imlirn
vcrsiwr of Vcnic*, 1543 {itrelf pn urreckncwldecd uansladcn of the Siblimder l-^sdn
rersionn harkirg bsck rc the L*ti* *anslatiom pf Rahert of Kemnn].u*
"fhis $*a$lntion ie *rcribod am the tidc page of the Bodleirn m*nuscripr rc a *cr*ain
R'abbi J*cob ben l*rs*[ [lalevi, whom Michael,ru Fiirst,,' *nd $teinschneider,et and follorring rhtrn the writerx of the eacarcl*pedia *rticles,tt identify rpith the slrrilarly-nanred
ruthor cf response publlrhed iu Vmicc in 1614 and l6trr*34. Thaug*r there rppmrs ro
bc no cvidwrce linking thir rnbbi with the rsl*lator other thnn the similariry of name*n
w* see no ff$strr ro do*bt tlw **rikltio6 sndn ir* f**r, thc rsbbi's biryrrphy mfly S c*id
to spmk in it* f*vcr.rr
A stffi$n of drce rn*nuscrips will nm bs venturs|- Insrcad, we call *u*ndon t*
;tr,erd det*il* releting tn thn lxndon me*uccripn that bear upon th* dlseusnim, prrticul*rly
ia th* s*6srid half pf thi* anlelE.
Thc menumrip w** prcx*nt*d ta the Sritish Muscum in lgog by the Agi*tic Soci*ry
elf Bengnl nnd i* prcsurned to hevc been rsritmn in Indi*" **ted to the $svenrssnth wrmry

SIM

1:90

'r

.'l

+. *.

pm

S}rrrt'irs im fffdrfi**fi'r'gJ+;y irrrrf "fu**Jryr" $i.oi;.rtrr, rpf

ru,rF

]$ 137o

Smc&gre {and to tht: six*Enrh *entury in th* S*eyefrp-rrdi* fi*dort*r

mendond), we *h,sll hevc r*tsoil.totonelude rh*t it i* to be assigned *rvs
eniclc previmsly
.
Nbx$
rrrnrr to the eighte*rxh ceonrry" ln this rtrnneffian, thc *uthorities *f the $ritish,{Vluscum
heve, ir* * privat* cfftunlffirieadnn, b*cn kind *nmgh trr idcr*ifu the w*rerrrrark *f Or. $65s
** * Se$r-de-lir dwign *urmaunted by a rr*wn, be*ring th* LVG ini$el* of th* Durch
"l'hougfr
papcrm.*ker Lshe*us Ysn (ierrsvi*k.
Imp*r sc *f,rkd u/ts mnnufamured nlso
i* Trancn **d Hngland, rhc pp,ilr cf th* *unuscript is, they $tsr*, likcly m lle of Srxch

in *r* Melgolioudr

FRH/ .
;*--*-

origrn. Acc*rding rn H$dricli \:som. rhe LV$ iniri*le appffi"r fir*t in th* ye*r 1694.:s
Or. 6f36 ic in brown ink, or ink th*t stlw eppeflrs brovrn'
Concl$diry s$r rrear{nent of thrss v*lunreli w* r*nrark th*r th* Qur'Sn rsrdidan *'hich
rh*ir ****lnticn lg$rc$fn{s pr*cludes the p**ibility th*t eith*r i* rh* rn*nus*ripr *een by
tffcl$ in Meshhed in rS3 r .
Tlw Ubn*ry of Congrcs* l'lcbr**' Qur'fin -- flr] id*ntifying notarion hax yet bacn
*s*igpsd ir*is a v*iunrc r*.y x r;,S {m. in siee, conminirq r5g l*aves {th* lesr f,nur nf
which *re unn$nrhsrcxl). wirh *r lincr pcr WSs rhr*ug:hour rh* My of rhc Qu;"ilni* lcxt"
Wlmever prrccded lmf frl {le*f [rJ hcks a nurner*l: it i* *ithsr * blird fo]ia or tbt
nrxr:ber fs* hetr wtrrn nwaylu lnduding the fra*t cst'srl thc dtlc p*S*, *nd rny pr*liminan'
unnurnbemd sr dilfirrenrly rrurufural lesvm* is now l**t,r* nnd leavcs

[*] t* $ *r*

no longcr

h*ld rri*in rhe voltrn* by rhn stit*hirry" T'rr r*pr**t, in irs pffiscnt st*t* ttrrs rR*nu*eripr ix
withaur * title FSe" Thsr,s ic ns indi{adon th*t its *opyitt cq$ipp{d it *ith a *oloph*n.
Wifh a lc*ther binding prrtly rninsing snd punly in dixrrplir, set*r*l lr$s* quirett, Ie;ver'
xrined *rd foxedo remnded rfim*rs, sc*{t*red int*li*e*r gl*s*ex *nd rvriting mt tht strr*
viving end peper, rhe vc{ume gives rhc impres$on of h*ving *een ctnsidcrablc use .
Thi* xr*nuscripn iu rhe subiect *f cn rxchangc of |etters betwecn rhc l.,ihrari*n *f thr:
the
Jerpixtr Thealcgical Scrnin*ry *nd the {hief *f th* Slvi*irm of $ernidt Lirmirnrrt of
Ubmry of {kryr**s d*ting to ilecernber rg} r, The rorre$pondence is prrscn'ed in rhesc
in*titutimr*" Though the trertcrs are of inherent interc*t thel' cnnrnin nnrhirrg rc &rruher

th* presmt investigadon"ts

The m**u*cripr i* mr the qork of n pro&ssian*l rcribe. Ccrelessly writr*:n in bro*'n
tsr *aw brorryn) inh, it ernploys twc *tyl*s of Hebrew script * r $q$att *nd s cursivc'
Tbe rqnare letrers which the wrher us*s for $$rsh *n* $i$rnh ccgiam* sr* *hrncrsrized
by
crnofq: crhcr stsnmt,s * $trffig horizontct $ff*$s, sonsiderabtre ov*rlrp in the hori*
fisffi*l *rd v*rd**l strokcs *f cert*in lcttcm * nor*bly dd*t * and *lssccndcrs rhet terxl
rou'srd lefnrard inclin*dein * pr*cul*rly in rh* qaf. T'hough this l*tt*ring is *rrk*'ard,
it i* at its bent * xar tnt*lty displersing. lhc writer*s rxubemm *nd unpainly Axhk*ner,ic cursive h*nd in rhe body of thc text * overly l*rge in rcl*ion to his $quare ch*r*
actffi *nd wri**n without *Segu*te nr*rginr * *long with ett*nd*$t $n*r$lness in thc
sirc gd *lopr cf th* l*fter*n give the firxr :55 leavex - fbr whi*h he is r*spn*iblc t* tht
exclusio*r sf rrh*t fiillclurx cm rhe lasr 4 le*ve* * s s*meiphrr wild *nd *r th* same rim*

cnbbrd look-

srM ?

-f }li 13 tro rl

1:91 pm

jstor.org
.u{

'nnsf

'

ffr$r.rw

{Jgrr'*$*l,t f*'r*r{Jsrripf

l.

4t

.* .\

ln rhe pn$enr uns*tirfrrtor)" srate of H*brerv prl*ogr*plr1', thc cur*it'c h*nel th* nlirn$*
scripr exhihim fiiur;r bs dctinexl by reftr*nec rs [r*th prrhlish*l and unpnrblir*hed *.xar*ples.
NsxT
Of ilrc Ashl*en*zircursive$ nv*il*hlc in r*prtxlurtinn ir* th* plrrc* of$r:L:mr:n A. ltirnt,*,or,'*
"fha l{dwr.t $rriplr
{["ondon, r*f+*$? ]. this mnnu*cripf'* cur*iEe lrr$rit n*nrly appr*xintatcs
* spmimen *nnr 1753, nn- 3sr. T'his is nrlr is x*y th*t ir is a p*:rfect r*plicsr, 'l hr hxncl
of *ur copyi*r r$ns fs S*rgennmn pr$pCIfficus in rht f*rr**ticn *f c*ffiain l{stcrr ** d"$p*cially h*t * rnd prallels to rhi* p*ndiarity nrry fu* *e*x" fcrr *x*mpk:, in lls. Scrlin
Or, S* ro67* an unplblishsd r**nu*cript d*ting t* r?-tf. 14''e need ficlt hurden rhs d*scrip
rion with an *n*ly*is *f our *opyist's eursir.c hend. A w*|tr*nigh c*mpk:tr: nntl fairly
rprsse$ndl'e *lphnbet nray b* csnilructd frsnr th* nppendcd plctc {fig" r i" A rnitl*ighree*th ceffury d*tc is indicnt*d.
Like th* *xford and Lomlon m*nu*cripts, the m*nsleti*n which thc lrl *thingtnn rna$u*
nrripr *nn*nrir* is fnr r*rscv*d fmm th* *\rnbic rrxt" l,ilic th$n* ir is ths prorlucr of a
polcnric pnrpos* if nst of a ho*dle spiriti it dilfers frmn thern, hnx'*vrr. in rh* lin* nf
rrnnsmi**ion. lt is * para$rr*se-rrmrladon not of ArrivnbeilsSiblimeler*R*berr *f Kctt*n,
bur rnrher of rh* more rnodem but still pre-finlighrcr$n*nt versi*n of Slnsem*k*r-lls Rycr.
"fh*t thi* Hebrew rmn*l*dnn is rlrediared tlrrnugh a f)*r*h ln*rsi*n is nlreud;* *uggesteJ
r,t * possitrility by rhe Fre$em* *f llurch glo*xc* incarporated inm ths H*brew text. Its
$mru$ an s **n*l*tfun *f Gla*em*ker"$ Ilutth versinn is *stablistred through eoll*tio* uith
$u Ryer.n grench rexr end ir* fugli*h {Sass}- Untch t(}}*scm*ker) *nd {iermen {LenS*}
cff*pring. Thorqgh thc Qur'Sn tm$cl*tar Scorge kl*,.rt amsnf;t sthers, \*'*s to find seripus
f*rlt lvith the wnrli sf hic pr*decesror Andr{ Du fi,ycr {* Srench csnsul in rh* }fear
Iierr rvith a lcnouuldgr of Arnbic nnd J"urkich), the venlicr tlf the reeding public was
differmt *rd in the cenrury**nd*nquarter following irs first appe*nner in rS47 *n Ryer'r
Frc*eh versisn r*n thr*ugh ffi*ny ditians {in *t lcxst mte, ircmicxlly, with $ale's "Prr*
liminrry Discrxr$s" i*cludd) end w*$ *irnslated xuccersiretry i*to Sxgtrish, irrts Dutcho
md ffronr llutch) iffo Geffiran.r*
Jnn Hcrdrik Gl*sern*l*eru th* ]utch n*nslrrsr *f Horncr* M*rco Palo, Ssscansr, errd
$pinozr, ** n"cll ss of llu Ry*r, es*urndly brought na independeffi knowledge of rhe
rubicct mstter to his unden*kin$.ru He did, however, *dtN **retlnl mi*ar sxfrf,cts to hin
Qur'In tranxl*tion.{* His effons* ton, proved to be quite pCIpul*r. ln iu*t sver thrce*
qilNmer$*CIf-a-*cntury, fr*m 165* tr: r?I** $*vsn edidons pf Sl*s*msksr'r Qur'fin issued
frorn rht prs$6s of rhc Nerherl*nd*-**
Th* h'rief rnd scornful foreu'cnl ts the text which Ghsemsker irnp*rtcd fr*m Su Ryer
dotr nffi apprcr in sur m*nuxcript. The fir*t leef tf th* rnannscriyx which has nr:rvivcd,
whieh we bclicrc rc har'* h*en thc frr*r lerf follnwing *rs title FnS** conmins the beginfiing
of tht summery of trsl*nric bslief end pr*cticr {*lso borraurd from Du Ryer) whlch
follows Sl**cm*ker'r fhre,wond. ftx f,$ns, in connssto i* infurnr*dve rerher rhan abu*ivr.
Thin unsadsfectory descripticn af Iclflm cmcludd, tke Hrbrew rnnnuccript continu** on
tn ir*nslat* pnrr af the rn*tsri*l that is appendc* hy Sl**emaker in the slidCInr ws h*v*

SIM

:$ 13%

$rllcfirs irr Si$furryJr}'s#d Sm*furuu $*risfsr* {,$ffr'fJ

e*

ri6[*,
fr'LV

-t

1:91 prn

rmnd*ed.rl T*km oyer i*o rhe r**rnr*mi$ it *n *pkarn* of e biogrnphy *f Mub*m.rnsd

by Jiriie *-l$*lein by rr*y of Srpeniu*, md tn acc#urtt of dr* Night ]ourney d*riving, $EX-r
:":*""
eilcgedtn frarn rh* Sook of '*Aesr,"r* It is intre$ti*rg rc note thet the tr{ebrew tn$nu*crip o*nim ponioms *f Gl*scrnaker's *ppedix th*t inclds m**in lVlidr*shic tal*s end
th* **eue*ions of *Abd*lllh ibrl frlim'* in whi*h rhe di*logu* kw*m foluhrmnrad nnd
hi* Jerrieh inrcrla*wor rc*ultt in the l*fferns mnvsrsiut.
The dirio;ts af Gl*renr*ker $tet hev* hesr conrpard ciluttt r 13 S$rehs by neglming
ts nnmbg tlre fldbah t$u Ryer omiss th* numbcring endretry in the cdid*ns w* h*vc
t1pgr). The manur*ipr, on *e ather hind, *Sretr wkh thc Ar*bic aCIunt of I 14 $trahs.
Morc eirrfri*ing is rhc intmdxceian intn the m*nuscrip of c s*nnrtrly rsdilry sycle, t$re
S$nnh divi*io*, which dses nff c*nforrn st *ll ts thc esrrcct nffangmxffi *nd cveir enrtrscc* dw no*.Qlx'*ni* rnareri*l at t*m beginnirrg of rhe manus*rip*" The $iper* division
k *b*mt, of cs*rsc, frorn Slaotrnok*r, rfid is of uncenain purpos* h*rs' Em if rhis is,
xurpri*ing, what is mrirely unexpectc* is the *p*r*dic sffiurrnse of clusrer* *f aoctnm
ir i*olrtd vcrses ofthc nna*umript. No pcnern
thc acsnt* ofthe p:imd Hnbrew Sibl*
thcrgs rhe wn[1 which slsn acettrx *lon& lx obryiously inwrled t*
hr*

been

$hotr disirnc*ion"

[h! Ryer h*v* be*n rdered by

The n*jorify of th* rnargiml sofifs of Gl*s*m*kcr
the *e*elemr *nd *r* in*crpomtcd dirnetty int* th* tcxt, *lnmt *lw*yr sm *ffby a scrihl
device, Ako irrcorpnmrd direcdy into th* test nftht manu*cript, in hur differ*ct pqt$${Sc$i
*nc pairn of l*tin end ktch glo**e* to dre Hebreqn' t*rrxr$ immdistcly prcaeding. Tts
hsr*r* trE af ns Srear impormmg hr*t ** Fusch woril* trnployd are *i*er l*rica} or
Srgmm*ricsl v*riam* of rho*e wd by Sl*tcnr*ker.*r In o*s o*ler F$sogls * pl*cc name is
elss wrium gt* in Lerin letmm"
Thc lmgungr of the lffashiwtan m*nuscripr ic h*rdly an exunpl*r of Hebr$r' pro$s or
translating tmhnigua *nd wr knrs de$cribd ia sborr* as e par*p*m*ceqrentlntiun. The
rmnclrtsr adds or sutcru$s an xuits his f*ncy" Hi* wr{*ry is frsqumdy ur*mnrdcal
sr worec. He c*sayc e biblicat sryle, bur i* wr*ble to rrffy it cFr tffinr fiuur p**t*i$Ii**l
H*sr;, literxturc *bomd, *long widr inconsi**m s$$f,x. In rq*rd ro thr manurcrip'*
fiidrf--------------rllnss f,$ * **n*lndon" onc ought memticn, perhrpr. * r$f,llrrf$t *nd cmbqrrassing
*rrori the S*tch worrl for'*see'n in the margind norcs af Sl*serntker hes somehmr besl
miruder$tood nrd r*rns np gr*esqucly in th* rnanuseriBt a* * *imple trnnslittretion.**
trffe muxg come nsw is natic* &at dre rna*u*crip ur* bsv* bmn d*emibing bc*rs a prinr*
fufu rrs*err$*nce rc dr*r *ean by Wolff in Mn*trh*it, i. *,, it ic * transl*tisn of the Gl*seo*Glosen*
melcm* thr *"y* version- l#olffr ry*dant spelllngs of thc*e n*mrs the writes
mcher" **d '*Surier-') cithcr **n*literomd fu si*u fionn th* title psse or renderd l*t*r
fra,*rr *rc Hc&rw titl* he fi*d capi*d *re clearly nf no momtnt.
Tht wnpcrisom mry be rr,kerr firnher" It i* rmdily derrnnstrcbl* that the Warhingron
tmn*rni*sion of propcr
runnmripe Fssupposfs a l{cbnrur Vorleg*. Corrupcionr in
mmcf rrc nmil*bh rs pncve thi* {quitc {prrr frsm thc mtel ehecn*e rf th* trscefi of *anrr-

**

$IM

-/

1:S1 pm

?lt 1g% tt

jstot"org

d,

$fr$*-rr'*s

ffif&i

r*{*tuur*-'npl
h$UHT

P,ffiiHV

#$

''

:,

'
' '

i.,i
':]l!:

,.,,,,'.,,,,,,',,.,;iiii

'.,,.,..
."

,..'1ii.

.,',:
'.

':.i$.
ii:i:ii'

..'
r{r,: ',

"

'.
,,

,,:i

$IM F

'f :,$ 1g% tt

1:S1 pm

jstot.org

rf*

-.$rs*frs

Pffi:ffi\f

**fihf$ts flrr-fir,*. lt"

* 34h,,,.r

.5

$*,

irl Sifdl+grrr$ll* surf Sffi*$olvn

$.*tn$*r*

;gpr.Jp*

hlffiFtr

$tM

-f :$ 137o I

1:91 pm

jstor,org

p*ffi*f

.d JJ*$'l'rn* #rr'frl,l, *-+f r**s .rtJtf

.rt

*
4;c

ruffiKT

::ll

.[,tnt:,\i]

fu-I

..::.,r.::.i..

:i:::rtSB ::.

l$$r

'

,i'.,.i$i+

.ii$-itr

:'

:T

i$Sfst,',-dtr'$ffr

Frs,

^$,

-TJuh*crnirp-

Lilirxryo frmr[rri*$

$IM

llg2 pm

'l

:$ 137u

jstot.ol'g

$lrr*efrr* rrr $lfdlr$rrrpfry' *fft*f f$*w,{&rr* tfl$r-*f*ro rgpr,,"p;

o lL'f,$.

#t}-,t.

t,l'tu

fid*,. ppl.l.,-.***

SIM

-t

1:32 pm
jstot,org

x$

*4 .I{tr$r,r'r,*'*#r'.ff}s ${*plr*xcry

q*ffir

:$ 13%

poridcm and it* e*emdent *r*nurm), Arnong such inswnc*$r which m*y bem be understood
not trafisl*tcrs of tcxt$
are pronc, _*- _
*$ rcrihl effsr* to which cspyl$t$ cf menugcrips
Nnx?
rhc fsllswing *r* p*cri*ularty signisc*m: What is "r" in Gla*ernnker rney npl)ffir as
rh* m*nu**ri$ {e. g"* o*N*rtran*r} v$. }u'nlh whtt i$ "ur" iltsy turn *p as (e" S",
*'Wehgb" v*. gnrh what is **k" nrsy b* wrktm ** te. gl., "K*srods" v$.
whtt
*'Rabiu$*'
n*s"
vs" nt':r}. These c*n hxrdly bc infffry h3 Fansformed into n {e. g.o
ie
*rilacs of rnndom crror in rranslit*mting th* *ames from &ornen iffio Hebr$ilr script for

}
'ur)i

t in

th*y rcpradu*c $rfailingfy the very coffupions ro which *re graphi* dnub,lets of drt
s$arc H*brcxr sfd;w ere *usceprible::}.r* l}l,3F$, n>s.'We *reo thrts* *lmost
ccr*iaty in * pmition to say thnq likc thc rooltrme examined by Wolff, *he Washingrcn
rmn*scripa is nor the **mgraptr *f it* *snslator since at least CIne Hcbrew m*nuscript
mu$ interpo*e bmreul it *rd thc S*tch print*d edition.*t
Sur the evide*ce of the rn**uscripr perrnirs u$ to $f,y rnosar I'her* is a high d*grec of
pmb*bility ther thi* rmrrumripr hes ben i* Persis fur it cnntni** Persian gloss*s o'n word*
in ths text, Qur'iln vsrse$ in Ambi* Persia& nnd Hebrew, *s well ** a Pcrsien ps*ttt"
tffe rhall discusc dris evidesree *t mrn*rphat grsrer lergth"
l,e*ves [r] tn g, go and 17 dirylay r scnnering rf inrerlinmr Fer*i*n glos*e* rvrin*n in a
rrnlnute hand widr * fine-nibbed pen. The writing, of r l*re style calld Shekrst*h, is cert*inly by * prxon to whorn thir ia a n*ive scri$" trr is rh*ught t* bc $ome ?$*rso ytefs
old.lr ?h* *'tlrrds glo*sed ere cf small *ansequ*nc* ard the g}*sx*tar h** nm xlw*y* gffrc$
dt* scnse of the Hebr**'"** W*rking pver thc imroductory m*reri*l of the fin*t flnr lmv*s
of drc memur*ripr h* apparenrly beceme fffigrtled, rthveupon fie ukippd ro rh* ncconnt of
rhc Nighr Jcumey on l, g, ard then droppnd dris ro r$$rns ar the hcginning of rhc Qur'$n
pro,psf on l. r?. H* nb*rdoned the w*rk endrdy *frer gl*s*ing rhat lccf" Ir is apparendy

dris Per*i*n writer who h*s providcd a $ffny Hebrwr vowel (*g*in, not alw*ya rhe righr
m*) h*r* end *Er* on ths $*me lsve* to add m the rrunu*eript*s interrnittwr vocelir*tionn
{mckly of proper nerne,r} of the Hebrew rexr.
The eopy*x of the body of thc mf,nu$eripr h*d left fuur Issv*s unnccd and unnurnbeced
at thn end of his l*bors. The fir*t *f these, l. [*gS], wae empls:rfid by ln*er holdcru ra
n'*rc out Qur'In ?er*s*r *tl in H*brew rcript, but in the "&rabic and in the Persi*n lansnssp$r a* wetl cs in ihe Hehrcw verslnn af the firor :55 lcsves cf rhs manu*cripr. Sn
xide * af l. [196] there ie pmrncd $*rnh 4, r ]s,*' lir$ in th* Arnbi* origi*al ard rh*-n in *
Psrsian rerdi*a'rr- This is fullowcd by $srnh :, *? {or r. rar, which ic identicatr}, again
lim in Arebic, then in Fersian. "I-tre Ar*bicis barlly trens*dbed, nmhing unusual for wrirers
d Fcrcian origln. In writing CIut the se*or:d *rsbic vcrse rhe }ast wond ha* bwr alpred.
lllhere the original rmds {ia Pickthall's rrersinn}; o*O ehildrerr of trsrnel! Remember lbly
fevsur whererrkh I frvour*d you and hs{p I pr*ferr*d ysu rCI {sll} crearuf*$," thr co*"
*ercr*i*list reoponsible fsr the rnerse herc would h*v* it re*d: *'. . - *rd how I prefrnd
you ts the il*uslims"' The Per*ian renderings of the Arabic *r* uncx{eptisn*ble. Sn
rnh*r *ide of l. Ias6l *re fiurnd rix Q*r'Sn vsrsr$ whi*h kav* br*n crlpie*l t:tn frorn v*rimrs
t---------------hr

SIM

1:gg pm
jstor.org

$irr*frr;r ixr

Is

#**ciq#

utffd S*m&f,orr. Hrr*ru,r*

*f thc Hebrcw

our

rhe urorld , * *'otr T-ht poem in reeopierl

edhcres

rri*r slight rnrixd*n

rxr thc f*eing end pepcr

rthich

ts the bqcl* cov*r,

TheHebrsrilr fu*ndwritings ofll. {e96}, {rfgJ arrdthc*rxl p*per irv*distirquish r*'ohandsj

rre l*m Per*i*n *sr*ivr. The.y co$fonn in geneml with thc Nrards of nnc documcnts frrn
if{cshkd urirh rrhich they h*r* lmen compored: JNUL l{cb. So }or 4a*, x kctub*h dadng
*cn ?ti trn*titutc a48 {rvritins CIn the insids
ro r834 {thc sigxr*tures *f the wimes*es},
of the bck *6rcr) d*ring {s r{l39.rr The Persi*n h*nd* nf the Qpr'fin h*t* *n obvious
affiniry with *everal of rhe hnndwriring* in the dneumented spc'cinrcns.
*ignilicnnt
trn completing this d*mrigrdmr of the l-ibr*ry of Ccngre*ll tnirr$$ripr
coincidcnce nre3" be nmiced" "I"haugfr nrsch tf ths psper m which the l.C f,$rr'In is wrinen
sxhibit* thc YIll, {\u*n der Ley} ffirlnogffirnn the quires in tlr* l**er pan of the v*lurne
nre nll wa(crrn*rked ryirh a fleurde*lis druign sunnmurr*d try' * *r*tnn *ccompnied by

td

rhc LVG iniriafu of the Hgmond pcperm*her. Luberttr$ van fi*rrstink" Fnp*r sirnilerly
m*rkod is med, *,{ $rr h*ve *lre*dy nstd, in tlre Srjdsh l\iluc*urn }-febr*rv d}ur"*n m&1$*
sc*ipt. Thir *imileriry in r$*tcnnmks * *rd one &rrth*r inrunne* in * rslsv*m manurcript
mcy tn *nticipred hcre" i. e., in Mx, t)a,r, r{l *t the ffniv*r*iry l,itrrxrrf in *tmbridge"
lingl*d * ie *nggestiv* CIf *irnil*r origin.s'*
lffe h*v* elicird th* faers rh*r the l,ibwy of Cr:ngrrss Qrrr'*n is a trnnsl*tisn Qf
Gl**cm*ker, ir*elf r tr*n*lari** *f Su ftl'er, thst it is nnrirren in *n "&shk*ne*ic hand.
thet *t lcn*r one 61her Hebrmr m*nuserlpt hes inten'med berrvei:n it nnd filaserrr*lcer,
rh*r th* m***s*ripr h** b*En in a P*rsim milieu, *nd that ir conteins *ddsrda which
* to sttte the msscr in
sssg$r I cffmffiri*n wi*r rhe circlc de*crihd by Wclf, $ur
lssic*l r*nn$ * rher* fhcts provide rhe nffie$$nr). though nnt the sufficirmt condideins af
proof To dennansrrers * link hcr.rye*n thc msnuscripr s*cn in Meshhcd snd thet nsw in
lfferhingon* {rns fgil$r gs sn to invextigarc the *ther dar* *upplied by W*lS' vie'r the
place n*rs*. and th* nfrmr$ of the *npyist *nd rrsn*l*tsr. trVe $all rtrrn Sr.st ro the pl*re
name.

rsf Ir f J

rcxr in the body sf the mnnumnp:" lt is flIllmrens rh*t ths ver$&s

$rs te*dentioux *nd rhat rhel'nr* intcnded ttr bt used as proof tcxt$t $rllns in *rgummtstian
f.R.ffiv rvirh s{urlir*s* sorilc in arg*rncntndon with Jews. We xh*ll return f$ CIn* of the*e in
c*nclusicns,
Inrcrihed on rhc l*sr pg* $f the book, I. ltggb] i* a Fcrs**n ghax*l *$ yet uriitlendfid*wrirnffii nur in H*hr*rr" cherfl{dcrs. Of nppnr*mly $uli inspir*dsn" it txginri:
"A tho**and rqr*ts *nd * hurxlrst dimppcintnre*rs rhtt at lart I h*r'* ;xamtrl *rvay frurl
p*$$ess$

:$ 12ola

"Kqi$t."

Wh*re is t*Kogn$l"
1would sgrry& ns pttqlo$e r$ *n*$lerete fuere the pr(}pncd idend$sti*ns rhet ws h*ve
considercd end ab*ndonerl. lVe sh*ll *r$$e simply th*r "Koge#" i* eo*hin. the *iry cn
* ils1s in*luded in ths old*new
rh* $nn*ln*'e$r csr$r nf l*din * forrnerly *all*d l\"|*lehar
smre sf Kersl*. Th* ciry*s rise in fir*r:ne ber*n i* ttle middle of thc fturt*errrh *tstury
rarhen henrv flr:oding ge*r*d cr imprcr'*d irs n*turfll herheir-s* Ar rcseflls its Jcwi*$

Nexr

$rM

-f l$ 12Ya tr

1:SS pm

jstor:org

& I{t&rrla

pnffir

Qrd$r}.&f*mrrrrryr

}r

populeticq *ll thet $'c *r *ure of is thf,t it *nted*tes thc arrivrl of the Fanugsw* er ths
r*ry end of the l5th century. Whether thc Gmiesh dccurnmm rclarirqg ta lndi* rrill $lrcd
ligl*r on rh* *r*lenmnt o,f jcrr* in ikl*l*hnr is a quexim ta be lcft in abeycn*c pmding
*cir comptprc prblie*ti*n,$r
If, rt firsr bl*rh, dre phoneric dilficultiet c*mild in thc *uggc*tad identilirstisri rpp,ffir
formldcblr, rn*lysir of th* orhogrEphy demorr*rares th* cppasit*. Fsr sur pr{sdrir F$rpose
we n*d llm i*guirn ints ttrc undcrlying Indic lingui*tic re*lity, nor n*d we in fxcq dcreil
thc fsrms *f *rir *ity m*nr* in th* wrjws furopc*n txr4ruager. Whnr fa*ed \ffotf on the
pnge in Meshhd w{s a pl*m n*ms writtcsr in Hebr*w chnrncrcrc; k wns thar whidr hc
trocdsd t$ t il$crib* imo lsdn leffcrs. Horv, th*n, is "Coehin" spellcd in Hehrew]
In en cmeir$ve examinatiom of th* oocru'fsncen of dri* $a** nnms in Jewixh Niremalrg
mste drsn * dotctr dilfcrenr npcllingn kr',s bsen fnaoilmersd";d ftes* ar* lnry*ly rhc wark
of wrirer* wirh no fir$t*hf,nd knowlodgr of thc city
ignor*m in csnc cxrs*$ sf ir* locetion
$r ere flusntp$ *t *pproxim*tirry * Enrapen ccipr o*hogr*phy
Rwrnn, Go*ic,
cr Cyrillic
$r ir* Sncied ordroryy. It i* po**ibXe, hovrevrr, in dri* rnuld$icity r$ &r(r
rtrs rl?es of cpdlirry* enrplaycd by the f,o*inJerrr" Thqs{ *re {l} *pdlingc with medisl u
{ths inidd lener bcirg clth* r or pi th* 1 being wri**n or cnrinsd)*st *rd {r} epelling$
*ith mdirl l-alnrs*r ahx*y* l'ilp*with ito gfunel norrnrlly carrying * supr*lin*ar
di*cridc rn*rk {sre$tt gcr*lmyim, cr n*I?dr}- $'hich f*llr *wny endrcly in cemdn $r,*nu*
r*ig hrnd* *nd primed tryorks-tt It is ell bw *eroin rlnt uhnt rllc *r& dmling with in the
l*tmr ense is * I"dinc *p,nlling ***ve*don in which grrnel with di*critic nend*s the
*f,ric*e of "il&rcho."r*
Thi* fomn rvith the ginrcl c{rnrc in tinrs to dirylcm rno$ af ira compedmrx. So estrmelrd dld the *pellirw ynp b*mrre, in fnm, that tlr* rmrrels J**uh $*drir, who *rriv*d
in f.ccfrin In r$fu, cautd *t** fiatly rh*t Senirunin u {*tr*racl Jo*uph &ni*rrrim} had nor
preccdad hirn drcrr nnd dduce l* p6rr proof rnd *mrcequence Xcmi*rnin'* igrrornnce of
wkr
efsumea is tht ttrrset Hsbrsrilr spctling sf drc city n*me"{o
To raurn, horpw*tr, to ?folffin Khsr*ran tsr hnck in &{*lt* whrr* h* *rn*criboi! hic
nstcs *nd di*ty &r publicrdm)r Tnr a pcr$on facd wirh thi* unkn*r**
Sl*c* ru$a* oEcunirry in r Hebrerr. rnenu*mipq s mamr rpelld ynp {wirh or x'i*our * modifi*d gfu:nnl},5'
*'Kogell" urould bc
*n entirrly plnuriblc Ladn rrrn*cripion. ln f**n ilr vierr of
Gcmtf,rl hc\grotmd ir nny be saanerrhar {nors lik*ly rh* he wsuld hnve rgtdc|rd tilre
ilfine *'Kogen" dnn "Kogirrrn'due to th* fsnuitour dre*rx*tarxr rh*t m*ny **rmnn pl*ce
lulfiKt md in *n*f;|'*r"" whgrges t*-dn," if it occuru *t all, ir extrerncly r*re.
3ut if *tKo$Fxt" ic e pl*n*ible resex of, "f.cchi!i," cafi nn* serisnsly e*teneir* rh* idc*
of idsnifyim a copyist drcrs of flcbr*r*'rffin$$crip{s wirh so rwn-de**rip a
Jnwish nffire
l* "Devid &hcn " * rnpyi*t, tnormvrtr, who rnry be rc*ponribte f<rr the Jllcchhrd Qur'frnl
Ttrc *n*wcr i*, *urpri*irryIy*ys*l*srrd ro denrnqlffirarr rhix rre fl$n rc thc gmt
*i$tw$ *cr$nrf Trcscfi arientrli*t, Abnh*nr Hy*ci*the Anq*eril*Supegon.tr
Anqucril *rriv*d in trn*i* in rTgy rcckirry P*r*i infirnnent* who cculd te*ch him Areet*n.

&*it

l{olfc

'

*s*f

$IM F

1:Sg pm

4\ 1a%

rt

jstor"org

.lh***i'r's

1r,

trl ,il$i$-li*gr$$&? *rld Sm&Jrr*, l*/im#r"* rgFJ/ fr

'Iwq yar$

An$/

hc epem in rnisrdveffurs$ ogt the Cororn*rrdel Cncm befsr* mc*hing iHsl*bsr

bv ship *t fi*ehi. Hsre he sffirck soudr t* vicit the $r" Th*mns fi*micriffis in Cachin,
whgre he erriv*d n* the lrst day of ehe y*ar l?$?. Then tll* fclloning unf*lds: He
r
/!
!ll!
{4-I
IL
'r
rr**rignrcs rhe surrounqling counry*ideo *nd r*ntrns to Ca*hi*. Wc Snd hirn put up in
todgirg* mnde eveilable h1' the J*wish merch*m Xtrie S"ahabi, to*t of the leadirry Dutch
[n*r lndin Cnmpany ageffi] [eehi*l Rnhabi. Lmrnrng *f the exirt*nce of the copper*plar*
*herrcr sf the ftehin Jews inseribe* in *neisu T*ttdl, he gru* pcnnissin*r frefift rh* hffld
*f rhelewish cnnununiry ro rehe it r* his r#tlm ts *opy. This nccamplishd, he pys r vlcit
m Fa*lricl Rnhabi ardo s* the reconuneidation of the lancrns *on and a lscal D*tch fiaet

in*

trsir Co*rpany offici*l, bCIrrown from fiu*kl*l *

rmrebcok

i* whith thc f"amil text has

been ran*eribed inm Hehrcrr lmers, Absve csch trsfi$criM T*mil word the Hehr*rr
rnnrla*on had atss bcen inmnei!" ksplte s$nt* kn*rrldge of dre Heh,rcut Bibls- he is
*'Retu*il S.*bhinique"
11ss tc spe*k
obviog*ly bnfld by th* wridng in Seelciel ft*h*bi'*
of ttre r:n&mili*r Hebrew in which th* nen*lation is *errch*d, 'nH$brsrr de R*bbin." H*

rssr$

t* * rrxernber of the Jcwish rrrrxmmity lbr h*lpr '*U* i*une Juif n*mrn D*vid

me ls copia en ba*ux c*r*cr*re* H6br*iqu*s evtn {e$ ddtslls do*r it vierls d* parler,
& i dr$i moi*rnfurc sl deur nuir* l* *ryi* de dsux f-s$ss *n cam**re* K*Siniques,
gue renfermoit tre m&ne Kecueil."{r
C,sgil dlir n'iexnre Joif'bn **copylm of the Ubrary uf Congrcss Qud$ul Th*existstcs
of thfu Hehrew doeummt frorn thc hn*d of * D*vid C*hm *f Crxhin wculd *ppcsr to

C*cn,

prnrvidc * muchsrone cgainsr whieh cur hypothe*is could be t*$ed" lVhere it this documsu?
That the docum$t \rys$ in Ar4uuil's poruessian m kast undl t??t r.vs infer fram the

ds*ilr in prbli*hing his drawingr cf the origi$sl T*r*il cspptr plat* chert* in
kfrddtu$il, rr, rr l' pl. r to g, hc nric* promi*d r* ge $n to prrbtirh the Hebreir tren*la-

following

*t

&ct th*t h* pruni*ed to do eo

*ircur*r$lrg1ec wsuld pcrmig.$r He never did" Sut
indi*srrs rh*r he can*iderd rhe fiebrew rtxr *f ssillc irnponuc*. He*:cs, lrro cen hadty
dam

if

b*tleve thsr he would harc diamrdcd it. Anguctil died in r8og, Imving a cmridereblt
librmy- His book$ $rcrc sold soon aft*r, bur the m*nuscripts he had collectcd snd hi*
pcrsa*r*t p*per* wcrs d*ptited in the Siblio$hque N*don*1e.66 Th* pnpets have bem
srrmgpd md ercclss*d in rhe Sibliorhfuire Nrtionsls as Nsuvellee Acqnicitisns Srenqeisec,
**fond$'n
nfhis pnr*on*} papers havs beelr &ororrghty sr**.\*td
nm. 3tg7*"gg$r. $wcrsl of;h*
g our dipE5riou, but ro rrs tvail. The Hnbrew *,*ncladon sf tlrc Temll inrcription tepisd
*oln Escki* Rsh*hi-c nsebook by }*vid Cohen is nawher* t* be found.
Wkr eat*d h*v* htppened ts rhe do*nme*rt? In **sdng nbnut for e clue it w** dixno'vcred
ttut Anqnetil'* Iit*rary cx$rlr{or, the r*narryned Antaine.tr$*sc Silvc*rs de &cy, had slss
writren axr dlclmrc of Cochin whera he mmdffis itr "Les privllegcs [sicJ dec ]u*fs de Cochin mt *t$ *opi& rur I'origiml rn*mr, p*r M. -{nguccil drr }errm, qui s *hit gr*ver Ie copie
qu'il 6gr *vcit dde, er I'a pblim dan* le toffie t du fimd*Ane*tl . o . M, Anqu*dl *vair
gm*i r*p* d'un Jr*f, le lmmre dtl teme tnrnoul, exprirnd* sn lettro h*breique*' *t t!$#
trEilucdom de ce t:$riurnent prdcieux m hdhr*u rabbinique. II *ry*it prxni* d* publier lt

NEXT

SIM

1:Sg prn

r$

12%[

jstor"org

d Tfc$rrrr.' ft*r'&*

$,{cn*rrr,ipr

3.

tor$l *e qr'il n'* pninr *xdeut*. J'ai rouvi l* *opi* en **r*er&r*s hdbreux *r I* maduction
hdbreQuc pnmri l*s mffiuscrim qu'il rn'n laissdsn mnir ssns suc$n* interprimdm ltdne
Slgxr
nK$r tlu frang*ise,n'{? Thc dacunrent p*ss*d, rhec}o to $ihrestrc de $acy" What did hc d* with
At his deeth in r83S* d* $*cy tefr a vcry l*rge anrl irnpon** library *f ariemnl mudies"
'f,hi* wa* brokerr tlp at nuction ssrns yfflr$ l*rer" The mirsing document i* not* hcwever,
inr'ffiteried emoryl the m*nuscripts of thn au*ion catatrogl. Reading through the portion
of rhc *uction mmlq li*drry prir*d rqrorks reludng to Jud*ismr ons srumble* upcn it:
"fhe docurne* in que*don h{d b$c$ insend ln de $*cy'x ctpy cf r fn*ugrrese bosk abour
thc J*wr of Sochin* xia"u ihlors*h P*reyr* d* Prdra's lkf"u*s d*r Jud*rs ds fsr&i#i, Amster*
drm, rd$7. There, in the au*tion sdoso Si&Iial&igx* rfr ,#. f,e Ssrarl $ilrrys*rc dr &ey
3 vclx. {F*ds, r$4l*4f }, y. r, p. 3Sn itern lto. rf r* fallowing rhe }fullsi*r *ntry on* rerd*
*i* rddition: "Tr*du*tian hdbraique dc$ $lle* ftalipot palm leave* usd ** urridng mamriah
mcnning hers 'dscnaxmt*n] en cuivre sonrenrnt les privilry*s tl*s Jui& d* Cochin, tiree
du rmueil *ebbiniquc d*fia*chieln courtier drs Hell*nduir Cochi*. tJnc feuille m*. in
pl**o [* *iugle broed;id*
be*u srnct. h*bratque."&*
Th*.lVairisr vol&rne rm* sold *t aucticm in April r84I" T'hc rnnrkrd crr*lag *f the s*le
in pas**ssim cf the Sibliathkus N*d*n*le rccords rhc p*rchascr ** *'lin&ne*" {*pprently
t bookneller *o ntnred r*her than a nadorul innrirurinn *r rhe qrlunrry *f, residq$ce *f rhr
prrchget). S**pite $$*nusu$ e{fcnr ts find *re book, irs pr*senr loc*tion h*r not becn
tmcod" It may noc, sf *our*e, rurvivei if it strould survive rhedncun:lenr mty be lorr.6r
Our in*biliry t* l*e*m the dscurnsnt in que*rion wo*ld have closrd rhis apprn*ch rr*'erd
ideeiriti**tion of the Librnry of C*ngresx Qur'3n rrere ir nar f*r rhe fru rhar in dre cour$*
sf seeffihing thrtugh th* ^&nquedl pap*rs in Paris * Hebrew *be**d*ry w*s dlsccverd,r*
m *beced*ry which *,nquetil himxelf $fiKr$ rv*s writrm fnr hinr by S*vid Cahen. This
diemv*ry eeerrred *r firm *ight more mislrep thnn fanune fer thc *ursive hand ir fispl*ys
di&rs r*di**lly fronr rh*t *f rhe rext of thn Qur'fo!
Lct un fitr$ ro the *b*eed*ry {Fig. r}. It iq found sn n l*af nsw bsund as fol" rg of
Ms' Nouv. Srcq. Fr. *s3* tlf the n*pn*ment des fuI**useritr, Sibliothique Nadonale.
Sn h Aqtretil h*s writren: "alph[a@ rebbiniqlu*J donns . . . IHr stvid Cohen qui rn'*
copi6 m c*r[acr]rd Hebrf*Iq$en] le treduc[rinnJ de folle de Ferum*l fnire par Eeeehid
ct *crit* em c*r{ac"*r*sJ R*bbinisle$"" Above ir ra the righr is rhe script to t+hich rhiu
rcfcrs, i. e., Ilarid Cohen'* cursive Hebrew alphabrt in c ducru* ro be presendy de*cribed.
Tothc lefr sf the first al$rabct S*hsn h*s rewri*en the l**ers ro illustrare rhcir us* *u rhe
Hebrsrr nurwriee.i *ystdntr ptacing thc u-{rebic {i. *., Eurnpe*n} nulueral equiv*}enr *bve
ee$ lertff" F'iltring oat ths fucr line *f Arryxetil'e drscription anreedy quomdn where we
h*ve pleced cn ellipri*, Cohen ha* eddesl thc civil y*arr r?$8, in r rhor**ghly rnixed
nomtion. On the top linc sbove nnd to the righr cf C*hsn's firsr alphetrer, we frd *gnin
i* Arry*til'* trrsrdr -nlqttfretJ Rf*hbiniqu*s] imprinrdes.*' Ttrris lrgnnd reftrs tc niuc
*Icbmw lctrer* t* its le* whlch *re copid from * s*rni*squ*rs sr msshdr &nt of rypr'
nbriou*ly for purpo*e* of *omp*ris*n. Th*se nine lemer$ src differegr rnough fr*m

it}

lo{,

'

$IM

-f $ 1e%[

1:94 pm
jstot.org

"}*

'5ftrrt'*c;t

$$**{iJr*gnr}pJ,rv

*l}rf

#r**Sf* r's.

I'ilrfrr- {Sf c*,.,p J

\t

*ft
'$,F

ruffiHT

qu

'ft

+x

Yro

-{

*ts

$q

{F

*S

*t
ft

.?*

*s

r\{

E $$.

"t
3J

*LIf

r** fu{
rhe

;\+\N

*$

\ Lrs

$J

;,

*'*{}

kr&*\

fir tt
fta

r*-

F\
Gl

nE#l

*tt

df

nnn*.ftq

Y; $"*-*t
{ttn- #
**

rE'4

$1r

il
H.rts

. *th

er* t F\
*31*aJ

\b 1L

ffi.
T'
+'r:

**s.
rt

t*'{hit

th

ffi
F*
ffi

"l*

ae

.$

tFii*

}}

Lt

{H
f

iI'
i*i
*.

.,!*C

\.,

H
,i

{iA
*Fi*
d*,
isi

if

.ltlfarl

-**
#
t*

*'

,Nr'!
+

{r*
*#
#:
't{:

H
c&
'lf
.,Ht
*1
ffi
h*

*{f
#

dH,

*d
rr+
Ld
rHi
#
il\.
{*it'
r Cf,!.
*

fis
.t

'&t
s*
!s

Ni.f

{,rL-

SIM

.'* Sf,r$rfi$

pggv

-t

1:94 pm
jstor"org

|}r

ft*t*#t rlfm**rsrtff

53

Cohcd* *nrsiv* q*iv*lemn iu*r bel*w rhsn to werf,*rtt beins tingld out by fl pffrffr
inttt.eutsd in ca*paring rhrm. We iudge thet rhcy re'srs copled ftom a prinmd hf,ol*
Anqrsil hirnrelf er * d*rc l*r*r th*n th*t of dw *dginal writl*q" Thc*s is nothing on the
FsS* in Cofren's sqffire frcrd. This i* nat wdy beeeuee Ar*qu*til *lrmdy knerr the sg**re
lcrem, bur *l** hncsuse rhe *beeed*ry $t*s iottnd dswn by Cohen to cquip Anguedl to
deciplrr *re cursive wridrry in Xzekiel's nffebsCIk, or specifically- sn his nneps. l$e *hatrl
rm be $ryulg rs cnar*lude* co*t$cqufnrly, *r*t ttris ffi*ndie cumive h*ndwridng of David
Colren fm!$ be*r somc likcne*s te drnt of Xrekisl R*habi"rn
AJ fsr *s cursivs h*nd cf the ebmd*:y, it h** is* *lcassr caqsftrcr$ in nr*nus{ripx of
fio{n horrwern dhots wrkren in th* $edtcrdie curxiv*s of th*
Cgr$is prwcnience
sewnr*mrh cc*lrnry arnileble in f*ccirnilt in $olwnon A" Slrnbaum's I}r H*bftt$ $dpfr'
m, rS3, end Drvid $, $*wo'lra's O**I l)ffirrd, v" r, pl" qT. It in clo*cr to the Hrb,rew hrnd
sf th* bilins!ffil docunrsrr Il#n tkhln of r8o3 which hns hml repmducnd m thc duet
|**ket d Wnlt*r j. Finchcl'e ff*yafrxdirr Shttfdtr, end in the Seil[vi Insdmte't $lrdi*
rld fiepo*s r {:pf }}, p. a of thc Hebrew secflwt, Sm we n}sy Ss fumher: *nrong drc
nnnnrcrip* *quirnd by thc Severcnd Clardius Fucllsnnn sn * vitit to fuhin in t8a$or*
mnm*cripw whidr w*re l*ter Brceound to the Univer*iqr Llbmry at &mbridgr, Slrgland,
bcyord * re*ron*ble doubr
we find rhffi in rryhich we derecr whm lre helicve to be
rhc very h*rdwridrq sf rhc nhd*ry' i. s.n the S*$r*dic cursive hand cf S*vid C".chen,
I* i* ls thecs
rryc nsnr dircs our attmti#t,tr
lVe rhdl rm lingrr orrer Oo"r.I?, e Hebrew rr*n*l*ti*n of portimr* of Arncl*nder't
Ylddilh b*rr n'.ntg, Itr hard shorrx *ligk rbcrr*tio,ns frsrr thet of the rbd*ry which
rvc will nm discu*r hse. It includes norhing in *q**r* lm*ers *nd is widrmn rhe mrne of
tht copyi*r. Iffc p*fs or& nnhm, rn O*.r,3r *nd Sn-*,r6, nro inrcrrdated t{cbmw N*rr
Tc*uncnr nr*n*r*ripts, ThB Hehr*w of the*e transl*tisr* is, b}' snd X*.rXp, *pp*llin$l, but
* co*nplme HT cnye fnr Rcv*l*tion we
thi* i* nst our pmssnt {ffiir{{n, kl So.r,}}
dietirryui;h thc fr*n&rriti*lss of no fcwcr ih** three copyi*t*. S*stirunisfiring the hands nf
i* ssrnplic*td
thir rn*n**nripf tn* of whi*h ar* nimil*r but s' no mexms idmdc*l
by it* *lcvsrline*s, *nd **vcml apinim* Ixvc bttt wpre**ed.rr Ir i* n$r necet*ary th*t
we so dcryly inm thrdet*ils here. $uffice it t* *ey thet we bclieve th*t ons of ** copyicts
i* ttre wrircr of dre rbwedary {in t{ii* rnnnuucripcr tffir hi* h*ld shcws minsr devi*tion*
fm*r it)" Therc f,re no sstare ch*rocts* in th* pordon we *scribe m him, viz., *ll the
fl$rtnrr wridng on ll. rlrf, to r6ob with dre cxeryti*n cf the lbllonsdng: the captionc an
l. r16h *e **piwr *nd first trwo yer$* on L rpp and *ll the gloeseo of thes* leencs
S. 9o* ffid b ffiy dis$*y {r} mrlis *tar* of hi* hend}. Here* again, na runt*$ of c*pyi*t.t
*re prouid*d.
k ir in mnnuacript 0o"r.16, howevcr, that there awair* ue * *rmning surprice. This
r*nnu*uipt, Iike thc London ad W*rhirryon Qm*fui*n i* rrrimm ofi g*ps h**rfry x* *
wsmrmerk ttr* LVG inidels sf r $utch paperrnakcr wid* fl*urdeli* dmigu surln$lntcd
by a croanr. Ir- like thc Lonilsn and Wsahingron Qtrtfins, in in brov.,n {or norr brov,ryr}

**

:$ 12%

S[xr

$IM F

*#

?tlt,LY

-f :$ 120/o ff

1:S4 pm
jstot.org

Srl*dicr fn #l*fi*,$r*gJry

*rr,*d

&p*f,sffn t$'infrr* *ppr/p*

ink. A$ain e m*nilrcrip widrnut d*u *s m copyist*it in*lrdes Actr ts S$*sienr in

brgc sguere lextsrs an hsve* * througfi *g" {C*Bs#t* :}r* in monurnenml *ryr*rc lerrcr*
N[xr
. .
. t.
tA
i
cn*pl$yrlrg ehadiry-) Sn *l* fivn conciuding l**ves co*tdning text, Rwelltim has bcen
*opfiGd in a nnnll Se$udic cur*ivr. Whil* the ln$ fire lssve$ of this Cambridge $t*:Rrscn$ rtrc uilKc ruors Se hendwriting of the F*ris *b*ced*ry*Pevi$ Cdrst'r*th*
fir*r ninmy*rin& lre Se hnrdwri$ng of ** s$nr* c*pion* in thc I#ashingson Qnr'Iil!
(Fig" 3),x tlfe xhell nor nter upofi * furrnxl anelysis of the hands. Thsy am reproducd
in *re ncsmpnyixg figurs$. Th* reedtr will iudge.t*
Thir cinl*iisn io perplcxingr. Is th*re *nyrhing rs sonttst the h*nd of dre firrt niney-nin*
lmves with th*c of die last frve? In checking rhroug*r the v*riouc clemefits of scrib{l pr*rtim
in *c nro parts of the manuscrip, ws hit apsn onc elcrnmt which w* havc mrne ts bcli*ve
ie d*nisiv*; ligature of numemls" The yerss$ *re nsmberd in both paxc of Oo,r,t6 {*s
*lso in Oo-r,3r), Thsse Arabic Rumemls * whase fprrnatisn is complct*ly consistent
in thc n#o Frrs cf So.r.rd *tsrd to b* lig*tured in both p*$s when * **nrin spc*d in
rririrqg is r*sclrsd, Ths $*$$ nurnb*r* in both F*$s terrd m k ligatud. The cxcclltion
*f rh* ligntur** is dikc in both S*r$" ?he numeral '*t" it suseepdble of tig*tur* to thc
k& *rd *o rh* rigtrr. Ligrttrrcd'na!" in borh pa$$ di*plry* th* r*me fiuer*y sf linc tcf.
dl* tnmm$*s ef dric nr:mbcr *ccurring in rh* sffo p{ns of Fig. }}" Thi* spor*di* ligrruring
*lsc occurs in dr*r p*rtiam of Oo.r"gr w* *smibe m Cohen (l[. rSra*rsob]" \ffe belienre
rfw thin puctie i* disdnctiv* mcugh *nd cingular cnough to w:rrrrnt rhe nenclusion
**t we *re dealing wirh tlw writing cf on* m*n. l$e muy *dd, hswws, nnothw p*culi*rity cana*cted rryith numm*lc: trn ncidrm pm af Oo"r.rs ha* the firw r*rw of *lly
ehnW bcen numkrd by th* mpyict {** Srff vsr$* in th* whcl* volunr* is en *ppercnt
**pion)" In *ontm** *ll pcnicne sf *o.r.3l xhich w* d* n* ac*igu te f*hen cox*in
* mnrhm **tnt Ytffis-?l
nut, lf thc wrisr of rlr* curxive of Nsr Test*mmrt Ms" *o.r-16 is the writer of it*
rgnrc hnrd, *e writer of th* sqmm hrrd of the Tlf**hirrytm Qpr'in in dr* rrrirsr af iu
cur$iv. Th*rn i* nm r *crap of *vidm*c to indieag **llebomtion bcturem copyistx in
fodminf thc Q*r'in" omc *e indiw of th* caprionr, drc oths of the text. $cript*dally,
drc Qur'In ie * *'*rk of tmiary ca*npc*ition*dierqnding &* lst*r glssscs, of, *onrse"
Wc mn drrufiI, &rr*, m *e ineluctrbls csnclu$sn rhet ths writcr in question * fite Sevid
Cdrfn of Cnchin*tr.rotr two diff*rmr Hebrgrrn c*r*iv* hErdr!
k thie *ff *n wrmly ebsuril cs*cluci*nl W* *ink lt i* not" Not onty in our oum d*y,
in lcreel, h*s the nmdry *riscn for sorn* to lmrn n snmrrd cursivc h*od, ln qhe F*r thir
nd lrrr cb*rly xisd ff rrffily poimn of *anmcr of the dic*por*s, fur purpos*s of ctrt!rnunic*tim, for sccution of decd& for prm*cwiom of endiet. In {k, *incc dre *rpulliz**
*sr of dirdnffi {nffiiw rypcs th* seed cs}il nrssr have bccn nb'ffirt. Ths difmrccs of
dmur hvc qrsr rc.rulmd in h*lxlchi* pblmr*, *d th* limmrmr sr tfte subicct hr* besn
ocdf parti*lly cxplmed.rr Ir is, of, oora$*' the a*ss th*t *e knowldgn by *n individu*l
of * cnmivc tr*rd odwr *r*n rh* in whieh hc wra* lvil$ $nffiirnoil, Tlfs m*y cite *s in-

SIM

1:$4 pm
jstor.org

d tf}$rc-{,r' #H$r'nd'ffi $frryrr*rrr.fptr

'f

;$ 12%

I?

disrive thc reFort of a Srirish cons$l in Jerus*lemr in rnid-nin*eenth exmury r*'ho norcs
rabbi, ir "*nable to re*d or wrim
rvi* somc exnsper*don th*t hi* dr*gornen, * $eph*di
*rb'ti
NEXT
rt-^+i
PREV
t
I
I
even rhe cuperscripinn of^ e lctmr in the Ashkcn*u eharacter.-'r* Thtlr$h $$common, thc
abiliry ro r*nd mors than cne ryp* of *ur*ive hand c*n h*rdly havc been ex*sssively rare
*t cem*irt riraes *nd pl*cer, for H*brew mnnuscripts, wrirt*n in cne ductus and usd lrrhers
rh*t d*ctu$ w** not cilrrenr, arr$r r* if.8o Sut evm rhe rbility t* wrice msr* than *ne cursive
srne hardly nnknown" Here we mf,y ndduce the csse af Don Is*ac Abr*v*n*I, * ry*ry
*ld rnen in Venice, siuing down rtr wrire e long ffply tn r philosophical qurry * for hls
ccribe had desnmed hinr for rhe Holy Land * who, out of c$une$y m his {$rr*spondenr,
penc his *nswrr in an Ashkenaeic hend to whlch he i* not *ccustomed.nn
We hnyc, horyey*r, ffs!& rpecilrc grounds fCIr bclieting thnt Ssvid Cohen csuld urritt
rw* crruire h*nd*. *y c *troke of pure f*rrun*, this finan's will hes survivtd t$ be fcund
rvithin the last few yems.*, lt ir n curious docurnent, bnt n* esrrsideradans of Sood t*$te
sh*uld prevrnr * fr*nk apprais*l of its c$nrsrr$. It i* the t*$ar$:nr tlf * *rxr-nadve born
merchant, whp, tying ill in fuhin in 1769, hnt * n"ill drnwn up by an offieial CIf shs Dutch
fiaxt lndie Comp**y rn*n*mirdng his sl*vE cancubinr:, lcknowledging parernity *f her
nrs $nns* nnd providing g;rn*r*urly for the unkcxp s,f thi* f*rnily. l{* deeig:ut*s *n hi*
sole heir, h*wevcr, * $y$sgssue in n*ighb*ring J\{xtr*ncherry * xxrely the Paradc*i
Synagqgrue *f the 'nWhir* Jews,*' thmryh thst is not spetrled rlu{ * ard ss *ne of hi,r
sxscurgrf the third son of fa*ki*l R*h*bi. This dss$mem illus$ete.q in erriking f,*shien *
h*sic pcttem *f $quth Indi*n Jewish life from thc rirne ure first h**r *nyrhing s$b*tsnti*il
*b*ut ir et the @inning of the *ixternrh r*nnlry: rh* nrrivsl of rnrrch*nts and r*Iugce*
fronr rb*md* their unicn* with locnl wcrneno *nd dl* resnlring irnp*rfbct intcgrndCIn of
the o{*pring into the .}ervi*h conrnrunity of Mal*b*r.t*
Sut tFr*t ie not whsr *sncem* u* hcre. lc is rhe d*scriprr*n nf the te$rntor givwt in the
will itself which is irnportent for u*. Th* mcn i* dmribed as the 'foodse vriiburger Savid
Cohen bii *'Corrp.'c bncken be*erd vo*r Jen Frdrtle ftheff*r v*n Sertriin" {dle J*wish
fr*ernan DavidCohw, known en rlref**Foy'*bcok* nsJan Fredrik $chcffcr, of *crlin)"r*
lVhere,ver the re$$on for the nlicn, the will rwe*ls rhe re$aror'a phee of origin: it prore*
m be Scrlin. lffhat cculd bn firsre *atural than rhat C*hsr arrived in l$alab*r knorning
thc Ashkcnnsic ffirsive of his yauth and proeerded to learn the vcry differenr $epkrdic
cursive of Cuetrin upon senling therel** In thc f.arnbridg* illenus{riprs rracm af sever*$
st*sn* CIf thir le*rning praccs$ are disccrniblc"
Thc tesutor's end*r-snTl&nt of the will sdds $ome *dditicn*l rreight to whnt wr believ*
is th* $rs*g pnlcsgr*Sric evidcncc *Ssrd for identifying the writer of thc Libr*ry of
*mgress manuecript ar Dadd Cohcn of Co*hin. He rigms hi* n*rn* in * clear L*dn h*nd
**SCoh*nr"
{xhiclr i* n*t e*f*ebled *$ sn* might expect of *omcon* in hi* eircum*anae}
ligaturing the initialsn flnd underseoring the name wirh a ftonrirh, There is no Hcbrew
signatr*e"rf .&ll that rnly be clairned is ch*t tlre wridng of rhc Svr lxtin script glorscs
urhich rrc in*nrpor*texl direcrNy into the rext *f th* flur'iln is cangr*ons rnirh the *ignenrre.

SIM

.f

1:$4 pm
jstor.org

$rsdirs in Sisdfmgmpllp

3S

*rrrrd

:$ 127o

&r*fsrro $frinrrr* r$Frlr*

Thsre me too fuir lettss rs sey rnors *nd e eign*ture i*, by defi*ition, totr *pmicl. Apropas

PRt"tl

,,

;,

$r*puc oryxrffnt$- The*e enioy'ed * c*rtain yCIgxre in conternpor*ry German bock*. As

*m-y be ceem fronr Fig*. r and 3n Cchen'x p*nrn*n*hip is rnore scribblc th*n dgn**e. Hi*
deeth, k rnu* he n*d, ucc*rred no e*rlier fh*n r77a"rt
Ws h*ve (rme full cir*ls back toJo*eph Wnlf *nd th* QSrr'Sn rnanuscript h* *xamined
in Meshhcd. The m*nuscrlpt wr*, lffolff mlls uc, pa:nd in '*Kcgeu-" lfffr believe that
we hrrre *orreerly lsc*ted "Ksgrn." Ir we* eoprtd, he *eys, by '*David, the scn nf Iseec
n*David Isaac Cch*n of 3*rlin"}. Though his father's
Sohen, of Serlin" {*r, inJ, rf,rr,
nar$e ic nor *v*il*bl* in tlic soufccs we hrve used, wc bcliere thnt wn hase correctly
idenrifind r.he Dnvid &fic$ of Sedin in ryresdon" 14i* h*ve dsnc this by id*ndfying the
M*slrhod rucnuscript *c rhe snc nsw in lffashingron, Perheps it is possiblc to pre$$ on *nd
*m*blixh rhc idendty of dre tr*nslaror" frn *nything be discovercd *bcst e F*r$snag:c
nnmd *'l:Rrnmrucl J**ob Md*rro" qlr *'Ir'nm*nu*l jacob ilufedsrt" ns hi* nf,rnc is given
in

fi

rfgr? Hapily, yes!

To rsdl the dgrouernefirr wc rsfsr *$ain r* Anquctil-Sup*rr*n's *xpericnsss in Coehin

in r75S *s relard in rhc iirsr volurne of his Srn$-{uesrur (pp. cli-clii). $trnng euriosiry
ld him ro coffi*rsc wirlr *n o&ial *f the truteh Ea* lndi* f.*rnp*ny, *ntho*y tnn
Ydrts1 on the hi*tory, cu$om*' *nd *ndquides *f rhe Hindus *nd ehristiens an the
M**bsr Coe*t. This official had hims*lf rsade inr.estigadons of * $ort ovrr a p*riod of
ynL without much surc*ss* how*rrsr, n'M" lfen Vmhtcn m* conreille aussi dr nnsdres**r
i M, V*n h*s, Juif dn Suchd de Juliers, csnveffi nn flhristi*ni#ns, & qui 6tcir clnrs
kofessalr de Theologie i frlsmbo." Recrynidon corneu in s rnomem of, percrytion:
thi* mln i* our Qurnin trn**lnt*r * [L*pold] Irnm*nucl J*cob v*n Sortl
Xrrore tftct ah$cure the co*nection rr*nt bc disposed of, Sn dre CIne hand, the #rnd*r{wr*c
o'van Dotto'n
pafiffe*p which hss bee$ qu*ted conr*ins * mi;print: rhe name *hmld rsd
withqrt final s. On the sther hand l#alff, in *rnscribing *e n*me frorn rhe Qut'5n
cide {pgc), har cn'nunittd an understandeble misrake. Whst fsced hirn, **surdly, was a
n*mc reading: srrs rpp' bxnx*y, {**Lropcld" cafiu of eo*rs** hc no pan *f *e man's
n*fukdort." $c ir stmds in Tle
Jenrish n*nnc), Nonplussd by nt.luo h* rend*rd it
. . r$;r. In ftrrrsrrftrs srd ;t{ission*ry Laknrrr* where it i* eopid frarn his
Jofirnst " . .

t*.

*maqd tirnc, it hes suffered fuffher corrupinn"

W* *h*ll nor und*rmk* m r*couar here the p*rtin$cr* rre h*vc ccllectsd in *e *uricus
crsa of L*opold ImrnEnuel Jacob n** Son.** Th* mrterinl is not by *ny mffin$ *deqrr**
nor*fi

for * cahermt biogrilphy, nn* $ome of ir is tpecul*tivc" {Refcmale to *rchival so$rces

would bs illssr gr*rcfirlly rercivd") A relevsnt dttail rnay be sirnply smt*do nev*rtheless.
It ic lcno*vn *nr the man u*d varigu* fnrrnx of n*me: *nr*fi Dorfot' "Tsn b*rgrrr *O
*{de
Dornrr *14i-Sort" is bur mo*er vminnr. l{c intendnd* obviou*ly, ra den*t*, thereby,
**t hs hailsd *io*n rh* *iry of Ds*rlrechr
colloquially e$ *'l)ort") in thc }lerherlrnds.
{known

Let u* sumffifir rhe tryument r*r rhi* polm in a less corrvslutcd fn*hion: $e*Xdng to

niHXT

srM e

-t 4l 12Vo I

1:S4 prn

jstor.org

,4 ff,,rfirrru ftnr'Srt,ll{ur?rl'r$,rrfpr

IA

idardfy r Hebmv Qur'*n rnmuseripr wnnting ritle pge *nd colophon, in an Ashle*nazic
h*rd but with Per*i*n glasses, we senrchd the literature of *rn subi*ct. A rsfereme to e
pRfrv
.n
.
*'\b!m*nuscript,KeninFerrieinthefirgthglfcfthenineteenthc*rrmrynttr*ctedoura$ention'
r
r

in csntr*st tCI o$r sr$n

wffi sf
Finding thet neirher of rh* other knowm rxnuscripts
rhe right desceffi to *n$wcr the de*criFtism in *re refrrwtce, we {$sumd as * working
hypmhmin whar wf,$ rs be provd; the idendty *f th* pr*s*nt rnenuseriBt with th*t dercrihed in rhc ninereefirh renrury sighting. 1#* full*rved where thi* hypr*heri* I*d, *way
fi:wr Central Auia
fln irnprab*hls locatinn fsr n tranrlxion from l}"rrch
ts *il outps$r
of
Dutch f,ast kdla Company in Sourh Asia *arne thrcequ*ners of a cenrury earlier.
Thenr* in * ciry rrhos* mlme
rvhen properly inrerprcted
sadsfied rhc indieiurn, w
fsund e likely capyisr. An a*errr$ ts lscam r giv*n *p*cirnen af th* c*pyistns hendwridng to tcst agxinst sur rnsnu$cript praved a failure" Unexpecredly, anarhrr documcnd
example of his hardvrriting was di*coversd. This rppe*red at first to negnre any pos*iblc
csxn*tion benrem that wrimr and our man$reript. A smr*"*y of mermscripts of Cnchin
proveffince turn*d up *ev*ral in his hsrd* h*wevtr, Ons uf rhese
thr key rnrnuscripr
w*e panly in rh* **nsr*d cursive handwridng in *rc dncum*ntcd ex*mplc and panly in
thc handwridng sf anothcr slyle of script in the Qur'Sn" Int*nr*l *videnc* wer *vailablc
ta prov* thet rhis key manu*cript w*c dw wridng *f n *ngle p*r$onr whenc* it fsllow*d
rhat thc &r'Sn, too, \{ra$ wholly cxe*rrted by this m*n, ir beins xcripori*lly * holryrnph
lxrrirrg its l*ter glosaer" s' will w*s adduced whieh explni*ed why rhe rvrit*r qrould have
knmrn t!#s typrs of Hcbmut cursirre uridng
fine occurring in rhe Qnr'X*, one in *le
key rn*nuscrip, n Nsw Testsment. I**ving idend$ed the copyisr of rh* LC Q3rr'in ro
o*r sEti*facdo*n w* \#ere able to $nd in th* s*urce ttrat led $$ ts th* *opyist, * likcly
srdidrte for the ****lntor'g t*ek" Reinterpreting the dat*, thia indirridual w*s s**n uo b*ar
prccicely dls d$sid*rstd narrE" The nrcn has prCIved upon inqesdgndan to be no sm*ll

**

fry$ery. He iE r*rpondbl*, w* b*lieve, frr a fictisnal chronicle. Hc may be responsibl*

for a strrngo apmlyp'se, as well"
sc*ptre rhe *ymrr*etry *nd exh*nstivenesn of this denronsundon it may b* fra*kly
ndniittd that it dscs nm prCIve bcyond * doubt thrt the m nuscripr now in rhe tlbr*ry *f
f.rxryrcss is thc CIne ex*mi*cd by lffnlff in lt{*nhh*d irr rsg r " Sor, * pf,rson who ecpir* n
mrnuscrip on(t mty c$Fy it twieen or n tirnes. Collaternl rssnu*criprs may heve simihf, *
thouglr nat wholly *imilar * csreer$. l#'c see ns reass{r! ncverrheles$r rr} rnul*ply en:id*s
hcyord necercity, ro pastuletc the existenee *f *n wnxm**ted rnanus*ripr whrn ths oflr
rre hrve bebre u$ asrfe$ urith *ach of th* indicia" ll!f* xhal| proceed r* sur c*nclusionn,
thw, withsur rcncidcring s*riou*ly the po**ibility th*t we rnay hav* happend upon rh*
u'roilg one pf a $rt of ideruic*l nplns.
ThE Libr*ry of Co*gr*sr m**urcript wau wrinen in *r* ry5o'* nr 6o"s. An rhe *ff?xfirrir
.r {ilr we t*k* t?$fS, the yerr of the arrival of vcn }sn in th* kdies" {1#* ds nffi know
honl much befcrc *yg7 Savid Cohsr re*ched Mal*b*r). Th* rrrurinur *d {n{rrn is the
yem of fthen's dearh-perhsp r??r*1" The m*nuscript may, pfi$$ibly- d*ts r*r r?$?,

F{nKT

$IM

$fuSi*l iru #l*llff:riryfr3

dtS

ffirv

1lS$ pm
jstor.org

$r#d

Sss*fs, - ldrfnrrr* s$Frr'f;

for vrn San w*s in Co*hin th*t ye*r*if no other*srrivins, epprr$rtly, sorncdrne
*fter Jurrc ard leving sometime bcfore rhc Neir Ye*r. $ince Coehin urec only a short sea
pns$rgc from Cot""rl", Ceylur*where v*n Dsn w*s teeching*this is unlikely to
tnre bmr hi* mXy visit. To support a drte in *is p*riod rry* have *lso th* wimess nf
the

pcp'tr

Tlrougfi there is no inrern*l evidenc* {and rho*gh the rxonshly rending cycle rnight be
rhoqighr ro poinr m * differsrr uee) ir $ffirn$ lik*ly dr*t th* Qgr'*n mnnsledon wes intmded
CIr
leasr rhe *opyirry
ro rcrvc * polxnic p$rFosr" lfe **surne rhar the rrmsl*ting
rlms dam by *ornnriasiosl of Seekir* R*habi or with his unppon, rnd th*t rhe LC Qt!r'*n
rn*nu*cdpr i* on* of dr* produ*ts af,* rnnsledm proiem *imed *t rdering into Hebrc*
thc rcligiour litenture pf the ncigftbor$ of *e Mel*kr Jetus" r proic*t which Rahabi
$ppsrs to h*ve *ncoamgd nnd emgngsd in. There is arnple widsnm cf a polemic purposr
in the m*rgin*li* ef Ncw Tect*mcnt M*. Oo.r.3a cf dre dlniv*rsiry Librery *t &nnbridgc.
Sn *smh*r occ*sion rre shall idmtifo e Hebsr mansladsn in m*nuseripc af * work on
}$dn bclicf *rd pr*cti*e rrhieh isnrd frcm rlr* $*me eircle. Decpit* Xaekiel Kah*bi's
lms$m *c$merlic*l proeliviriesr*s$re must no{ frprct ts ftd drgt he shffrd dre nwivatisn*
of * univer*iry depannrmt cf,conpcrrdtn religlon.r*
Ndinf i* knon'rn of ttle hi*ory *f the qut'En during drc period bmreen the r75a's
or 6d* end th* r83o't, whsn it tr*veld frsm Sochin m Mmhhed. A whclly averl*n*l
though ome c*n h*rdly
rours, fu frcarr beirry impl*u*ible, i* r*ost likcly. J*ri*h trsvsl*rs
rmnict tnmsport of silch rllerns ro thern cnly must have rnade thcir way ncroe* A*i*
in rhie pcrisd de*pkc ths hsrduhipc of itr* iounmyn iu$ *r they did in the rniddle pf thr
ni*enendr cat$ry when ws *r& better inf,arnrd, A cn*e ln poinr i* * repcrt nboxt * certxin
lsmc bffi lllsffdwi, of ll*bmn, prhapr a sheli*$, perhap * merch*m, who tr*veled frcrn
K*but to $urar, wer enco$nmred in $erampors in r$s6, e$d plurnd to rffu(n hom* h'y
ship.r" There iE no reflssr! why avcrlard iourneyc i* the oppo*it* Sirecdon shauld not elsCI
hnre been unden*krn, and *rs liketitrood *f *uefu iourn*yt is ixereasd if rherc existed a
jo*'i*h conrrnunity in Keshrrrlr *t the time, a$ sefllili possible.*t Sut a see pas$egs to Suxhehr
otr svcn gasrr is *lco cncxeivable rridr e somerrhat rnore cireninmn ocerlsnd npproach

tc

1\ 12%tI

iblcxlrlrcd.

Th* pivocd pornt in the hi*ary of rhe Jews of illesfrhd is the farced convsr*iom of thc
e*tir* *onrrnuniry to l*Iern drat occurrd in the eff$$e of a pcgru*n in *e )erm r$3g"**
This rmh*ppy syrffi did nm ryeltr the mrd of Jcrvish }ifs ir* Meshhsd" Precdcing * farr:r of
Mermniun *uch n* recsr$ in Fcrsi*n J*rrich hietory, the csrnfil$ity n*naged w *urryil's
rrJrtivdy inrect o* i*x hosn* gxounds *d, rnsr**ver, ev{n scnt out tiny scttlwne*ts ecsss$
A*i* whirh rererred ts ov$$ professlon of Judd*m, Wolff, whe wns in lVleshhed both
hefore {1811**} **d *fi:er (rS*+} Se rnasr*crc, i* an innport*nr wim*** ta the backgrow& Frcryided th*r his tc*timoary ic examiaed xidmlly" *n ths one hando he found
Jstryi*h soci*l' in di*errny, wi* * sffmnt af the ccnuntmiry tthc $ufis) cul*ivrdrry *n
sotsriE do$rine not in conforndry wirh im *xtcrnsl nffili*tian.*r Anot&*r sqmcilt (corn-

NEXT

$tM f

1:g$ pm
jstor.org

.-f ft'r$ry'tl,**r"mr $fr'$ff{ff: ip

r$ 127o

"l' I

prising nevding merchnnrr) trad gnnc srill funh*r in dissernbling, prafbsslng Isl*n* in
$hiite Kharasen and r*verting ro Juddsm in T.nrlcesra$r s $unnite etrs.?6 l{fo cnust nadce
*R811 rh*r dris enred*tes rhe cnenr ef rS$ {known *s "Allah Sn*d"}" *n the mher hend, SEXT
Prrsi*n soci*y in Khoruseil wes irself in ffux, wirh n wr*k goyernmenr in Tehernn hrving
* rlcrd*r hold cn the ever-r*b*llious provinc*, and *nw voicen @,inning t* hc r*issd.sr
Wh*r hns rhir ro dCI wirh the mnnu**riput Wolff cxplains m rvhnr um the Qrr'fui w*s
prr by rhe brqherhod: "They read* with their Moarsheed, thc Korn& md oth*r religious
book*, t* find a co*frnnadon nf tlre tru* *f their $y$tffns; Jbr . . . th*y in*unsiste*tly
ilT ro prsre dre rrmh tlf rheir mner$ frcrn bnoks* tlt* *u*ority *f whish th*y *r* srudying
to undcrmin*" #l*f{* l*S}- lr is n*r cxplicir i**ri$eadon sf their fensr$} h*l*rwcr, which
wc fird ropid out froni th* body of ran Sonns produ*ion on to * blank leaf {1, *rfb}
in drc b*ck of the vohxne, but *omething nllid, proof mxtc cale$lard to shield the inidates
fron eirher lV{u*lim atmck or "}ewish eenssre, The Sr*s of thess p*$$ngs$ is *f prdcular
im*re$r m i* obrious imeruion i* r* lh*ilirtte soci*l i*eresurse benpesn Persien $hiites
*nd Jew*,

Tln

rinral imp*riry of she unhsli*ver is s*t out irt detail by rh* Safarvid thcologi*n
eL-Annili in his populnr mmperdium of $hiite Inw, Jfuf**i *v{}*&Lrr $* *ringent ale the
regutr*ion* h* lay* dorrn th*n they sffinof reen {sffirrmpl*t* belierers **ring wirh infide}s
rnd so do nsr Snd it necessary to expre$sly prohibit rhis horr*r" Bur b*rh Jewi*h and
Chrisdm $avelers in ninemmth c*mury Fersi* mp**t*dly r*rnark $hiir* abh*rr*n*e cf it.
Ilarid n'$*th Hillel, ftlr cx*mpl*" remarks: "Thc Fersinns . , . d* not sar with anycne of
rnothsr mtion, encn touching their bre*d and liquids sr frech flsi*; thcy consider ir as
de*ld and will nsvfr etr ir . . " *n my amiving in their countri** I we* *sm'rrishs at rhis
cu$tom " . *"r* Ncw wh*t dn w* ii:rd in rhc procf trxt*i Th* Srm *f the pfis$*Srs capied
trur fsorn vnn Dnds tr*nslrrisn is inre*dcd t$ csrltrCIsem thi* prohibidnn. It r*edr; H,illr
stplxit ;n {ll Frn',* ffr!-Lt p1 }mt# il*r}il ntyrr;l Hffitr up br*xb n*b 1ltw *os$nrn.rtn
It ir quit* bcsid* th* point th* this Hebrew p,{r$slgc does nm pr*p*rly r*prerducr
rneanirg of the Qlrr-6n vcr$e ir is supposd fCI repre$sm {$Srah s, f ), and thar rhs orher
ileof text$ *re dmil*rly inex*ct. Thme sectarirs qusrrlr thc d*ir*d msteri*l fronr van
llo*'s lacse rerd*ing, which is thrice rs*ovad frmr th* "&rebie originnl" Th* Iine *f
*pologcrics which this proof texr $$gge$m perrnits ue, hcn'*verl r* avoid lffplffs "gm*r
sr,rrpri*e-' *t finding * dnyrn *f *rc Jewitll commu*ity mdng with *e Mrl*liar rnunshid

**

{&fft, tl$}.'n
Juri*h hieroriogmphy h*s yer ts nodce, rnuch less comc m 6rips rrirh, th* $uS broth*r*
hsod of Meshhed and rr-hat it bsokms. It wilt harc ta a$ses$ whnther l*.e h*ve h*re nn
nttempt by J*ws ts entf;r intCI Fcrsisn rociety rhro*gh one rlf rhe fhw dacrs rhrr wer* opcn
ar whe*er the group is ruly arr rJKprsssim *f converging rnysdc*l currcnr$ in Isl*m and
Judairm" Wrether it is the former * and there ar& $srne inrimarions th*r it is * or th*
la*cr * and there is po*ribly $snre svidcncc &r rhar
$rr ehdl wmt ro know wh*hsr
rhc brmhcdro*d itself wa$ ru)r e eessal elemens in rhe ll{eshhed *vfnrs nf .rs3g, w'h$hsr

SIM

-f si 11%[

1:gS pm

jstonorg

tx

-$rrorfirs

ir* $r*ff$r*tphy srllrf fim*f*r"r lfirrr*rr,

rgfr/fs

it did nor serrr *u a csm*y*r *rm*ir6 rh* fenndcirnn of rh* ffioh. lVc sh*ll sl$o h*v* to
*sck m explenrtion &r rh* *xrrordin*ry libm*liry cf tk {t{rlslim Sufir whiqh feirnin*d
PRcv thern ro eRrr irna &*nrn*l comacs rvirh Jrnre in en sthenoni*e rmuictiv* socrery"'*' Nsxr
Jgrffirh historiryr*$ry c*n hardly isnsre tl*sc mnttsrf" Nor ecn k nftrdn i* surveyilry
*w eryrel to dhr etrmn$ of rSlg, to nv*rlosls*dccpite tht moving sspffi sf M*sl,rMi
*the releir*nsr of thr trslrmic dcctrins nf dissimuletionr
Jcnr'i*h rn**yndarc and foniude
in religio*r uhen cv*luedng this and other *xpr*esions of Marmnisrn in * Muslkn Femic;r
*emirry;" Thic dnctrine rnached its frdlegt expn*itia* *nd *ccepxnse rmfim$ rl*e $hl'*, thffiSh
fu el*o claimad srrhusia*ric prac*iricncrs smsng varioun scc{$ on tht fring* sf trrhm.to*
Ac for the suhquent history of ths rnanuscripq rry& drc reducd to caniemure. If it
wes srill hnld br thu bro*erhood $s$En l'ernr after trffslff enceurterd it in thc house of
'rMilll*h Mwhiakh I Mehde" it obrvinrmly mc*pnd eon$*cudsn frr ths librnry of the
I!{oqrrc of drc Imrnr Riet {rhe *Fprrcnt fsre of &smc Tarrh scrolls and Hcbrcw books}
rt dr* dms of '*Alhh [}aad"n"o* If rhii is so, snd if it remrined in ft{Erhhed &r eornc period
durirg dre nubsqr:ult double life uf th* Jeirich cmnmunitfn wa enrr und*rsrsnd lrorr it is
tkr tlw colume lrae bcrn gloseed by a u*er who writer e ffu*nt Ptruirn hud b*t is r$c to
*n oeE**ion*l Hebren' rovrcl r* wcll" T* cey mclc would b* tc grv* fi*e* rein to

tff

epocrnktian,

ltrf* h*v* tr*ced in this articlc, horveyer imp*rfectly, the stsry *f * mode$ Hebr*w
m*nn*cript, l#s hsrrc ahown th*t the rnenurcrig * whi*h hns nn lntrin*ic rnerit ** *
tr*n*l*do'n fi*r *ny rlaim ta andquiry * cen y* *ngisge osr iruere* rhrouglr it* enlpnaric
r*mnct*r.lffh*t we h*ve rccsn*ructed, w'e bell*r,e,, is * byway ofJerrlch hi*rcry, a hywny
linkirry Ari*n comrrurnitim naporrted by morc rh*n tw* thouernd mile* *d romc dxe*
qu{rs$ *f * cemu*y.

AfiKNO1ffi,ENGMH}$T$
The authsr wirlre* ro rncord h*re hi* thenke for curdial assiemncc, in s rc*e*rrh that h*s
run sn for rnore 6*n * dozsl ye*rs, to thc following pcr$oils: H- Avnti, V, $etd*, $, A.
Sinrb*r:nr, J, H- Cofpmhagerq $" [" D*yr& R. Hehmnnn, W. J. Fischel, L. Fuks, I. O"
I,dtr$r& j. [.evecn, R. Lwy, R" l,news, ,1h1. Lute*i, S" Mndean, L. i\{nr$'ick, R" A- May,
fuf. A. P. Meitink*Roelnfsa 0" S$ni, R. P*tei, t. pcrltt*irt l- V. Pourhadi* j" Komn$msscrr M-H kchet, F. $rfiri* M. $chmdaer, S" $tdlle W. M. Tsun*ishi, H. Vo*rn,
B. Widrc, nnd H. C. Uafrn. Thn **hor h, of cstrrst, *oldy re*ponxibk fcr the r.isttrs
wprcrsrd.
Gr**frrl r*kuarnldgnrern i* drs mede m *e eutlmri$w tf the follolring lihrries and
*r*irc*r A&mml kiikf*rc*ri*f; Affndr Razsry Uhmry; $crF?ri In*titut*1, Siblictheca
Livr*ria D.
Judeice Smsnscnien*; Sibliothw Sass*helianai $iblioah*trc [r*-I{*ira
Mmtainarl Sibliodrfuw dc tr'Allierres Isr*Sitc Ur*ivm*cllel Siblicth\uc Nltionelc;

$IM F

4:$

1:gS pm

11%

jstor"orE

*C Sf,r.#rrm

pffi#v

fur'#*l

$-f**lr*srr,ipt

4$

Sodki*il Librnry; Sriri*h Mu*enmi J*with N*ticn*l sld Univcrsiry Libraryl KInu
Librrry of *e Hebrcrr fJnion Collegei Ubrary of Congre*; Librcry of th* Jewish
Theolqic*l $erninery of Asnericu Libr*ry of rhe $chpol of Oriental and AfricEn $tudie*i
Mndres Rranrd Sffic*l Ncw York Fubtic l-ibr*ry; Public R*c*rd OfHce; $atsccn Library;
&{tni fidsv*h$ ${rmeum v Fmxe; lJniver*ity Librery, C*mh'ridge"

Nd)-rHs
I f.ar * *ritic*l ** {h#r}Sh n$t wh*llp s*ti*fh*t$rg *
*kmth *f th* ilt*& sct il. f,$" flr*nlsp* **Th* .$m'x*g*

***r $f Sr. J*mg*$r ltr*{ff*'* l$*rm#f qf r$r,* ScauJ

S*xrral -,{sisn $hdrry I* {l**i}'r }t{l"-:}I- Th* sil*
th*rrixcd biogreshy * Frt'Fr*d F*rttrl' frorn l|.*'dff.s
di*r*tcd *w&u$t+ FrtlS' from lri* prlb$i*hs* isxrrx*ls
* [s ?l.rm'rjs *rrd dd,*vnrfir#s d f*# Rsrp. fe.sepfr
llusff [ * &{}* r rystr*. {L'sred*ilt'r r***-'tll} ^ A
dtlighd,$l r*t*lflng sf rhe l*r*r *srs*r *f thl* i**
repid *rc*llrric ir W$*"idsd tiy *:imr*y i$xrleiln*s
d frvlrr; t'rrw i:mg$,*rud + N :i {I"*Bnrtsfi, ;tf $S}. #u}*
t&sir*r's lnrrsdlrminn tll rh* ilstry *ditlsn *f tr#olff's
A Sdisriorl to Ss***rc {L*ndon, t*Sq} i* rhe br*r
gr.*ils,*tisn

t*

dn*r

in ft,+ff.* rr? h* n'r*rs rh*r rtl.g Jernirh

$nS* h*lier,s rhs ileg1*'ntl,r *f tlx* $*,tvx, bur declin*
fu*li*f i,u tlr* r*tu*['*ti*us, il* T.ftr n{srirrir J'c1ax"1e*rf *nd
;tf*ur&tr3' fi*girrrr* $*s* rs { I *g l} r }#S he nss*rr$
th,nt nhn'y on$s ss( hqfii*r,{l *nythlrrg." [n hi* Ffisrury.
dP*rsl*- r vatm. {L+nd'#nn rsrrt}" lr s*r""srf- john
fl{slmlrn * ir ffiri$*h {Isrsy rr} l["*hsrsn in rh*
,**f,ll' nin*t***th **nt$ry * Irrftvid*-t *R *c nunt trf
S'rrfi*,rn in frpm hnx*d i,n pmrt *n F*rsian ,r$rttu$rript
"s$rr*x. Thr prnfuui*n sf $ufi *rd*r** th* l$CIssnr$s
in *pplping thlx, dcxignnri*r*n xnd rh* *lr*rg* *f $i**
fu*li*f lw*led eg*in*r rh* $nfix *rff: ssrxlnilr rlr* Fn*(*
trr# n{*fd hy fol*fc.slrn.
* tVherr*$

x:

I* *Sgrn ****p; fi$f$,- r $$.-.*I*o F*r rh,* re+rsss

pr*phet u*dirisr:t* s*,* *-tfftli*$r rrf*w*$frSifi- f;n#f r*m$. hy jn.rn*n R.sfus*n* 4 v*ls. in s {[**fi*rr*rpt**ssl- I r r $ rq" *h*di*h ix n*r *nly *f kH*nnir's
*rigin in Juwish legtndn bur is *lsn pr$rrrror of
*

joxe$r ltrslff- Rrff*rs*'sr *rld .*flrsircr*ry g*$grs{:r$

*tilrs{s# tft# frtlxo ffo*aruw,*d*rm, trrd #r*rr $*str
f*fifr{f,I {t"#nd$$* l$sf}, FF. t*r., *it,*ri,nn* h*r*
rs *ntm thl** tht *rr,$nd *didun *f the bssl{.
which in idemrirnl i'lr the r*ler,n,nf,: S*ff*sS** tn'ith
th* nrrs $thsr didon* puhtixhcd. Th* $osrh h*d
fir*r been x*rinlitr*d frorn t#'slff'x l*rftr* in rhe
Locrd*n frvi,r,rgitc i*ur**l f&s rtf*rn*rg l..{/er**o
trfmss i,nsr*llmfimr$ w*rs cstrlsct*S and iusu*d s*S"
arfrt*ly nn Ifrr f*-rurrr*f , 'i x&r , + c rfgr. This c*rli,*r
rcr*,ian dlffera ssn$idr,rebly frnm rhe rhrse tdirion*
*f ths fi*;r*rrrfrs nnsd d#f*rian*rg tcs,*uFr, Ir wifl be
*iwd [ *.ll *$gr] finrn fifi* ,,tforrlrrrg t*'sff&, *.h,ff*
it her i$ $qp$ pagin*tiun. Fr*p,*r n:sffifs m,tnti*n*cl
hF tfr*ilff *r,e giucn her* in rronn'*llr*d sFq,llims $n*
l*m cmuming b*fws,rn qu*ffifi** sn*rkr. l4rhsr*
ht h** un*d rnsrinnr npeflingu, th*y *ru xm lrff hy u
*

*lcnh"

*J* r#grr 66;

?i{-

I r $}#, wh*r*,fue sr*{r$ th*r the

*iry r*nt*ind *twtrt rssros& inhabiffint,*" T T**r*

*r*d***h*lf **rlir,rn &:rrhnr f,orr*lly h*d $'ur rh*
Sgnne *t ssm$ *mo J*wirh ,f*milisn in * fixt. FsFu*
l*t}*n *f qf,$sr,$s*srrs. *f, his funrry ** r** fssrirr
,*J fmdfc* t 'T*ls. {Llr*dsil* r'$I+)- r i l$4o
$tll- f,fl*sol TIrc ,ffirryrlbprdf* *J frf*nrs1 #.l$- **&{e*lh,r*-n*
l#*lff-* #gprr* *srrn rsa hi6h"

prapfr*t* in hisir*g. $n* Leuix Sinxb*rgn ?h*

at' r&r
lndex, sor* ***fosdl*h-"'

tr

d.r

fct*'rn

F*r s hi,urgmphy $f rrri$ $ufi *,*infi, r*rh* had di*d

lffl }*4, ** h,I*'q$rn **tli Shnh- ;H*h*mmnd

in

Mu*pfir,n

$hirf,ri, ftr&'fq *f*ft*irqt-iq {T"cher$$,

rIt**tS &,H. / t{$g$..*tgrrl {1"H.}n pF" I r}*f"x.

'ITto{rgh }ris sil*nc* wsuld *pp, nr rs i**grty r reln*
rl*nrhip with rh* Nnquhh*mdi eirri*r, his rer$r ur*$
il ltfirnnnxnlnhi" Fl*mry $$*myn- x'h* i*tervic-*-""*d
- ukfu ln $foir*a in r s r * {nf" o[.fcrn*ir cJ t,.tc &*x.n.
r'fcm'r"p *t'fxrrSnr by Jchn $*rgrrrr, Xl<rnr*nn r s rsn
pS- 3Sx*S,41 r#** dis**nrfarr*d by tlw l*n$ periad-r
*f, silffi'cr rh*t r*ig**ed in h$s *,l,rcl* s*d hp" rlre nfi*
$wsrs *f rhs ffirsr*r" lVnlff hims*tf ri*ired rhe ciry
*f $hir*u in I Sa4, c&.nrers*d in rh* *srnFnny of dr*
$u$s- *nd '*p*iee tr-r rft* *sn *f- $uh,sro JHirxs '.&bd
nl*Kerfun. He h*x lsft cnnmndirmxy dcs*r:iptlon* ef
hir lmpr*nxien*, rf,. T**rfir*'-irft Sq$*rifsr r r {l*r*}:

?tf* r l I*o'*{}; ** rrrstt nu Jtrtff*, ?**?**

* r r ?. Fsr Sufi influ*nrr,f *n Jer*ru a*d jud*isrnef, in.ter nli*n Jr& *,r* *'s$ss.m;'* s*lpunsn f3. F.
S'oir*lnn Irw* sxd "lilr*fu {N*w Yqrrl{, rs$f} 33-6*$Tl
Ief

f\$ffi}{T

SIM

'l

1:SS prn

:$

11%

jstor.org

Trt*dinr in St$ftffirqSfry srlrd #*a*frrc, $$'-ifffrr* rf;Frrrf

**

r*s-j.tl idem, **A $,cwlrh Additt :ts $*fitrRn'n

IQfi 44 {ngf t}: }?*-t$; f*nhy* b$n $o**pr}: ibn

Fpr\ri*h* "
|.tt.*v

P*l$utl*, cl-Fffd$'* 'iln J*r.f iqf nf-*glrfri*, crJ" by

&hmh*m $h*[om Y*h*d* {txide,nn r# r r} i Fii,nphr*ti
t$ieder* Sfrrftpn*nr fthNfp-** **I f-f*lpuf$.*n ff$*
o* /mrrfrlr $f;krrflrf {{}x*
;lrftrdi: frl*srir fn/.f.**rr*rr nsnndi*'*
rg47l.l tsrn*l H,frr*u*
Gsn*r*l ffirhlcnl
kd,
ilT,mory *$d lt* R.elnslnn t* $ufrsl,nr"'' ,in Tb* $*rs ry*
&frl* r{ufffewrs$ry l.r*&*rr* 't' #i* Jrtr'{s$l ftrrl*rfy
g*i4sr {Fhilxdclphi,*, rssf},
FF, rS$*?pi Frsme
n*A
R,smrrths}*
Jmd***rAr*bi* t4l*rk *ntl*r $u{lt
Inffutn*&,n' $ff"rCd* tg {rg**} r $$}*$n*l G*rs*n f}"
f,Gk$, **Ths *qsffirinlogy *f ft. shr*hsrrr !\l*i*
rlt$[ti,n- #bwcr*f'rlrgs #/ rf,rr *f*nrrlr*m drrrd-wrr3r for

lt*n*rrJr 3$ (r+drl: 35-g*i Wnlttr J.

Fi*dr*t- *,}err* *r,*d $udnlnrn nr rh* {hurt *f th*
i$*gft$l ffinlperor* in ft,trdi*rysl lrdi*--* Frsumrsdi.ugs
fJ rftr Jtrr*rrrfrex drcdcmrp fnr fr.t;r.r$l$ Rs*stcit l *
{ rp*S***} x * $s'*? } ; *r,}S F,$*rt'unig F$ir**htcld- "A
Sl*tlr*m;Sufic Fu*fit*" frwrmrJ dJ r*r r{aruri**n
#rirnrsl Smirrp {$ {r***} ; r S$*T $; sfl. r*rr*rr{mr
Srr*ttrnl *J Srrnifif {.sngfi*#rs snd f*ilrr'*ftsrrr 4*
{rgr$*.Is}: }s}*d- tr m*f not b* r*'irhsut *inrr*ifr*
{sil}rs thnr $imxr*.-T*t' l\{tl*m*d, tfuc nuthnr nf
*{**ffr el*r#$, e Jlden*Sernian cannpftc,irimn dr*rring
hc*vity ffilr th*, $tlfi t**chi$S$ *f SufuT*n trl{*u ftcrn
il'lcshh+d. C,f. tV*lt*r $. Fi*cheln **Ixr**tr in lrail"
in Tfu fcwr, *d. l.*y L*rli* Sinkc'lutein* $rd *d-*
; tok. tNcrv T*rk, lsstl).r I ; ru ?4" frfl *In$
Sachsr in ,U#{S 14 {r,*,rs}r Sr*f r* *,rd, -$picc*
h*ndler in S##- s {rg$fi} ; r -}s. Si*nnn-"T**. S*ql*tr*E*rirfr

'- f;si :tr # ff-r- TH.Ltr tff f t#r

*rriucd in trI4tohhd. Amsr$ing ts :nrr *r,ss*rnt in

$"rdn**ofirrt f {rtE$}r 6r th,r dete sf de,arh rry$s rff*
rSrl" 'iffolff d*s'r nst nrr*nrisn hirn,"

f,f" J**eS* lffs|ff* &rcrr.rsrrrr sf $ .lHir*istil: {s

&***r* in rSr frcrr tsgg*r$+r [ *lf$f$tr- dth dd"
#-ffitds$* r **dl, sp. {, r $Sn {f r i r*frsri,r*arg J*$rmn*f
*rd -+t{ f,r S r*r lt*s. /erqp* *ft#ff {Ncr*, T*rk.
rSr*]o F* Sr*l fi$ff," ,fS* r$$, 4s*.
r

fr

r$gr, 6**

r f bid.l tr-ll"f{,o I tr6, r $ f*"hers nnsh*lcrrn

I**l*** i*n dn*bt}*xu, Sd*u,lHnfr Sl#hin.)

d*si*nsr*d hy $r*Iff; **Mnll*h

{trl'**hlnl*h A}n*r*JA}*snn' {perhnpr n ffintrsction sf

He

l} t } r *- d}***$}y, ffffir r*f*,rm {'f,} hirn, *$}p&r*

*nrl1r, rf, J**rtl#y* r I Is$r rryirlr*ut rn*rttiuning hinr
{ r ff l

try n*m*- Fr*rn f\r,$,f$ {r*'here h* iE c;llltxl '*f,FXullnfi

Ms,hS*," es*l*nit'**y) $,'s [c*rn thnt this psrssn

**r*S ft$ * [$ri#sfi n#t1tnt nluring thn F.irsr

Afghxn l$''sn {}r. }g-}}* s*rrlsd r*nrim*ninlx Tr^r hi*
f$ithfill :s$rvi** fr*nr H*nry R*x'li$s,fft ,ftrltsrrg
*rh*r* {p" | 7 f }, sR* ttror he served }tr*lfT $* *se,nt
in tlre **$r$* rrf th* l*tmr's nrissiffit ttl r*sr.$*
Iirddnrr rn **n*lly (pF, rg$*S{- }Ss* nnd P*s*
-*irrl}. \tr*Iffg e$ain: rcr hrr'* f,$f,r*,rtrT hxpaie*d him
in i[Iunhhs in r $*g4 {iTr.t'f $- r ffi*,I, h* *xurtic*lly
+Ne*i*do rf" J*rcph Fisrr* Ferritr, ff*r*s'cs Jeur**ys
*mrf l,Finrsr'rfrgs rre &nsic $ * s {[,xrnd,$nr rs96],
p- sitffi. frf.. *N*q$ itli*,.- Ff,l. t il?, il ts* Ilt)- ilf.
Tisnh*tr i$ fftJ$-'* rt {r$ffi}, $}fi*}t. He h*tf, *lf
t:r!rs** tlstrr f*r*ihly s$rlrssrt*d ttr il*l*rn in t*'-1,9tr*t&***r* lt't.*|ffi*n fwr) r"ielts* *l*ng: rrtith th* *rh*r
J*l*,* *f s{c*lrhc$- I'{* n**{}rnpnnird tr*''alff $rl tlrc
I,ntr*ris s*r$rn fr*rn lk*khilr* ir* r s{+ ti*inirrx hirn
$c.ar iltt**rh*d) st l**m fis fsr ns tnnisn {rVrt{S.
t$s* {}$}" I}id 1$*l# nf"sndnn ptr*n* t$ ralc* him
hs*l* t* Hlrylxnd $n tlt*l xdvir"* *f {,rr}" }Vi}ti*m
frcrr'**iek ttriN$i*rm {fu' f #- +S?},3 r\{tditirlu,al inf*r*
rn*rion *h*ut **fb*utlrrk JLi[*]rd.*" i* r{} S4 ftEtnd in
the Prlblie Rererd #Sm ln Lnndsn. trt h*u nsr
b**w *xpl*r*d- [Th* rrs*' $f *n&'tnxhin]3'n x* fr g]trrrl
{t*ttl*
R{}\ls ,*lnu * ,s,un$n:rfis * *fft{}l!s Jewr *f
ths Nesr Sas.t snd pnrticulerny sf lr*n h*u *n abt i*
$u$ +sxptrpn*fi*n* f*r whi*h the vnrl*nt* elf tFris
tn*$.$ nflffiis pr*rtld* r,rridunr*. It iu *irnpily ttr*
*q*ivxlenr *f rhe l\{uslim p*:rsnnal n*rn* n*h{*hdi.*'
*f: xtfi* l*drr***.nrla $ {rgSS} r Sr. {}*n nesd iltst
n*f$*nt'n Sr
s*elx ttl ctl$rlsfr ir r*rith ff $Itrggiflmic
m{lvsrl}rn{o *f" FJ*ninn S{ixrufti- F"sfrl*dr P*r*r {T*l
$llnit.n t*$$1, F" I&{. Ths $:strls ds*g $s{ *ppefrr t#
he *tt*md in rh* Ti* ffigin tltsr*rurn* h'nwrstr.
fu r**:p*ris'r cxi*t *s t* its pr*p,ri*t1-? Ir hu* *il*+
heet* b*r** hy K*r*ite*, cf" J,ff- ** [t. ]t$]- $tei**
**hncldc,r dn*s nfit *rplain *r* *r,igln of th* rr*r'nf,
in J*R'n"fi* t I {rSgS}: r4$"}
X*ter

'.,,,,,,'-

**

ltitft*

lS; J, I'fgr* Si.

il eS. The p*r*tl*t p*'*rt*is in J,* r$grr $F,

r**ds *$ f*llrrwn: *'I rn*t h*r* with ths Hntrr**'
**rrslntinn *f rh* I{*r*m, rnad* in H*brcno hy
Irurn*nuel J*c*h trI{d*,n, ,tnd wrirxrn hy l}s*""id
Ie*** C*hen *f S*r[in-n'

'l Rofff",

il,V'Iclw*

I n ln f\rjif$*
3$ f . hn adde F ird***i *nd rhe f$*th*
nnvt, thougfi *l*mrh*r,e in th* ts$r* hfi*k {fs'" ff*t
*nd $gS) th*ns ar* umitts,S"

rr

ir r*rln$tly

*Shnifin)* '*ildull*h l\{*h$*lM*hds,** sr **A$*

lh'{d.tS*"'n Cf- Jo rsgro *,$i fitfn, r * g*}$. *f. *l*s
ffi* *f*fsrir fier*mrsf *rrd $'fmrr*I;xr ftrsf*tsr. n.$* t$

t* Hry*.n rhx
Fsss*s,riaR nf uh* diwsn sf $l*.Sf hr
this circlc,csm *nly hrs n*id t* illusttrrt* th* r;*stn n:f
unr*.itrh
* mnrkd
lnnninn Jsr*"x S:r F*rri*n psst$r
prefbrs#cs f*r dls** 'nith SSfi **nrrictiunn*'n r{.

*utlin* *f lud*opP*r*ian Lirer**

ffir*ry qf fr,rrt$'m f*f*ntrurr {f.}srdr**hr.

J*n Ry.Bl*u- '*&n

ture*n* ,in

rq*Sl,. F. ?tS

NffiHT

srM

?
/* Tfr&rnp

ffi.,fi"* rhe *tat*rTlgnt reg*nding H*,br**'*' frsn*l**

ti*m,r *f F*r*i*n tl*,nsl** ir* ??** r i $ * il ix* *tivi*

:T3"til::l,*rh*

'ur.h* $ibt* in lr*rsi*n"t*r*a$*

tntis,*tr*'n &f*r.'*-''rrd ffimfryl**I ffeulms d*s {**tn}:

Ir*t.
fr;tff;, i 3** ts$t ,f*xirJbgur *l rler f*r$'rxry o/ rJre
*r.frir& *sd f,irrrugrx fli*$Jr $mcfr {f-*ndrilrn I *rr.p},
"
p" l*

or

t*,f$# S {rgth$} I r x In ffis. } }lt ar*d $ms*inr* T}re

po'pn*ariry' tlf ths thcrrr* hx* l$d* spF{rrrndy, fr+
r,

*sp*nfiri$n *f rfn* Y. *,nd ?,, m*r*ri*[ 'fr*m $h$]rin-s

{lmcsfr Sro* int* * t1u*ri*ind*pcnd*nr trnrh* ef
l)trr*tfu** Stlesks* $frfuir*-u $ffi'tr*.i* *$rrtrr$fr*S*lefr,
{T iibitserr. **SSF}* F,., [t,
'+ SfrS S { r**ft} r

.f

r.

fbr f,fi ftrrL"srirnm

*xnnrptrc nf" the btrr.tlr#t&$ Sihl*

hy F.srnlsn ;Htl*liffis ,firr $lnrpss*s *rf
l*l*mit *fmt{$ct:i*s s*t f"}it*rr*'t",rrsi*lf Fr,ssru
f$ri*i*ri4,'$!d,ffsl$$n$s{f,d,$+rr'ru1 {{l*mbrirlgr,
r$r+ln pF. *{lg*3*t" Inr*r*sring $$* i.E ,s}stl srtxd$

'u

*,s enrplay*d

srtr*.

rhsffi

*f thrr- rr:st elf n'F{cr'$*nr

Ha}'*lc*tr*' {Frs[:*bty
qr{tiri{rlr r:f, ilfugt,,t'
{l#nr*ffi$I*} rt"hish frIil ints t*m ltxnds erf,,i* :\$ullfr ar
Yffid {ibid.- F$r. }sx*tS}. I.err lfurrher mur*ri*l $}}
rcligirru* dixl*ryH{.$ tnrw*r.R i\.fu.rlinr$ m*rd Jnws in
l!{c*hh*dr $e* P$tsi in Fsft*f-crc 5p {r g4*} r r .3ry*t{ r.
Cf;, *fsa l4i*ltr;r J. liis*,hsl in Tf*rr /orJrl** *$f*,ru
*frnr*tisl il'"rrt*{rrsr {h**. Y*rl*n rs$}}* p. r r l., fi. 4}

fiom ttr* {hnntmmr*,r*grl* r : rS

*rid in fidGIfI '}? {r*-t t } ; r il{o fi" x " {{:f" Ignrrt

Gnildaiher in ff#f a*g {rw+}i rrrl*rg f-rrr cirxrieinx
from th* Hvtrrew ltihls in r*-crfts *f lrdian f\dtrs*

linnr"l
ffi

:i]' 11% tI

+i

fJr*r-#rs -;l+x*tnrrsr"S$

r$

p$rffiv

-f

1:g$ pm
jstor,org

T*rfuded *s ir;r*[*vsnf tql this nrtirlr i]rl:; Ar,*tris

r,ri*nu$*ript r*nd,cringu in Hehtrcwr *h*r**r*r* {*, f$.ffimdl*i*n Jt'l*" H$nr. $t**il*!ri $+*l $tr, l"*tican
.tf?n r; *f" fi*rgfrn* Tinsm,*nr* S**irrrf** rsn#nrrrr
*r$*nf*lr***n fBunn, rg r4f o F" xxi *nd p!, r,fftr) ,
ffisnusffiprs rrith incidcnrxl Hfilrr{rtn {}r Jud*r>
Srnblc cit*tlCIns {*- S., hlr. Vxri*nn l,?.f' +: *f"
S*r rrf,*rl r r [r+ll]* srg]* nns Hebr*w rrr jm,Ico*
Ar*foie $Ir*s k- S*,' **J!*n**se,h -btrofu*nrmed" r rf.
ff,#J *S I r**p] r I * r f ,i rf- slsn $ffnfia$r I**d'rrrid
fTc,Xlin} fJcn*,*slsrnn f g3.*11$I, pp- r.Tg*$$). R,*$
srffirs ts Qur*Sn nl**rx$rr[r*rs nfit $r]lp' ir{*nrifi*htrq
rrr loc*tnhle ffi*lr slrrr ku nttr*d k*rc,; *) Ths *tltr*
'Hlte*m
lt{- A*ller*n f*r*drffr*r qf $fr$rru:
i*st ird*x *f
uV*xr*;grfsfri {{krgbrid$e., t$r l} re*tlr*$ $n F. rgr}
lr F.nb} g{r'!F" The p*Ss m whish $$e in r*f,srr*dn
h*t*,sstr* fhils tn linr 'ir, snd srgsf,nl *ff+rts r$ find
nrrh il filnf'tuser,lpr im rhe Llhrxry *f rhe jsnirh
'li}lr.tllnpic*l :.tenritl*r1,- h;rr:n pr**.ml l;Nn*y*itin*"

Bern*rder ds R$ssi lns{r*io{r* * Hsbrerr translsric* *f th* ftir'fin {nr*dc, hcwcver,

frnm thc Arsbic) inrcntsricd in * li*t of rne*u- Lrrwr
**ripts from Am**rdam, cf, fiisit*,tria rr*riro dcglf ''Y{;/\ }
ttttsti t&tci, r vch. {F*unn" r8sa}, r: r rg*r* an*l
i*lem. #iarsa*ri* rr***o drgJi mrrori aru*i {P;mm*,
r$s?}, F, r.4*" St*inxchrcid*r pr*noun*cil rhie
rnnnuneriE ils t*fnnd gur:*tinn f,od" tr{ich**l
Ol. ro {*It}J, xith*r.lr, h*wsv*r* pr*viding tvid$ncc, cf" "Fols*nisch* un* ry*lngrti**he Liter*$ir
in *rabir*h*r Sprsrh*nn' in *{fl**ndt**g*n jr$r die
fft*xds drr ,*forg*nfrwr*r 6 {r$ff}; 316" g; -trhc
f*rcforr ol t$c Li*r*l? frb*ndrrJ Sy Rrv. Lctsir
Way" i* rf,r7 {l".ondan, r8s*P} lists on p. 56under
"Hcbrew l'l/crlts": *'Ar*hic N*rnurcript Hxtr*cts
fi*nr thc Xonil*n' lt i* not *Near x.hcrh* r judeo$r*bic rn*nu*cripe i* in qucxtian, br:t ir hat ncr, in
sny caser bsen locatrd. A Persirn nrrnusc:ipt
Qur'*n *r*rihd t* * Jrdld rl-lsl$m xr flle*hed
{cf. Rxph:el P*tni, ,4{csrqrr J{lrrorqyar Uminhags
Q**rlr*lr "r*d frfuair if.rft}sd fJrrus*lcrn, rg{Jl,
p, d) wlltr not fimccrn $s, n$r will I $p*ni*h Qur'i*
iu nnnn$eript held try rhr: F.rs Hxim l.ihr*ry i*
Antstcrd*nr- Finnlly* in {Iiuxcppc L$t;iltr<r'* eam*
lng, y'x*nr fp**rJ ltr {Pa*u*, [r8q{*?f], aae Snds
listt$ undcr rnrnu*crip* sr S, r, ne. *: 'b: prpb*
gfr r.!!J i?ri! ,fi$r ru.tl .1bp ,t?,$r* 1!r ilsr.13p
htr" tr* 3**" Xl*wh*rc i* th*t car*lag {r. g,, Fp, g,
rtl* rf) uf 'b har*thro*gh * rcmnrk*ble nrr*
r*thcxir* * brr{l u*cd r* lrl*sn Arabir! }Vc qon.
clurl*, ronrcqucnrly* thtt this msnuccripr he* n*
boarirrf nn $ur rs*e*r*fi, Nrpemhelesr" if for n*r
sther r**$ffii rftxn rh*r erch of rhe rhr** H*Lrrew
ut*m*rrips ro bc di*eux*d prc*uppn*e* rx*npl*r*
of s:rrlier xtster $f i** frrr, orh*'r rn*suscrips mry

b) #l$s*nni

*utrr'isr.
,*
"*

ls thr axich by S. I), Ii. Gait*in, r.. rn, col. 3tr.

'I'"h*

*irle

pg* *f rhc rnnnu*cripr

ax

ir *row rt*ndx

*t**r thrt thc *an*ls,tir:n bxr besn rr:adc frsln rhc

.{r*hic into H*bre$r. lr ie appnrunt franr * micm*
frllrr of dl* m*nn"*cripr rhat ;*m* gh*r lrcrd h*x
*ml *rS *uh*riturtd" N*r*mncr nsr*s
* in * typqr*phicnlly gar*
*
ble! *sidr: thnr ths wCI,rd :rp i* *'$*csti o?sf,*nn
R. Ji- lH*y *f rhe Sodlci*n *rxff has h*en gaod
ttoryh tfi *ttrrnpr t*r r*rd thc undrxlying rvod ix
heen cmrcd

in rh* {i*rJ*grrn r ; ?$g

uf

tr**violct I igf*"

nri

thrrur f $ccr$t! h os.cver.

,.lt is dixturhing th*t hnrh limin*ehncidqr {fJerpr

f*di?r- p, r) srd ll{iche*l {{.frrr*rr*f*rr 3p frfar];

*ae) h*v* cCInfr$rd tlrc r**dirrye *f rhe $rb p*g*
rr'itt} th#$r sf I. r*. Srdnsrhncid*r"* r*pr*duetioa
*f r,** lkdh*h {ibid-, p l*r} i* *lm inexnrr" Th*t
$tein*chneidsr h*rl n*v*r cx*min*d thc m*n**cripr
r*ry cl*t*ly em6rgr* S*rn rrh*r ht: rr"rire* sotn*

SIM

1:g$ pm

:$

11% tt

istor.org

*s

$rrurJiss i:ru Si&figgr,apJly

thr*e d*w**r lst*r in **Fclemi**h* rm.d. *po$*geti**h* Lir*r*ffir in *n*binch*r $m*ch*,*' p" 116"
F.ffi'ffi-V

Ct

hdorita Std:rschn*idsr* #i,s ltr&rsr,,irsIlrn

Ur*rrffrmrqsr...lr d*r *frnr,lslrcrr {S*rlin, il $*l}*
p" 46t [cii, hfi*'srcr' Fp. XXXllI, s4S] I i$'trn*
;{i{grrn*n* SrnJrtrr*m$ rfr d* jridisr$* f,ftsr*{ur* dr,s
rtffi*rJ*&rn'o $fd *d" {J*'r,us*[*rn* r$s*]* F* ]s"
**

** -Tli* *r-idqn*c

i* m*r*h,str*d in sncther *sfi$tffii'st*

h'f Ludwig *l*n in d"m o,tfsds,t{ $ Smc5o r*nd Srft:rffr*
sr,rirsr {$nd*pe*{n lpug}* FF- *}**i1* r * I. A f*rth*r
*x*mpl* rwr nmlcd by $luu ts ts b.t found in ft'
Snrr-**r#fti, $srin n* r * t'n$,f$): &p*Ss" &n fl,pp{rrnnt
usc of 'l*p$ ro rncsn ltnli:*n i* sr*vid*d by rhe tirl*
sf, tt** $*trr*gm uidmr *f, rf3*" f,f. $sm$*[ Snryid
Lu.*,u*fttlr s,tf**ry" {,r:mcfusfr Srr*r Ss#Iot* {"fd A$lv,
xg$6) o S* t r 5* rts* 4*.
r?

Ir h*u hem *verlonkftd th*t th* title pss&. tharryh

nst l- srr r{ry lik*lg rtxr*n th* tltl* nf th* wnrk **
nxxpbra 1s*, ""-*ith * lig*tured $$tr*tnrv nt th* srlri.
{Thi* ic nct entim$y ,**rn*irr :n:s *rs writing is *n}'
bcl$i*hsdl" lf $$r it nl*y ponuibty b* 'rirywrd *s
pri:tnn f,ncic nvidenr* *f nn lt*lisn $*ds#t"

Th* tr:*f*slst*r** tlsrnt. i* f;$ltra$-,ffS u-y 'h'trr srt

th* title F$s. *f *rs Sndt*i**r r{rnn{r8rripf. If he
*n

i* ths Furx*tt

identifi**-d ir* rlsr*s $ I *nS I+ b*lntn*,

th* m*nurcrip( s*n *apird uh'*rrly *ilrr his dc*th,
tkugh lt ir mlil**Iy t* hxt'*, bw.n **pld fr*rn *re
*tfr*sf;tr*ph.

*r

$n rhe r*tr,*tlsnrhip *f

rhqr* v*r*i*nn s$.rnp*rs

**R*bcrt *f KcttoR'x Tranxtatl*n
Kritns$h*
f*rns*
aft-h* Qrnr-Sr*n*n fr*ilf;t*l$ fittrr*crfy s {r$s$} ; }ffi-l * i
ldem* F*r*r fftr lrrr*mrsh *ud fs.{,tm {Printrtsn*
tf'fu), SF. vii.ir- #l-{g, S?*rl$si \tJ- K*ehl*r-

;n-Tiffif;a

firtr sffi

,fr'ffiff;.1

**r*n ** M*3*r* Ag*1" drx*$*xs

fftir*riru dher"rimfc rr iirr$r*$rs tr x*'r 3 { tg*?**$} t
sd"-*rl f.*.*I" $ilx**tr* tt*, $**y* '*Hsfi*e d,'un
nn*$t.*crlt *rnhc de ltAlctlritrlo" Jtkrisrt r* rr"lr*f#
*r mmrl*srri*r dr fs Si#Jisr$$rynr foipr,f*fr g {t8r}} r
rs$*Si nnd Sf,SJier&.$*r*c d-r - - . $,ii$r$frs dr #$rli
&m*lanx $***l**,du

vnl*- {Fxr,in* .t$s,r*+.3}*

st I-ftlr*mr$ftn

gt {r. *r}

t: Fa$*}*r ns* r**?$.

r s*F*,tl.

It #r$ffrr*snr f,udc**r r r asf :n.

r*

f$,r $s.

ro

$$$s*

f$, T. 3, Sp" 13 rr** $rls, t*h*rs, rhe +futth d*te l$

ts bc n*rrected ts 163*; **d # * r*o S, scrl. S.r3"
Tfic *nth*ra *,f th* $*t**r rtislc *hnw **,rn* $ns(F*
sl

rnlr,rtf i,n rn*lc*rry thel id**tifisnti$n.

*rrd

#*r&rr,

${"i$frr, r$Fr/f

ffi* $'irs h*rr,r in lIttrrr*x stldis$ in $*l*mi**, lired

'v."t*niw
{rht placc sltn\rrr un thE rith prg* of th*
Sudlsi.xn r$ftn$,g{Fipt}- was r,nbhl in X.nnre* snd
die$,in r*,3s {rh* y**r sh*wn *n rhe dtts p*$e *f
th* Ssd}*i*:n raflft$s*rif*t1. H* wmld. thr*, in xlil
likntifrcrod* h*r"s kn*rwn ltnlinn nnd b*en in *antnct
t+'lth l!,Iuslirns, H* is a[** s*i$ r& h*re hld *xr*nsiry*
ues$l*r kn'owl*dge. *nd ts hsr** be*n rt$pr-*t*d f*r
him }e*rning hy the flr*netixn} **th*rrltie*" $min*
*shnc,id*r fre*imud3' *tmibut** r+ hirn s$ *xp*rt
'${rrsrfdft*iss
dsr S**r**r*
kn*wld&* *f Sr**lc, in
**

i*

ss$rd?r

f**rlin}, x rrnls" {tt*rlin, t STtll, #**l[ Rrrrh *apins* witiltsnt qu*ry*

ff**r*{r.s#lrf**rx

Sylr ,*; $x* fi"

itry,, thn rr*s nlir*r*f8rne$ts *f fff nbnnr Frim, cf,.

FmmEer$ris *f the $*wish Hist*ric*l $mictf of
ffinglnnd It {rgx{*,*-*3r}: r}S"
**

Ilr

f,rpfcr..rrr*f*rrs sru

{Hnartrsm*

dr

Fls*'m*rir $f*nrd-FJafl***f

r*#*}, F. $}S-

It is ,nttwf,lere xt*t*d irt thhnp,ir*'x firr $$lsn rrpo,$, t* *{nnr*sI ,ffirp*r*r t$}$ r t i g*16, thar th*
rntnu,*cript in ncephal*u'*. His st*terlttfit is nrlt,,
*fi

Iniw*vurn s,tt *d*qu*t* d*se,rlgrtirsrr in srl$ r*sp*qt.

Ths, fn}l*wing r*nsid*r*ri*n* [ead nn*: tft tr$n,*$uds

rh*t *nly $ nlngl* [e*f is I**f, thxr te*f h*ing rh*

tittt $ril$e: The q*ir*s *f thc x*lurnr {with the {ix*
,**Si*rt rlf the l*sri] *n*lr **ffisier eiBht lmr*n" *nly
,$a:tre*r trx*v-** nfthe initi*l quirn nrs *:(r*nr, hsr*'*ril,*r,
{{sr}
rn*ntin6- S
io tn* Icnrcx Ir] thr*ugh p **irh tre*f
fr*p ei'f trur*rur {* rcmnent *f th* frsnt **vsr} errrr*
iog *r*uud, fr**n th* spine dc*x, fidlt {tpp*flr rt} grrt*
rid* rosrn rn*ttgh f*r *n$thsr quir* nf *i*ht" Thu
Srt utrr,tin*ing I**f i* hmdd wix:h * ss$kls*l *nd t,$rl*
tnins a d*xc:rip*icn
iutrtrtltr*tic.ln.

*f

Islnrn *ohith r$*y s,nrt"tr xn rh*r

Frnf*sn*r A$t*x*ndcr iHsrx writ** ts s*lt rh*t

th* {rran$script hnd fur*s *ffur'*d t* hinn f*r stle
*sms *inrs *r*fbr* by the dmlsr flsratl] Scrtrsm,in,
nnd thnt h'* hud il,*t purtlr**d iu- He *nkt n'hmhsr
it h** h,een n*Erri:rmi hy thg l*itrr*r1- *f f**n;Sr*$$
x*,d r*r,:lrl,*-qtg filrther infbrr*ati*n ehaut it, if it hnx
tmen- sr" Isr**l $*tr*1rir* r*pili** tlmr it hns hsen
Frnrni *<l r* ttre l*ibrnry *f fi*ngf*** *s t trift bur
h**, lr,sf y*[ heen dsliverd* *rnt he hnx nnly gilart:""-exl
at it et th* F*rlsrsin trooks.$re nld hsrxf, ic unrtrle
ts $up$!ly xny d*rsil$n nnd th*t frtr- Ftrlst*ix whs
t?

i.q s$rrtndy in Rus*in h*s rsld ths Librsry fi,f Ccn*

gr*$s * **llwriml trf K*ssism honks s:ulrsi*tin$ sf
p*ffi r*f th* fur's priunt* tibrurl'" Thnrs nhn swrtl*
*pa,ndnr*cr q,$d,*. S$r- Ssr'l*t*in, Slg- *ttrf*s$ r*
$r*rrtr"r *f th* Srrnu fiss hesn kind ffilsttffilh r* sr:*ts
in csnnesri*n with thi* *rrlsle rhnr he h*x no r**nt*
le*ri*n *f tlr*, {$s$m$. rip; *lat h* dt*ruts it rnssr
*ntikctry th*t th* rfinnm*cript r'qsn$ in the Cnsr.*
.c*lt*w,l*n* h*t thinkn it ffinffiiv*trl* thgt it 'tr$til-\

f\tffiHT

$IM F

1:I

1:S6 pm

117o

jstor.org

d *lb#rr.{&-* fti*t'-ilrl

rt{sni$fsrnpH

*?

s*qrdr*d in |tu$,$ls*, p*$*ibly |n Ki*v, T'"n'$ lreers

lmfbrs, rhls b*'ncf*nr,i*n, ttr.c Ferlst*in finn h"ad
ss*L - *srrilred t* *h* X.-ibr*ry lrf f;*ngrss$ th* Re*kemdsrf
ffimlHV Qur'rn tr*nsl*ti*n- Ifu"
^-*,r*llxl Rrf**rl qf ffu f*i'
*r*ri** *,/ {irffiSrf,r$ rg}s" tr}- q5. Sf **uhtfml rstre*
r*rlf;s hs** irr iln urld*tr,*f l*rter frqrn Hphr*im
tlsirr*rd t* $*hx*p*irc in *'hich it is srer*d that **rh*
Alc*rrrx'* wnult! hn in*fuded i* n f*rrh*orning li*tThir *ppar$ rr) hn** ref*r*ilts* t$ n *tlFf pl- ttrn
R*ch*d*rf diri*n whiEh Sein,nrd 1*"*$ *ffering fnr
:snlq.

** T'&c J{*r*n

o . o fr*rrsJ+rfc{d * " . Sy #e,lrr$r *lds {phi}*S*lplri*, r,S-rI), F$1. rvi:i*sryi,li, flf"n trr$f th* pr*,fx**
of *rthtlr J" &rlntrtry! T}rr fd*r-lm Jmlrrprr.{rrfn $ t*s!s.
{t^*fiSsfi, 'IsS- 5} "

Ii frr**.

tr*duc**m fy*r fiS#i* Hl*rh&re, a ${rtr,$.

{,Fr,rin, Ig4}'*4$}, } r x*xii; Vicr*r th*rlss f,harr*
*'itl* St*,fr*gr*p,*ir rfsr #f{+'rsss$ sr*Srs,n } s v*ln, in }
{Ll$ge- t*p,r*rp r }f"r r}* rs: r e*.*,1 r -

${n

f,f,, S*r*tl*l ${. ffwcntt'r*

Hsmn*" ??-'* utfprJ,r,,m ${trrfd
*pinic,n *'f its v,nln*{*

**"I-tsnutrnti*rrs

*fl dr*

{r*r r} r 14$ {br

*m

A slrnh *i*m $iriis ill*S{ilkFn {xfter H*$*nir.rs},

*l*rrg rn-irh annrh*r, wrfip*xits o*Lif* *f $tufuam*
*n

tnsdo'

prt t*grxh*r frr:*l t*'*rrks *f

h'*nti$*

flrrinrian

s${,ft*rs; ari s,*{*ut}t sf rhs rni*r- } fr*rn tlrq l}*(}l* *f

**Amfif**'
{tf* n{*t* ++ b*tlrlr*'}, *nrtr ttre: o*i1'I*x$'il
*A:bdillfih ibn SsNilsn." *n th* lsxt sf thun* ci;

#*ill*srne Fr$ddri* Ilifper, ff*r S*w{' *,frr {kinrurf

Irrag*n (L*iden- $Sr4)o pp,. r3*f# nnd l{rirx**h,
Prrrr r&r l,-'*rrn*#lr *rrr fsf*mt* FF"
{r &t Amstnrels,m

SS,-SS.

in

rSgS* **S6 nnd n*g$,l *r

in rt*Tn r?r r
*,r*S r?I4- Fii;*r, ifrt S*r# #n fk*,i*r,*d lnnrngrll,
II, g **nit* th* r*** *nd, rTIn rdirifin$; Chir*r,iu.8t&Jt#Sr,*fl*fr, so: tr$*F$* t*lg*r ths trurl r{'qfi sdi"
tl*ns ta he CInsr hut ucls*nrvtrrdge$ $n *mis,-sinn in *
tltlt*., *rxl Krnrnsns, flE ll*rslx , * q t *rt*ald d**n
J" [f. Krnnr*rr {Srn*srdarr**$russdn* S,$S} p- xviii fitil-q t$ r*st:rr$ {h.e H,rtr,rsrq{firn lrrimdn*i.
Rstrcrd*rn

i*

rSSSi srftd ar $"*id*n

*$

far $I*r$K*sc$ nf smrnnraris*n th* Srxt*I*tr*

ils{il lanr

tditi*crs *f d,]t*s*nrnk*r $,-*f* s{:*,c:s$ibls.

r *S*,
r$q$
*nd
rldi.ti,cns
*?n
r
h*r*
h,een
*trn*
"&mrterdxnt
fierfl. $*rrne di#effififrss,o i. c.,* tytrm1gr*,phl*ntr err*rx
in th* *ttuting *f Frsp*r rifirn*sr w*rq n*rsd i* th*sq;
*tlitinrrx whieh *rs nrlt t*t*l r*irnprssslrlr,ls- It ir
*$s*dvntrlc, *$rls$q$antll"n that s thtlreugh **llsr,ipn
*f th* fr$trrlpti*n* In th* *Slri*ns u*ith rhsm *f rhe
m*r*ur*ript rnight :irulicutc rn'hi*h *dit{p,n t$rc }$**
forsw rrsnsl*rnr h*d hr,f,*re hlrn. 'Ihis lr r**t, hcrw*
*s*r, *f imtsr*sr $s: rvri sll*If s$Sg*st fi rsnrxirus$$ i*
{rr# fbr **r r{r*ritr,ucrigx initnp*r,drnr trf the rsxr* *f,

*ny * and drring

of Ghranr&cr.

I**r

rh*n *ll

sl' rhc cdidans

X*ft unresolv*d htrn ix rh* que*d*n sf rhe id*** NHXT

rity of rhc Book of *nAn**r." *tm*reling tc S{*mph:ey fride*uxo f*r karf$**rrqf lllrpalr*w firlfy
Oifpf*lryd in rhe Lifs of &I*igpxst fi"stdosr, rdg:),
p. 166 thc tit{c i* rnrricuely cird by C}rrri*tirn
**th*r* ** *oA*r*f"" "A$rcr" lnd "Agrr." lt i* c*id
*r

tn b* s boc* of grelt authwiry *msng th* n{utlinrs,

which proolde* *n a**sw?t *f thc lilb nnd dse* of
S{ub**rmxd" l#* er* indsbrd r* F. $t{h!* for th*
*ompetling rugryextimr th*t *'As**r" i$ e Hrarope*n
l*ngrr*p r*ffcx cf, "a*-siy*r," vir.*'"rh* biographi**
*f,ths Frophnt.'o ffic '*a*" r*nuld h*r'n given ri*c
tc "d' in o*e of th* r*rimm") Tlru*, Eur*pean
polernicirts, unfrmiliar wirh Ar*bic, m*y hav*
runrd *'*h* biogr*phic*" ir*ttr rh* ritlc *f a bock^

As cx*rnplc nf t&i* cppearr as I. l*;* Sfir*h

r?" ro), rphcrs Gh*em*kert$ '*hopr'n i, e., "trooso*'n i* re*dcr*l e*rrcetly inro Hchrew r* '?u*
Ithif*t"" The tr*nsl*ror rhen *dd* in * glosr: "?hi*
i* * bird **trl*xl in ffurch 'hoppu' *nd in l*rin
trpupa'," Bsth'*s$" *nd ttnpp*" *re ancsrcd in
cs

Purch dictionariec.

An exemple *f rhi* i* to k fnund in Fig. r,

l" e54b, $*rah I r r, rrrh*r* '*Sceie dc $*d**i,'* i, c.*
o'tt* al*Sxidiqri'o i* repro*nend in * rv*y *rat
rm*** it *ppelr th*r thc r*nsl*tar misrook **S&ie
da* for en hon*ra:y tirl*t{

c It i*, cf cnnrec" nor b*yamd tlr* power af rhc

mind r* r*nceirr* of e *and*tor rccopying hi* own
nr,ork, nrim*adirry hi* swn sq**rs chnmcr*r*, *,nd
mrrnpdng them while rcproduciry thqm in $nr*iv*"
Sff thnugh this ix r*cr unrhinkab!*- it i* mycrd*k*r
incr*diblc. Th* person responrible for therc *orruptio** **trM nut* incidenmlly, htye hee* cupflW

* cnrdvs h*nd cimil*r r* that of rhc Wn*hingron

mrnne*ipa. $uch * h*d might prodrxc csnfiesisn
of t wirh '?i even ocrx*i*nelly af

rnrith
but nct of the letteru we hare rncntiuilcd"

F {rrd"

** Sor thia d*ting and hnlp wish al$ Persi*n

rn*t*ri*l

in tbe srdcls vrry grrr*ful rck*nwlsdgurcnr i*

m*Sc ro

I. Y" Fo*rh*di.

rrAn exnrn$l* *f thi* scc$rr utr l. [rb], wbcrc tbe

nn*nu**rip*$ t'$vifr*tr" i- c., o'*nd paxicul*rly" ie
renderd *'b*h t*'iiN," i" e"n t*in h*$e"t' Neirh*r
rhi* writcr, in*idmrr*lly, sor thr writere wl*p
ccpcd ths ry*rs** ficrn th* body af rh* texr ont*
l, {ug$* can h*ve foumd th* Achkea*ei* cmsivr
of,rhe rr*nmcripr e*ry rs r**d. Ncvcrthcla**- they
did noq frrx sr rll b*dly" Thi* i* E$ a$* ltlu*tretion
of * pri*t we rn*ke lar**, Cf, p" 1?.

$tM ?

-f

1:36 pm

:l.l

11%

jstol.org

,$u*dier

at3

Ciftd *ccnrdi*g ts thc sa"asflg*f n'tLufir'*"

nffrti*l kyfxi*n v*rne tlivininn.
$r

" , - #$st lrrr?tln ltJS*{ -Ts }rd,srffi Ts}

fl}

*Tr$+t'

#*,p&**m ['f*r#rrn r$Fr-ri;

i* s..,

*f rhym*'. Hir ${rf# tq,} tinfr *r fin stso is, *n th* *ther

r}s$r* rl*{,T,

*f tlxlis*t w,ith S*lcltrtt* *ss*rs $n tlts u*$ts pilSn.)

1't'"* heip* t* r*fur$, rft the *p*lling sf the *ity r*ilrrlr

$"

-F.ffiiffi\f

ir; $i$JisgrwpJly

h,snd * *trroi**l,n

ly *srr*s*r- {Alt unfortuft$r,* t*nfl*x}r*n

S,rnf*,rror R*llbryn L*r'p l,lxs ,h**n $fiird en*xgh [$

**y tn * pfllrst* &s,riltrt*unicr,ri*n rtmt rh* gh*e*il i"u

fft sn$r}+er finrc-

rffi frgsl nny lEn*rn rt d$rr$n"

Ths r$ircrigic d,*** IrrJil sc#tlf iu rhg t.rr:rd s$ ir

nFpe*r* s,m rh* title Fa$*$ cf uh* tushin liturgi**
;'t

ft*tt*r d*sum*nr l* reprodm*ed in l**xc f*e*

{Jrru,s*lernn rts$}" pl. xd},
Tlhs k*tut**h hss *l*s h**n rt.prnr*uccrj * iltr nfr's
**ht* ptr*r*x **- tffit trrk*r th* nignxtrnr*s rrti*sing"
P*r*i p*trti*h,*s n tr*,$ing *f n rnhr*d m*d*nn u1,'[esh*
hlldi eirrriv* hr*rdn'riring in f,dprlr r f ns-?f) r r r t.
** TJre

tri* *ldr$4cr*rm L'pr*s*r*r

$l

A ranffsr of lessrr interext rnily b* rcs$$hd in

ttl*.#r*t p*rti*n *f thin *rudyl rlw,rll$rt{r*

*cripr *n*mi*r thr*e rr,$$urus *f gX*ss*frlr*,' *nn**
tnfi*R*. ilf hn* tt** been p***itrlt' t,* lrrir,ry rhc
nrd*rlfltrg writing rs legittiliny hy tisfliins thq
tig,htin# tlr th* dtprWr*pihh prindns Fllt$*r. Ttrt* *f
rh* cmsur*r rrt t*r b* re*n in Fis- r
*ror*eludin$

Cf" Jmp..rr*J #crrxrrr *l f#dr-r* r!*lv N.* ,*$ trslu,

n'frrcfrin T*u'n*'* *ffid ff*I{xtm
{$xfurd,. r$fifi}* #*Tn
-d fr}r @* lphrnm* ffrrnlrrJr Jrl,rrirur,r r* trt$*,} :
{S*3li F {r*,t*}l *$-'SSi S {r$*,s}:, 55.
rr Cf. Llrdtryik fterntxnrh* **[ntti* fr$ t]***ribrd hy
,$*

ftl*dl*cr*l

ffiurnpnert Trsr.flilsr,* r .il*u'i *h

Fhm**n' H*frrcrf;*

}trisf;r{},- f}.$*

ffirr*tlinr

1o t*r {s**S} r tr.}**s'

l#*ft*r J. Fi**h l, J"f*yrJrr*rf$rrr ffrfi**ftr tJ*ruselrm,*

r*fu), Stl" rS*'3*. Sr*S3I idem* nn hin in i*u,i*h
*,list*ryn" Pr*sff*$fng.r d r*c r{nrmir*r .rfmrJr**y Jrr

J{r,r*rmlr $* {rg$r} r }S'*}f I .}" S- $ng*l,

f"*-istrjtrr* nf fr**hin
*rr$ their lsciphh*,$r$"*' irr
'Th*
ffrray+ J\r,trmrrrd m fls*ff ficSSi flrsrrf S,ro*fir* r rn*ls,
{I-gd&*!r r$sT}* Hng:li*h rynXunt*: }e t i *fr, *}ro
il*ri$ S" Sflr$ssn* #*r'f SEtrtrsr, r ry#lr- {t"*I}dsrl'
t$}rl* N I r*5S; It{*pf,unli Fcrdiitlr*n $d#nsr s
{r*g$} r ft84, xr- $g; *nd S, I. $irn$It* fr*r $pffg$ ff
l*e f*qsr *t' fu*f.l{ . . - {***:hin* rs4?}-. p. 4S" Pmr*
fec*sr $* n; F. fiait*inns pr*mia*d *nlndi* Sssl{''n
ir ts hs * coltr*crinm *f y3r firnixnh dr**urilent* f,e*
l*tiry ** ttrr* k*di* m*d* sf thc nlsvt*thrnrctfrh

Efsffirl*$-

in I *ff*" ffhexe Aeh*r*t

tn*rirnf r*uding* ir$ *'*11* x'hich *'lll h{*lincurs,*ci *ls*m-her*). Irs *tr.rm** ir-r printed worltx
ilr*lr 'tm *xplalnnd in p*ffi by rypssr*phi* in*dt*
qun*iss- #. A. K+hut in $arsrr*r $rudi*r i* ,r*{rnx*qr'
printnl in Ar*rrt*rd*,rn

pr*rri$*

*1 ff*{n*

sn

*tr,fsr*sf $}'lrf*nm& qtfu"ixnr SS*)' f,pr *x*rnpl** c*lpl*1nt :n# ftt*'*r" tlr*,n {bmr
dr$,*re$r *pellingnl $r* *ilnB*rs $.r*al*m*kin's ln*
trsdnctim *rn hstr th* rnsr*ri*l rrns Fst tagmhtlr"

iln his trlitis* *f s *i.rwe*rh-{ffitt{rr}r t*"srk,

X**h*ri* *l*p*hrioe .&&r f'*ry,rrrnr*r {J*ru*,sl*rno
rg$$ln Yd*ud* &*tesfuy r*,*[t** th* gr*tni*$u$ *$$t

:trtr-*;,sffi$ri#'#m:il#
*o

p*i** f,*.r*mt hy'ths cxigencis,*

,r{f*x*rmdcr $fsflr*,r {Hertrln, r*,gF}n F.

{}s*

*trrnsdlt r$nff'xxretl t'htt trs* *f th,e di*cri$s

in *,*nt* fi*sss r*.-irtr it* xhserl*r in *thrr.$.

n"

$*

:s h*,x

ilf- I{.

I}rnrf*hS*I}*lhsc, **L* tr{tn$cripri*n

lri*p*ns*htbr*iqu*o'* $,*.nt'** &irp*m,fryur r,{r Sg*} ;. } } *

*nd L, I".*ffi*n*h* **Qn*,tq$s$ fflrlts sur te dirrl*ct*
*fpn#lull psrld pnr l*s [srs$litc,* dn $el*rniqu$,*' in
*'f$#rl$rs T*-r$H#[{r#r {kl*ngm, tgs?}t F* *?-$.
$*

$nxrh Sephir* S'trrd ;**pir* $ *ttlt*,- {tf'*k*J\'Iai*a*

t$*6*r4lr ill 6t, nsrs- In thc Hcbr*w ditinn *f

ths tr,xv*[s sf S*n]*rnin Ir, $fsr*r ]trrs rf {Lyck,
lSg$,F, Fu ${* thc ciry ft*m,* i* spslled lnm**{p.
$*p*rir u$*r mrtry T*IIF, hsth rryirh *n*l r+'ith*ut
,xup'raline*r dot *rrcjr dle ginnel {#wn ;k#xr. r r g**
S*}" S*Sir st'erls*llced* sf *stlr's*, thsf rhe H*trrc*'
edi**n uf S*ni*n*ln'* tr*velu l* the rx*rk *f tlntoi'd
#srdcn- l$hin dCI*u {t tr hs$'*lrrr* dir,r*inixh th*
*f our ,*rSH{I}snt,
:rt

'fsr*c
s*

S*s

ntd h*rdly ir*.nim sn *$ $nln*rl*sd gir*rl.

It is *ls*r

rhst e di*crir,i* in n mndinl suprnlincsr

poxiti*n x'*,*ld l,md k,c*lf tu miiiuterp,rttnri*:n *s
th* rn*rksr *f lbreig:nisms sr pln*u n:rrfi{$ f*und in
ffi*rly Hebrew mfiausrript *tylc.x. Cfl, Msritu
$mi'n*chne,issrn $Jor$rrtrns*t* #Sr.r

dir

Jft#$dr

&r.fr?i#*

*rs*rr JfrfisTd$r&r$*rrl tjerus*Xsn* IS33')- F. rS fur

sn inv*rrts of **p,r*li**nr uigm*"
s*

lf $xt*nn*n Rinmnrr,"r

mnd rhn*t) i* *

puhlish*r$ in Amrmerd*rn in rT$? snd rTSs. Ftisr

Srrc* it s*qtlr in rhe *rill ,c*rli*r **chin Axh*r*r

Fisclmr rr sI., lV lts fi der*rrrfur Snfrrfrr

pp- *+"-fi*. W*lf muy, of'grru.r$$*
r?#}}*
{[}*rlin*
h*rt ttken *re pl*** ur h* i* Scf,Illnny*

fifr Rucl*lf

The *{tsrxrt thct f*ll*m ir derives fism fux*

q**,til'e ;ffiffFd-;$tlr;{** a v*1*. in 3 {Fnrin, rp3 r}n
r r t r gxlryii-*Ixxi- *f, ftenrg* Snrttxl*s mnry:lng
*ibute *CI th* eu*ffir, n'A,tlEtlffil*f,1$Fr'rr*n {rf } t*
r$*rln" #$$rir I {rp}$}: tg}*ts1- f,f. *kp lffrltur
6r

*' hs HxBlsmti*ll *f drc Jtwi,rh Antiq*

J" Fi*sh*,lo
$itisf *rf ffothin ott thc hlxl*hnr *En*t,'n f*$trlnsf sl
lfu dmnsmE*m #risff $nrfrlf $f {rSS?}:l s}f*.f?"

N'ffi-HT

$IM F

1:36 pm
jstor.arg

,d Jt'r$rrqs

f|hr'fir

** ffrmd
^*{*rrr"t*

Jtfrritr*$rrr$

rr r r c}xxi. tn l,ri* ear}icr rrp$rr tfi

o!* *sfnFrsr l*t*qu*, f,ftff$ $ffr$Xlf,tinns rnt:, $r

6rernrfffffirlto donn*r s,tl }"r*:r*6af* I* rr*d*crion Hdd*r filrivitfu** de* J*i{s, *sffipar** *r'*** Iu
frr*ieuc
I"sxt* T*rnmrl* & ilr:sr l*n nddltinrra du R*eusii
{.trend ;il*rrf,r, r} r I *$xxi} and *gxin.
f'**ieln*
t. , ,
dann*rni
!r f*'$r* dn*s $$ sutr* Suvrngr
Jc
rrcc lr trudu,crion Hdbrxiqu* des Fri*,llfue,* tl*s
Jnif* d* ftchi$*n' t* t; 'sn*l'i]"
t**

ttl.]m p*rtie d*s :mtf*t*sn'rit*: rnpglttrtdx d* I'fmdr:

f*[r l't'{, Anquetil*f}$1}*rrsr!, *rn*it StC " i i d$gm*,dr
ilffir lui-m*m,* rr gf,*tuiternerrtr rri r 3rls* fi I* hibli**
th&q$s du Rai f '* $t*.I i cft1.r q*-il nr*it ss{t6.*rr'6*
S$ar fi*$ Snd*$ riennent d'**r* *Sdd* p*r ls fn*
rnll**, w [Br lcs xsinr *btrigecr** d's $'t. $ilrs*Trc
d* $a*p.- * l* Sihtl*tlrfuu* lmrr*rinlc [ * $N],n' in
fgtflf*S#r *fr,r Ji*or* dr stf, .r{, Sf. dnsr,mff*.&rpr-rrwrr
+0

tP*r[s* * Sng]* p- ir',

,Iu.rpwgr*o

*,* rnd sd. {l,St$}

r rrs**

*r ful**e* kx*n*b*t Ame*Ink- rt'h,tr pryblish*$ {Lis*

h*ilt* t$r I) * &c*ir,nils *ditinn *f thc d* F,ni*-*
r*riry r*cnrd*, 4 {prtrp*rl}r, S} *spi*,r pf t}r* *rigin*t
k*prpn t* him rn exisr tpF- r p*" r S of hit intrcldl-r**
ti*n). lff* Ie*s* b**m sble ts trs*s six cspirn nf rh*
16S3 Frm*qus$$ ediri*n {nrtr in Am*t*rdos}, $ne
iri S$ffiing*fr, rin* in tineinnnrio snc in Chic*gc*nd a$:c in l+$e$' Tnr$e), fi FCI$niblu gl*in *f thrnr *nd
l*r* *f x*'* vis*[*1oig Am*xl*lx'$ im,r.entsry. {Thir
cditiwr ir n*t rrpox** ta ths fI.S. lo$*ti*n,nl tJnian
frt*l*g.) Ncne of the** ix'* *pgnr*nrly, rhc da $**y
ffiFF; kCIw*vcf, Infbrrnntion ** tn it* rryh*re hnut;oi
wstlld h* lnaf;r srrrr,*f*ltry r*c*ird*

l*wers {*crni*rqu*rc bsok-hird or *rytrircd eur*ivr"

unhappily de*ign*tad **Rsski'n in sne cf im rr*rietit*). trt ix thE m*h*it chlraettrr which Clrristi*n
xshoNars * xnd firllou'ing them **rt*in Jewich
**holarn * h*cc normrlly callod **rebbinie,'n nat
tlw ruruirr. Cf, Ele*sr Birnbcum, Vlrrv$ ?kfi-

{lgo:} r 3}6i Ccrls Scrnhcinrer*

I'l*rqi{ryS.r *&rrrirs {lilorencs, rq*4}. p. 19 *nd
pe*siml rnd S/- r,. rr {*1. 4}$, *"v- "Alphebct"}.
$n th* t*rwr **m**hsit'" *nd irr p*ri*nr* *f,. Hirueb J?r"irnm*le, Ash*n*irx atd &phardim (["crdcn,
rtlsli), PF. $*Tf* *c*d $t*in$rh*eider. lro**llpdrl.,
pF- 3o"tr.
ttlc#t#rit

Th* *b*n*d*ry w*s dirc,*-vrrd in lg$1

hy

fif* Ar*ti, ts r*'h*m ft'e sxprss,s sur gr*tirud* ,for

rhi* xnd urtrer inrtrtig:*tinnr.

ffisfu thin nbm,*df,ry brfnr* Bsn ,rilr* ars shls t*

cl*rify ^*nqumil's s*nfu*ingi tsrnrin*lcglr *nd cl*nr
rrp * mi*u*der*f,*nding ftl which lr hs* glir.*n ris's
r*

**E$p}*.r*tieir},0* g}*
n $+}. 14r*t*t

r?

f;f, tri* {:*risd#n Jt*r*rnhr ir} d{rtr, rd Fe*rc*r

*d. t$*lrurr* r$rr), pp. r3S-Br, rgr*3.
r,

t*Cf. $alsncn fi*fmhrw's o'Nctss on Hcbmw

S{SS. in th* IJniv*rsity Libr*ry *t (hmbriftr*"
JQft- *s" 6 {rS+*} r *q+"
tr [n e r*mbli*g, unpublirhad d*scripniom of drir
rrnnu*crip ftht d*ccriprim is pre*rvsd in Crarhri*gc &ls. Or. r r r$" Il* r$b**rb) $clcman M*rEnc
$chill*r-$einffry rttrs thlr it ir the work "pcrh*p*
of twcn pcrhrps of thres, nwer nf morc" copyi*c
tl. lgb)" [.*t*r, how*rr*r, he rcmrrke in dxp*ir:
'*, - . but who csn m*k* our rn*lly nmfiilw rs msny
m*ror** copyi*tx, *nd sxncr*t*r*, which in shiqh?*'
(t. l:b)" Snna Selirrrch, in hir fc#lac dcr z{parafr
fr*d *n die R&nrrr rr d.cr f{$t6kellr d$vnslat " , .

(Ixipuig, l87o)" Fp, to,*cg irnproler upsn

$*hill*-$eine*sy in his undcr$*nding of rhe {surac$
of thcr* mmu*cripm *nd the ra**ladon p*occsr.
W* **nnoa e*d*r** his und*rst*nding of rhcir
p*leogr*pfry, il&wcvcr* He beliersc th*r *o.r.3r
cld $s"r.rd arc e**h thc w*rli of th* $*rnc rrr$
a*|laboretcr*. $cherhter, n'JVd,kr," F. r*4. noticc*
bm me h*nd. Herbcrr f,ces'e, in hk unprhtrich*d
c*trlogme {ns. 8gr}n rn*kc* no rnsrtion af nrw
th*n on* h*sd.
rr

{cf, Fi*rhe$,

lldh*Quc*-' *re thc $qurrc l$trrc;

sf n'mmc*
rlre* particulierr lnr Habbins," cr "*lphrb* nb Lrc\r?
rYL'\*
binique'n rr* th* fl#civc l**r*rx; *nd what he calk
'nlctres R*hbiniryrw imprim$c*" ms rhr m*rh*ir
"cgrsctfus.$

r+hsr lw c*llx t'*smcr&Jee R*bbiniqus*n"

r-

*r A nulst la$lml plncc t$ fffr **clr e locs* Imf; *r*

d*ubt* and it fu rysrlr lll*tly d* $r**y- hin***lf- t*"ttrt
ig**md it, Th* pn**ihility' exi*t** flourc,vm* thnt
*ithcr cns trf thc E*nrlc rreR wh* hstpd rh* esir*r
of th* *ct*trlg *'ith rhe Hsbr*icn. $*l*rrmqr if{unli
nr $*muel C*lrrn* rn*y hn*a plnc*d ir rhsr,s*

r*

117o

49

thr lemrn*J drr $f*nr*lr- July r3*r r I3$* hs *xpl*ir,rr

ffi:ffi,nrf, rffi)r* *l**rly nfoo*r tht f{r*Fn.: "L*n nsrns d*s li*$r
s- r** v
y ft*ifat $srit* d*n* lrs ,s$ract*r*t Frrisn$icrs fius
R**rbi**."

It*tnn*fu dff

:.t,

lw **lls

lff*

nhnlt

r*tum

a*rr

*n*r*lwim* m the

per-

- har
nrp'ririrry &et thet ahe s*rnc mrn
*p"d boah r H*brcw Qgr'fu rnd r Hcbrcw Ncw
'Temnrnmt, rd *nrnrwhat m*logs** crt*t i* p
tidcd by e rnnurcripc nrhi*h tcnrninr * r'erxion of
bath *'Taldan Yc*hcn' *rd *'Ma*r**h tl,l*ntn
msd.*' Cf, AltxEnder i,l*rx, "Tlu Fol*mis*t
J*l*nurcripr in rh* Libr*ry of tht je*rirh Th**.
l"*ne*l $ernin*ry of Acr*ricr,*' in ,kdfin fo I*wi*tr
hnpr

$IM F

-$}rr*t'fn im

ss

$.j*:ffiffi
F'R,ffiV

1),.'|' 11%[

1:gZ pm
jstor"org

; +;T- liffi:

r*

;_1 *

:*'T;'$*dar*rx

As r*g:nrds the $q$sre hs$d, hrl*"- ix ir rhar

ktoid fr*h*no* I*tt*riug {rvhich r*.ci haue *l**crih*d
in s$r *ttsnrlr *f ths Q*r'fur *$ **s\*'kx-*rdn'
thoxg'h **rxrf trlt*tly di*pl*g*ing'*ln **,utd ....,* irl t.fre
nri*xln$ do*um?$,nr '*.*- b* s'xld f*y eru$um.il rs bs in
r*

*hcs$s

tlrr*ct&r**, h$br*iqtrr,*r,,'" * d**cri pti*n wh, irh

srcur$ *gain in tk ds &*y c*t. lWF .[}'nryi$ f,mh*n
r#*s' nf gtrurm'* ns profe**isrt*l **rihe * tf**ugh irr
the rno**.nn*nt*l $.q$$r*,, *h*rir$ $stt*,r* rhrt rpp*tlr
a* tlrc c*pti*xn in S'{r.r.r& h,s e*sfl.y* m*rihal rrnbel*
lirhrnenm, Hi* *'*rk*d*y rqusrc hend, in whidl
tlrg nriming dnqtrmsnf r*,ils rrcry lifuely **pi*q* ',.*,*. ig
wauld rcmrxly h*re b**re r,mpi*d i,n the rfisrln*
'

fn*fit*l ","''* i** h,st*r*vsf' n$t with*Ert rig:*n. T*

Arqnctil" rrh* s*rl nr*t hxrc b**n $ iudgn *f H**
br** **[ligragr,hy- thffi* Imrffs wm*kI nppe*r
*ttr{r$tirys- As lbr tke dessrip*i*n in th* dc $*cy
*ntrlog* it ffiily trs *xplainsd *# fraro,i*g b**n b*r*
rn-ut*d f,rrlm # he*ding n*ded r* th* *h**t tly
Aqu*ril. if nst lltb*d +lir*ctly ff*rn ths firud*

#ff-,rJli fkf-fi
i?;:- x
**TTrir

[*ff

fil-,fi ;.
T$:
*$Scx is writtr*n in squ,ilr*
eh*r*mtrs xl,lllsfi *rs s,sry un#:rsn*&lly *n*cute'*l
h*rt s* fonly] the $*,u'r *f trt'tr"ur{Ke$ rnd .*xhk*nsfi;*
n"* pr*fbs*ir:,n*l *$s,pl}*"rirn' { , + *,{}$,trt x{r'rit*."
i{T}r*
p*le*gmg*h*r il'1[- [-rlr:nlii- lrfr* ls'il$ sr]nd
mmugh ** *rs mins s*ilTr* reprr:*ltrffiiews,, hns $il#*
I r t*o

l. 6n) t

ffi Ji:: *-'ffi ':ffiil ffi llff

s'r*rd**r

The r.*r**.* *rc $ffi nur:rlmrsd in ths Qus*f;n

*nf*rrnn*t*ly drlnm nnrnbsrs dn n$t
fr.pFffnr in Sl*x*ttt*h*r tllr ftI R?tsr}, thus pr**r*it{tv

rstfirlr*srripr,

ffi

ffi:-rux;x{Nffil*

th*xe* his f+rmtl *q'l* firrrnerst*q, $r's r* b* fhtmdin f*stn in r'h* r*r$r numh*ru rf Os* r * r $, t*n* $r*

m ffiffi
H' H:f ;; tllxffii;;

Hlls ffi: :tr*Tlilli;,ift

H:x: il -t::ilHf
I

ur

Ss.

"]s]

,:

sRd* gr,n*nitlly-

TfffiT

*,f $*r

* rhn firrr,
[.

:*:ffiffi *n il;,*lfm$;. Thfffi

*-1Y

il:*x-ilK; H:f K,ffi .*. i:*il*Y

ffi

rgsf ,r...,,1 $rilted it a* n f**t th*t tht w,rir*r

*f thg. **rn*ve gf' S*, r . il $ h,*d * h*rul* *s rt'n}tr* is
*o,- s.3 ! "
im his $r**n

?r

*f*

*t*t$o

tinrxrel*, s{s*Sr$mfru *nrf

$r,g*r$.

Si*ffrgwgfu *nrf Smi&tr* Ifi*firr, ryf tf y;

$rsircrdfnrr*

S$}.

Cf. Albcff &dsrrt*fisre l*y*rffiss* f,*s

Snrisir

*pr*xd*tc ix I*r***t*x " . " rfS$*rprd* s vrlla.

dnn, rgSp*41)* rr

rr7-l$,

lr&*,

far *xlrnSq

&r

tl*n-

edircr'* in$a$$stisn lo

Ir&ffi mfa }d*rim*qynr {Mrnk{*t, rgog},

vcrx*
cftlre title p*gr" *n*th* introdrmicn rftkc coryfutiniti*tor to f$wc f.ordcqrsro** Jlfir;rcfr R*furi.
tlfhody-] Lrrr$w' rfifi rl.

$*uI Csh*n Arhhen$ri, Strc'dat. . . {Smrice,

rf?*)* l. rrb; Iimmcl*, &sh*m*im ard$plcrdirx,

*t

rp" gsgr"

*rTh* dse*mcffi rp*r di*cnrcrod by Frnf*aror

W.J. Fis&rl.. wlw w** gr*ciam wraugh ro pennir
*x*rxirndo* af * leproducrim bcfix* flt rncrrtimed
it ic Arint Cf "[xplor**isr,'* p, :]g. Fischel
xlrni$ uE to bsllnrc of con{uriW thi; Hmid Coh*rr
wirh ottrsr b**r*r* of ttrc n*rm in Cochin {n. f6}.
F*r cmther r*fwwrs* trr Cphenn *f" idern" t"The
Rst*nbur* Fnrnily in Sumh Cochin...," $$rdr*
ffocrat*s&tr!* r {rge1}* p. }4. o. g. Cf *l*o idun,
.Ffr;r&*diar Sridu, F. rqt n" *?" Th* eancat*n*-

tian of circsmrqnocw dl*t .tra obeerrr here, wc

believ*, rllows rlf m rnimk*"

M*rx, *ftntribnti*n

i I'hieloir*
Cmbin," fiSf 89 {r9g*.-r} ! :g}*}{r{i
Orsid G, M*nd*lklxu, *'Th* jewich lffry of Life
in Cwhinn" y*rur* $0rr4J Snrdrrr I (lglq): {}rr
*3?, *t{4; *rtd $ehifre kilx}rpfr, fi#tf6 /rrpfri
f,srrr#nntai{r $*xrdon, rgfe}n Fp" toffi}} ti" $$,
In *****ing tllc lrilt it mu*t h bonr* in mind thet
the *bolitisn cf *lrrr*ry in l$di* wrr to rwn* *bour
only in th* $inc*eesth century, fetkicl Rrh*bi, tlm
nxrrt impornnt Sgur* in eighrucrrh.*$rntry f.ochin
Jetrry * *nd * rniul with nnhorn k*id Soften w**,
abvieu*ly, clmely n**ecixt*d * 1v** * l*rg* *lavc
hnldsr" Sn tnl*khic *rpecn pf rl*vchalding by
J*w*, ef, $imh* Asx*f- &'*fu& Y{*ryr $eru*ol*rn"
rtdfl, pp" *a3*5*" Cf;, *lw i*anr, if*gorur {I*r*gar*pt #eril*rlcm, rg4d), r r *?**?4i N*pht*li Sl*r*
Gisr*h" "i{qorot l*mledot H*y*h im.., Sc"
Eorhin," Srfrntst r {rlS6}: 141-78. Cf sl$o &lo
llfittm*pr S*ram, d $hrid nd Rdigiol*r $irrorp
*/r*rfnn6 rnd *d.n 14 vol*" (l{*n Yorb rgla*dg},
*; t$?t6, *31*18, F*r th* lqgrl *r.*nrx CIf *lareco*eufuinxgr $rd*r rhc Durch E*st Indh f.ompnny,
cf. Srrd effie$fu, I scl$. ($cgsie, relr-tl)- r: 4.g6.
Os co*mr#in*g* enrongJcr*ur, c{, l"auir ibl. Fpsrein,
"The In*titurion of kc*biu*gtr amsns rfir
jrtlr," Prwrdftrgr al tlu Awri*w Auitauy {ar
lmsit* Xxa*xt $ {r*l4*ff}r rft-S*i $. S. F.
Gois*r, 'Slrvg *n* $tr*vqgirk i* th* S*iro Gcsira
Rscordr," At*&ix g {196r}; r**oi *nS idmrr* in
rr Cf,, Alex*nd**

dce Juif* dc

$gXT

SIM

1}.

1:97 pm
jstor.org

r4 H*brws

*n'&l

&{*mrsrrupl

Tlc *ill ir

prererved

in ths

v*1. ?8*, no" *3S" fcl. r r*6" e*h*n did nr:r

dic in tydp, ftrme,ver, S.ithcr und*r hic re*l nrme,
or srder * blend af hi* $,erne efid his eliar, *" *.,
"Dnrid $chcf,er.*' }c ir te bc found lietcd *r e resi*
dent slavchsld*r in the *nn**l '*Rollc der Fl$y$g**nnen rrn llfd*b*r" pr*serrd nt ths flngu* fsr

tbe yeerx r764u *nd r7*S-ry7r" {Nnt atrl af ehe

roH* ftrrhe F*rid surviv* in tlle Suach archivcr.)
Thc *thoritic* sr rh* Algemc*n Riiheffirhief, m
wha*n ry* *r& murb lnd*br*d far thi* infwnr*dan,
*dryi* us th*t he m*y nk*r &e mcnrimed in orhcr
tsnhdercdl rrolucae* {*,S,* cap{c* rf c*rr*sffi*
Gfiac).

rr lfe rhontd lik* to pry tribute to f$ehiltrr*

$elnr**y'e plccgraphic {camen. {Cf;, **w **@el
Laew*'r *ppmei*doc *f fuhillv-$riu***y ln Tnmr**fort cf ** Jswirh Hi*toric* $aciety of Sngl*nd
n r {196r*67} r r$r}. ln di*cu**ing:a p*n of Oo"r"tr:
in Cahcm"r lxmdn wnmr*dng m rhc r*riting u*lr*
fbr "ht Rsilrc" {ile trhe* thr tr*n*lnuer *nd cnpyi*r
lrerc ro bs the r*rne p*r*on) * lcncwfurg nathiug
wLrtcvtr of * nr?id Csillcn tf Cc*hin-hc,
nw*rrhclsr, fln s*y {$r. r r rt, l. }Sb}: ."1 rurpecr
rh*t th* trrirer, or topyift, *nx origin*lly e Geimlrr
}lw* *nd *w of the $o*rh af C'crmanyr rofi, i
&rsirn FGrhaFs, r*.h* hrd cmigrar*d r* Indh *nd
thtre ndoprd rh,* cryle *f writing firrrenr rmfflg:
tlr* Po*mgs*fe, fw thc incucnriry iu rhe dru*irry
af ccrtsin chan$crr *etrny* itrelf sf*elr." *tho in
hix d**crigim of **vcl*tiar in Oo,r.r{, S*ills$zinccsy rem*rkx reversl time* rhst ir* c,opyirr w*t
rn A*hkem*i {l" *r ind pnrdml" Dclitz*dr, rco,
tfssrrr" f. ro4). ir* rre*tinf;r th* prrt *f So,r.1: in
f..ohen's h*rd, cry*: "fr hhe tr**sl*mr*urritcr sf
rh* frr*t h*nd in the m*nusmipt] lrar *irh vsr hicr
*x der Seilliltb sins Andcrn bedienr urd firnr,
x'k richers Anreis*cn strr*dla*, dcr Seihfilfe
*irur deutccftcn judcnn obwohl di* fl*ndcshrift
nichr darrs*ho ro*dcrn *ryh*rdi**h i*," ilefits.*dr,
&r *ll **t* gocr om to rmch an qrqio*rdy !#Foeq
ean*lu*isn. [Fm nnot]rer mse af *n Adrkelrrri
rrh* h*r le& rr*ce* of hie origin in wridr* e Sc*
ptxdic h*nd. e[ $cn ?ri, A{&asrt#t l&rrqcmr,
PP. rgd*gtr']

Ir i* rht

Scuri*h, rpparentty, whi*h hae been

tE*qn in Profrr*ar Fi*c*r**tr

p.

rt*)

fac

* tl*breur

*nicle f'ffirplor*dorl,"

*ignnrnr*.

e$nrt, it rnay **unc*iv*bly * hc irrugincd to be

*uch, btlt if it is, thc lins *trs so crr*$r r* r<r nuliify
**y eridend*l vxlu* ir rnighl h*vr: for *nrlysk of *rr,?
th* xign*r-* nsnnsl handwriring. lVr find surrelres lYr'A t
in dia*gre*rne*t, unf,nnun*tcly" n'irh xcv*ral othcr
wlcluri*as *f ths mriel*, ns n'ell"

trHadre* Rcsxd

Sfte,

*l

$*

J*tp** i,fedfs*ul sxd Rr#air.r*ars $l*drr ed" by

&. Alutr*na {C"mbridg*, l}lrrr., r?6?}* p" rf?"
lrracl l\{. Goldrr*n, fib tfr wdTiwlr af
Cf.
ur,ryr,
rr*' Rattirlso&sid
lbt;. A*f Ximr* {X*w Y*rk, rg?a},
rrp'
r'?,
PF. tg*6o'
*r

11%

lifitlr

srrsrn*CIcrs

tr Altk$$h we *r* *ninf*rnr*rl ** r*r Ceherr'* drtr

of birrh, Angueril dersribcs hirn in r yr* ** * '*jzune
Juif."* {Of cour*c* Anqn*ril* hirnsulf, hed only
nrrnrd 16,) ln his rEporr to rh* favrr,al d*s ,ftrruans
cf t?6ln preplrr"d n{:ry $c*n *ficr hi* rctrurn rs
P*rie, thffr is nn nre*dwr of tuhcn a* all {p. rrg} "

t*f,f.

Sicchnl'* *crounr sf ry*n l)*rtnu tbchin

cluo*r ide in " $xplor*rionr"" {ry. t {n**r . {brecdo'nr
in demil nnd per*pcctirt nre nsre$eary, wr: brliev*.

rrTh* nw*d llntch ppm historisn llr. Hcrdrick

l/narn hlr beea kind cnc*gh tc ssrminc tlre nsuu.
xrip* bris$y $r { *r*p in tV*shingron" Ws nre

suthcrisd ts snrs rhat the prcprred d*ring i* ron.

xictwr with rhr csi$enee of ths p*fxr.
Fissh*l, *nCnehin in Jewixh lli*t*ry." pp.
fs*$t, *nd idmn, ffcy*tvdrm 8**odr" pp- r ro*r i,
ca

fif.

*' Isreel
"&for*h*m* we* th* firct to r*rn*rk in

af

pint

l;lcbrerv tr*nrl*risn* cf non.

*cripn*r**
fronr
lndi* io *ltirsr#wirr of the
Jewirh
Hi*roriml
Soei**y *f fngland r (rgrg):
J*with
?94o. Hr: kner*'neirh*r ix fnll rxrnrrr nor irs loctx,

rhc cxistcn*

lnwevnr.

r*T&rS*.cxgdrc*J-!l*g**iar

rt {l8nl}r 4rg. H* ir

everlnoked by Abr*hnrrr Ya*ri il'l "$helc$*

Yi*r*'*l

ilshodu,o' Sn*sf 16

[rct$,
{rg*glfo} : Xrs*gs"

*r Cf. t'Vilh*lrn Bnetter,

fQfi, o.*" 14 {rqor}; rs"l.
Cf,, h*rw*v*r, Fi**hel in Prur*rceng* *f tfu Awlritorr.
**rrdmy for fns,i*k Xssr*rxlr rS trg*St+}: lS0,
$- f{-

t{ TJtc histrry of ths S$tshhd kchi}*h he* b*en

trmt*xl by 1#'*lmrJ" Fi*clrel in "K*hil*r H*'*nx*im
$ef*rfis," tioa r {rqg1d}: *g*?4 and in *S**r*t
!*wr *f Fcrxi*," Cwm*xtxry f {tg*t}; n**33" Cf,
*lno idem. t'fiei dem M*rsnnen in Fer*i*no" Jrrwah
farlfr frrcalitrse&# Gr*rrrrndrsl*** rsls/}* ner. S, FFr$r*9. ?a thi* Prc*idmr Scn ?r'i ha* addd sddi.
tio$*l dCIffimcnt*tiffir, herx r*ad in rk rhlrd v*lume
of tlu po*thumourly edit*d v*cian cf hic collect*d
work*o *{afqnrinr Llmr4arur {}ern**trern, rg6t}, pp"
3 {g-I,}. R*pfmel Fxmi proridex fu$hsr demik in
*I{affiukh
Ha'irrri B*'*dst }fa'anusirn Bcrnsshhd," fdot* x drs*s/6) r ! tt*** nrd in "Hrniru'im

srM ?

-f

1:97 pm
jstot.org

$n*dj*r im #i$flosrnsJry i{rrd Snnffir*n }Fi,r*m, sgtrr/fs

$r
**ru*l

'A*ure lhl*rhhed," S-ifor& I {lg*.s/?}r r$f-..

nlm issm* Sfarsmr $firr,*rupr {;kniilSs#r
CfSr*
*rsrrf t'r&r* rifcrftJr*d
{J*ru*n[*r$* lf,*s],
slmtr#e
{nsrsnrr
nt** r
*m$nt
i*,1
rMss** #r'mrtrc
Hphr*fun N*urn*r}*tfi:

fCF
qrdr,nr {Jerufi*l*rnn l$*6/t}, Fp. SS**1, ffisy *l**
be *m*nrlmd, $tilt whsr *fs*ffirts :rn*f h* rnxd in
-frSryiil*t, *.**lu,*c
trr{*gkh*d Sfrthr**n'* Ios&**.'&*m ;{'
g*'*Sl*
nnd
in the Jr*rs* f*rcnw*fr' S $*nu*
I
tr*5ff)

tfy tgle, F. il$*

t$ frrt{.L, r !g*g

$ ffild&-

Il*

r-

r*S, rs$,

il* f*tf$r $ss }trc'l$ r*lems th*t :*: **li*trcr.l.

nchirm" hxd furnken fiit ilnl$$S r,h* $hiircr sr

sr

lHmhhsd, H* r*pertnn in *m*nishrn*nto thnt * sily*

yid ll*d begun rtr ts**h thnt th* Filgrirmils*, trt'ss
u$tl**se*&ry -* 1[a& in Jt"ls*hhrdo f*r*tm*n *iry *f
lihiit* pilgrin*g* in' Fersi*r * *nd dmpirc * r3'
of hcrety- *g*itl$t the tnnn he tlx$ pr*t**t*d b1r tlw
chicf scls,*i*rticsl sffici*l sf the *,nrlsr$iry- Au rr*
sr*rd* th* p{rgrs$t" l#*lif sl*inr* thx't n dir**tiv*frsrn lH*[r*rnmrd $h*h t$ *pprch,L:fid rh* frnrFs*

frst$r* *nd hring ttrern rrl "L"eher*n rr$$ r*evgr tf,f*

rird sut {f,ifu,?*Ilr r*3},14,r* h**r ssn}*rhing di$cr*nt
*foo*t the $h*h-s Sirs{titosr frnm *thnr ff}rrr*ffi
{${t} tti" fide$4*r$rr ttrir{tsf,#f* pF" 3t}* yxy*e$t"
Cf. slsn Isrx*t jtr**g$r ll*ni*nrin* ,*f*r*r lrirrx'*f"
F- *T-

fftr

fcS*lrdr* *J' &l*rs* s*r. n*sl**S,rnil[,**Shi'*i*'

I!{ufr*mrn*d * o *,'*
frsfdJ#$gu eJ r,*r firrs**l*
lH*lr*rsrfprr tu rfu ##*irft rtfr*r*mn*; y u*l*. {t.,*nd$rl}

*t

&L*caT

Sfg*Sg)- I r * f*xs-

J**q"

'tf" xl*s F'imhxl- ntmre*

F. s$.

ffir

r}*rg. h{urh m rh* pcint

hcr* is thn rrery *rr-u*img di*cuns'k^rn r*plrrrd hr
ltr*Ifl ,ff*ff.. r tl.*r4.* rfi *l'r* r,e.s* In $r$f$ r$'
{L,ond$ftn r,$Sr}, r

3$,

4t:*r lry'bltr rhr*wdly lihenc ruch pr*ctieer' t#

ht'fmd fg$n cf Armri**n Jim *r*w.

*h*t

ffis uix*r F*ss**,H prtmid*a rxilrs *ther 'ftir*Sn

ry*rt&r {r,' t r 3*14} t* mpl*in ruho *$msng rhr f,st+*

pln ef tht Assk {irl thc trit*br*lr tsxr* '}nw*"} i*

*cffiffiItd right*r,xlg* Th.* ssf,fflrien *htoi*n,*ly .s**ts

dd*r *wn*elvm, *lffiblc"

$rxs*r tl$xry*riru* p* r$x) in i*$r*siv* s$ tF*#
di*fcrt;*m
t[*r Fry*rties rrf ths $nuni nnd
*m

Smfpfisry sJ $r$*r* {["*,ndsil* *Ss5], $*,F* '*S*timg

r*'ith $*rre $tr Chrl*tin$fi*" **Fsfid." s***ihl* s*$*
*trxinr* an J*w* frsm ths Jewish nids nrs fflt rn[*r"
l?:r,tt h*fc. With rtfip$sr: ts th* pnrmia.ribility *f
ko*h*r rnffit for |1{$slimls * r*g,arding rrhlch
S*rnh fl S is * h*y ssrse '*."*' i;s rl$s rmilt pr*hihi'rd
hy *l**-S*nilin r*vivl*g *rr sld Shiits inr*rdic$un
*'*$ilti''n*"
rir* $,
{11$a* Snryrfrpnrdnr ry!* Jrfw* s"s.
p.
p. $S?1. Cf, *I*s [,J. Srnfumin,,.&f*r'r Hirnc'rd
S,5i*
ns* $. Feeti**nt, fso* is thc &ct thnr :* judc*Ferxi*sl rn*nn*nript *t th* jerruieh Thenlogi**! $erni*
risrg in H*w York {fl*fifleg r r * fi&L{* 'p ?s, t}s.
r,S$,) *snr,cini*X Qru'frn r*trssf nf * p*lwni* n*tur*
cir*s the $e$l* $srffi {$* s} t$ s*b$t t,h* ef*im thrt
Muxlimr *r* prnhibid frs,$I Srreking s,f Jcrryirfu
*nF*lwni*che
rhc,fuig-xh {l- S*}" $t*,inmhn*ider $n
*rd
mps.lq*ci,*,*,hn Litrynffif,1" Sp- $f*$3', ?s, rSrl.*f $,
3$r*"3$- h,s* T#llffit,*rl *thr:rn*t*ri*t **n the rrrbim*

$'ps it*rn *f inlhrm*tisrl uh*t W,crlff prauidc*

lr** t sini*tqr rlng. H* r*Bs i*fs,rnnd, hs writfirn
thst rhmnr in wh*m *** Jewf h*d pl*c*S th*ir *nrirs
,**n$d*fi*r rbrffr* the firm r* ,nhnndeo **d plu*der
rh*rr,n {fV*fB, }gS}. W'* srs r}sr per*u*N rhxt
rhi* l* rrirhu*t ruf*r*nw tu th,* A{sslirn mrrrrbnrn
of tht $$,S ,trr*rh*rhosd- In rs$rs sf the sr*s$nt$,
th* higft**t *nrl*xinx'dc*l nffie.$*l *f th* *hrin* lx
r**

imp.$ic*r*d-

*J f*Sxml s+v,, t*T*foI'ys.** Cf,

*lno J\r$fS, +$S*"4$. tlf rrl$r$*| thc 'trgr*f ff**
*$wr*rd; nrcrihd tn Mxir:ntpside*n t**chnr * *irnltr*r
r$ortriilf,, rm*t*rrfi nrrrtcndfs, lbr mxr*hn crhfll Fr$*
fmgiorr xnd*r dwrnr* *,f * r*qpp*,psltr,tl**ind* ,fxith. Cfr.
*l**, ffr*ryef*,p*rdi* $,f*#r*lr*" #" r. **'An$tir,R.*t A rs*
renllng glirxpxe uf *m nniffide cf P*rsl*n J*rv,s
uuwar,d *ps$ts$y *md Sirxirnula*cn ir pr*ridsd by
Jr*hua Fink*l* '*A $udxu*-Feruixn Tal*,*' ffiR s r
rsf

ffrffi,vls *I ft*#Sf id l}*#rrJ* ffif$r{

t&findr*c, l$3 !)o p, r r f,. Cf. ,nlss) $crncr $. Frerern
fsxw*rfry* *f * f*urrurr rrrt* I{Jr*r*r*fin ra f$# lfr.trt
r$.$t nxLd rf** tLsrxl*u, I#rs)* FF" r*x* gu$**s,
*nd #e*rge F*rwl*r* fffers*r ffr,*rs is F*rr,f** it r"*ln.
**

th* Shi*r ilr thir meincn*isfir **lf *,m -{rilh sr *

"fmrk* *Srnh x f,hrinrinn f;$ hir gluffir, h* rrlll s*t
wirh hirn fr*rn rh* srrns dish l i , S fer*i*n wiltr
*drnit th* thri*rlnrt tu hi* hou*** h*t * * * if, hin
ilw*tr slt*nld *ilt with himo r ssp*mts tr'*y i* prn*
vidd, *r*d *ll **{rt*f,t *unidnd *fi much s* pus.*ihlx," Cf,n hcxrsv$r; lFhnm*a F*mick Hngh*r, Jil

I?r Smryrfrp**dr*

{rgto'*3
'ur

l}*

pg* 1'S$*S{.

{if. fi*r* S*i*

fr,Si$*$*rr*rs {Jrrs*rymrsf. $}-

lfi':,

*nS

Fi*chcl, *-$ecrtt $crn r*n* p. rg* S*notlyn frurrrry*

t i 3#s* h*d s*Hn ffior* rkn ffi $,rrslln ln r fr.{esl$h*d
$ltnngfiffiItc iln ti.S3*. Th* dir**r*r af rlr* A**n*h
R*x*tny Lihr*r:r in M*,r,h,hsd Ims he*n kind err,nrg;h
r* edrri** m rh*r rh*re *x$rtn hut * xi:rryle pint*d
H*hrclE* Sihls srtrt>fi$i the pr*sf;sft heldins* *f the
*,hrinr" f,f,.' lmtu*vnrn Finch*t*c rcpsrt i$ ffsr*nsfid
ffsrsesfr'cl ffrtd*tp +f {r*gl},r {d1.

:$

11%