0

Inanylimit question,thefirststepistoreplacexbythevalue
if lim f ( x) = = then say indeterminate
givenandcheckyouranswerasitmaybe:indeterminate,
x a
0
undefined,oranyrealnumber
a very big number
1
lim
(
)
= then say undefined
if
f
x

Case.1:Indeterminate youshould
x a
a veryy small number
0
simplify.Infractions
i lif I f ti
youtrytofactoror
t t f t
lim ..has x approaching 2.000..1
7 3 .
takecommondenominatorthencancellike
x2
expressions.Inradicals youconjugateor
7 3 . lim ..has x approaching -1.999..9
x2
(rationalize).
Case.2: Undefined youshouldapplythetwosided
Case.2:Undefined
you should apply the two sided
lim ..has x approaching -1.999..9
1.999..9
x2
limitsforitmayturnouttobeunequalandinthis
lim ..has x approaching -2.000..1
caseyousaythelimitdoesnotexistDNE
x2
Differentiable means
continuousbut continuity
d
ti l
doesnotimply
differentiability

f(x)isacontinuous functioniff

li f ( x) lim
lim
li f ( x) lim
li f ( x) f (b)

xb

xb

xb

Rationalfunctions:MayadmitAsymptotes
q(x)=0 and find x=number
p ( x) Vertical (V) put q(x)=0andfindx=number
y
Horizontal (H)
q( x)

Iftherelationisfalse thef(x)
isadiscontinuousfunction

p ( x) Checkyouranswer.If
x q ( x ) indeterminate thensimplify.You
get y=number,
or as no(H)
no (H)
gety
number,or

find lim

Rateofchange=averagerateofchange=y/x
ate o c a ge a e age a e o c a ge y/

Slope=y=f(x)=0forahorizontalline
( y2 y1 )
==dy/dx=slopeofthetangentlinetothecurve=slopeofthecurve
=1/0foraverticalline
( x2 x1 )

f ( x h) f ( h)
h

Implicitderivative:deriv.ofyisythen
deriv ofy
deriv.
of y2 is2y.y
is 2y yandderiv.
and deriv of4y
of 4y3 is
is
2
derivativeofy w.r.tx =velocity=V iff(x) standsforthepositionofamovingobjectattimex 12y ywhilethatofx hasno x for
itsvalueis1.WHY?Becausex is
Differentials:y=f=dy/dxthen dy=f.dxSoifArea=r2 then dA=2 r.drwheredA independentandydependsonx
representsthechangeinarea anddr thechangeinr =increaseordecreaseofr if+ fory=f(x).Soinanyimplicit
Related Rates: including the factor of time relatingvariablestotimederivativeof
RelatedRates:includingthefactoroftime
relating variables to time derivative of equationyouderivatewiththe
y y dy/dx because nomorewearerelatingy w.r.tx but infactwearerelatingeach presenceofy,thencollecty.
w.r.ttimet.Sointhiscontextderivativeofy=changeinrateofy=dy/dt.Samefor dx/dt find y ' : e xy y 2 x 2
and deriv.ofx2=2xdx/dt.yalsoknownasincrementiny.sameforx=dx.
xy
Whiledy=df isthedifferentialofy=partofthewholederivativeyorf. e (1. y y ' x) 2 yy ' 2 x cont.

lim
atthepointoftangency==f(x)=y=
fourstepprocess
h0

Function

expression

Derivative

Monomials,
Binomials,
and Polynomials
andPolynomials

Y=3
Y=x
Y=5x
Y=kx , K insetR
Y=k.xn
G(x)=k.unforu=u(x)anexpressioninx

Y=0
Y=1
YY=5
=5
Y=k
Y=nk.xn1
G(x)=nk.un1.u

F(x)=5(3x47x2+)11

F=55(3x47x2+)10.(12x314x)

Rationals(fractions)

1
y x 1
x

Irrationals(Radicals)

y x x1/2

u ( x)
g ( x)
v( x)

( ) x
Y=ex, f=k.eu(x) ,h(x)=b
2 x

g=3e5x
Logarithms

1 1/2
1
x
2
2 x
k
km
g '( x)
[u ( x)]m/ n1.u '
n
y'

g ( x) k .m u ( x) k .[u ( x)]m/ n
Exponentials

1
x2
u ' v v 'u
g '(( x)
v2

y ' x 2

y log x

y k .log b x
y log b u ( x)
y k .ln x
y k .ln u ( x)

Y=ex,
2 x

g=3e5x

f=k.eu(x).u,h=bx .lnb
.(10x1)

y 1 / x.ln10
y k / x.ln b
y u '/ u.ln b
yk/x
y k .u '( x) / u ( x)

Domain

Range

*Lines (exceptspecial) y=mx+b

(,)

(,)

*Absolutelinesy=|x|

(,)

[0, )

*
*Quadratics
d

(
(,)
)

[k,+)ifmaximum
)
(,k]ifminimum

q(x)0Solve for x

Allysexcepthorizontal
Asymptote(s)

(,)

(0, )

*Rationals

y ax bx c
2

p( x)
q( x)

*Exponentialsa>0
y ax
*Logarithms

y log x, y log b x

y ln x

*Radicals

(0, ),f(x)>0,solveforx

(,)

y ln f ( x) or log f ( x)

x , 4 x ,..., even f ( x)

x , 5 x ,..., odd f ( x)

Inodd(,)
Inodd (,)

Ineven(0, )

Ineven
[0, )orsolvef(x)0
Marginal cost,Revenue,Profit=C(x),R(x),P(x)forProfit=RC andR=qp=quantity.price=xp givenaprice
demand equationp.Exactcostofproducing(x+1)th item=C(x+1)C(x)whichisestimatedbyC(x)
BreakevenpointswhenR(x)=C(x)say(a,f(a)),(b,f(b))
Whenaskedtointerpretresults,we
Profit=R(x)C(x)>0.IfR>C thengain over
say: ataproductionlevelof.the
Interval(a,b)
Interval (a b) andifR<C
and if R < C thenloss
then loss overtwointervals
over two intervals
isincreasing+or
is increasing + or decreasing
decreasing ata
at a
rateof.peritem
(d1, ,a) (b, d2)given(d1, d2)asdomainofRandC
f '( x)
Aprice increasewilldecreasedemand
wesaypriceanddemand
Relative rate of change of f ( x)
A price decreasewillincreasedemand
aredirectly proportional
f ( x)
Demandisinelastic:Price andrevenue areagaindirectlyproportional
f '(( x) Demandisinelastic:Price andrevenue areinversely proportional
Percentage rate of change 100%
f ( x)
Aprice increasedecreasesrevenue.Aprice decreaseincreasesrevenue

Elasticity of demand

relative rate of change of demand

f '( p )
p
E ( p)
relative rate of change of price
f ( p)