A truly green car

AUTOR
I:

Eftenoiu
Diana
Diaconu Alexie Petre
10.12.20
14

Bioenergy Energy
Systems

1. Overview: Bioenergy
Bioenergy consists of biomass (biological mass) used in the production of
energy; http://www.bioproducts-bioenergy.govBiomass
Phototrophs use light to survive and propagate
Chemotrophs (like us) eat phototrophs (vegetables and salads)! Salads topped
with biodiesel and acetic acid!
CO2 + H2O >--solar energy and chlorophyll CH2O + O2,
or carbohydrate and oxygen
While biomass combustion releases CO2 into the atmosphere, new plants
require CO2 to grow, balancing the process for no net CO2 over a long time

2. Bioenergy Map (From Biomass)

Direct firing, cofiring, and gasification are forms of biopower ;
Ethanol can be made from grain or soybeans, and methanol can be made
from cellulose (wood) ;
Liquid fuels are essential for transportation vehicles due to high energy
density in the tank! ;
May be intentionally grown (coppicing) such as poplar trees or might use
waste byproducts ;
Biomass satisfied 4% of energy demand in 1990 ;
Biomass can serve as a bridge from fossil fuels, although it is an inefficient
producer of energy (~1%) ;

3.BioenergyUseChangedwithTime

4.BioenergyDefinitions
Bagasse:Sugarcanerefuseleftafterpressingthejuicefromthecane
Bioenergy:Energyderivedfrombiomass
Biomass:Massofplantmaterialformedfromsolarenergy,water,andair;any
organicmaterialthatisrenewable
Cofire:Toburnanadditionalfuelwiththeprimaryfuel,suchasbagasseor
sawdustwithcoal
IWS:IndustrialWasteStream
Wastewood,plastics,fiber;samekindofdiscard
MWS:MunicipalWasteStream,orMSW,municipalsolidwaste
Trash,planttrimmings,garbage(batteries,heavymetals,poisons,
chemicals?)contaminatetheair.

5.SourcesandAvailability
Typicalfuelsaresugarcane,sugarbeets,sorghums,corn,wheat,forage,
grasses,kenaf,eucalyptus,shortrotationhardwoods,sunflowers,and
comfrey.[Blackburn,1993]
Thematerialsaresocheapthatthecostofhaulingthemdeterminestheoverall
economicsofusingthem.
Truckhaulageshouldnotexceed~70milestoavoidoveralllossof
energyfromtruckfuelconsumption
Arethesourcessustainableorwilltherebeshortages?
Biomassactsasseasonalpeaking,sincethegrowthoccursintimefor
harvestingforwinterheating

6.EnergyExtractionandPreparation
Drybiomassmayhavesomeresidualmoisturebutonlyrequiresphysical
preparationlikechippingtofireit
Someresearchisbeingdonetoseeiflongtreescanbedirectlyfiredona
metalconveyorbelt
Wetbiomasscanabsorbmoreheatenergyfromafurnacethanitcansupply;
thebiomassmustbeexternallydriedtoburn
Smallbiomasspelletsaremadefromwoodscrapsandsawdust
Therearepelletburningstoveswithascrewconveyorfeed

7.DryBiomass
Drybiomassconsistsoftreechips,paper,variousotherplantmattersuchas
corn,soybean,sorghum,sunflower,oats,barley,wheatandhay
Whenfirstcut,thesapmayabsorbenergy,andthemassshoulddry
Spreadonfieldsinthesun
Placedinovenheatedbywhatwouldotherwisebewasteheat
Usingsolarthermalenergyairheaters

8.MunicipalSolidWastes(MSW)
Municipalwastestreamsmayhaveanythinginitthatpeoplewanttothrow
awayitsamix
Airblastandmagneticseparationcanselectdifferentstreamstogoinvarious
piles
Permanentmagnetsfirstextractthesteelandiron
Alternatingcurrentelectromagnetsusetheeddycurrenteffectto
removenonferrousmetals(Al,Cu)
Lightpaperandplasticwillstratifyinanaircolumntoremovethemfrom
heaviersubstances(metalandbottles)
Handsortingcanpickoutsomeofwhatsleft
Withoutthisprocess,pollutantsarentremoved

9.IndustrialWasteStreams(IWS)
Industrialwastesdifferfrommunicipalwastesinthattheyareoftenseparated
orcategorizedasoutputsfromspecificprocesses
Itsrelativelyeasytohavepurewastestreamsallofonematerial,like
woodstrips,pallets,trimscrap
Paperproductsareapossibility,butdioxincontentcancauseairpollution
Anywetwastestreamwillrequiredryingbeforeburning
Couldrequiremoreenergytodrythancanbeextractedfromit

10.WetBiomass
Wetbiomasstendstobeinwaterortostaymoist
Examplesarewaterplants,animalwastes,andbiodieseloil
Floridahaslotsofweedsthatcamefromdumpedaquariums(alsofish
thatshouldntbehere,likepiranhaandsnakeheadwilltheyburn?)
Treatedwithhydrogasificationathighpressureandlowtemperaturesto
produceagasorbiofueloil

11.AnimalWastes
Averagemanureproductionforfullybredcowsandpigsis40kgand2.3kg
wetweightperday[Sorensen,2000]
(athingIneverwantedtoknow)

 ManurelagoonsatConsolidatedAnimalFeedingOperations(CAFO)posea
storedpollutionproblem
Lagoondambreacheshavepoisonednearbystreamsandkilled
thousandsoffishinNC
Anaerobicdigestionallowsmethanegasrecovery

12.MunicipalSewerPlants
Thesameprocessesforfarmanimalwastescanbeusedatcitysewerplants
40billionBtusofmethaneper100,000peopleperyear
Floridamethanecouldyield20trillionBtusperyear
Costwouldbe$6to$8permillionBtu
Atpresent,filteredsewagesludgeisoftenbulkdumped(sprayed)on
agriculturalpastures
Themethanegasfromasewagelagooncanberecoveredbyabioenergy
process,reducingthesludgebeforedisposal
Acruiseshipislikeasmallcitywheredoesthesewagego?

13.GaseousBiomass
Methaneistheprimarybiogas
Asidefromsewage,therestermites,livestockflatulence,swamps,etc.

LandfillgasisprimarilymethanebutcontainsCO2andothergasesfrom
plastics,etc.
80%ofodorshumansfindoffensivearetheresultofnitrogenorsulfur
bearingcompounds.Thenitrogenandsulfuratomsarerearrangedintosmaller

moleculesthatgiveoffodorwhenthey'revolatilizedasgasesintotheair,as
littleasonepartperbillionneedstobepresentforsensitivenosestonotice

14.LandfillGases

Conversionfrombiomasstoheatrequiressomeextractionifthefuelstreamis
contaminatedwithpollutingsubstances
Typicalprocessesarethefollowing:
Directcombustion
AnaerobicDigestion
Fermentation
Pyrolysis
Otherlessusedtechniques

EnergyConversion

 Conversionfrombiomasstoheatrequiressomeextractionifthefuel
streamiscontaminatedwithpollutingsubstances
Typicalprocessesarethefollowing:
Directcombustion
AnaerobicDigestion
Fermentation
Pyrolysis
Otherlessusedtechniques

Conversion:DirectCombustion
RefuseDerivedFuel(RDF)canbefired(burned)
directlyorincombinationwithconventionalfuels

Someprocessing,suchascleaning,chopping,etc.
maybeneededforhandlingorairpollutionavoidance

Fluidizedgratefurnacesblowairinbeneaththe
grate,andthiskeepstheburningmassinseething
flotationasitburns

Conversion:AnaerobicDigestion

Bacteriaproduceaceticacid(foundinvinegar)

Methanegas50%to80%,$2.50/kft3(1976)
MicrogyCogenerationSystems,Inc.isbuildinga25
MWdigestionplant

EssexJunctionWastewaterTreatmentfacilityin
EssexJunction,Vermonttreats1.7milliongallonsof
wastewaterperdayandwillproduce400MWelectricity
peryeartoreduceplantcosts

Priceofelectricityisestimatedat$0.02per
kWh

Conversion:Fermentation
Enzymescanchangecelluloseintosugars,whichcan
thenbefermentedintoalcohol

Canesugar,C6H12O62C2H5OH+2CO2

Fermentationofcornorotherbiomasswillproduce
ethanol

Theuseoffoodstocksinthiswaymightbeseen
asapooruseoffood

Breweryspillageorwasteandoutdatedsoda
canbefiltered,cleaned,andreprocessedtoproduce
fuel

Itisdenaturedwith15%gasolineto
discouragedrinkingandavoidFederalliquor
lawtaxes

Fermentationofstillagerefusecanalso
producemethane

Conversion:Pyrolysis
Fastpyrolysisisheatingbiomasswithoutoxygentodecomposeitinto
vapors,aerosolsandchar
Theliquidhas~onehalftheheatingvalueoffueloil
Theprocessistunedtoproduceliquidratherthancharcoal

LowqualityproducergascanbecleanedtoremoveCO2andN2,then
thissynthesisgasreactedas
2H2+COCH3OHtoyieldmethanol

Conversion:Other
Hydrogasification
Lowtemperatureandhighpressureproducesethane&methaneplus
CO2
Acatalystaidstheprocess
Hydrogenation
Waste+SteamandCOformslowsulfuroilhaving16000Btu/pound
heatingvalue
Usedtomakepeanutbutterandmargarine

IssuesandTrends
Environmentalconsiderations
Biomassconversionplantsareoftenfoughtbysomeasasourceof
pollutants
Lesspollutingthanacoalplant
MSWmaycontainheavymetalsandshouldnotbeburned
Papercoloredinksoftencontainheavymetals
Trashproductioncanbedecreasedbycarefulpurchases,conservation,reusing,
andrecycling
Ifthesewastereductionpracticesarefollowed,thereislessavailablefor
bioenergy

Parcurgerea paiilor modelului de analiz

Pasul 1:
n primul pas, se coboar temperatura de la o valoare iniial de 800 C

la 150 C, ceea ce are ca i impact principal , afectarea stratului superior (stratul de

manta) , respectiv a substratului.
! Stratul purttor nu este activ n acest pas.
Colul din stnga jos a substratului este fix, iar colul din dreapta jos a
substratului este constrns n direcia y. Acest lucru previne micrile corpului rigid,
dar nu afecteaz distribuia solicitrii.

Pasul 2:

n aceast etap toate cele trei straturi sunt active i se scade

temperatura de la 150 C pn la o temperatur a camerei de 20 C.
Acest pas include i solicitrile iniiale de la Pasul 1.
n acelai mod ca i la Pasul, 1 colul din stnga jos al stratului de
transport este fixat, iar colul din dreapta-jos al stratului de transport este
restrictionat n direcia y.
Observaii:
Presiunea normal n direcia x din prima etap de analiz este
reprezentat n Figur 2. Materialul de substrat are un coeficient de dilatare termic
mai mare dect materialul de acoperire.
Acest lucru denot faptul c substratul se micoreaz mai mult dect
stratul de acoperire(manta) , avand drept efect tensiuni de ntindere n zona de lng
substrat de acoperire respectiv , tensiuni de compresie n stratul de acoperire(manta).

Figura 2. Tensiunea normal n direcia x pentru analiza primului pas.

Figura de mai jos (nr.3) prezint rezidul termic x de stres n etapa final,
ce a avut c principala aciune coborrea temperaturii pn la o valoare de 20 C.
Nivelurile de presiune au crescut oarecum n zona de lng substratul de
acoperire, aa cum i nivelul de compresiune n stratul de acoperire a crescut,
comparativ cu primul pas al procesului.
Principala contribuie a tensiunii este n mod clar tensiunea adugat
iniial n primul pas al procesului.

Figura 3. Solicitari reziduale termice pe directia x la temperatura camerei

4.Concluzii
Odat cu finalizarea pasului 1, din graficul rezultat (vezi fig.2) stratul
purttor nu mai este activ!
n ceea ce privete distribuia eforturilor n stratul manta, aceasta este
net mai mic, cu excepia colturilor din dreapta, respectiv stnga sus, n aceste zone,
distribuia eforturilor fiind ceva mai mari comparativ cu restul stratului.
Din punct de vedere al mrimilor eforturile, cele mai mari ca valoare se
regsesc la partea superioar a substratului, acestea scznd considerabil ctre partea
de jos.
Dup parcurgerea pasului 2, stratul purttor este activ. O parte din
eforturile aflate n acest substrat se transfera n stratul purttor, la o valoare
semnificativ mai mare dect cea de dinaintea activrii statului purttor, lucru ce se
poate vizualiza n figura 3.

5 Bibliografie
1. www.ce.tuiasi.ro/~vrabie/rez2008.pdf

2. www.resist.pub.ro/Cursuri_master/SMC/CAP.4.DOC
3. instal.utcb.ro/site/Teza_Paun_Virgil.pdf
4. http://lege5.ro/Gratuit/geydemjqha/reglementarea-tehnica-normativ-privindproiectarea-si-executia-invelitorilor-subtiri-de-beton-armat-si-precomprimatmonolite-si-prefabricate-indicativ-np-119-06-din-21092006/2
5. http://www.oltplast-onesti.ro/Caracteristici%20tehnice%20ale%20sticlei.pdf.
6.
http://www.spatiulconstruit.ro/storproc/fisier_atasabil/h1/f119/119_zidarie_curs_1a_caracteristici_g
enerale.pdf.
7. Lucrarea de laborator

6 L I ST D E F IGURI
Figura 1 Geometria placii........................................................................................................................3
Figura 2 Tensiunea normal n direcia x pentru analiza primului pas ........................................................4
Figura 3 Solicitari reziduale termice pe directia x la temperatura camerei....................................................5

7 C ONINUT
1

Introducere....................................................................................................................................2

D e f i n i r e a m odelului...................................................................................................................2

Parcurgerea paiilor modelului de analiz...............................................................................3

Concluzii .......................................................................................................................................6

B i b l i o g r a f i e ...............................................................................................................................6

List de figuri........................................................................................................................................7