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Application of Elastically Supported Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes For Sensing Arbitrarily Attached Nano-Objects
Application of Elastically Supported Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes For Sensing Arbitrarily Attached Nano-Objects
Department of Civil Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Chalous Branch, P.O. Box 46615-397, Chalous, Mazandaran, Iran
Department of Mathematical sciences, Ghiaseddin Jamshid Kashani University, Abiek, Qazvin, Iran
c
Department of Mathematical sciences, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
b
a r t i c l e i n f o
a b s t r a c t
Article history:
Received 18 May 2012
Received in revised form
19 June 2012
Accepted 26 June 2012
Available online 7 July 2012
The potential application of SWCNTs as mass nanosensors is examined for a wide range of boundary
conditions. The SWCNT is modeled via nonlocal Rayleigh, Timoshenko, and higher-order beam theories.
The added nano-objects are considered as rigid solids, which are attached to the SWCNT. The mass
weight and rotary inertial effects of such nanoparticles are appropriately incorporated into the nonlocal
equations of motion of each model. The discrete governing equation pertinent to each model is obtained
using an effective meshless technique. The key factor in design of a mass nanosensor is to determine the
amount of frequency shift due to the added nanoparticles. Through an inclusive parametric study, the
roles of slenderness ratio of the SWCNT, small-scale parameter, mass weight, number of the attached
nanoparticles, and the boundary conditions of the SWCNT on the frequency shift ratio of the rst exural
vibration mode of the SWCNT as a mass sensor are also discussed.
2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Keywords:
Single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT)
Vibration
Nanomechanical sensor
Nonlocal continuum-based beam models
Meshless method
1. Introduction
The remarkable properties of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have
been brought a wide range of applications for them including
nanouidic conveying [1e4], drug delivery [5e7], hydrogen storage
[8e11], and nanosensors [12e15]. To date, vibration characteristics
of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) have been fairly well
examined via classical and nonlocal continuum models. The free
vibration and the induction of vibration in SWCNTs due to the
externally applied forces are also investigated by many researchers.
Free vibration of SWCNTs [16e18], their vibrations due to moving
inside uids [19e21] and nanoparticles [22e27], dynamical loads
[28,29], and magnetic elds [30e32] have been theoretically
studied.
The high ratio of elasticity modulus of CNTs to their mass
density is suggesting highly effective nanostructures as resonators
of giga- or even tera-hertz bending frequencies [33e36]. Such
a brilliant characteristic of CNTs and SWCNTs as well, is the major
reason for that the vibration of such nanostructures has been in
focus of attention of various scientic disciplines. It implies that
SWCNTs would be also excellent nanomechanical sensors since
108
graphenes, the readers are refereed to Ref. [58]). In the present work,
an efcient meshless technique, namely reproducing kernel particle
method (RKPM), is employed. This numerical scheme was developed by Liu and his coworkers [59e61] at Northwestern university
in the last decade of twentieth century. In this numerical technique,
the spatial domain is discretized using particles. Each particle has its
own numerically constructed shape functions. The shape functions
are evaluated according to the chosen window and base functions
for each problem. In contrast to the nite-element method (FEM),
the magnitudes of the RKPM shape function of a particle generally
do not vanish at its surrounding particles; thereby, special treatments should be implemented for satisfaction of essential boundary
conditions. Furthermore, the shape functions of RKPM possess
higher continuity in compare to those of FEM. This matter would be
benecial in solving the problems suffer from moving boundaries,
sharply varied elds, and higher-order governing equations. To date,
the application of RKPM to many one- and two-dimensional mathematical-mechanical models has been led to fairly accurate results
[18,62e65].
Herein, the potential application of SWCNTs as nanosensors is
numerically explored in the context of the nonlocal continuum
theory of Eringen. Using nonlocal beam theories and an efcient
numerical scheme, the equations of motion of a SWCNT with
attached nanoparticles are constructed in both strong and weak
forms. The alteration to the rst exural resonant frequency due to
the added nanoparticles is studied by the proposed nonlocal beam
models. The effects of the important parameters on the practicability of SWCNTs as nanomechanical sensors as well as the capabilities of the proposed models in capturing their resonant
frequencies are also of interest. It is hoped that the obtained results
in this article could provide new insights to the researchers who are
conducting theoretical and experimental works on SWCNTs as
nanomechanical sensors.
Consider an ECS pertinent to the SWCNT of length lb as illustrated in Fig. 1. It is assumed that the SWCNT contains Np nanoparticles which are perfectly attached to the nanotube structure.
It implies that no movement or separation of nanoparticles would
occur during free vibration. The nanoparticles are considered as
rigid solid objects. It is also assumed that the distance between
each two nanoparticles is large enough that no atomic bond
between them exists. The position, mass weight, and mass
moment of inertia of the ith nanoparticle are represented by xpi,
Mpi, and Ipi, respectively. The SWCNT is embedded in an elastic
medium and experiences an initially axial force of magnitude Nb.
R Ib w
R
rb Ab w
;xx
Nb wR;x
2
X
k1
;x
Np
X
R Ipi w
R
Mpi w
i1
;xx
R
d x xpi Mbnl
;xx
Kt wR Kr wR;xx
Kz xk wR Ky xk wR;xx dx xk 0;
Fig. 1. Schematic illustration of an elastically supported embedded ECS with attached nanoparticles.
Mbnl
R
R
e0 a2 Mbnl
;xx
Eb Ib wR;xx ;
1
T t
2
Mbnl
R
"
Mpi w
i1
R
Kt w
(2)
R Ib w
R
rb Ab w
;xx
R
Ipi w
;xx
Kr wR;xx
R dwR;x rb Ib w
R
dwR rb Ab w
;x
dw Kz xk w
k1
Kt wR Kr wR;xx
kz xk w
Np
X
dx
(5a)
i1
2
X
Zlb h
R
2 i
wR;xx x; t Mbnl x; t Nb wR;x x; t
dx
;x
ky xk wR;xx
2
1X
k1
2
2
Kz xk wR xk ; t Ky xk wR;x xk ; t
;
(5b)
#
by substituting Eq. (3) into Eqs. (5a) and (5b), employing Hamlitons
principle, and taking the required integration by parts, the variational form of the governing equation of the SWCNT-based mass
sensor based on the NRBT is obtained as follows
dxxk ;
R dwR;x Ipi w
R d x xpi dwR;xx Eb Ib wR;xx dwR;x Nb wR;x dwR Kt wR dwR;x Kr wR;x
dwR Mpi w
;x
dwR;x Ky xk wR;x
k1
2 i
d xxpi Nb wR;x
2
X
Zlb (
Zlb
2
2 i
1 h R
Kt w x; t Kr wR;x x; t
dx
(3)
Np
2
2
R
1X
_ xpi ; t Ipi w
_ R;x xpi ; t
Mpi w
;
2
1
U t
2
R
k1
2
X
i1
Eb Ib wR;xx e0 a2
Np
X
2
rb Ab w_ R x; t Ib w_ R;x x; t
Zlb
109
"
dx xk e0 a
Kz xk wR Ky xk wR;xx dx xk
R Ib w
R
rb Ab w
;xx
dwR;xx
#)
Np
X
R Ipi w
R
Mpi w
;xx
i1
d x xpi Nb wR;x
;x
dx 0:
(6)
substitution of Eq. (3) into Eq. (1) leads to the governing equation of
a SWCNT-based mass sensor according to the NRBT as in the
following form
R Ib w
R
R Ib w
R
rb Ab w
e0 a2 rb Ab w
;xx
;xx
;xxxx
Ipi
R
w
;xx
d x x pi
;xx
Eb Ib wR;xxxx
Nb wR;x
R Ipi w
R
Mpi w
i1
2 h
X
Kz xk wR dx xk e0 a2 wR dx xk
k1
Np
X
;x
e0 a
;xx
;xx
Nb wR;x
Np
X
R
d x xpi ;xx
d x xpi e0 a2
Mpi w
;xxx
i1
Kt w e0 a2 wR;xx Kr wR;xx e0 a2 wR;xxxx
R
Ky xk wR;xx dx xk e0 a2 wR;xx dx xk
i
;xx
0:
(4)
110
s
x pi
Mpi
x
wR
1 Eb Ib
e a
l
l
R
x ; xpi ; w
t; m 0 ; l b ; Mpi
; s 2
; lpi b ;
r
r
lb
l
lb
lb
A
r
rpi
lb
b b
b
b
b A b lb
Kz l3b R
Kt l4b
Kr l2b
Nb l2b
Ky xk lb R
R
R
R
Kz
; K y xk
; Kt
; Kr
; Nx
;
Eb Ib
Eb Ib
Eb Ib
Eb Ib
Eb Ib
where rb and rpi represent the radius of gyration of the crosssection of the ECS and the ith attached nanoparticle, respectively.
By introducing the dimensionless quantities in Eq. (7) to Eq. (6), the
dimensionless equations of motion of the SWCNT with attached
nanoparticles based on the NRBT are obtained as
R
Mb wR;ss Kb wR 0;
Mb
IJ
2 w w
2 w
w
w
2 w
fw
I fJ l fI;x fJ;x m fI;xx fJ l fJ;xx
Np
X
i1
;x
Ky xk q dx xk 0;
(11a)
i1
T
T d x xpi Qbnl
Mpi w
Nb wT;x
Kt wT
2
X
;x
;x
Kz xk wT dx xk 0;
(11b)
k1
2 w
w
w
M pi fw
I xpi fJ xpi lpi fI;x xpi fJ;x xpi
2 w
fw
;
m2 fw
J xpi lpi fJ;xx xpi
I;xx xpi
Np
P
dx
T
T
T
q d x xpi Qbnl Mbnl Kr qT
Ipi
k1
T
rb Ab w
Z1
i1
2
X
(8)
where
Np
P
rb Ib q
(7)
(9a)
Z1
h Ri
R
w
w w
w
2 w
fw
dx
Kb
I;xx fJ;xx N b fI;x fJ;x m fI;xx fJ;xx
where wT, qT, Qbnl T , and Mbnl T are the deection, the deformation
angle, resultant shear force, and the resultant bending moment
within the ECS based on the NTBT, respectively. According to the
nonlocal continuum theory of Eringen [66,67], the nonlocal resultant shear force and bending moment within the ECS are as,
IJ
Qbnl
T
T
e0 a2 Qbnl
;xx
T
ks Gb Ab wT;x q ;
(12a)
Z1
R
R
w
w w
w
2 w
2 w
dx
K t fw
I m fI;xx fJ K r fI;x fJ;x m fI;xx fJ;xx
2
X
R
w
2 w
K z xk fw
I xk m fI;xx xk fJ xk
k1
R
w
w
2 w
;
K y xk fw
I;x xk fJ;x xk m fI;xx xk fJ;xx xk
wR s < wR1 s; wR2 s; .; wRNP s>T :
(9b)
(9c)
R
~
i 1 and w0 is a vector represents the nodal parameter values
of the RKPM particles associated with the initial deection of the
nanosensor, and 6R denotes the dimensionless exural frequency
of the nanosensor. By substituting this relation into Eq. (8),
i
2 R
R
~ R0 0;
6R Mb Kb w
(10)
by solving the set of eigenvalue equations in Eq. (10), the dimensionless natural frequencies of the SWCNT-based mass sensor are
obtained based on the hypotheses of the NRBT.
Mbnl
T
T
e0 a2 Mbnl
Eb Ib q;x ;
(12b)
Qbnl
T
T
ks Gb Ab wT;x q
"
e0 a
T
rb Ab w
Np
X
T d x x pi
Mpi w
i1
2
X
Kz xk wT dx xk
Nb wT;x Kt wT
;x
k1
#
;
(13a)
;x
"
T
T
T
2
nl
T rb Ib
q
Mb
Eb Ib q;x e0 a rb Ab w
;x
Np
X
i1
;xx
T
T d x xpi Ipi
q d x xpi ;x
Mpi w
Nb wT;x
;x
Kt wT Kr q;x
#
T
Ky xk q dx xk
;
;x
2
X
Kz xk wT dx xk
k1
13b
by substituting Eqs. (13a) and (13b) into Eqs. (11a) and (11b), the
explicit expressions of the governing equations of the SWCNTbased mass sensor according to the NTBT are obtained as
T
T
rb Ib q e0 a2 q;xx
Np
X
T
q d x xpi
Ipi
Now the unknown elds of the ECS based on the NTBT are discretized
in
terms
of
RKPM
shape
functions
as
PNP w
PNP q
T
T
T
T
w x; t
and q x; t
By
I1 fI xwI t
I1 fI xqI t.
introducing such discretized forms of the unknown elds and the
following dimensionless quantities to Eq. (16),
i1
T
e0 a q d x xpi ;xx ks Gb Ab wT;x q
2 T
2
X
T
T
T
T
Ky xk q dx xk
Eb Ib q;xx Kr q e0 a2 q;xx
T
e0 a2 q dx xk
T
T e0 a2 w
rb Ab w
;xx
;xx
wT T
1
T
w
; q q ; s
lb
lb
k1
0;
14a
Ky
T d x xpi
Mpi w
T
d x xpi ;xx ks Gb Ab wT;xx qT;x
e0 a2 w
Kt wT e0 a2 wT;xx
e0 a2 Nb wT;x
Nb wT;x
;x
2
X
k1
;xx
Eb Ib
;
ks Gb Ab l2b
(17)
;xxx
Kz xk wT dx xk e0 a2 wT dx xk
rb
Kt l2b
Nb
T
; Nb
;
ks Gb Ab
ks Gb Ab
Kt
i1
s
ks Gb
t; h
Ky
Kz lb
Kr
T
T
; K
; K
;
ks Gb Ab lb z
ks Gb Ab r
ks Gb Ab
Np
X
111
0:
Mb
(14b)
h T iww
i
T wq ( T )
Mb
7 w;ss
6 Kb
6
h T iqq 7
T
5
4 h T iqw
Q;ss
Mb
Kb
i
T ww
6 Mb
6h i
4
T qw
i
T wq
Kb
7 wT
0
h T iqq 7
5 QT 0 ;
Kb
(18)
Z1
Np
h T iww
X
w
w
2 w w
fw
Mb
M pi f w
I fJ m fI;x fJ;x dx
I xpi fJ xpi
IJ
Zlb
1
T T t
2
U T t
1
2
q;x x; t Mbnl
T
i1
(19a)
IJ
(15a)
Z1
h T iqq
l2 fqI fqJ m2 fqI;x fqJ;x dx
Mb
Np
T
1X
_ T xpi Ipi q_ xpi ;
Mpi w
2 i1
Zlb
w
m2 fw
I;x xpi fJ;x xpi
h
T
2 i
2
rb Ab w_ T x; t Ib q_ x; t dx
Np
X
i1
T
x; t wT;x x; t q x; t
q
q
q
2 q
l2
pi fI xpi fJ xpi m fI;x xpi fJ;x xpi
(19b)
T
2
2
Qbnl x; t Nb wT;x x; t Kt wT x; t
h T iww Z1
T
w
w w
2 w w
fw
dx
Kb
2
2 X
2
T
Kz xk wT x; tdx xk
Kr q x; t
k1
IJ
2
T
Ky xk q x; tdx xk
dx;
(15b)
dwT;x
dq
"
ks Gb Ab wT;x
q
e0 a
T
rb Ab w
;x
2
X
2
X
T
w
w
2 w
K z xk fw
I xk fJ xk m fI;x xk fJ;x xk ;
k1
by substituting Mbnl T and Qbnl T from Eq. (13) into Eq. (15), and using
Hamiltons principle, after taking the necessary integration by parts,
T
w
w
2 w w
K t fw
I fJ m fI;x fJ;x fJ dx
ZIb (
Z1
(19c)
k1
Np
X
d x xpi
Mpi w
i1
Nb wT;x
;xx
Kt wT;x
2
X
k1
!#
Kz xk wdx xk ;x
"
Np
X
T
T
T
T
T rb Ib
T d x xpi Ipi
q Nb wT;x Kt wT Kr qT;x
q d x xpi ;x
Mpi w
dq;x Eb Ib q;x e0 a2 rb Ab w
;x
2
X
k1
;x
T
Kz xk wT dx xk Ky xk q dx xk
;x
!#)
dx 0:
i1
(16)
112
Z1
h T iwq
q
Kb
fw
I;x fJ dx;
(19d)
IJ
"
H
H
2
H
H
a
j
Mbnl J2 jH
e
J
w
a
I2 aI4 j
4
0
;xx
;x
;x
;x
Z1
h T iqw
Kb
fqI fw
J;x dx;
(19e)
IJ
i1
2
X
T
K y xk
fI xk fJ xk m2 fqI;x xk fqJ;x xk
(19f)
k1
H
H
d x xpi ;x I0 w
Ipi j
;xx
IJ
Np
X
(19g)
H
H
H
nl
2
H
k jH wH
Qbnl aPb;x
;x aJ4 j;xx a J6 j;xx w;xxx
"
Np
X
H
d x xpi ;x
H
e0 a2 I0 w
Mpi w
;x
Nb wH
;x
;xx
H
a I6 w
Qbnl
2
X
H
H
Pbnl
;x
Kr j
(20a)
H
I0 w
H
H a2 I w
H d x xpi a2 I6 aI4 j
Mpi w
Qbnl
6
a Pbnl
H
;xx
H
;xx
;x
i1
Nb wH
;x
;x
Kt wH
2
X
H
;x
Kz xk wH dx xk 0;
k1
Mbnl
H
H
e0 a2 Mbnl
;xx
H
H
J2 jH
;x aJ4 j;x w;xx ;
H
H
nl
nl
Qbnl aPb;x
e0 a2 Qbnl aPb;x
;xx
H
H
H
H
2
k j w;x aJ4 j;xx a J6 j;xx wH
;xxx ;
(21a)
Z
Ab
Z
Z
rb zn dA; Jn
Gb 1 3az2 dA; In
Eb zn dA;
Ab
Kz xk w dx xk
k1
;x
#
;
by substituting Eqs. (23a) and (23b) into Eqs. (20a) and (20b), the
explicit expressions of the nonlocal equations of motion are
obtained
(21b)
(22)
Ab
by mixing the governing equations in Eqs. (20a) and (20b) with the
nonlocal resultant forces in Eqs. (21a) and (21b), the nonlocal
i1
H
H
H e0 a2 w
d x xpi ;xx a2 I6 aI4 w
e0 a2 j
;x
;xxx
H
2
2
H
a
a
j
a
a
J
w
2
J
J
J
k jH wH
2
4
6
4
6
;xx
;x
;xxx
2
X
Kr jH e0 a2 jH
Ky xk jH dx xk
;xx
e0 a2 jH dx xk
k1
;xx
0;
(24a)
Np
X
H
H e0 a2 w
H d x x pi
Mpi w
I0 w
;xx
i1
H
H
e a2 jH
d x xpi ;xx a2 I6 aI4 j
e0 a2 w
0
;xxx
;x
H
H
H
H e0 a2 w
k jH
a2 I6 w
;x w;xx aJ4 j;xxx
;xx
;xxxx
2 H
H
H
a2 J6 jH
;xx w;xxx Nb w;xx e0 a w;xxxx
2
X
Kz xk wH dx xk
Kt wH e0 a2 wH
;xx
e0 a2 wH dx xk
where
;xx
2
X
;xx
k1
Np
X
H
2
Kt wH
;x a I6 aI4 j
(23b)
Ky xk jH dx xk 0;
i1
Np
H
X
H
H
e a2 j
d x xp
I2 2aI4 a2 I6 j
Ipi j
0
i
;x
H
Mbnl
;x
(23a)
;x
k1
;xxxx
i1
;x
i1
H d x xpi
Mpi w
#
H
Kz xk w dx xk Ky xk j dx xk
;
2
X
Np
X
H Nb wH
Kt wH Kr jH
aI4 w
;x
;x
Z1
h T iqq Z1
T
fqI fqJ hfqI;x fqJ;x dx K r fqI fqJ m2 fqI;x fqJ;x dx
Kb
k1
;xx
0;
(24b)
T H t
1
2
Zlb h
2
2
H
H
_
_H
_
_H
I0 w
;x x; t I2 j x; t 2aI4 j x; t j x; t
0
H
2 i
2
_
_H
_H
dx
w
;x x; t a I6 j x; t w;x x; t
Np
H
1X
_ H xpi Ipi j_ xpi ;
Mpi w
2 i1
U H t
1
2
Zlb "
Kz xk l3b
K z xk
H
Kt
H
H
H
jH
;x x;tMb x;t j x;t w;x x;t
a2 J6
Kt l4b
a2 J6
; Nb
; Kr
a2
Kr I0 l4b
;
I2 2aI4 a2 I6 J6
Nb l2b
Ipi
;
; I
a2 J6 pi
I2 2aI4 a2 I6 lb
(27)
the dimensionless discrete equations of motion of the SWCNTbased mass sensor according to the NHOBT are derived as follows
2
2 X
2
Kz xk wH x;tdx xk
Kt wH x;t
k1
#
2
H
Ky xk j x;tdx xk
dx;
h H iww
Mb
h H ijw
Mb
i
H wj ( H )
Mb
w;ss
h H ijj
H
J;ss
Mb
h H iww
Kb
h H ijw
Kb
h H iwj
H
Kb
0
w
;
H
h H ijj
0
J
Kb
(28)
(25b)
where
Z1
h H iww
w
w w
2 w w
2
2 w w
fw
dx
Mb
Zlb (
H
dwH I0 w
Np
X
H
2
H d x xpi dwH
Mpi dwH w
;x a I6 aI4 j
i1
H
H
2 H
I2 2aI4 a2 I6 j
dwH
;x a I6 w dj
;x
Np
X
dwH
;xx
H
dj
aJ4 jH
;x
2
X
a
J6 jH
;x
wH
;xx
dw
Kz xk w dx xk
k1
H
Ky xk j dx xk dw Kt w dj Kr j
k1
H
dwH
;x Nb w;x
e0 a
dj
dwH
;x
"
I0 w
2
X
k1
Nb wH
;x
H Nb wH
I0 w
;x
;x
;x
Kt w
H
aI4 w
;xx
Z1
h H ijw
j
2 j w
Mb
g26 fI fw
J;x m fI;x fJ;xx dx;
IJ
IJ
(29c)
0
j
j
m2 fI;x xpi fJ;x xpi ;
Kz xk wH dx xk Ky xk jH dx xk
;x
(29d)
IJ
Kr jH
;x
i1
h H iww Z1
H
w
w w
w w
2 w w
g23 fw
dx
Kb
;x
(29b)
;xx
;x
IJ
Z1
Np
h H ijj
X
j
j
fjI fjJ m2 fjI;x fjJ;x dx
Mb
I pi fI xpi fJ xpi
H
2
2 H
Kt wH
;x Kr j;xx a I6 aI4 j;xx a I6 w;xxx
#
"
2
X
H
Kz xk wH dx xk
e0 a2 djH
;x I2 aI4 j
H
Z1
h H iwj
j
2 w j
Mb
g21 fw
I;x fJ m fI;xx fJ;x dx;
H
k1
i1
w
w
2 w
;
Mpi fw
I xpi fJ xpi m fI;x xpi fJ;x xpi
Np
X
(29a)
i1
2
X
Ipi djHj
H k djH dwH
jH wH
d x xpi djH a2 I6 aI4 w
;x
;x
;x
2
H
J2 2aJ4 a2 J6 jH
djH
;x
;x aJ4 a J6 w;xx
aJ4 a2 J6 2
aI4 a2 I6
; g6
;
2
a J6
I2 2aI4 a2 I6
kI0 l4b
J2 2aJ4 a2 J6 I0 l2b
2
2
g7
; g
;
I2 2aI4 a2 I6 a2 J6 8
I2 2aI4 a2 I6 a2 J6
aJ4 a2 J6 I0 l2b
Ky xk I0 l3b
H
;
g29
; K y xk 2
2
2
a I2 2aI4 a2 I6 J6
I2 2aI4 a I6 a J6
g24
(25a)
2
2
H
H
x;t QbH x;t Nb wH
aPb;x
;x x;t Kr j x;t
kl2b
aI a2 I
a2 I6 2
wH H
g
; j jH ; g21 4 2 6 ; g22
;
;
3
lb
a2 J6
I0 lb
I0 l2b
wH
113
Z1
#)
dx 0:
(26)
Let discretize the unknown deformation elds of the SWCNTbased
mass
sensor
according
to
the
NHOBT
as:
PNP w
PNP j
H
H
H
wH x; t
I 1 fI xwI t and j x; t
I 1 fI xjI t. By
substituting such discretized elds into Eq. (26) and introducing
the following dimensionless quantities to the resulting expression,
2
X
H
w
2 w w
K t fw
I fJ m fI;x fJ;x dx
H
w
w
2 w
K z xk fw
I xk fJ xk m fI;x xk fJ;x xk ;
k1
(29e)
Z1
h H iwj
j
2 w j
g23 fw
Kb
(29f)
114
Z1
h H ijw
2 j w
g27 fjI fw
Kb
(29g)
IJ
Z1
h H ijj Z1
H
g27 fjI fjJ g28 fjI;x fjJ;x dx K r fjI fjJ m2 fjI;x fjJ;x dx
Kb
Table 2
The predicted dimensionless resonant frequency of the SWCNT as a nanomechanical
sensor using the proposed nonlocal beam theories for different number of RKPM
particles.
Case study
Nonlocal model
NP 11
NP 21
NP 51
NP 101
NRBT
NTBT
NHOBT
NRBT
NTBT
NHOBT
NRBT
NTBT
NHOBT
0.9937
1.0039
0.9269
0.7113
0.6961
0.6819
0.5847
0.5632
0.5437
0.9817
0.9783
0.9097
0.7029
0.6941
0.6798
0.5778
0.5603
0.5405
0.9747
0.9712
0.9048
0.6980
0.6938
0.6776
0.5738
0.5630
0.5353
0.9724
0.9704
0.9044
0.6964
0.6937
0.6757
0.5724
0.5630
0.5320
IJ
0
2
X
H
K y xk
k1
fI xk fJ xk m2 fjI;x xk fjJ;x xk
II
III
(29h)
H
H
T
wH s < wH
1 s; w2 s; .; wNP s> ;
H
(29i)
4
evaluated as: UA
1 420=33 140M p1 . Such a resonant
frequency associated with the lateral vibration of the cantilever
SWCNT with a tip mass, is considered as a benchmark value for the
convergence check of the proposed numerical models. For this
purpose, three case studies are investigated according to the given
data in Table 1. The slenderness ratios of cases I, II, and III in order
are 231.7, 38.9, and 14.4 in which denoting a slender, fairly slender,
and stocky SWCNT, respectively. According to the above-mentioned
formulas, the resonant frequencies of the cases I, II, and III are
calculated as 0.9704, 0.6950, and 0.5713, respectively. The predicted dimensionless resonant frequency of the proposed numerical models are summarized in Table 2 for different number of
RKPM particles. Hereafter, the ith dimensionless natural frequency
:
1=4
:
:
rb Ab l4b u:
where ui is the ith
Eb Ib
by Ui
i
natural frequency of the nanosensor and [.] R or T or H. As it is
seen in Table 2, for all considered cases, the predicted results by the
NRBT are converging to the analytically calculated results as the
number of RKPM particles increases. In the case II, the discrepancies between the results of the NTBT/NHOBT and those of the
NRBT are decreasing with the number of RKPM particles; however,
the predicted results by such nonlocal shear deformable beam
theories do not approach to the analytically predicted values. It is
chiey related to the incorporation of the shear strain energy into
the total strain energy of the SWCNT with a tip mass. This matter is
more obvious in the case III.
Table 1
Material and geometry properties of the SWCNT as well as the mass weight of the
attached nanoparticle for different case studies.
Approach
U1
U2
U3
U4
Ref [41].
NRBT
NTBT
Ref [41].
NRBT
NTBT
Ref [41].
NRBT
NTBT
Ref [41].
NRBT
NTBT
Ref [41].
NRBT
NTBT
1.8750
1.9199
1.9720
0.8815
0.8975
0.9162
0.7997
0.8141
0.8301
0.7457
0.7591
0.7748
0.7061
0.7188
0.7336
4.6941
4.8042
4.9394
3.9513
4.0438
4.1564
3.9432
4.0357
4.1483
3.9391
4.0316
4.1442
3.9366
4.0292
4.1417
7.8548
8.0367
8.2712
7.0785
7.4594
7.4594
7.0785
7.2429
7.4546
7.0760
7.2404
7.4519
7.0745
7.2389
7.4504
10.9955
11.2480
11.5909
10.2204
10.4557
10.7784
10.2170
10.4523
10.7749
10.2153
10.4506
10.7730
10.2143
10.4496
10.7718
20
30
40
Case study
Eb (TPa)
rb (kg/m3)
Dyo (nm)
Dyy
(nm)
i
lb (nm)
Mp1 (fg)
I
II
III
1.2
1.1
1.2
2500
2300
2400
33
29
24
18.8
10.5
14
2200
300
100
10
5
2
y yy: Do and Di in order are the outer and the inner diameters of the ECS.
50
:
18.8
19.4
13.8
16.7
27.1
27.8
5500
5700
5000
5300
4600
5700
32
26.5
26.3
31.5
32.1
23
0.658
0.644
0.791
0.908
1.420
0.968
0.854
0.830
1.020
1.170
1.830
1.230
0.641
0.623
0.766
0.893
1.401
0.943
0.644
0.625
0.768
0.912
1.418
0.960
those of Joshi et al. [42]. In all cases, both NRBT and NTBT could
capture the results of Wang et al. [46] with accuracy lower
than 3.5%.
In another justication, the capabilities of the proposed models
in predicting the amount of change of the fundamental frequencies
of bridged and cantilevered SWCNTs are studied. In the case of
a bridged SWCNT (i.e., a SWCNT with CC boundary conditions), the
added masses of distributed length gmlb, are symmetrically placed
about the midspan point of the SWCNT. For the case of cantilevered
SWCNT, the attached masses are located at the end of the SWCNT
whose distributed length is identical to the previous case. In order
to examine the trend of the fundamental frequency of the SWCNT
in terms of gm, the calibration constant of mass, cm, is dened as
[69]
f0n
1 ;
fn
M
p
i
i1
cm PN
p
(30)
4.0000
3.4747
3.0008
2.5796
2.2123
1.8985
1.6363
1.4218
1.2492
4.0523
3.5001
3.0113
2.5829
2.2128
1.8983
1.6363
1.4222
1.2499
4.0470
3.4964
3.0088
2.5813
2.2118
1.8978
1.6361
1.4221
1.2498
3.9609
3.4329
2.9640
2.5516
2.1935
1.8877
1.6313
1.4203
1.2494
2.5222
2.4866
2.3839
2.2261
2.0308
1.8181
1.6075
1.4144
1.2481
2.5477
2.5075
2.3959
2.2300
2.0294
1.8141
1.6026
1.4095
1.2435
2.5374
2.4965
2.3856
2.2214
2.0231
1.8101
1.6006
1.4088
1.2435
2.4381
2.4023
2.3038
2.1565
1.9765
1.7807
1.5850
1.4024
1.2418
115
Table 6
:
:
The values of K yi and K zi for different boundary conditions of the SWCNT.
SS
:
K zi 0
:
K zi 1
:
K yi 0
:
K yi 1
CC
SC
SfS
SfC
CF
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
108
108
108
108
108
108
108
10
108
116
R1
a 0.22
0.11
0
R1
b 0.365
0.02
0.02
0.15
R1
0.16
0.06
e 0.02
0.185
R1
35
0.19
c 0.35
0.2
20
35
0.11
0.11
0
0.365
20
35
0.02
0.35
20
35
0.02
0.15
20
35
35
0.02
0.185
20
35
35
0.02
0.25
20
35
35
0.02
5
0.02
0.35
20
35
0.02
0.15
20
35
0.02
0.185
20
35
20
35
20
35
0.08
20
35
0.09
20
35
0.06
0.08
20
20
0.16
0.06
20
0
0.365
0.19
0.16
0.09
0.02
5
0.22
0.19
0.08
f 0.025
R1
20
0.22
0.02
0.25
0.09
20
35
0.02
5
Fig. 2. Frequency shift ratio of the SWCNT with a mass at the midspan point as a function of slenderness ratio for different boundary conditions: (a) SS, (b) CC, (c) SC, (d) SfS, (e) SfC,
(f) CF; ((B)M p1 0:1, ()M p1 0:2, (6)M p1 0:3 ; (.) NRBT, (.) NTBT, () NHOBT; Kt Kr]Nb 0; e0a 2 nm).