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PEDIATRIC CLERKSHIP MODULE

Placement in curriculum: Final Year


Module code:
Module Duration: 03 weeks
Pre requisite: All Modules of the First and Second Spiral

Module Team
Chairman Curriculum Committee

Prof. Masood Anwar

Module Planner

Prof. Samiya Naeemullah

Associate Director Education

Dr. Rahila Yasmeen

Assistant Dean Medical Education

Dr. Rehan Ahmed Khan

Module Coordinator

Dr. Mahwish Rabia, Dr. Asma Shabbir

Clinical Curriculum Committee

Dr. Shams un Nisa Sadia, Dr. Asma Shabbir, Dr. Asim

members

Zulfiqar,

Clinical Teaching Team

Prof. Samiya Naeem Ullah, Prof. Tahir Ch. Dr. Mahwish,


Dr. Asma

Introduction/ Pediatrics is the discipline concerned with all aspects of the well being of
Rationale
infants and children including their health, their physical, mental and
psychological growth and development and their opportunity to achieve
full potential as adults. The young are also among the most vulnerable and
their needs require special attention.
The pediatric clerkship is designed to provide the final year student with an
opportunity to apply their knowledge of the common pediatric domains
including preventive pediatrics, common neonatal problems, infectious
diseases and other common systemic illnesses.
The aim of this clerkship is to train the final year students in neonatal and
pediatric history taking and physical examination. They are expected to
diagnose, investigate and treat common pediatric illnesses and
appropriately refer patients for specialized care when necessary. They also
need to focus on special needs of sick patients like fluid requirements and
calculation of drug doses.
Learning
Outcomes

By the end of the clerkship the students should be able to:


Apply the basic concepts of pediatrics formed in 1st and 2nd Spiral
modules to solve common pediatric clinical problems.
Demonstrate proficiency in taking age appropriate history and
performing neonatal and pediatric clinical examination.
Interpret investigations of common pediatric diseases.
Diagnose and treat common pediatric problems.
Recognize a sick child and provide initial management to a critically
ill child.
Communicate effectively with the patient and/or care givers.
Educate the patients/ caregivers regarding disease prevention,
nutrition and immunization.
Calculate the age and weight appropriate fluid requirement and
medication doses of pediatric patients.

CORE CLINICAL PROBLEMS OBSTETRICS


CORE CLINICAL
PROBLEM

KNOWLEDGE

SKILLS

ATTITUDE
A1 reaction
A2 response
A3 internalization

History taking,
investigations
treatment,
complications and
follow-up

C1- Remember C2
Understand C3- Apply
C4- Analyse C5Evaluate C6Create

P1 Observation
P2 Perform under direct
supervision
P3 Perform under indirect
supervision
P4 Perform
independent

Growth and
development

Normal developmental milestones


C4
Normal growth and Growth
retardation C4
Micro and macrocephaly C4
Normal nutritional requirements C4
Malnutrition C4

Anthropometric
measurements P4
Use of growth charts P4

Preventive
pediatrics
Neonatology

Medical Genetics
and
Congenital
Malformations

Care of normal newborn C4


Prematurity C4
Sepsis C4
Jaundice C4
Respiratory distress C4
Chromosomal
abnormalities
Infant
of diabetic
mother C4 (e.g.
Trisomy 21) C4
Congenital malformations (e.g.
Spinal bifida)C4

History and Examination of a


child with malnutrition P3
Making a feeding chart
P3
History
and
Examination of
newborn P4
Neonatal resuscitation
P2
Examination of Downs
Counseling of a
syndrome patient P4
patient with Downs
syndrome

Fever

Urinary tract infection C4


Enteric fever C4
Malaria C4
Tuberculosis C4
Mumps C4
Rheumatic fever C4
Meningitis C4

History and clinical


examination of a patient
with fever C4

Rash

Chicken pox C4
Measles C4
Scarlet fever C4
Meningococcemia C4

History and clinical


examination of a patient
with rash C4

Counseling

Cough

Diarrhoea

Jaundice

Seizures

Pneumonia C4
WHO ARI protocol C4
Pulmonary tuberculosis C4
Bronchiolitis C4
Bronchial
Asthma
Acute diarrhea
C4 C4

History of patient with


WHO diarrhoea protocol C4
diarrhoea C4
Fluid requirement for dehydration signs of dehydration P4
C4
Chronic diarrhea C4
Viral hepatitis C4
History of a patient with
Chronic liver disease Wilson
jaundice C4
disease C3
Examination of
gastrointestinal
system
Febrile convulsions C4
HistoryP4
of a patient with
Epilepsy C3
Metabolic seizures C4

Mental retardation Cerebral Palsy C4

Murmur

Oedema

Pallor/anemia

History and Examination of


respiratory system P4

Counseling

Counseling

seizures C4
Examination of central
nervous system P4
History and examination of
patient with cerebral palsy
P4

Acyanotic congenital heart disease


(VSD, PDA) C4
Cyanotic congenital heart disease
(TGA,streptococcal
TOF) C4
Post
acute
Rheumatic heart disease
Glomerulonephritis
C4 C4
Nephrotic syndrome C4

History of a patient with


congenital / acquired heart
disease C4
Examination
of
History
and Examination
cardiovascular
system
P4
of
a patient with
oedema
P3

Iron deficiency anemia C4


Megaloblastic anemia C3
Thalassemia C4

Examination of a patient
with aneamia
P4

Bruising/petechiae Hemophilia C4
Henoch-Schonleinpurpura C2
Leukemia C3
Idiopathic
Thrombocytopenicpurpura C4
Endocrine disorders Hypothyroidism C4

Counseling of
patient with
bronchial asthma
A2

Counseling a
patient of
thalassemia A2

History and clinical


examination of a patient
with bruising/ bleeding
C4
History and examination of
a patient with
hypothyroid child

TABLE OF SPECIFICATION
CORE CLINICAL
PROBLEM

KNOWLEDGE

PSYCOMOTOR SKILLS

ATTITUDE

%age

Growth and
development

Preventive pediatrics

Genetics and
dysmorphology

fever

10

Rash

Cough

Diarrhoea

Jaundice

Seizure

Mental retardation

Murmur

Anemia

Oedema

Bruising/ petechiea

Neonatology

7
3
7
5
5

Endocrine disorder

5
3

Total

55

39

100

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT


Knowledge
Learning Objectives
Describe
the
developmental
domains of childhood (gross motor,
fine motor, language and social
development) and normal growth
pattern
Differentiate between various
diseases resulting in
deviation from normal growth and
developmental patterns according
to age (short stature, obesity,
microcephaly, macrocephaly)

Instructional strategy

Assessment Tool

Interactive tutorial

MCQ

CBD

MCQ

Skills
Learning Objectives

Instructional strategy

Assessment Tool

Take an appropriate history of a


child with developmental delay

Case presentation

Structured
Long case

Perform a developmental
assessment of a child at a given
age
perform anthropometric
measurement and plot height,
weight and head circumference
on age appropriate charts.

Clinical method

OSCE

Clinical methods/
skill lab

OSCE

PREVENTIVE PEDIATRICS
Knowledge
Learning Objectives

Instructional strategy

Assessment Tool

Classify the degree of malnutrition


in a malnourished child

CBD/ ward round

MCQ

Differentiate between clinical


features of kwashiorkor and
marasmus on a patient
Devise a plan for management of a
malnourished child

CBD/ ward round

MCQ

CBD

MCQ

Learning Objectives

Instructional strategy

Assessment Tool

Obtain a history in a
malnourished child at a given age

Case discussion

Structured
long case

Perform a clinical examination of


a malnourished child

Clinical
examination

OSCE

Skills

NEONATOLOGY
Knowledge
Learning Objectives

Instructional strategy

Assessment Tool

Discuss causes, complications and


management of a preterm/low
birth weight neonate

CBD

MCQ

Discuss the causes and


pathophysiologies of neoatal
jaundice and neonatal sepsis

CBD

MCQ

Interpret investigations required


for neoatal jaundice and neonatal
sepsis

CBD

MCQ

Outline treatment plan of neoatal


jaundice and neonatal sepsis

CBD

MCQ

Learning Objectives

Instructional strategy

Assessment Tool

Case discussion

Structured
long case

Clinical
examination
Skill lab

OSCE

Skills
Demonstrate history taking of a
neonate
Perform a complete clinical
examination of a neonate
Demonstrate steps of neonatal
resuscitation on a dummy

OSCE

MEDICAL GENETICS AND DYSMORPHOLOGY


Knowledge
Learning Objectives

Instructional strategy

Assessment Tool

Describe the chromosomal


abnormality and clinical features
of trisomy 21

CBD

MCQ

Discuss the etiology, clinical


features and management of spina
bifida

CBD

MCQ

Instructional strategy

Assessment Tool

Clinical examination

OSCE

Skills
Learning Objectives
Perform physical examination of a
child with Downs Syndrome

Attitude
Learning Objectives
Counsel the parents of a child with
Down s Syndrome

Instructional strategy

Assessment Tool

Role play

OSCE

FEVER
Knowledge
Learning Objectives
Discuss the differential diagnosis of
patient with fever ( urinary tract
infection, Enteric fever, Malaria,
meningitis, Rheumatic fever,
Tuberculosis)
Interpret the results of investigation
of a patient with fever
Devise the management plan of a
patient with fever depending upon
underlying cause

Instructional strategy

Assessment Tool

CBD

MCQ

CBD

MCQ

CBD

MCQ

Instructional strategy

Assessment Tool

Case presentation

Structured Long case

Clinical methods

Structured Long case/

Instructional strategy

Assessment Tool

Role play

OSCE

Skills
Learning Objectives
Take a comprehensive history of
patient with fever
Perform a detail clinical
examination of a patient with fever

Attitude
Learning Objectives
Counsel the parents of a child with
fever

10

RASH
Knowledge
Learning Objectives

Instructional strategy

Assessment Tool

Discuss the differential diagnosis of a


Pediatric patient according to
appreance of rash (measles, chicken
pox, scarlet fever and
meningococcemia)
Describe the complication and
prevention of rash producing diseases
Interpret the result of investigation in a
patient with rash
Discuss the management plan according
to type of rash

CBD

MCQ

CBD

MCQ

CBD

MCQ

CBD

MCQ

Skills
Learning Objectives
Take a detail history of a patient with
rash
Perform a clinical examination of a
patient with rash

Instructional strategy

Assessment Tool

Case presentation

Structured long case

Clinical examination

OSCE

11

COUGH
Knowledge
Learning Objectives

Instructional strategy

Assessment Tool

Discuss differential diagnosis of a


Pediatric patient having cough on the
basis of clinical features neumonia,
bronchiolitis, bronchial Asthma,
Pulmonary Tuberculosis)
Discuss WHO ARI classification

CBD

MCQ

CBD

MCQ

Interpret the result of investigations


of patient having cough

CBD

MCQ

Outline the management plan of the


patient having cough depending upon
their underlying diagnosis

CBD

MCQ

Skills
Learning Objectives
Take a comprehensive history of a
pediatrics patient with cough
Perform a respiratory system
examination of a patient with cough

Instructional strategy

Assessment Tool

Case presentation

Structured long case

Clinical examination

OSCE

Instructional strategy

Assessment Tool

Attitude
Learning Objectives
Counsel/ educate a patient with
Bronchial Asthma

Role play

OSCE

12

DIARRHEA
Knowledge
Learning Objectives

Instructional strategy

Assessment Tool

Discuss differential diagnosis in a patient


with acute diarrhea on the basis of etiology
and clinical features
Discuss differential diagnosis in a patient
with chronic diarrhea on the basis of
etiology and clinical features
Discuss WHO classification of dehydration
and its management

Case presentation

MCQ

Case presentation

MCQ

Case presentation

MCQ

Interpret the result of investigation with


diarrhoea

Case presentation

MCQ

Devise a management plan of a patient with


diarrhoea

Case presentation

MCQ

Skills
Learning Objectives
Take a detail history of a pediatric
patient with acute/ chronic diarrhoea
Examine a patient for signs of
dehydration

Instructional strategy

Assessment Tool

Case presentation

Structured long case

Clinical examination

OSCE

Instructional strategy

Assessment Tool

Role play

OSCE

Attitude
Learning Objectives
Counsel the parents of a child with
acute diarrhoea

13

JAUNDICE
Knowledge
Learning Objectives
Discuss the differential diagnosis of
jaundice depending upon their acute
liver disease children
Discuss the differential diagnosis of
jaundice depending upon their chronic
liver disease in children
Interpret the result of investigation of a
patient with jaundice
Out line the treatment plan of a patient
with jaundice depending upon their
underlying cause

Instructional strategy

Assessment Tool

CBD/ward round

MCQ

CBD/ward round

MCQ

CBD/ward round

MCQ

CBD/ward round

MCQ

Skills
Learning Objectives

Instructional strategy

Assessment Tool

Take a detail history of a patient


with jaundice

Case presentation

Structured long case

Examine a patient with jaundice

Clinical examination

OSCE

Attitude
Learning Objectives
Counsel the parents of a jaundiced
child

Instructional strategy

Assessment Tool

Role play

OSCE

14

SEIZURES
Knowledge
Learning Objectives

Instructional strategy

Assessment Tool

Discuss the differential diagnosis of a


seizure in childhood (febrile seizures,
epilepsy, CNS infections, SOL)

CBD/case presentation

MCQ

Interpret the results of investigations


of a patient with seizures.

CBD/case presentation

MCQ

Outline the treatment plan of seizures


according to underlying cause

CBD/case presentation

MCQ

Skills
Learning Objectives
Take a history of a patient with
seizures disorder
Perform central nervous system
examination of patient with
seizures disorder

Instructional strategy

Assessment Tool

Case presentation

Structured long case

Clinical examination

OSCE

15

MENTAL RETARDATION
Knowledge
Learning Objectives
Describe etiology
,pathophysiology, and clinical
features of patient with cerebral
palsy
Formulate the treatment plan of
cerebral palsy

Instructional strategy

Assessment Tool

Ward round/ CBD

MCQ

Ward round/ CBD

MCQ

Instructional strategy

Assessment Tool

Skills
Learning Objectives
Take a detail history of patient with
cerebral palsy
Perform clinical examination of
patient with cerebral palsy

Case discussion

Structured Long case

Clinical examination

OSCE

16

MURMURS
Knowledge
Learning Objectives

Instructional strategy

Assessment Tool

Ward round/ CBD/ OMP

MCQ

Ward round/ CBD

MCQ

Devise treatment plan of cyanotic


congenital heart disease depending
upon underlying cause
Discuss the valvular involvement in
rheumatic heart disease

Ward round/ CBD

MCQ

Ward round/ CBD

MCQ

Interpret the results of basic


investigations (CXR, ESR, CRP) of
rheumatic
disease
Formulate heart
treatment
plan of rheumatic

Ward round/ CBD

MCQ

Ward round/ CBD

MCQ

Differentiate between cyanotic and


acyanotic congenital heart diseases on
the basis of clinical features
Interpret the results of basic
investigations (CXR) required to
diagnose congenital heart disease

heart disease depending upon


underlying cause.

Skills
Learning Objectives
Take a detail history of a patient
having heart disease
Perform a clinical examination
(cardio vascular system
examination) of a patient having
murmur.

Instructional strategy

Assessment Tool

Case discussion

Structured Long case

Clinical examination

OSCE

17

ANEMIA/PALLOR
Knowledge
Learning Objectives

Instructional strategy

Assessment Tool

Differentiate among the diseases


causing anemia at various ages on
the basis of clinical features (iron
deficiency anemia, Vitamin B12
and folic acid anemia, thalassemia
major)
Interpret the results of
investigations in a pediatric
patient with anemia

CBD/ walk round

MCQ

CBD/ walk round

MCQ

Devise a plan of management for


a patient of anemia according to
the underlying cause (iron
deficiency anemia, Vitamin B12
and folic acid deficiency anemia)
Discuss the clinical features,
pathophysiology and
complications, investigations and
treatment plan of thalassemia

CBD/ walk round

MCQ

CBD/ walk round

MCQ

Skills
Learning Objectives

Instructional strategy

Assessment Tool

Take an age appropriate history in an


anemic pediatric
patient (nutritional anemia/ thalassemia)

Case discussion

Structured Long
case

Perform appropriate physical examination


of an anemic
patient (nutritional anemia/ thalassemia)

Clinical
examination

OSCE

Instructional strategy

Assessment Tool

Role play

OSCE

Attitude
Learning Objectives
Counsel a patient of thalassemia

18

BRUISING/PETECHIEA
Knowledge
Learning Objectives

Instructional strategy

Assessment Tool

CBD/ walk round

MCQ

CBD/ / walk round

MCQ

CBD/ / walk round

MCQ

Instructional strategy

Assessment Tool

Take an age appropriate history of a


patient with bruising/petechiea

Case presentation

Structured Long
case

Perform an appropriate physical


examination in patient with bleeding

clinical
examination

OSCE

Discuss differential diagnosis of


bleeding in a pediatric
patient according to clinical
features (ITP, hemophilia, ,
henochschonleinpurpura,
leukemia)
Interpret the results of investigations
of a patient with petechiea and
bruises.
Devise a management plan in a
pediatric patient with
bruises/ petechiea according to
underlying cause
Skills
Learning Objectives

19

OEDEMA
Knowledge
Learning Objectives

Instructional strategy

Assessment Tool

Differentiate among the causes of


generalized oedema in children on
the basis of clinical features.

CBD/ward rounds

MCQ

Interpret the investigations of a


patient with oedema
(nephrotic
syndrome , AGN)
Devise a management
plan in a

CBD/ward rounds

MCQ

CBD/ward rounds

MCQ

CBD/ward rounds

MCQ

Instructional strategy

Assessment Tool

Case discussion

Structured Long
case

Clinical
examination

OSCE

patient with oedema


(nephrotic syndrome , AGN)
Discuss complications in patient
with nephrotic syndrome / AGN

Skills
Learning Objectives
Take an appropriate history in a
patient with oedema
Perform an appropriate clinical
examination of a child with oedema

20

ENDOCRINE PROBLEMS
Knowledge
Learning Objectives

Instructional strategy

Assessment Tool

Differentiate between the clinical


features of hypothyroidism
Interpret the investigations required
for diagnosis of hypothyroidism

Ward round/ CBD

MCQ

Ward round/ CBD

MCQ

Outline management plan in pediatric


patient with hypothyroidism

Ward round/ CBD

MCQ

Instructional strategy

Assessment Tool

Take an age appropriate history of a


patient with hypothyroidism

Case presentation

Structured Long case

Perform examination of a pediatric


patient with hypothyroidism

Clinical methods

OSCE

Skills
Learning Objectives

21

DAILY TIME TABLE


8-9:30

9:30-10:30

11-1:00

Clinical
methods

Walk round

CBD/TBL/CP

Role play

Clinical Method

Walk round

CBD/TBL/CP

Wednesday

Clinical
methods

Walk round

CBD/TBL/CP

Interactive tutorial/OM
PX3
Role play

Thursday

Clinical
methods

Walk round

OMP X 3
(OPD)

CBD/TBL/C
P

Friday

Clinical
methods

Walk round

CBD/TBL/CP

-------

Saturday

Clinical
methods

Walk round

CBD/TBL/CP

OMP X
3(ER)

Day
Monday
Tuesday

1-2

22

Week 1

Monday
growth &
development

Week 2

Diarrhea

Week 3

Rash

Tuesday
Preventive
pediatrics

Wednesday
Neonatology

Thursday
Fever

Friday
Genetics

Saturday

Cough

Bruising/
petechiea

Seizures

Mental
retardation

Jaundice

Murmurs

Anemia

Oedema

Endocrine
disorders

assessment

23

CHECKLISTS FOR CLINICAL METHODS


CLINICAL METHODS

CHECK LISTS

MALNUTRITION
Take consent
Perform anthropometric measurements
Examine for macronutrient and micronutrient deficiencies
Examine for signs of dehydration
EXAMINATION OF NEWBORN
Take consent
Wash hands
Examine for color, cry, activity and vital signs
Examine for congenital anamolies
Perform neonatal reflexes
NEONATAL RESUSCITATION
Prepare to receive the baby
Check instruments
Perform steps of neonatal resuscitation
Document the procedure and babys condition
ANTHROPOMETRY
Take consent
Takeheight, weight and OFC accurately
Plot the data on age appropriate charts
Interpret the findings
GIT

Take consent
Inspect abdomen
Palpate for tenderness and masses
Palpate and percuss the liver
Palpate and percuss the spleen
Palpate kidneys
Perform shifting dullness and fluid thrill
Examine hernia orifices
Examine back

24

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Take consent
Listen for abnormal sounds (stridor, wheeze)
Examine for cyanosis, chest deformities, chest indrawings
Percuss chest anteriorly, posteriorly and laterally
Auscultate chest anteriorly, posteriorly and laterally
Perform vocal resonance
CVS

Take consent
Examine for central and peripheral cyanosis, clubbing,oral hygiene, JVP, oedema.
Examine pulses
Check blood pressure with appropriate sized cuff
Examine shape of precordium and pulsation
Palpate for pulsations and thrills
Auscultate precordium for heart sounds and murmurs
Examine liver and spleen
Examine for signs of infective endocarditis

CNS

Take consent
Check GCS accurately in infants and older children
Examine higher mental functions
Examine cranial nerves
Examine gait
Examine the motor system
Examine the sensory system
Examine for cerebellar signs

BRUISES/PETECHIEA
Take consent
Examine for pallor, bruises, petechiea on skin
Examine oral cavity for petechiea
Examine all lymph nodes
Examine liver and spleen
Examine joints for swelling and tenderness

25

PALLOR/ANEMIA
Take consent
Examine nails and conjunctiva for pallor and anemia
Examine lymph nodes
Examine liver and spleen
Examine for bruises and petechiae
Examine for other micronutrient deficiency.
SIGNS OF DEHYDRATION
Take consent
Look for conscious level
Look for sunken eyes
Look for tears in eyes
Feel for skin turgor
Palpate peripheral pulses
RASH

Take consent
Inspect for general condition
Evaluate GCS
Examine for SOMI
Check vital signs
Examine conjunctiva
Examine for stomatitis
Examine the skin for rash (palpate and look for blanching)
Examine lymph nodes
Auscultate chest
Examine for signs of dehydration

DOWNS SYNDROME
Take consent
Inspect general condition
Examine for dysmorphic features of Downs syndrome
Take anthropometric measurements
Examine for hypotonia
Examine heart for murmurs
Examine abdomen for distension
Examine anal opening

26

OEDEMA
Take consent
Take vital signs (pulse, B.P. R/R, temperature)
Examine for extent of oedema (ankles, ascites, pleural effusion, facial puffiness)
Examine for signs of heart failure
Examine for jaundice and bleeding
Examine liver, spleen and kidneys
FEVER

Take consent
Take vitals
Examine for rash
Examine ear and throat, conjunctivitis and stomatitis.
Examine for koplick spots
Examine lymph nodes
Examine for hepatosplenomegaly
Examine joints

JAUNDICE
Take consent
Examine general condition
Examine conscious level
Look for jaundice, pallor. Clubbing, asterixis palmar erythema, spider neavi, oedema
Examine abdomen for prominent veins/ caput medusae
Examine for hepatosplenomegaly
Examine for ascites
HYPOTHYROIDISM
Take consent
Examine for dysmorphic features
Examine neck for goiter
Examine the skin for dryness and temperature
Examine for hypotonia
Examine for poor suck
Examine knee jerk
Take anthropometric measurements

27

CHECKLIST FOR COUNSELLING SKILLS


TOPICS

CHECK LISTS
BRONCHIAL ASTHMA
Introduction/ putting patient at ease
Demonstrate Active listening
Avoid technical language
Invite open ended questions
Demonstrate empathy
History (symptoms of cough and breathlessness, family history of asthma, atopy)
Ask about risk factors
Explain about various options for treatment
Explain use of metered dose inhalers
Emphasize on practicing preventive measures
Summarize
THALASSEMIA
Introduction/ putting patient at ease
Demonstrate Active listening
Avoid technical language
Invite open ended questions
Demonstrate empathy
Discuss History and examination findings
Discuss relevance of investigations
Discuss treatment options and prognosis
Genetic counseling
Screening of siblings/ other family members
Prenatal diagnosis
Summarize
DOWNS SYNDROME
Introduction/ putting patient at ease
Demonstrate Active listening
Avoid technical language
Invite open ended questions
Demonstrate empathy
Explain the cause of Downs syndrome and correlation of maternal age
Discuss the results of investigations
Explain about

28

o Discuss management options


o Discuss prognosis
o Summarize
FEVER

Introduction/ putting patient at ease


Demonstrate Active listening
Avoid technical language
Invite open ended questions
Demonstrate empathy
History (duration, associated symptoms)
Discuss investigations
Discuss treatment options

DIARRHOEA
Introduction/ putting patient at ease
Demonstrate Active listening
Avoid technical language
Invite open ended questions
Demonstrate empathy
History (duration, frequency, characteristics of stool, vomiting, fever,state of dehydration)
Discuss investigations required
Discuss treatment plan
JAUNDICE
Introduction/ putting patient at ease
Demonstrate Active listening
Avoid technical language
Invite open ended questions
Demonstrate empathy
History
Discuss investigations required
Discuss treatment plan

29

REFERENCE BOOKS
Illustrated textbook of Pediatrics by Tom Lissauer and Graham Clayden
Basis of Pediatrics by Pervaiz Akbar 7th Edition
Text Book of Pediatrics , PPA, 3rd Edition

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