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Enzyme and High Pressure Assisted Extraction of Carotenoids From Tomato Waste PDF
Enzyme and High Pressure Assisted Extraction of Carotenoids From Tomato Waste PDF
Enzyme and High Pressure Assisted Extraction of Carotenoids From Tomato Waste PDF
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ARTICLE IN PRESS
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a b s t r a c t
Enzyme (EA) and high pressure (HP) assisted extraction of carotenoids, especially lycopene, from tomato waste
using various organic solvents was examined. Total carotenoid and lycopene extraction yields were increased by
the use of pectinase and cellulase enzymes, when compared to the non enzyme treated solvent extraction process. The increase of extraction yield depended on the solvent. Maximum total carotenoid (127 mg/kg d.w.) and
lycopene (89.4 mg/kg d.w.) extraction yields were obtained in enzyme treated samples extracted with ethyl lactate
(solvent:solid = 10:1 mL:g), corresponding to almost 6-fold and 10-fold increase, respectively, with respect to non
enzyme treated samples. HP assisted extraction led to higher extraction yields (from 2 to 64% increase depending on
the solvent used) compared to conventional solvent extraction process performed at ambient pressure for 30 min.
HP assisted solvent extraction was successfully performed at 700 MPa by using signicantly (P < 0.05) lower ratios of
solvent:solid (6:1 and 4:1 mL:g) and reduced processing time (10 min), compared to solvent extraction performed at
ambient pressure, solvent:solid ratio 10:1 mL:g and 30 min extraction time.
2014 The Institution of Chemical Engineers. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Tomato waste; Carotenoids; Lycopene; Solvent extraction; Enzyme-assisted extraction; High hydrostatic
pressure
1.
Introduction
By-products of plant food processing represent a major disposal problem for the industry concerned, but they are also a
promising source of valuable components. Tomato processing
industry generates signicant amounts of waste, consisting
mainly of tomato skins and seeds, in a proportion depending on the specic process from which it is generated (Del
Valle et al., 2006). Tomatoes are a rich source of carotenoids,
particularly lycopene. The global market for carotenoids was
estimated to US$1.07 billion and is projected to top US$1.2
billion in 2015 (Global Industry Analysts Inc., 2011).
According to Sharma and Le Maguer (1996), at the end of
ripening stage, tomato skins contain up to ve times more
lycopene than the pulp. Conventional food grade solvents,
such as hexane, ethanol, and ethyl acetate, have been proposed for the extraction of carotenoids from tomato waste.
Corresponding author. Tel.: +30 210 7723166; fax: +30 210 7723163.
E-mail addresses: irinistrati@yahoo.gr, strati@chemeng.ntua.gr (I.F. Strati).
Received 13 January 2014; Received in revised form 22 August 2014; Accepted 28 September 2014
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fbp.2014.09.012
0960-3085/ 2014 The Institution of Chemical Engineers. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Please cite this article in press as: Strati, I.F., et al., Enzyme and high pressure assisted extraction of carotenoids from tomato waste. Food
Bioprod Process (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fbp.2014.09.012
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increase in extraction yield compared to the untreated samples, which varied from 2- to 18-fold. These differences may
be attributed to different raw material, enzyme preparation,
experimental conditions and solvents used for the subsequent
extraction. The effect of solvent on the extraction yield of
carotenoids from enzymatically treated tomato waste might
be very important, as different solvents show different penetration abilities and solubilizing effect on carotenoids (Strati
and Oreopoulou, 2011).
On the other hand, HP processing can cause some structural changes, such as cell deformation or cell membrane
damage that increase cell permeability as well as secondary
metabolite diffusion and consequently mass transfer rates,
while it has very little effect on low-molecular-weight compounds such as avour compounds, vitamins and pigments
(Knorr, 1993; Corrales et al., 2008). In the literature, earlier studies have been published with regards to the effect of HP on total
carotenoid content and carotenoid availability of commonly
consumed vegetables (McInerney et al., 2007; Plaza et al., 2012).
As an extraction method, this technology was rst studied
in 2004, and it was found to effectively shorten the extraction time and increase the process efciency (Zhang et al.,
2004). Recently, HP has been implemented to extract bioactive compounds from natural sources, such as anthocyanins
from grape by-products (Corrales et al., 2008), or phenolic compounds from Maclura pomifera fruits (Altuner et al., 2012), while
Xi (2006) applied HP on tomato paste waste and obtained
higher yields of lycopene compared to conventional solvent
extraction performed at ambient pressure for 30 min.
Several solvents have been examined in a previous work
(Strati and Oreopoulou, 2011) for the extraction of carotenoids,
and especially lycopene, from tomato waste and the results
were highly dependent on the solvent. In the present study
we further investigated the possibility to enhance carotenoid
extractability by enzyme pre-treatment or HP assisted extraction. Tomato waste was treated with pectinase and cellulase
enzymes prior to extraction with various solvents, from the
non-polar hexane to the highly polar ethanol so as to
dene the combined effect on extraction yield. Additionally,
HP processing, in the pressure range of 100800 MPa with
the initial (prior to pressurization) temperature of 25 C was
explored in order to obtain the maximum extraction yields of
carotenoids and lycopene from tomato waste.
2.
2.1.
2.2.
Plant material
2.3.
2.4.
Please cite this article in press as: Strati, I.F., et al., Enzyme and high pressure assisted extraction of carotenoids from tomato waste. Food
Bioprod Process (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fbp.2014.09.012
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2.5.
2.6.
Statistical analysis
EA and HP assisted extractions were performed in two separate trials and analyses in triplicate. The average of three
Please cite this article in press as: Strati, I.F., et al., Enzyme and high pressure assisted extraction of carotenoids from tomato waste. Food
Bioprod Process (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fbp.2014.09.012
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3.
3.1.
Please cite this article in press as: Strati, I.F., et al., Enzyme and high pressure assisted extraction of carotenoids from tomato waste. Food
Bioprod Process (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fbp.2014.09.012
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3.2.
Fig. 4 (a) Total carotenoid and (b) lycopene yield extracted
from tomato waste samples using different solvents
combined with enzyme pretreatment using pectinase and
cellulase enzymes. Values with different superscripts differ
signicantly (P < 0.05)
(a < b < c < d < e < f < g < h < i < j < k < l < m).
3.2.2.
Please cite this article in press as: Strati, I.F., et al., Enzyme and high pressure assisted extraction of carotenoids from tomato waste. Food
Bioprod Process (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fbp.2014.09.012
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Table 1 Total carotenoids and lycopene content obtained by conventional and high pressure (HP) assisted extraction.
Total carotenoids
(mg/kg dw)
Lycopene content
(mg/kg dw)
Solvents
Conventional
Ethanol
Hexaneethanol (50:50)
Hexane
Hexaneacetone (50:50)
Acetone
Ethyl acetate
Hexaneethyl acetate (50:50)
Hexaneethyl lactate (50:50)
Ethyl lactate
Ethanol
Hexaneethanol (50:50)
Hexane
Hexaneacetone (50:50)
Acetone
Ethyl acetate
Hexaneethyl acetate (50:50)
Hexaneethyl lactate (50:50)
Ethyl lactate
3.63
19.98
18.15
22.03
21.06
23.68
26.98
57.20
147.69
2.47
13.87
15.14
15.94
14.53
16.62
17.14
46.27
82.48
0.15a
0.50a
0.49a
0.32a
0.90a
0.44a
0.21a
0.40a
2.33a
0.08a
0.09a
0.30a
0.10a
0.31a
0.05a
0.64a
0.04a
1.33a
HP
9.30
17.88
22.34
23.34
23.24
24.78
44.19
64.50
165.27
7.04
14.57
17.84
16.01
15.04
17.70
25.01
50.40
83.59
0.16b
1.48a
0.52b
0.86a
1.24a
0.72a
0.99b
0.60b
2.73b
0.11b
0.05a
0.59b
0.08a
0.16a
0.16a
0.48b
0.73b
4.63a
Values with different superscripts within the same row differ signicantly (P < 0.05).
Please cite this article in press as: Strati, I.F., et al., Enzyme and high pressure assisted extraction of carotenoids from tomato waste. Food
Bioprod Process (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fbp.2014.09.012
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4.
Conclusions
Acknowledgements
The authors thank NOMIKOS S.A. (Aliartos, Viotia, Greece)
for kindly providing the tomato waste and Novozymes
(Bagsvaerd, Denmark) and Lyven S.A. (Colombelles, France) for
the enzyme preparations. The authors are also grateful to Dr.
A. Batrinou for her substantial suggestions and to S. Katsou
and Ch. Tsekou for their assistance in the experimental work.
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Please cite this article in press as: Strati, I.F., et al., Enzyme and high pressure assisted extraction of carotenoids from tomato waste. Food
Bioprod Process (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fbp.2014.09.012