As a lymphocyte matures, the nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio increases.

As a lymphocyte matures, the overall size decreases.

As a lymphocyte matures, the number of nucleoli decreases.
As a lymphocyte matures, the chromatin clumping increases.
As a lymphocyte matures, the quantity of cytoplasm decreases.
The most characteristic morphological features of variant lymphocytes includes
increased overall size, possibly one to three nucleoli, and abundant cytoplasm.
Rieder Cells CLL
Vacuolated lymphocytes Niemann-Pick disease and Burkitt lymphoma
Crystalline inclusion Leukosarcoma
Smudge cells Natural artifact
T cells are lymphocytes, and helper or suppressor types.
B cells are lymphocytes.
NK cells are classified as effector lymphocytes.
The following statements are true of T cells: responsible for cellular immune
responses, and responsible for chronic rejection in organ transplants.
The following statement is true about B cells: responsible for antibody responses.
An abnormal plasma cell with red staining cytoplasm is a flame cell.

Chapter 17
Lymphocytopenia means a total decrease in lymphocytes.
The helper subset of T lymphocytes is decreased in AIDS.
Radiation exposure Lymphocytopenia
Infectious mononucleosis Lymphocytosis
Cytotoxic drugs Lymphocytopenia
Whooping cough Lymphocytosis
Immune deficiency disorders Lymphocytopenia

Toxoplasmosis Lymphocytosis
Etiology: EBV characterizes infectious mononucleosis.
The laboratory findings in infectious mononucleosis are generally characterized by
an increase in variant lymphocytes.
Lymphocyte differential counts over 95% characterize infectious mononucleosis.
Etiology: a herpes family virus is characteristic o CMV infection.
AIDS is caused by HIV-1.
Toxoplasmosis can be characterized by: symptoms that resemble infectious
mononucleosis, occurrence in pregnant women who own cats, and etiology:
parasite.
ANA Test has replaced the LE cell preparation in the diagnosis of SLE.

Chapter 18
A definition of leukemia can include: an overproduction of leukocytes and malignant
cells trespassing the blood-brain barrier.
Descriptive terms for most lymphomas can include a solid malignant tumor of the
lymph nodes.
An acute leukemia can be described as being of short duration with many immature
leukocyte forms in the peripheral blood.
The etiological agents of leukemias can include ionizing agents, certain infectious
agents, and chemical exposure to benzene.
HIV is associated with AIDS.
Cancer-predisposing agents may act by: affecting the rate at which exogenous
precarcinogens are metabolized to actively carcinogenic forms, affecting the hosts
ability to repair resulting damage to DNA, and altering the immune systems ability
to recognize and wipe out incipient tumors.
The incidence of leukemia is higher in Scandinavian versus Japanese populations.

Chapter 19
These are typical characteristics of an acute leukemia: replacement of normal
marrow elements by leokocytic blasts and bleeding episodes, blasts and immature
leukocyte forms in the peripheral blood and anemia, and leukocytosis.
Myeloid and monocytic acute leukemia FAB classification M4
Monocytic acute leukemia FAB classification M5
Myeloid without maturation acute leukemia FAB classification M1
Lymphoblastic (one cell population) acute leukemia FAB classification L1
Characteristics of FAB M1 include leukocytosis without maturation of the myeloid
cell line in the peripheral blood.
The incidence of FAB M1 is high in children younger than 18 months of age and high
in middle-aged adults.
A mixture of myeloid and monocytic blasts FAB M4
Blasts of the monocytic type FAB M5
Many coarsely granular promyelocytes with dumbbell shaped or bilobed nuclei FAB
M3
Myeloblasts, promyelocytes, and myelocytes FAB M2
Immature leukocyteic and erythrocytic cell types FAB M6
FAB L3 describes leukemia secondary to Burkitt Lymphoma
FAB L1 describes childhood lymphoblastic leukemia
FAB L2 describes older children and adults
Chloromas are associated with FAB M1
A common characteristic of ALL is bone and joint pain.
FAB M3 has chromosomal alteration t(15q+;17q-)
FAB M2 has chromosomal alteration t(8q-;21q+)
FAB ALL has chromosomal alteration t(9;22)
Sudan black B stains Lipids
Myeloperoxidase stains Enzymes

PAS stains Glycogen

The Sudan Black B cytochemical stain differentiates acute myeloid from ALL
Myeloidperoxidase differentiates acute myelomonocytic from acute monocytic
leukemia
The PAS reaction is positive in the neutrophilic granulocytes, except blasts
Esterase (naphthol AS-D chloracetate) differentiates granulocytic (promyelocytic to
segmented neutrophils) from the monocytic line
In the nonspecific esterase (alpha-naphthyl acetate) staining reaction, the cells of
monocytic origin are strongly positive.
Specific nature B-cell surface marker(s) membrane are CD 79a, CD19, and CD20.
Patients with AML have a good prognosis if less than 45 years of age, over rods are
present in blast cells, and Ph chromosome.

Chapter 20
The most common form of chronic leukemia in Western countries is lymphocytic.
The median survival time of patients with CLL, compared with patients with chronic
monocytic leukemia is longer.
CLL is classically a B-cell disorder.
CLL symptoms frequently include absolute lymphocytosis, malaise, and low-grade
fever
Characteristics of malignant lymphoma typically include over proliferation of
lymphocytes and lymph node involvement.
Hodgkin disease is a lymphoma, characterized by Reed-Sternberg cells, and occurs
more frequently in males than in females
Rare forms of lymphoma include Burkitt lymphoma and mycosis fungoides
Multiple myeloma is a disorder of the plasma cells
The abnormal protein frequently found in the urine of persons with multiple
myeloma is Bence Jones
WM is characterized by increased levels of IgM
CD25 CD22, CD19, CD20 are positive cluster designations in typical HCL.

Chapter 21
MPNs are characterized by clonal disorders, they may evolve into acute leukemia,
and increased production of mature cells, NOT initial increase of immature cells.
In CML, the total leukocyte (WBC) count is extremely increased
Primary myelofibrosis differs from other types of MPN in that marrow fibrosis is
greatly increased
Extremely increased erythrocyte mass is a remarkable characteristic of PV
compared to other types of MPNs.
Extremely increased number of platelets is a predominant feature of essential
thrombocythemia compared with other types of MPNs.
In MPN, the test results of disorders of hemostasis and coagulation that are most
likely to be abnormal are increased APTT, decreased factor V level, and increased
concentration of antithrombin III in many
Interferon alfa has been shown to suppress proliferation of hematopoietic progenitor
cells.
Leukemia of long duration that affects the neutrophilic granulocytes is referred to as
CML
The alkaline phosphatase cytochemical staining reaction used to differentiate
between CML and severe bacterial infections.
Patients with initial phase of CML and prone to low-grade fevers, night sweats, and
splenic infarction.
The total leukocyte count in CML is >50 x 109/L.
The Philadelphia chromosome is typically associated with CML.
Patients with PV suffer from hypervolemia.
In PV, cytogenic results do not predict/provide evolution of the disease.
Hyperviscosity can produce dizziness.
The major criteria for diagnosis of PV include increased red blood cell mass,
presence of JAK2V617F, and hypercellular bone marrow, but not splenomegaly.
Increased blood viscosity in patients with PV can cause a dangerous condition of
vascular occlusion.

The level of erythropoietin in the urine is decreased in patients with PV compared

with other kinds of polycythemia.
Patients with PV demonstrate an absence of hemosiderin in the bone marrow.
Treated patients with PV have a more than 10-year life expectancy after diagnosis.
The primary treatment for PV is therapeutic phlebotomy.
Primary myelofibrosis is also called agnogenic myeloid metaplasia.
The incidence of primary myelofibrosis is known to increase after exposure to
benzene.
The predominant clinical manifestation of primary myelofibrosis is anemia,
splenomegaly, and medullary fibrosis.
The most constant feature of primary myelofibrosis is dysmegakarocytopoiesis.
A leukoerythroblastic picture includes teardrop shaped RBC, nucleated RBC, and
immature myeloid cells, but not immature lymphocytes.
The median survival time for patients with primary myelofibrosis is approximately 5
years.
The least common form of MPN is essential thrombocythemia.
A major criterion for the diagnosis of essential thrombocythemia is persistent
increase of platelets in peripheral blood.
The most common disorder in patients with essential thrombocythemia is
neurological manifestations.
The bone marrow architecture in essential thrombocythemia is similar to the
architecture seen in CML.

Chapter 22
Patients with come variety of MDS are at increased risk of developing AML.
Organic solvents and insecticides have not been supported by scientific research as
being associated with the development of secondary MDS.
An increased incidence of MDSs is seen in males older than 55 years of age.
The most frequently involved chromosomes in adults with MDS are 5, 7, and 8.

The most frequent chromosomal abnormalities in children with MDS do NOT include
trisomy 8, monosomy 7, and deletion of long arm of chromosome 20.
The incidence of chromosomal abnormality in adults with MDS is 40-90%
The karyotype associated with a high probability of transforming to AML is
monosomy 5 and monosomy 7.
Patients with MDSs commonly suffer from anemia initially.
Refractory anemia (RA) anemia, less than 1% blasts.
Refractory anemia with ring sideroblasts (RARS) anemia, no blasts.
Refractory anemia with excess blasts, type 1 (RAEB-1) cytopenia(s), less than 5%
blasts, no Auer rods
In young patients, the therapy of choice for MDSs involves allogeneic bone marrow
transplantation.