Berg Tymoczko Stryer

Biochemistry

Sixth Edition

Chapter 26
The Biosynthesis of Membrane
Lipids and Steroids

Copyright 2007 by W. H. Freeman and Company

Applications

Lipid synthesis - Microbial production of biodiesel

Steroids synthesis



Cholesterol how to control your diet



Antifungal drugs

Biochemistry Phosphoglycerides, Cholesterol, Steroids

Lecture

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MgTAw1TMmPg

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XJvBOKOeipM

Summary lipid synthesis

Synthesis of Phosphatidate

Synthesis of Phospholipids and Triacylglycerol

Phosphatiditic acid phosphatase key regulatory
enzyme

Synthesis of sphingolipids from ceremide

Glycolysis

NADH

NAD+

Phospholipids and

Triacylglycerols

DHAP

Gluconeogenesis

Glycerol 3-P

dehydrogenase

Glycerol phosphate

acyltransferase

CTP

PPi

Alcohol is

Inositol

Phosphatidic acid

phosphatase

Diglyceride acyltransferase

Different alcohols gives

different phospholipids

TCA
Citrate





Acetyl CoA





Malonyl CoA









Cholesterol

Ceramide and

Sphingolipids

FAD



FADH2

Sphingosine, sphingosine 1-P, and ceramide serve

as second messengers in the regulation of cell growth,

differentiation and death.

Summary Cholesterol synthesis

Synthesis of Cholesterol from Acetyl-CoA

Regulation of Cholesterol Biosynthesis at several
levels

Cholesterol and TAG transport by lipoproteins

Important derivatives of Cholesterol

Cholesterol is synthesized from Acetyl CoA

All 27 C-atoms are derived from Acetyl CoA.

This steroid modulates the fluidity of animal membranes.

3-Isopentenyl pyrophsphate is an activated isprene molecule that is an

important biomolecule throughout the kingdoms of life.

Cholesterol Biosynthesis

Ergosterol in the fungal pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus

Regulation of Cholesterol Biosynthesis

The SREBP pathway.

SREBP resides in the
endoplasmic reticulum, where
it is bound to SCAP by its
regulatory (Reg) domain.
When cholesterol levels fall,
SCAP and SREBP move to
the Golgi complex, where
SREBP undergoes successive
proteolytic cleavages by a
serine protease and a
metalloprotease. The released
DNA-binding domain moves
to the nucleus to alter gene
expression

Lipoprotein particles and cholesterol metabolism

Bile salts, the major breakdown

Products of cholesterol.

Cytochrom 450 mechanism:

Hydroxylation of cholesterol

Pregnancy

Cholesterol is the precursor of the 5 major classes

of steroid hormones: prostagens, glucocorticoids,

mineralocorticoids, androgens and estrogens.



These hormones are powerful signal molecules

Gluconeogenesis

that regulates a host of organismal functions.



Participate in gene regulation.



Vitamin D is derived from cholesterol by the ring-splitting activity of light

Kidney Na+, K+, H+

Pregnancy