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KLTN Newest TH y PDF
KLTN Newest TH y PDF
KLTN Newest TH y PDF
Phm Nh Thy
Oxidative denaturation of activated carbons surface by KMnO4 for ion treatment in water environment
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my
Supervisor Prof.Dr.Sci.Tran Hong Con for giving me the topic and his keen
guidance in preparing this report as well as our principals who gave me the
golden opportunity to do this wonderful project on the topic Research the
changing surface properties of activated carbon oxidized by KMnO4, which
also helped me in doing a lot of Research and I came to know about so many
new things.I am really thankful to them.
Secondly I would also like to thank my parents and friends who
helped me a lot in finishing this project within the limited time.
I am making this project not only for marks but to also increase my
knowledge.
Ha noi, April 8, 2014
Pham Nhu Thuy
Oxidative denaturation of activated carbons surface by KMnO4 for ion treatment in water environment
CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................................................1
CONTENTS ...............................................................................................................2
LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................................................4
LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................................5
INTRODUCTION .....................................................................................................6
Chapter 1.
Overview............................................................................................. 7
1.1.
1.2.
1.3.
1.3.1.
1.3.2.
1.4.
Chapter 2.
2.1.
2.2.
2.2.1.
Equipments ...........................................................................................18
2.2.2.
2.3.
Material ........................................................................................................ 19
2.4.
2.4.1.
2.4.2.
Oxidative denaturation of activated carbons surface by KMnO4 for ion treatment in water environment
2.5.1.
2.5.2.
2.6.
2.6.1.
2.6.2.
2.6.3.
Chapter 3.
3.1.
3.2.
3.3.
3.3.1.
3.3.2.
3.4.
3.3.2.1.
3.3.2.2.
3.3.2.3.
3.3.2.4.
3.4.1.
3.4.2.
3.4.2.1.
3.4.2.2.
CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................43
REFERENCES ........................................................................................................44
Oxidative denaturation of activated carbons surface by KMnO4 for ion treatment in water environment
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.1: the macropores (a), the mesopores (b) , and the micropores (c)[5]. ......11
Figure 1.2: The reactions of activated carbons with oxygen gas ..............................14
Figure 1.3: Functional groups of basic character: (a) chromene, (b) pyrone-like. ...16
Figure 1.4: Model of a fragment of an oxidized activated carbon surface. ..............16
Figure 2.1: Calibration curve of ammonium .............................................................23
Figure 2.2: Calibration curve of As ..........................................................................26
Figure 3.1: Titration curve of AC and denatured AC ...............................................32
Figure 3.2: The Arsenic adsorption equilibrium time ...............................................33
Figure 3.3: The Langmuir adsorption isotherm of AC-1 ..........................................34
Figure 3.4: The Langmuir adsorption isotherm of AC-2 ..........................................35
Figure 3.5: The Langmuir adsorption isotherm of AC-2(B).....................................37
Figure 3.6: The Langmuir adsorption isotherm of AC-2(A) ....................................38
Figure 3.7: The Ammonium adsorption equilibrium time ........................................39
Figure 3.8: The Langmuir adsorption isotherm of AC-2(B).....................................40
Figure 3.9: The Langmuir isotherm of AC-2(A) ......................................................41
Oxidative denaturation of activated carbons surface by KMnO4 for ion treatment in water environment
LIST OF TABLES
Table 2.1: Chemical substances ................................................................................19
Table 2.2: The standard curve of NH4+ .....................................................................23
Table 2.3: The standard curve of arsenic ..................................................................26
Table 3.1: Consumption of KMnO4 for oxidation of activated carbon ....................30
Table 3.2: pH of original and oxidized activated carbon with corresponding volume
of NaOH 0.01M ........................................................................................................31
Table 3.3: The data of arsenic adsorption equilibrium time of material AC2(B) .....33
Table 3.4: The examination data of material AC-1 ..................................................34
Table 3.5: The examination data of material AC-2 ..................................................35
Table 3.6: The examination data of material AC-2(B) .............................................36
Table 3.7: The examination data of material AC-2(A) .............................................37
Table 3.8: The data of ammonium adsorption equilibrium time of material AC-2(B)
...................................................................................................................................39
Table 3.9: Langmuir examining results of material AC-2(B)...................................40
Table 3.10: Langmuir examining results of material AC-2(A) ................................41
Oxidative denaturation of activated carbons surface by KMnO4 for ion treatment in water environment
INTRODUCTION
Exacting demands are being made upon existing water resources to meet the
requirements of a highly industrialized society. These demands can be expected to
mount in the future, for continuing population expansion and tech non-logical
development lead naturally to both more extensive and more intensive use of
available supplies of water, and ultimately to the pollution and degradation of the
quality of these waters. Much of the water currently available to a large segment of
society has been subjected to previous use. Indeed, multiple reuse of water is not
uncommon today; planned and deliberate reuse is expected to be an even more
significant factor in water resources management in the years ahead. Evidently, as
reuse practice increases, more stringent requirements will be placed on the
treatment of waters and wastewaters, and more effective removal of persistent
materials, which might otherwise build up to intolerable concentrations during
several reuse cycles, will be required.
To increase the efficiency of water treatment, there are many methods
including methods of surface modification of activated carbon with HNO3, halogen,
sulfured, N2,... In this research, I focus on oxidative denaturation of activated
carbon surface by KMnO4 for ions treatment in water environment.
Oxidative denaturation of activated carbons surface by KMnO4 for ion treatment in water environment
Chapter 1. Overview
1.1.
Activated Carbon[3]
Oxidative denaturation of activated carbons surface by KMnO4 for ion treatment in water environment
applications, and the gas-phase applications consume about 20% of the total
production.
Because the activated carbon application for the treatment of waste water is
picking up, the production of activated carbons is always increasing. The
consumption of activated carbon is the highest in the U.S. and Japan, which
together consume two to four times more activated carbons than European and other
Asian countries. The per capita consumption of activated carbons per year is 0.5 kg
in Japan, 0.4 kg in the U.S., 0.2 kg in Europe, and 0.03 kg in the rest of the world.
This is due to the fact that Asian countries by and large have not started using
activated carbons for water and air pollution control purposes in large quantities.
Carbon is the major constituent of activated carbons and is present to the
extent of 85 to 95%. In addition, activated carbons contain other elements such as
hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, and oxygen. These heteroatoms are derived from the
source raw material or become associated with the carbon during activation and
other preparation procedures. The elemental composition of a typical activated
carbon is found to be 88% C, 0.5% H, 0.5% N, 1% S, and 6 to 7% O, with the
balance representing inorganic ash constituents. The oxygen content of the activated
carbon, however, may vary between 1 and 20%, depending upon the source raw
material and the history of preparation, which includes activation and subsequent
treatments. The most widely used activated carbon adsorbents have a specific
surface area on the order of 800 to 1500 m2/g and a pore volume on the order of
0.20 to 0.60 cm3g-1. The pore volume, however, has been found to be as large as 1
cm3/g in many cases. The surface area in activated carbons is predominantly
contained in micro-pores that have effective diameters smaller than 2 nm.
Activated carbons are mainly and almost exclusively prepared by the
pyrolysis of carbonaceous raw material at temperatures lower than 1000C. The
preparation involves two main steps: carbonization of the raw material at
temperatures below 800C in an inert atmosphere, and activation of the carbonized
product between 950 and 1000C. Thus, all carbonaceous materials can be
8
Oxidative denaturation of activated carbons surface by KMnO4 for ion treatment in water environment
converted into activated carbons, although the properties of the final product will be
different, depending upon the nature of the raw material used, the nature of the
activating agent, and the conditions of the activation process. During carbonization
most of the non-carbon elements such as oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sulfur are
eliminated as volatile gaseous products by the pyrolytic decomposition of the
source raw material. The residual elementary carbon atoms group themselves into
stacks of aromatic sheets cross-linked in a random manner. The mutual arrangement
of these aromatic sheets is irregular and, therefore, leaves free interstices between
the sheets, which may become filled with the tarry matter or the products of
decomposition or at least blocked partially by disorganized carbon. These
interstices give rise to pores that make activated carbons excellent adsorbents. The
char produced after carbonization does not have a high adsorption capacity because
of its less developed pore structure. This pore structure is further enhanced during
the activation process when the spaces between the aromatic sheets are cleared of
various carbonaceous compounds and disorganized carbon. The activation process
converts the carbonized char into a form that contains the largest possible number
of randomly distributed pores of various shapes and sizes, giving rise to a product
with an extended and extremely high surface area.
1.2.
Oxidative denaturation of activated carbons surface by KMnO4 for ion treatment in water environment
Oxidative denaturation of activated carbons surface by KMnO4 for ion treatment in water environment
Figure 1.1: the macropores (a), the mesopores (b) , and the micropores (c)[5].
Thus, the porous structure of activated carbons is tridisperse, consisting of
micro-, meso-, and macropores. Each of these groups of pores plays a specific role
in the adsorption process. The micropores constitute a large surface area and
11
Oxidative denaturation of activated carbons surface by KMnO4 for ion treatment in water environment
1.3.
chemical reactivity. However, the chemical reactivity at the basal plane sites is
considerably lower than at the edge sites or at defect positions. Consequently,
highly graphitized carbons with a homogenous surface consisting predominantly of
basal planes are less reactive than amorphous carbons. Grisdale and Hennig
observed that the oxidation rates of carbon atoms at the edge sites were 17 to 20
times greater than at the basal plane surface. Similarly, intercalation reactions that
involve dimensional changes to the carbon structure are possible only with highly
graphitized carbons because of their high degree of order.
Activated carbons are almost invariably associated with appreciable amounts
of oxygen and hydrogen. In addition, they may be associated with atoms of sulfur,
nitrogen, and halogens. These heteroatoms are derived from the starting material
and become a part of the chemical structure as a result of imperfect carbonization,
or they become chemically bonded to the surface during activation or during
subsequent treatments. There is also evidence that the carbon can adsorb certain
molecular species such as amines, nitrobenzene, phenols, and several other cationic
species.
12
Oxidative denaturation of activated carbons surface by KMnO4 for ion treatment in water environment
13
Oxidative denaturation of activated carbons surface by KMnO4 for ion treatment in water environment
14
Oxidative denaturation of activated carbons surface by KMnO4 for ion treatment in water environment
and has been very well reviewed. Thus, we merely point out that carbons have a
tendency to pick upon oxygen, at least to some extent under all conditions.
Carbons have an acid-base character. This fact has encouraged many
investigators to devote their research effort to understand the cause and mechanism
by which a carbon acquires an acid or a base character. Several theories (e.g., the
electrochemical theory of Burstein and Frumkin, the oxide theory of Shilov and his
school, the chromene theory of Garten and Weiss, and the pyrone theory of Voll
and Boehm, have been proposed to explain the acid-base character of carbons.
These theories and the related work have been elaborately reviewed and critically
examined in several review articles. It is now well accepted that the acid-base
character of carbons is developed as a result of surface oxidation and depends on
the history of formation and the temperature of oxidation.
Three types of carbon-oxygen surface groups (acidic, basic, and neutral)
have been recognized. The acidic surface groups are very well characterized and are
formed when carbon is treated with oxygen at temperatures up to 400C or by
reaction with oxidizing solutions at room temperature. These surface groups are
thermally less stable and decompose on heat treatment in vacuum or in an inert
atmosphere in the temperature range of 350 to 750C evolving CO 2. These acidic
surface groups render the carbon surface hydrophilic and polar in character and
have been postulated to be carboxylic, lactone, and phenolic groups.
The basic surface oxygen groups are much less characterized and are
obtained when a carbon surface, freed of all surface oxygen groups by heat
treatment in vacuum or in inert atmosphere at 1000C, and after cooling to room
temperature, is contacted with oxygen gas. Garten and Weiss proposed a pyronetype structure for basic surface groups, which has also been referred to as a
chromene structure. This structure has a heterocyclic oxygen-containing ring with
an activated = CH2 or = CHR (R is an alkyl group) group. According to Voll and
Boehm, the oxygen atoms in the pyrone-like structure are located in two different
rings of a graphitic layer. Out of the two differently bonded oxygen atoms on the
15
Oxidative denaturation of activated carbons surface by KMnO4 for ion treatment in water environment
basic surface sites, one decomposes into CO2 and CO at 900C and the other at
1200C.
Figure 1.3: Functional groups of basic character: (a) chromene, (b) pyronelike.
The neutral surface oxygen groups are formed by the irreversible
chemisorption of oxygen at the ethylene type unsaturated sites present on the carbon
surface. The surface compound decomposes into CO2 on heat treatment. The
neutral surface groups are more stable than the acidic surface groups and start
decomposing in the temperature range 500 to 600C and are removed completely
only at 950C.
1.4.
applications relate to their use in the adsorptive removal of color, odor, taste, and
other undesirable organic and inorganic impurities from drinking waters; in the
16
Oxidative denaturation of activated carbons surface by KMnO4 for ion treatment in water environment
treatment of urban ground and industrial waste water; solvent recovery; air
purification in inhabited spaces such as restaurants, food processing, and chemical
industries; for the removal of color from various types of sugar syrups, oils, and
fats; in thepurification of many chemical, food, and pharmaceutical products; in
respirators forwork under hostile environments; and in a variety of other gas-phase
applications. They are increasingly being used in the field of hydrometallurgy for
the recovery of gold, silver, and other inorganics, and as catalytic and catalyst
supports. Their use in medicine and health applications to combat certain types of
bacterial ailment and for the removal of certain toxins is well known. These
applications of activated carbon are of interest to most economic sectors and
concern areas as diverse as the food, pharmaceutical, chemical, petroleum, mining,
nuclear, automobile, and vacuum industries. Nearly 80% of the total activated
carbon is consumed for liquid-phase applications, where both the granulated and
powdered forms of activated carbon are used. For gas-phase applications,
granulated carbon is usually the choice. However, with the commercial production
of fibrous activated carbons in the form of fibers and fabric, these materials may be
in preference, especially for water treatment processes, because they produce low
hydrodynamic resistance to flow and can easily be molded into any shape in the
adsorption equipment.
17
Oxidative denaturation of activated carbons surface by KMnO4 for ion treatment in water environment
Research objective
First, activated carbon was modified by using oxidizing agent KMnO4/
2.2.
2.2.1. Equipments
Hood, oven
A laboratory shaker
50.00ml, 100.00 ml volumetric flask.
10.00ml, 5.00ml, 20.00ml, 50.00ml pipet.
20ml glass tube.
100ml, 50ml, 25ml beakers.
18
Oxidative denaturation of activated carbons surface by KMnO4 for ion treatment in water environment
filter paper.
flask.
2.2.2. Chemical subtance
Table 2.1: Chemical substances
No
Name
Quality
Activated
carbon
0.51mm
NaOH
Chinese, PA.
HCl
Chinese, 35%, PA
KI
Chinese, 10%, PA
SnCl2
Chinese, saturated, PA
HgBr2
Chinese, PA.
Pb(CH3COO)2
Chinese, PA.
KNaC6H4O4
Chinese, PA.
KMnO4
H2SO4
2.3.
Material
AC-1:
Oxidating completely total activated carbons surface by 0.025M
KMnO4/H2SO4 solution until the oxidation process completes and the amount of
KMnO4 excess (color of solution is violet)
19
Oxidative denaturation of activated carbons surface by KMnO4 for ion treatment in water environment
The resulting mixture was separated, the solution was titrated by H2C2O4 to
find out the remaining amount of KMnO4. The solid part was washed by acid HCl
(pH=3) to clean out MnO2 (if it exists), then the activated carbon was washed by
distilled water to clean out SO42- and Cl- (check by BaCl2 solution and AgNO3
solution). After that, it was dried in the oven at temperature of 1100C. At this
temperature, if acid remains, it will be decomposed totally. The resulting sample is
the totally oxidized activated carbon, called AC-1 material.
AC-2:
Weighing of 5g FeSO4.7H2O (1% Fe in comparing to activated carbon), 1.7g
MnSO4.2H2O (the ratio between Fe and Mn is 2:1), 2.46g Al2(SO4)3, after that,
dissolving this mixture in 110ml of water. Adding 99g of AC-1 to this solution and
vacuuming from 1 to 2 hours.
The resulting mixture was precipitated NaOH/ H2O2 solution until the pH is
6-8 (note that the solution should not be too alkaline because MnO2, Al2O3 could be
dissolved). The mixture is annealed in 8 hours, then it washed by distilled water to
clean out SO42- (check by BaCl2 solution) and. After that, it was dried at
temperature of 1000C to obtain the material AC-2.
AC-2(B) and AC-2(A):
Mashing material AC-2 in NaOH solution with the concentration in range
from 0.1-1M (in this experiment, the concentration of NaOH solution is 0.5M) in 1
hour. Washing the material until the pH was 7-8. Then it was dried naturally or
dried at temperature of 60oC. The obtaining material had alkaline form (Material
AC-2(B)).
Similarly, to create the material having acid form material AC-2(B), the
material AC-2 was masked in H2SO4 solution with concentration of 0.5M in 1 hour.
Washing this material until pH was 6 and ion SO42- was cleaned out. The obtaining
material was dried naturally or dried at temperature of 60oC.
20
Oxidative denaturation of activated carbons surface by KMnO4 for ion treatment in water environment
2.4.
Where:
21
Oxidative denaturation of activated carbons surface by KMnO4 for ion treatment in water environment
2.5.
Oxidative denaturation of activated carbons surface by KMnO4 for ion treatment in water environment
4.5
V H2O (ml)
0.5
1.4
y = 0.1848x + 0.2698
R = 0.9983
1.2
Abs
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0
5
C(g/ml
Oxidative denaturation of activated carbons surface by KMnO4 for ion treatment in water environment
Oxidative denaturation of activated carbons surface by KMnO4 for ion treatment in water environment
Oxidative denaturation of activated carbons surface by KMnO4 for ion treatment in water environment
100
300
500
700
900
1000
h(mm)
6.75
16.4
28.1
37.5
48.1
52.4
60
y = 0.0513x + 1.6342
R = 0.9991
height (mm)
50
40
30
20
10
0
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
C(ppb)
2.6.
Oxidative denaturation of activated carbons surface by KMnO4 for ion treatment in water environment
3. Each site can hold maximum of one gaseous molecule and a constant
amount of heat energy is released during this process [6].
4. Dynamic equilibrium exists between adsorbed gaseous molecules and
the free gaseous molecules [6].
.
Where:
: the amount of adsorption in units of moles adsorbate per mass
adsorbant and the maximal adsorption (mg/g)
C : the solution concentration at equilibrium
b: Langmuir equation coefficients (determined from experiments)
27
Oxidative denaturation of activated carbons surface by KMnO4 for ion treatment in water environment
28
Oxidative denaturation of activated carbons surface by KMnO4 for ion treatment in water environment
29
Oxidative denaturation of activated carbons surface by KMnO4 for ion treatment in water environment
Exceed amount of
Consumed amount of
KMnO4 (mmol/g)
KMnO4 (mmol/g)
KMnO4 (mmol/g)
2.265
0.735
Based on the experimental result above, every one gram activated carbon
required 0.735 mmol of KMnO4 to reduce almost reductive groups, which have
oxidation reduction potential lower than that of KMnO4 (about +1.54 V). In acidic
condition, MnO4- reduced into Mn2+, therefore, 1 g activated carbon has received
the sum of electrons in this reaction as follow:
Total electrons exchanged = 0.735 x 5 x 6.023.1023 = 22.135.1023.
3.2.
carbons surface
The total number of acid center on the surface of oxidized activated carbon
was determined by the neutralizing titration method with NaOH solution. Because
NaOH is a strong alkali, it can react with almost acid functional groups. Therefore,
the result is the total number of acid center on the surface of oxidized activated
carbon. The data of titration curve is in the below table:
30
Oxidative denaturation of activated carbons surface by KMnO4 for ion treatment in water environment
Original AC
V (mL)
pH
V (mL)
pH
5.67
3.85
2.5
6.58
6.57
6.88
10
9.75
10
7.14
15
10.27
15
7.28
20
10.53
17.5
7.42
25
10.71
20
7.47
30
10.83
25
7.71
35
10.85
30
7.75
50
10.95
32.5
7.85
60
11.03
35
7.95
70
11.11
37.5
8.03
80
11.21
40
8.13
90
11.28
42.5
8.2
100
11.33
45
8.34
47.5
8.45
52.5
8.89
60
9.29
65
9.56
70
9.65
75
9.71
80
9.8
85
9.93
90
10.01
95
10.09
100
10.13
105
10.17
110
10.24
120
10.38
31
Oxidative denaturation of activated carbons surface by KMnO4 for ion treatment in water environment
pH
8
6
oxidized AC
unoxidized
4
2
0
0
50
Volume(ml)
100
150
32
Oxidative denaturation of activated carbons surface by KMnO4 for ion treatment in water environment
3.3.
M1
M2
M3
M4
M5
Time
1h
2h
3h
4h
5h
h(mm)
14
12.2
11.4
10.2
7.2
4.272732
4.376979
4.423311
4.492809
4.666554
4.7
C adsop
4.6
4.5
4.4
4.3
4.2
0
t(h)
Figure 3.2: The Arsenic adsorption equilibrium time
Examining similarly other materials gave the result that the maximal
adsorption equilibrium time of materials is from 4 to 5 hours. Therefore, in other
similar experiments, As was adsorbed in 5 hours continuously.
33
Oxidative denaturation of activated carbons surface by KMnO4 for ion treatment in water environment
Cf(ppm)
Q(mg/g)
Cf/Q
11.3
1.42724421
0.71455116
1.99739962
10
11.6
2.941361
1.4117278
2.08351851
20
12.3
6.28812741
2.74237452
2.29294991
30
14.6
9.52521718
4.09495656
2.32608503
40
10.1
12.5349903
5.49300193
2.28199271
60
18
23.9732143
7.20535714
3.32713755
70
23.1
31.3573842
7.72852317
4.05735785
Cf/Q
Co(ppm)
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
y = 0.1237x + 1.4389
R = 0.9699
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Cf
Figure 3.3: The Langmuir adsorption isotherm of AC-1
From the graph, we can determine the maximal arsenic adsorption of
material AC-1:
Qmax = 1/0.1237 =8.084 mg/g or 0.058mmol/g
34
Oxidative denaturation of activated carbons surface by KMnO4 for ion treatment in water environment
This result shows that the oxidized activated carbon has ability of adsorbing
arsenic in form of ion AsO43- was not appropriate for its surface. Although the
adsorption ability is not high, adsorption capacity is quite low, there is a great
improvement in comparing with the un-oxidized activated carbon. This allows to
predict that: it is possible to modify the surface of activated carbon by oxidizing
factor to change the hydrophobic surface of Tra Bac activated carbon in order to
change the structure and adsorption ability, specially arsenic adsorption ability.
3.3.2.2. Material AC-2
The examining results of 7 AC-2 samples with the arsenate solution with
concentration from 10ppm, 30ppm, 50ppm, 70ppm,100ppm,120ppm, 150ppm are
shown in the below table:
Table 3.5: The examination data of material AC-2
Co
H(mm)
Cf(ppm)
Q(mg/g)
Cf/Q
10
0.493726
1.901255
0.259684
30
12
2.038127
5.592375
0.364448
50
19
3.389479
9.322104
0.363596
70
28.9
5.300676
12.93986
0.409639
100
13.2
11.34894
17.73021
0.64009
120
17.2
15.20994
20.95801
0.725734
150
30
27.56515
24.48697
1.125707
1.2
1
Cf/Q
0.8
0.6
y = 0.0312x + 0.2639
R = 0.9948
0.4
0.2
0
0
10
15
20
25
30
Cf
Figure 3.4: The Langmuir adsorption isotherm of AC-2
35
Oxidative denaturation of activated carbons surface by KMnO4 for ion treatment in water environment
H(mm)
Cf(ppm)
Q(mg/g)
Cf/Q
10
8.5
1.021839
1.795632
0.569069
30
14.85
3.882481
5.223504
0.743271
50
24.6
6.70584
8.658832
0.774451
70
35.5
9.86221
12.02756
0.819968
80
42
11.74445
13.65111
0.860329
100
11.2
14.12765
17.17447
0.822596
120
14.8
19.34001
20.132
0.96066
150
20
26.86897
24.62621
1.091072
36
Oxidative denaturation of activated carbons surface by KMnO4 for ion treatment in water environment
170
27
37.0041
26.59918
1.391175
1.6
1.4
1.2
Cf/Q
y = 0.02x + 0.6027
R = 0.9579
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Cf
Figure 3.5: The Langmuir adsorption isotherm of AC-2(B)
From the graph, we can determine the maximal Arsenic adsorption of
material AC-2(B):
Qmax = 1/0.02 =50 mg/g or 0.359 mmol/g
3.3.2.4. Material AC-2(A)
The examining results of 7 AC-2(A) samples with the arsenate solution with
concentration from 10ppm, 20ppm, 50ppm, 60ppm, 70ppm, 80ppm, 100 ppm are
shown in the below table:
Table 3.7: The examination data of material AC-2(A)
Co
Cf
Cf/Q
10
7.3
0.565396
1.886921
0.299639
20
15.3
1.337597
3.732481
0.358367
50
19.8
3.543919
9.291216
0.381427
60
25.1
4.567085
11.08658
0.411947
70
30.4
5.590251
12.88195
0.43396
80
39.5
7.347008
14.5306
0.505623
37
Oxidative denaturation of activated carbons surface by KMnO4 for ion treatment in water environment
100
17.3
15.30647
16.93871
0.903638
Cf/Q
0.8
0.6
0.4
y = 0.0401x + 0.2517
R = 0.963
0.2
0
0
10
12
14
16
18
Cf
Figure 3.6: The Langmuir adsorption isotherm of AC-2(A)
From the graph, we can determine the maximal Arsenic adsorption of
material AC-2(A):
Qmax = 1/0.0401 = 24.937 mg/g or 0.179 mmol/g
Through examining the Arsenic adsorption capacity in form of AsO43- of
material, it can be seen that the As adsorption ability of material AC-2(B) is 6 times
higher than material AC-1; 1.56 times higher than material AC-2 and 2 times higher
than material AC-2(A). It show that modifying to have alkaline form of activated
carbon improves the As adsorption ability in form of ion AsO43-.
3.4.
Oxidative denaturation of activated carbons surface by KMnO4 for ion treatment in water environment
Abs
Cf
Chp
0.5
0.903
3.42640693
1.57359307
0.901
3.41558442
1.58441558
0.837
3.06926407
1.93073593
2.5
0.833
3.04761905
1.95238095
0.822
2.98809524
2.01190476
3.5
0.823
2.99350649
2.00649351
2.5
C ads (ppm)
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
3
t (h)
Oxidative denaturation of activated carbons surface by KMnO4 for ion treatment in water environment
Abs
Cf
Cf/Q
0.678
2.208874
0.279113
7.91392
10
0.751
5.207792
0.479221
10.86721
20
0.689
11.34199
0.865801
13.1
30
0.608
18.30087
1.169913
15.64292
50
0.899
34.04762
1.595238
21.34328
70
1.203
50.49784
1.950216
25.89345
90
0.763
66.72078
2.327922
28.66109
100
0.827
76.46104
2.353896
32.48276
50
70
35
y = 0.2959x + 9.455
R = 0.9731
30
Cf/Q
25
20
15
10
5
0
0
10
20
30
40
60
80
Cf(ppm)
Oxidative denaturation of activated carbons surface by KMnO4 for ion treatment in water environment
Cf
Cf/q
0.835
3.05844156
0.01941558
157.525084
10
0.956
6.18867244
0.03811328
162.375769
15
0.619
9.44805195
0.05551948
170.175439
20
0.74
12.7218615
0.07278139
174.795539
30
0.987
18.8636364
0.11136364
183.146736
40
0.785
28.0952381
0.11904762
230
250
y = 2.7226x + 143.96
R = 0.9033
200
150
100
50
0
0
10
15
20
25
30
41
Oxidative denaturation of activated carbons surface by KMnO4 for ion treatment in water environment
42
Oxidative denaturation of activated carbons surface by KMnO4 for ion treatment in water environment
CONCLUSION
In this reseach, I focus on the modification of the activated carbons surface
by using strong oxidizers and adding Mn(IV), Fe(III) and Al to the surface of
activated carbon after modifying in order to create the materials having stronger
adsorpting center. The obtaining results are:
1. In my initiating investigation the total electron exchanged and total acid
groups on the oxidized activated carbon were determined. The number of
electrons exchanged is 2.2131024 electrons per 1.00 gram and the total
number of acid center is about 61020 centers per 1.00 gram.
2. We have carried out the oxidized reduction surface of activated carbon by
KMnO4 solution in acidic H2SO4 to modify the reduction surface of
activated carbon into the oxidized surface, transforming from a hydrophobic
surface to hydrophilic surface (materials AC -1)
3. We have conducted a study by adding MnO2, Fe2O3, Al2O3 on the surface of
activated carbon after oxidizing. We have created a new hybrid material
(AC-2 material).
4. Modifying AC-2 surface by NaOH solution to gain a material which has
alkaline surface (material AC-2(B)) and by H2SO4 solution to gain a material
which has acidic (material AC-2(A)).
5. Carried out examining, determining that the adsorption capacity for arsenic
of materials AC-1, AC-2, AC-2(B) and AC-2(A) are 8.084mg/g; 32.05
mg/g; 50 mg/g; 24.937 mg/g respectively in the normal condition. The
maximal equilibrium time is 5h. Determining that the adsorption capacity for
ammonium of materials AC-2(A), AC-2(B) are 0.36729 mg/g; 3.453mg/g
respectively in the normal conditions, the maximal equilibrium time is 2h.
The results show that modified activated carbon has better adsorption ability
for the toxic compounds in form of anion in comparing with cation.
43
Oxidative denaturation of activated carbons surface by KMnO4 for ion treatment in water environment
REFERENCES
[1] V Ngc Ban(2007), Gio trnh thc tp Ha l, Nh xut bn i hc Quc
gia H Ni.
[2] F. Julien, M. Baudu and M. Mazet (1998), Relationship between chemical and
physical properties of activated carbon, Wat. Res, 32(11), pp. 3414-3424.
[3] Roop Chand Bansal, MeenakshiGoyal (2005), Activated Carbon Adsorption,
Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
[4] S.
44