Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Section 6
Section 6
Solution:
F 2500 lb
Ny 2
a 2.5 in
F Fec
A
I
For AISI C1022, as rolled, sy 52 ksi (Table AT7).
s
52
y
26 ksi 26,000 psi
Ny
2
A bh 3b2
bh3 b 3b 2
2.25b4
12
12
h
c 1.5b
2
h
e a a 1.5b 2.5 1.5b
2
F Fec
A
I
I
26,000 2500
1
2.5 1.5b1.5b
3b
2.25b4
1
2.5 1.5b
2
3b
1.5b3
26,000 2500
5
in
8
h 3b 3 0.625 in 1.875 in 1
Page 1 of 133
7
in
8
Solution:
Soderberg Line:
1 sm sa
N sy sn
For AISI 1045, as rolled (Table AT 7).
sy 59 ksi
su 96 ksi
sn 0.5su 48 ksi
Size factor = 0.85
Load factor (axial) = 0.80
sn 0.85 0.80 48 32.64 ksi
1
3000 lb 0 1500 lb
2
1
Fa 3000 lb 0 1500 lb
2
h
e a a 1.5b 0.5 1.5b
2
1 ec
sm Fm
A I
Fm
sm 1500
sm 1500
1
0.5 1.5b1.5b
3b
2.24b3
1
0.5 1.5b
2
3b
1.5b3
1 ec
A I
sa Fa
sa 1500
1
0.5 1.5b1.5b
3b
2.24b3
1
0.5 1.5b
2
3b
1.5b3
sa 1500
1 sm sa
N sy sn
Page 2 of 133
7.00
2
3b
1.5b3
By trial and error method:
b 0.53 in
h 3b 3 0.53 in 1.59 in
Solution:
1
Fm 3 3 0 lb
2
1
Fa 3 3 3 kips
2
1 ec
sm Fm
A I
1
0.5 1.5b1.5b
2.24b3
3b
0.5 1.5b
1
sm 0
0
2
1.5b3
3b
sm 1500
1 ec
A I
sa Fa
sa 3
1
0.5 1.5b1.5b
3b
2.24b3
1
0.5 1.5b
2
3b
1.5b3
sa 3
1 sm sa
N sy sn
1
3 1
0.5 1.5b
0
2
2
32.64 3b
1.5b3
1
0.5 1.5b
5.44
2
3b
1.5b3
By trial and error method:
b 0.5905 in
Page 3 of 133
A circular column (See Fig. 8.3, Text), the material of which is SAE
1020, as rolled, is to have a length of 9 ft. and support an eccentric
load of 16 kips at a distance of 3 in. from the center line. Let N = 3. (a)
What should be the outside diameter Do if the column is hollow and Di
= 0.75Do? (b) What should be the diameter if the column is solid?
Solution:
a. Try J.B. Johnson
F
se 1
Le
k
4 2 E
sy
Transition point
Le 2 2E
k
sy
1
2
2 2 30 10 6
48000
1
2
111
Le 2L
L 9 ft 108 in
Le 2L 2108 216 in
k
I
A
64
64
64
A
2
2
Do Di2
Do 0.75Do 2 0.109375Do2
4
4
Page 4 of 133
0.6836Do4
64
k
0.3125Do
0.109375Do2
se
16
F
0.109375Do2
A
216
sy e
48
k
0.3125Do
1
2
1
4 E
4 2 30 10 3
se
Fec
I
Do
0.5Do
2
e 3 in
F 16 kips
sy
N
48
16 ksi
3
46.5642
Do2
16
19.363
Do2
16
46.5642
Do2
19.363
Do2
16 3 0.5Do
0.6836Do4
64
715.22
Do3
Le 2L
216
214 111
k k 1.0094
Page 5 of 133
46.5642
Do2
19.363
Do2
se
2 30,000
216
3
0.3125Do
Fec
se
I
16 0.20658Do2
0.20658Do2 ksi
16 3 0.5Do
715.22
0.20658Do2
4
0.6836Do
Do3
64
Do 3.802 in
Di 0.75Do 0.75 3.802 2.8515 in
To check:
k 0.3125Do 0.3125 3.802 in 1.188125 in
Le
216 in
182 111
k 1.188125 in
Use Do = 3 13/16 in, Di = 2 13/16 in
b. For solid, also using Eulers equation.
I
A
D4
I
64
D2
A
4
k
se
D4
64 1 D 0.25D
D2 4
4
2E
2
L
N e
k
2 30 ,000
se
0.1322D2 ksi
2
216
0.25D
se
Fec
I
16 3 0.5D
489
0.1322D2 3
4
D
D
64
By trial and error method.
16 0.1322D2
Page 6 of 133
216 in
Le
268 111
k 0.80525 in
Use D = 3 in.
365.
Solution:
Eulers Equation:
Le 2L 21512 360 in
16 ksi
e 3 in
0.6836Do4
64
A 0.109375Do2
a. I
k 0.3125Do
se
se
2E
2
Le
N
2 30,000
360
3
0.3125Do
Fec
se
I
16 0.07437Do2
0.07437Do2 ksi
16 3 0.5Do
715.22
0.07437Do2
4
Do3
0.6836Do
64
Do 3.624 in
191 111
k 1.1325 in
Page 7 of 133
b. I
D4
64
D2
A
4
k 0.25D
2E
se
2
L
N e
k
2 30,000
se
0.0476D2 ksi
2
360
3
0.25D
se
Fec
I
16 0.0476D2
16 3 0.5D
489
0.0476D2 3
4
D
D
64
216 in
Le
274 111
k 0.7895 in
Use D = 3 3/16 in.
366.
Page 8 of 133
RA
FLcos30
d
RBV
F L d cos30
d
M RAd FLcos30
Mc
I
h
c
2
bh3
I
12
6M 6FLcos30
s2
bh2
bh2
s2
s1
F sin30
bh
t s1 s2
t
F sin30 6FLcos30
bh
bh2
sy
N
47
18 ksi
2.6
F 8 kips
b 1
3
in 1.375 in
8
L 20 in
F sin30 6FLcos30
bh
bh2
8 sin30 6 8 20 cos30
18
1.375h
1.375h2
Page 9 of 133
h 5.877 in 5
7
in
8
7
in
h
8
4.27
b 1 3 in
8
5
Therefore, use h 5
367.
3
7
in, b 1 in
8
8
Solution:
Use C1020, structural steel, sy = 48 ksi
Secant Formula
L NF
NF
ec
1 2 sec e
sy
A
2
EI
k
F F2 50 ,000 lbs 50 kips
e 8 in
N3
E 30,000 ksi
depth
2
Le 2L 21512 360 in
3 50
48
A
Page 10 of 133
depth
360
2
sec
2
k
2
3 50
30,000 I
14
360
2
sec
1
2
5.83
2
3 50
30,000 338.8
48 47.08
Therefore suitable wide flange I-beam is W14 x 34 lb. (English units)
A = 10 in2
Depth = 14 in
k = 5.83 in
I = 338.8 in4
368.
Solution:
Use C1020, structural steel, sy = 48 ksi
N3
E 30,000 ksi
Le 2L 21512 360 in
Transition Point
Le 2 2E
k
sy
1
2
2 2 30,000
48
L
sy e
k
Fc NF1 sy A 1
4 2 E
Page 11 of 133
1
2
111
NF1
2
L
sy e
k
A 1 2
4 E
3 50
48
2
360
48
A 1
4 2 30,000
48
150
5.2549
1
k2
From Strength of Materials, 3rd Edition by F.S. Singer and A. Pytel, Table B-2,
pg. 640, select Wide-Flange Sections by trial and error.
Then selecting W310 x 21, properties are
A = 2690 mm2 = 4.17 in2
k = 117 mm = 4.61 in
Substitute,
150
48
5.2549
4.17 1
4.61 2
150
48
5.2549
4.17 1
4.61 2
48 47.8
Check for validity of JB Johnson Formula
Le 360
78.1 111
k 4.61
Therefore, JB Johnson formula is valid and suitable wide flange I-beam is W12
x 14 lb. (English units)
A = 4.17 in2
k = 4.61 in
CHECK PROBLEMS
369.
A cam press, similar to that of Fig. 19-1, Text, exerts a force of 10 kips
at a distance of 7 in. from the inside edge of the plates that make up
the frame. If these plates are 1 in. thick and the horizontal section has
a depth of 6 in., what will be the maximum stress in this section?
Solution:
Page 12 of 133
F Fec
A
I
F 10 kips
e 7 in
c
6
in 10 in
2
6
in 3 in
2
A 21 6 12 in2
1 6 3
I2
12
36 in4
F Fec
A
I
10 10 10 3
9.2 ksi
12
36
370.
Page 13 of 133
Solution:
AA 6061-T6, sy 40 ksi (Table AT 3)
See Fig. 8.4, (C-clamp) T-section
F Fec
A
I
1 ec
F
A I
From Table AT 1 (T-section)
A Bt a H t
Bt2
ah2
Bt d2
ah e2
12
12
H 1.0625 in
B 0.53125 in
a 0.125 in
t 0.125 in
h H t 1.0625 0.125 0.9375 in
For c1 :
h
t
c1 Bt ha t ha Bt
2
0.9375
0.125
0.53125 0.125
2
c1 0.4016 in
c2 H c1 1.0625 0.4016 0.6609 in
t
0.125
d c1 0.4016
0.3391 in
2
2
h
0.9375
e t c1 0.125
0.4016 0.19215 in
2
2
Page 14 of 133
Bt2
ah2
Bt d2
ah e2
12
12
0.53125 0.125 2
0.125 0.9375 2
I
0.53125 0.125 0.3391 2
12
12
0.125 0.9375 0.19215 2 0.02063 in4
c c1 0.4016 in
a.
sy
N
40
13 ksi
3
1
2.7766 0.4016
0.1836
0.02063
13 F
b. sy 40 ksi
2.7766 0.4016
1
40 F
0.02063
0.1836
F 0.672 kips 672 lbs
371.
Page 15 of 133
Solution:
a 3 in
b 6 in
h 5 in
d e f 1 in
A fa dh b f d e
A 1 3 1 5 6 1 1 1 12 in2
For c1 :
f
d
b
c1 A hd b f d af b
2
2
2
1
1
6
c1 12 51 6 1 1 31 6
2
2
2
c1 2.583 in
c2 b c1 6 2.583 3.417 in
Page 16 of 133
b f d
b f d
6 1 1
c1 d
c1
2.583 0.417 in
2
2
2
f
1
3.417 2.917 in
2
2
d
1
m c1 2.583 2.083 in
2
2
k c2
af 3
e b f d 3
hd3
afk2
e b f d j 2
hdm2
12
12
12
3
31 3
51 3
1 6 1 1
I
3 1 2.917 2
1 6 1 1 0.417 2
5 1 2.083 2
12
12
12
I 53.92 in4
su 60
10 ksi
N 6
Page 17 of 133
A I
c c1 2.583 in
e 12 2.583 14.583 in
1 14.583 2.583
53.92
12
10 F
372.
Solution:
Refer to Prob. 366.
F sin 6FLcos
t
bh
bh2
sin 6Lcos
t F
bh2
bh
For AISI C1020, as rolled, sy 48 ksi.
s
48
y
16 ksi
N 3
b 0.5 in
h 2 in
L 18 in
60
sin60
618 cos60
0.5 2 2
0.5 2
16 F
373.
The link shown is subjected to a steady load F1 = 2.1 kips; b = 0.5 in.,
h = a = d = 2 in., L = 18 in.; material AISI 1040, cold drawn (10%
work). The dimensions are such that all of the horizontal reaction from
F2 occurs at A; and F2 varies from 0 to a maximum, acting towards the
right. For N = 1.5 based on the Soderberg line, what is the maximum
Page 18 of 133
Solution:
b 0.5 in
h a d 2 in
L 18 in
F1 2.1 kips
a L d E aF1 hF2
E
aF1 hF2
a L d
Ay F1 E
H
Ax F2
For F2 0 :
2 2.1 0
E
0.191 kip
2 18 2
Ax F2 0
M aAy L d E
L d aF1 hF2
a L d
F2 0
18 2 2 2.1 0
2 18 2
Page 19 of 133
3.82 in kips
Let F2 maxF2
Mm
Mmax 3.82
2
18 2 2 2.1 2F2
1.82 2.1 F2
2 18 2
1.82 2.1 F2 3.82
Mm
3.82 0.91F2
2
Mmax
Ma
Ma
Mmax 3.82
2
Fm Fa 0.5F2
sn 54 ksi
sn bending
sn sizefactor 54 0.85 45.9 ksi
se sm
se
sy
N
sy
sn
sa
Mmc Fm sy Mac Fa
A sn I
A
I
0.5F2
0.5F2
85 1.82 2.1 F2 1
85 0.91F2 1
1
1
0.5 2 45.9
0.5 2
1.5
3
3
F2 3.785 kips
376.
Page 20 of 133
Solution:
For AISI C1015, as rolled.
sy 45.5 ksi
su 61 ksi
L 12 ft
k 3.67 in
Am 11.908 in2
I 160.07 in4
Z 29.9 in3
N3
a. As a column only (static)
Le 2L 21212 288 in
288 in
Le
78.5 120
k 3.67 in
E 30,000 ksi
s1
Le
sy
k
A 1 2
4 E
45.5 78.5 2
11.908 1
4 2 30,000
Page 21 of 133
e 15 in
F15 F
29.9 2
s1 s2
s2
45.5
F
F
3
9.09 2
FF
0
2
F F
F
2
s
se sm y sa
sn
Axial load factor = 0.80
Fa
A sn Z A
Z
sy
45.5 F15
F
se
0
2.25F
N
20.74 29.9 1.908
se
45.5
2.25F
3
F 6.74 kips 6740 lbs
c. Secant Formula
sy
L
NF
ec
1 2 sec e
A
2
k
NF
EI
I
c
I 160.07
c
5.354 in
Z
29.9
Z
ec 15 5.354
5.963
k2
3.67 2
Page 22 of 133
NF 288
EI
2
3F
30,000160.07
NF
3F
0.252F
A 11 .908
L NF
NF
ec
1 2 sec e
sy
A
2
EI
k
0.11382 F
d. 6740 lbs.
377.
Solution:
Using secant formula:
L NF
NF
ec
1 2 sec e
sy
A
2
EI
k
I Imax 2402.4 in4
E 30,000 ksi
e 12 in
k kmax 6.50 in
Le 2L 2 40 12 960 in
Le
148
k
N 4
A 56.73 in2
Page 23 of 133
7.75 in
2
2
For C1020, as rolled, structural steel,
c
sy 48 ksi
sy 48
12 7.75
4F
460
sec
1
2
56.73
2
6.50
378.
4F
30,000 2402.4
A 14-in. x 193-lb., wide flange I-beam is used as a column with one end
free (A = 56.73 sq. in., depth = 15.5 in., Imax = 2402.4 in.4, Imin = 930.1
in.4, kmin = 4.05 in., length L = 40 ft.). If a load F2 is supported as
shown on a bracket at an eccentricity e = 4 in. (with F1 = 0), what may
be its value for a design factor of 4? Flange width = 15.71 in.
Solution:
Using secant formula:
L NF
NF
ec
1 2 sec e
sy
A
2 EI
k
F F2
A 56.73 in2
e 4 in
flangewidth 15.71
7.855 in
2
2
k kmin 4.05 in
E 30,000 ksi
Le 2L 2 4012 960 in
N 4
sy 48 ksi
Page 24 of 133
sy 48
4F2
1 4 7.855 sec960
56.73
2
4.05 2
4F2
30,000 930.1
Solution:
sy
N
L
F2
1 ecsec e
2
A
2
k
F1 0.5F2
NF2
EI
F1
A
F
0.5F2
48
2 1 0.554 sec0.18174 F2
4 56.73
56.73
Page 25 of 133
Solution:
For SAE 080, s y 40 ksi
(a) This change will not increase the strength because of increased
bending action that tends to add additional stress.
sy 40
(b)
13.3 ksi
N
3
Rectangular cross section:
F
F
A bh
F
13.3
0.5 2
F 13.3 kips
T-section:
h 2 in , b 0.5 in
1
h b b bh b
2
2
1
0.5
c1 1.75 0.5 2 0.5 2 0.5 0.5 0.5 2
2
c1 0.6786 in
c2 h c1 2 0.6786 1.3214 in
c1 A b h b
1
h b 1.3214 1 2 0.5 0.5714 in
2
2
b
0.5
f c1 0.6786
0.4286 in
2
2
d c2
b h b 3
hb3
b h b d2
hbf2
12
12
0.5 2 0.5 3
2 0.5 3
I
0.5 2 0.5 0.5714 2
2 0.5 0.4286 2
12
12
I 0.59 in 4
F Fec
A
I
c c1 0.6786 in
Page 26 of 133
0.6786 0.6786
1
0.59
1.75
13.3 F
F 6.941 kips
Solution:
0
For SAE 1020, as rolled.
sy 48 ksi
ssy 0.6 sy
N3
F12
1
2
Page 27 of 133
F1 2F2
0
a 3D
b 3 in
c 5 in
F 5 kips
F1 2F2
4 2F2 3D 2F2 3D 5 5 5 sin0 6D 3
30F2 D 25
5
F2
6D
5
5
F1 2F2 2
3D
6D
A
2
D
4
R
A
ssy
0.6 sy
N
0.6 sy
N
0.6 48
0.6 sy
N
R
A
F12
1
2
3D
2
D
4
1
1
2
2.778
2
1
2
D
9.6
0.7854D2
By trial and error method.
Page 28 of 133
A Dt
R
A
5
R
3D
sy
1
2
3
0
.
625
1
2
2.85 kips
R
N Dt
48
2.85
3
0.625t
t 0.285 in
1
in
4
382.
Solution:
F12
Page 29 of 133
2F1
cos120
5
1
2
F12
2F1
cos60
5
1
2
F1 2F2 2 0.5
1
D
D
A
ssy 0.6 sy
N
N
0.6 sy
N
0.6 sy
N
R
A
F12
2F1
cos60
5
0.944
1
D
0.6 48
1
2
5
5
0.944 5
2 1
cos60
D 5
2
D
4
0.944
1 2 1
cos 60
D
9 .6
0.7854 D 2
By trial and error method. D 0.641 in
1
0.944
Say D 0.625 in
For t .
2
0.944
1 2 1
cos60
D
0.944
1 2 1
cos60
0.625
0.944
R 1
0.625
Page 30 of 133
1
2
5
in (same as 381).
8
0.944
R 1
1
2
1
2
1
2
3.1325 in
R
A
sy
R
N Dt
48 3.1325
3
0.625t
t 0.31325 in
383.
5
in
16
Solution:
0 , a b 6D
1
6D 3D
2
Page 31 of 133
F
4
R
A
For SAE 1020, as rolled, sy 48 ksi.
N 2.5
ssy 0.6 sy
ssy
N
0.6 sy
N
0.6 48
11.52 ksi
2.5
4F1c F L c
4F1 3D 1.518 3D
0.375 6 D
F1
D
0.375 6 D 1.5 2.25
R
0.75
D
4
D
1
A D2
4
R
A
2.25
0.75
D
11.52
1
D2
4
11
D 0.6875 in
in
16
sy
N
R
A
2.25
0.75
48
D
2.5
Dt
2.25
0.75
19.2 0.6875
0.6875t
5
t
in
16
384. The same as 383, except that = 45o.
Page 32 of 133
Solution:
R2 F12
cos45
4
2F1
F1
0.2652 6 D
d
0.2652 6 D
R
0.2652 6 D
R2
6 D
R2 0.0703
1.5
0.2652 6 D 1.5
cos45
6 D
0.140625 0.140625
0.84375
0.28125
D
R
A
6 D
0.0703
D
11.52
D 0.594 in
Page 33 of 133
0.84375
0.28125
D
1
D2
4
1
2
19
in 0.59375 in
32
6 0.59375
R 0.0703
0.59375
R
Dt
0.84375
0.28125
0.59375
1
2
3.221 kips
R
Dt
3.221
19.2
0.59375t
19.2
t 0.2815 in
say t
385.
1
in .
4
The plate shown (381) is made of SAE 1020 steel, as rolled, and held in
place by five in. rivets that are made of SAE 1022 steel, as rolled.
The thickness of the plate is in., a = 2 in., c = 6 in., b = 4 in., and
= 0. Find the value of F for a design factor of 5 based on the ultimate
strength.
Solution:
Plate, SAE 1020, as rolled (Table AT 7)
su 65 ksi
su 65
13 ksi
N 5
R Dt
3 1
15.3 kips
4 2
R 13
ssu 54
10.8 ksi
N
5
Page 34 of 133
D
R
4
4
4
10.8
4.77 ksi
From 381.
F12
1
2
F1 2F2
2F1 2a 2F2 a Fc
F1 2 0.24F 0.48F
2
F
2
4.77
5
F 9.173 kips 9,173 lbs
R2 0.48F 2
386.
Solution:
Page 35 of 133
R 4.77 kips
R F1
F
5
F1 2F2
2F1 2a 2F2 a F 2a b
R 4.77 0.08F
F 17,000 lbs
387.
F
5
The plate shown is made of AISI 1020 steel, as rolled, and is fastened
to an I-beam (AISI 1020, as rolled) by three rivets that are made of a
steel equivalent to AISI C1015, cold drawn. The thickness of the plate
and of the flanges of the I-beam is in., the diameter of the rivets is
in., a = 8.5 in., b = 11.5 in. and c = 4.5 in., d = 4 in. For F2 = 0,
calculate the value of F1 for N = 2.5 based on yield strength.
Page 36 of 133
Solution:
3
D in
4
1
t in
2
a 8.5 in
b 11.5 in
c 4.5 in
d 4 in
sy
48
19.2 ksi
N 2.5
ssy 37.8
15.12 ksi
N
2.5
3 1
22.6 kips
4 2
2
D2
3
15.12
6.68 kips
4
4 4
R Dt 19.2
D2
4
Use R
F2 0 ,
Page 37 of 133
3
15.12
4 4
6.68 kips
4
4.5
2
3
2.5 in
F
F
2c
3
F 2c
3
c
2c
a 2F F
3
3
F1
2 4.5
4.5
3
F1 8.5
2F 2.5
3
2.5
F1 0.86F
F
F 1
0.86
cos
c3
4.5 3
cos
0.60
2.5
F1
F
2F 1 cos
3
R2 F 2
F1
0.86
R2
F1
Page 38 of 133
F1 F1
2
0.60
0.86 3
Solution:
R 6.68 kips
F2
3
F
R F
F
2c 3
2c
F2 b F
2F
3
4.5
2F 2.5 2
2 4.5
F2 11.5
F
3
3
2 4.5
3
F2 0.7167F
Page 39 of 133
R F
F 5.387 kips
Solution:
3
3
sA2
(a) Eq. 5-1, F y s , D in
e
4
corner
FA
F
B
9
3
FA 3FB
Page 40 of 133
Fe
sy As 2
6
3
52,000 As 2
Fe 477.4
6
As 0.1448 in2
Select
Say D
(b) st
1
in, UNC, As 0.1419 in2
2
Fe
si
A
st
477.4
0.7 52,000 39,764 psi
0.1419
ss
3052 psi
As
0.1419
(i)
s
s
y
ss
sy 2
N 1.293
(ii)
1
2
39,764
52,000
3052
52
,000 2
1
2
1 s
N sy
N 1.296
s
y
ss
1
2
39,764
52,000
3052
52,000 3
1
2
For the mounted bracket shown, determine the rivet diameter (all
same size) for N = 3, the design being for the external loading (initial
stress ignored); F = 2.3 kips, = 0, c = 17 in., a = 1 in., b = 14
in.; rivet material is AISI 1015, as rolled. Compute for (a) the maximum
Page 41 of 133
Solution:
F2
F
1
a a b
F2
F1
2F1 a b F2 a Fc
2F1 1.5 14.5 0.09375F1 1.5 2.317
F1 1.2165 kips
F1 1.2165
ksi
A
A
F
2.3 0.7667
ksi
3A 3A
A
For AISI 4015, as rolled. sy 45.5 ksi
ss
s
y
s
s
s
ys
Page 42 of 133
1
2
3 45.5 A
0.7667
22.75 A
1
2
A 0.1291 in2
D2
0.1291 in2
4
D 0.4054 in
say D
(b)
3
in
8
s s
2 2
N sy
1
2
ss2
1.2165 1.2165
2A
2A
0.7667
1
2
1.5869
A
sy
N
1.5869 45.5
A
3
A 0.1046 in2
D2
0.1046 in2
4
D 0.365 in
say D
(c) sys
3
in
8
sy
3
1 1.2165
3 45.5 A
45.5
26.27 ksi
3
0.7667
26.27 A
1
2
A 0.11874 in2
D2
0.11874 in2
4
D 0.3888 in
say D
392.
3
in
8
The same as 390, except that the two top rivets are 2 in. long and the
bottom rivet is 1 in. long.
Page 43 of 133
Solution:
1
a a b
2
1
2 0.09375 1
F2 1.25 0.09375 2 F1
F2 0.15F1
2F1 a b F2 a Fc
2F1 16 0.15F1 1.5 2.317
F1 1.2133 kips
F1 1.2133
ksi
A
A
F
2.3 0.7667
ksi
3A 3A
A
For AISI 4015, as rolled. sy 45.5 ksi
ss
Page 44 of 133
N sy
s
s
s
ys
1
2
3 45.5 A
0.7667
22.75 A
1
2
A 0.1289 in
D2
0.1289 in2
4
D 0.4051 in
say D
(b)
3
in
8
s s
2 2
N sy
1
2
ss2
1.2133 1.2133
2A
2A
sy
N
1.5843 45.5
A
3
A 0.1045 in2
D2
0.1045 in2
4
D 0.3648 in
say D
(c) sys
3
in
8
sy
3
45.5
26.27 ksi
3
1 1.2133
3 45.5 A
0.7667
26.27 A
A 0.1186 in
D2
0.1186 in2
4
D 0.3886 in
say D
3
in
8
Page 45 of 133
1
2
0.7667
1
2
1.5843
A
393.
The same as 390, except that the load is applied vertically at B instead
of at A; let AB = 8 in. The two top rivets are 12 in. apart.
Solution:
2 62
14.5
3
7.705 in
2 62
F1
F2
2b 3
2b
F2
F1
F1
214.5
1.2546F1
3 7.705
2b
F 8 2F1 F2
214.5
3
Page 46 of 133
0.7787
7.705
cos
R2 F12
F
cos
3
2F1
2.3
3
R 1.3536 kips
R2 0.6682 2
ss
(a)
2.3
0.7787
3
2 0.6682
R 1.3536
ksi
A
A
s
y
s
s
s
ys
1
2
N3
1 1.2165
3 45.5 A
1.3536
22.75 A
1
2
A 0.1957 in
D2
0.1957 in2
4
D 0.5 in
say D
(b)
1
in
2
s s
2 2
N sy
1
2
ss2
sy
N
2.10 45.5
A
3
A 0.1385 in2
D2
0.1385 in2
4
D 0.42 in
Page 47 of 133
1.2165 1.2165
2A
2A
1.3536
1
2
2.10
A
7
in
16
3 45.5 A
1.3536
26.27 A
1
2
A 0.1742 in2
D2
0.1742 in2
4
D 0.471 in
say D
394.
1
in
2
The bracket shown is made of SAE 1020, as rolled, and the rivets are
SAE 1015, cold drawn. The force F = 20 kips, L = 7 in., and = 60o. Let
the design factor (on yield) be 2. (a) Determine the thickness t of the
arm. (b) Compute the rivet diameter by both maximum shear and
octahedral shear theories and specify a standard size. (c) Decide upon
a proper spacing of rivets and sketch the bracket approximately to
scale. Is some adjustment of dimensions desirable? Give suggestions, if
any. (No additional calculations unless your instructor asks for a
complete design.)
Solution:
Bracket: SAE 1020, as rolled, sy 48 ksi
Rivets: SAE 1015, cold drawn, sy 63 ksi
N 2
(a) Bracket.
F cos L
F sin
A
I
A 4t
t 4 3
I
5.333t
12
Page 48 of 133
s
sy
N
48 20 sin60
20 cos60 7 2
2
4t
5.333t
t 1.275 in
say t 1
1
in
4
(b)
F2
F
1
2
6
F1 3F2
7 20 sin60 3
F cos 20 cos60 2
5A
5A
A
A
5A
A
5A
A
s
y
s
s
s
ys
sy 63 ksi
1
2
2 63A
31
.5 A
A 0.3353 in2
2
1
2
D2
0.3353 in2
4
D 0.653 in
say D
3
in
4
2 63A
36.37 A
A 0.3292 in2
2
Page 49 of 133
sy
3
1
2
63
36.37 ksi
3
D2
0.3292 in2
4
D 0.6474 in
say D
3
in
4
(c) Spacing
F cos
5 S D t
t 1.5 in , sy 48 ksi
D 0.75 in
F 20 kips
sy
N
F cos
5 S D t
48
20 cos60
2
5 S 0.75 1.5
S 0.806 in
use S
7
in adjust to 2 in
8
Page 50 of 133
(a) If the rivets supporting the brackets of 390 are 5/8 in. in diameter,
= 0, c = 14 in. a = 2 in., and b = 18 in., what are the maximum
tensile and shear stresses in the rivets induced by a load of F = 10
kips. (b) For rivets of naval brass, hard, compute the factor of safety
by maximum shear and octahedral shear theories (initial tension
ignored).
Solution:
Page 51 of 133
F2
F
1
a a b
F2
F
1
2 2 18
F2 0.1F1
2F1 a b F2 a Fc
2F1 2 18 0.1F1 2 10 14
F1 3.8425 kips
F1
F
3.8425
1
12.525 ksi
A D2 0.625 2
4
4
F
F
10
ss
10.865 ksi
3A
2
2
3
3
D
0.625
4
4
s
s s
2 2
(a)
ss2
ss2
1
2
12.525
1
2
1
2
10.865
12.525 12.525
2
2
12.541 ksi
10.865
s
y
s
s
s
ys
1
2
Page 52 of 133
1
2
18.804 ksi
N
48
10.865
24
1
2
N 1.914
N
48
10.865
27.71
N 2.123
397.
48
27.71 ksi
3
1
2
The same as 396, except that the two top rivets are in. in diameter
and the bottom one is in. in diameter.
Solution:
1
a a b
a
1
a b
F2
a F1
A2 a b A1
a
F2
a b
sy
D2
D1
Page 53 of 133
F1
18 0.75
F2
F1 0.0444F1
2F1 a b F2 a Fc
2F1 2 18 0.0444F1 2 1014
F1 3.492 kips
F1
3.492
7.9043 ksi
A1 0.75 2
4
F
10
ss
9.26 ksi
2 A1 A2
2
2
2 0.75 0.50
4
4
s
(a)
s
2
(b)
s
y
ss2
1
2
1
2
ss2
7.9043
s
s
s
ys
1
2
9.26
2
7.9043 7.9043
2
2
10.068 ksi
1
2
9.26
2
14.02 ksi
1
2
N
48
9.26
24
1
2
N 2.384
N
48
N 2.684
398.
9.26
27.71
sy
3
48
27.71 ksi
3
1
2
What static load F may be supported by the -in. rivets shown, made
of cold-finished C1015, with N = 3; = 0, a = 1 , b = 9, c = 14, f = 9,
g = 12 in.? Count on no help from friction and ignore the initial tension.
Check by both maximum shear and octahedral shear theories.
Page 54 of 133
Solution:
For cold-finished, C1015, sy 63 ksi.
F1
F
2
a b a
F1
F
2
1.5 9 1.5
F1 7F2
3F1 a b F2 a Fc
F1
0.4417F
F
A 0.75 2
4
F
F
ss
0.5659F
4A
2
4
0.75
4
s
1 s
N sy
s
s
s
ys
Page 55 of 133
1
2
3 63
0.5659F
31.5
1
2
F 13.9 kips
3 63
0.5659F
36.37
63
36.37 ksi
3
F 15 kips
399.
1
2
sy
The 2-in., UNC cap screw shown has been subjected to a tightening
torque of 20 in-kips. The force F = 12 kips, = 60o, and Q = 0; L = 24
in., a = 20 in., b = 15 in.; screw material is AISI C1137 as rolled. (a)
What is the approximate initial tightening load? (b) What is the
increase in this load caused by the external force F if the bar is 8 in.
wide and 2 in. thick and the unthreaded shank of the screw is 2 in.
long? (See 5.9, Text.) (c) What are the maximum tensile and shear
stresses in the bolt? (d) Compute the factor of safety from maximum
normal stress, maximum shear, and octahedral shear theories.
Solution:
(a) T CDF
i
C 0.2
D 2 in
T 20 in kips
20 0.2 2 Fi
Fi 50 kips
(b) 60
Fe L a F cos60 a
Fe 24 20 12 cos60 20
Fe 30 kips
Page 56 of 133
kb
kb kc
AE
kb s
Lb
AE
kc c
Lc
Fb Fe
For 2-UNC
As 2.50 in2
Width across flat = 3 in.
2.5E
kb
1.25E
2
3 2 E
4
kc
3.5343E
2
1.25E
7.84 kips
1.25E 3.5343E
Fi Fb 50 7.84
23.14 ksi
(c) s
As
2.50
Fb 30
ss
F sin 12 sin60
4.16 ksi
As
2.5
s
2
1
2
s s
2 2
2
s
23.14
2
1
2
ss2
1
2
4.16
2
23.14 23.14
2
2
12.3 ksi
N
55
23.87
N
N 2.304
Maximum Shear:
0.5sy
0.5 55
N
N 2.236
12.3
Page 57 of 133
1
2
4.16
23.87 ksi
s
y
N 2.269
400.
1 23.14
N
55
55
31.75 ksi
3
1
2
ss
s
ys
4.16
31.75
1
2
The plate shown is attached by three -in., UNC cap screws that are
made of ASTM A325, heat-treated bolt material; L = 26 in., a = 6 in., b
= 4 in., = 0. The shear on the screws is across the threads and they
have been tightened to an initial tension of 0.6sp (sp = proof stress,
5.8, Text). Which screw is subjected to (a) the largest force, (b) the
largest stress? What safe static load can be supported by the screws
for N = 1.5 based on the Hencky-Mises criterion?
Solution:
For ASTM A325, Heat-Treated, -in. UNC
sy 88 ksi
sp 85 ksi
Page 58 of 133
b
a
2
3
2.83 in
F2
F1
2a 3
F1
2.83F1
F2
0.7075F1
2a 3 2 6 3
2a
2a
F L
3
3
2 6
2 6
2 0.7075 F1 2.83 F1
F 26
3
3
F1 3.75F
F
F
R F1 3.75F 4.1F
3
3
For in UNC, As 0.1419 in2
R
4.1F
ss
29F
A 0.1419
s si 51 ksi
2F2 F1
By Hencky-Mises Criterion.
1
sx sy 1
2
sx sy
1
2
ss2
sx s 51 ksi
sy 0
ss 29F
0.3
1
sx sy 1
N
2
sy
sx sy
88 1 0.3
51 1 0.3 51
1.5
2
2
401.
1
2
ss2
1
2
29F
The same as 400, except that the cap screw A is in. in diameter.
Page 59 of 133
Solution:
F2
F1
A2 A1 2a 3
F2
F1
2F2 F1
F L
3
3
2 6
2 6
F 26
3
3
2 0.3006F1 2.83 F1
F1 5.262F
F2 0.3006F1 0.3006 5.262F 1.582F
For in UNC.
F
F
R F1 5.262F 5.6F
3
3
5.6F
ss
16.8F ksi
0.3340
For in. UNC,
F22
cos
a3
R 1.582F
ss
F
2F2
cos
3
1
2
6 3
0.7067
2.83
2
F
2 1.582F
0.7067
3
1.367F
9.6F ksi
0.1419
Page 60 of 133
1
2
1.367F
51 1 0.3
N 1.5
2
2
sy
1
2
16.8F
Solution:
wL2
2
M1 70,000 in lb
M M1
L 3 ft 36 in
w A
0.284 lb in3
D2
4
0.284D2
w
0.223D2 lb in
4
0.223D2 36 2
M 70,000
70,000 144.5D2
2
A
F 25,000 lb
F Mc
A
I
D
c
2
D2
A
4
s
Page 61 of 133
D2 D3
4 25,000 32 70,000 144.5D2
s
D2
D3
D
D2
D3
713,014 31,831 1472
s
D
D3
D2
s
ss
D3
D3
D3
N sy
s
s
s
ys
1
2
Maximum shear
1
D
D3
D2
3.3
47,000
1
2
254,648
23
,500D3
Octahedral Shear
sy
47
sys
1
D
D3
D2
3.3
47 ,000
1
2
254,648
27
,140D3
use D 4
1
in standard
4
403. The same as 402, except that the unsupported length is 15 ft. Do not
overlook the moment due to the weight of the shaft, which acts in the
same sense as the given bending moment.
Solution:
Page 62 of 133
M 70,000
0.223D2 180 2
70,000 3612.6D2
2
F 25,000 lb
F Mc
A
I
4F 32M
s
D2 D3
s
D2
D3
D
D2
D3
713,014 31,831 36,798
s
D
D3
D2
s
Maximum shear
713,014 31,831 36,798
1
D
D3
D2
3.3
47 ,000
1
2
254,648
3
23,500D
Octahedral Shear
713,014 31,831 36,798
1
D
D3
D2
3.3
47 ,000
1
2
254 ,648
3
27 ,140D
use D 5
404.
1
in standard
4
Page 63 of 133
Solution:
T QL 2 20 40 in kips
T1 T2 T 40 in kips
1 2
T1L1 T2 L2
J1G
J 2G
T1a
Tb
24
4
D1
D2
32
32
8T1 24T2
D14
D24
D1
D2
T1 3T2
T1 T2 T 40 in kips
D
T2 3 1
D2
T2
1 40
40
4
D
3 1
D2
T1
D
40 3 1
D2
D
3 1
D2
A B Q 2 kips
aA bB
8 A 24B
Page 64 of 133
D
120 1
D2
D 4
3 1 1
D2
B 0.5 kips
A 1.5 kips
4
4
D1
D1
16 120
1920
D2
16T1
D2
ss1
D13
D 4
D 4
D13 3 1 1
D13 3 1 1
D2
D2
16T2
16 40
640
ss2
3
4
D2
D
D 4
D23 3 1 1
D23 3 1 1
D2
D2
D13
D13
D13
D13
32M 2 32Bb 32 0.5 24 384
s2
3
D23
D23
D23
D2
s1
N 2.2
Octahedral Shear
1
s
y
sy
sys
1 s1
N sy
s
s
s
ys
1
2
55
31.75 ksi
3
ss1
1
2
s
ys
1
384
2.2 55D13
1
2.2224
2.2 D13
Page 65 of 133
D
19.25 1
D2
D 4
D13 3 1 1
D2
1
2
D
1920 1
D2
D
31.75D13 3 1
D2
1
2
N sy
ss2
1
2
s
ys
384
55D3
2
640
D
1
31.75D23 3
D2
2.2224
D23
2.2
D1
3
D2 3
D2
6.42
1
2
2.2
1
2
D1
D2
2.268
2.372
2.398
2.403
1.820
1.730
1.714
1.712
D1
D2
1.25
1.37
1.40
1.40
Actual
1
3
in , D2 1 in
2
4
1
But D1 D2 , use D1 2 in
2
1
D2 D1 2r 1.3D1 1.3 2 3.25 in
2
1
say D2 3 in
2
Use standard D1 2
405.
The shaft shown overhangs a bearing on the right and has the
following dimensions: a = 5 in., b = in., and e = 10 in. The material
is AISI C1040, annealed. This shaft is subjected to a torque T = 10,000
in-lb., forces F1 = 10,000 lb., and F2 = 20,000 lb. Using a static-design
approach, determine the diameter D for N = 2.5, with computations
from the maximum-shear and octahedral-shear theories.
Page 66 of 133
Solution:
0.284 lb in3
2
w 0.284
D 0.223D2
4
2
we
0.223D2 10 2
M
11.15D2
2
2
Bending due to F1 and load
D3
D3
D3
D
Bending due to F2
s2
32F2 b
D3
Tension,
s3
32 20,000
101,859
D3
4 20,000 25,465
D2
D2
since s1 s2
s s3 s1 s2
25,465 509,296 114 101,859
s
D
D2
D3
D3
407 ,437 25,465 114
s
D
D3
D2
ss
D3
D3
D3
N 2.5
1 s
N sy
s
s
s
ys
1
2
Page 67 of 133
1
D
D3
D2
2.5
48,000
1
2
50,930
3
24,000D
D 2.95 in
Octahedral Shear
sy
48
sys
27.71 ksi
3
3
407 ,437 25,465 114
1
D
D3
D2
2.5
48,000
50 ,930
27
,710D3
Solution
F2 0
s2 0 , s3 0
509,296 114
s s1
D
D3
50,930
ss
D3
N 2.5
Maximum shear, sys 0.5sy 0.5 48 24 ksi
D 3 in
Octahedral Shear
Page 68 of 133
1
2
50,930
24
,000D3
509,296 114
1
D
D3
2.5
48,000
D 2.95 in
use D 3.0 in
406.
1
2
sys
sy
3
48
27.71 ksi
3
509,296 114
1
D
D3
2.5
48,000
1
2
50,930
3
27 ,710D
D 2.997 in
use D 3.0 in
CHECK PROBLEMS
407. The shaft shown overhangs a bearing at the right and has the
following dimensions: D = 2 in., a = 4 in., b = in., c = 2 in., d = 6 in.,
e = 8 in., r = in. This shaft is subjected to a torque T = 8000 in-lb.
and forces F1 = 8000 lb., and F2 = 16,000 lb. Determine the maximumshear and normal stresses, and the octahedral-shear stress: (a) at
points A and B ( = 45o), (b) at points M and N, (c) at point G.
Solution:
Bending due to F2 :
s2
15,279 psi
D3
2 3
Tension
s3
4F2
416 ,000
5093 psi
2
D
2 2
wx2
32 F1a
2
s1
D3
x from the free end.
ss
16T 16 8000
5093 psi
D3
2 3
(A) x e c 8 2 6 in
Page 69 of 133
0.892 6 2
32 8000 4
40,764 psi
s1
2 3
at A
s s3 s1 s2 sin45 5093 40,764 15,279 sin45 23,114 psi
Max. Shear
s
1
2
ss2
23,114
Max. Normal
s s
2 2
1
2
ss2
1
2
5093
2
23,114 23,114
2
2
12,629 psi
5093
2 2
o
s 3ss2
3
1
2
1
2
23,114 2 3 5093 2
3
1
2
24,186 psi
11,662 psi
At B:
s s1 s2 sin45 s3 40,764 15,279 sin45 5093 12,928 psi
Max. Shear
s
2
1
2
ss2
12,928
Max. Normal
s s
2 2
1
2
ss2
1
2
5093
2
8229 psi
12,928 12,928
2
2
5093
2 2
s 3ss2
3
1
2
1
2
2
12,928 2 3 5093 2
3
1
2
7,378 psi
(B)
1
7.75 in
4
0.892 7.75 2
32 8000 4
40,778 psi
s1
2 3
at M
s s3 s1 s2 5093 40,778 15,279 30,592 psi
x e c 8
Max. Shear
s
1
2
ss2
Page 70 of 133
30,592
1
2
5093
14,693 psi
16,122 psi
2 2
1
2
ss2
30 ,592 30,592
2
2
5093
2 2
o
s 3ss2
3
1
2
1
2
30,592 2 3 5093 2
3
1
2
31,418 psi
15,009 psi
At N:
s s1 s2 s3 40,778 15,279 5093 20,406 psi
Max. Shear
s
1
2
ss2
20,406
Max. Normal
s s
2 2
1
2
ss2
1
2
5093
20,406 20,406
2
2
11,403 psi
5093
2 2
s 3ss2
3
1
2
2
20,406 2 3 5093 2
3
1
2
1
2
21,606 psi
10,480 psi
(C) At G.
x e c 8 2 6 in
0.892 2 2
32 8000 4
40,746 psi
s1
3
2
Max. Shear
s
1
2
ss2
17 ,826
Max. Normal
s s
2 2
1
2
ss2
1
2
5093
17 ,826 17 ,826
2
2
10,265 psi
5093
o
411.
2 2
s 3ss2
3
1
2
1
2
2
17,826 2 3 5093 2
3
1
2
19,178 psi
9376 psi
Page 71 of 133
3
D
D2
16T
ss
D3
2
M T
3
F 20 kips
D 4 in
2
32 T
4 20
3
s 3
0.1061T 1.59155
4
4 2
16T
ss
0.0796T
4 3
By maximum shear.
sys 0.5sy 0.5125 62.5 ksi
1
s
y
s
s
s
ys
1
2
1 0.1061T 1.59155
3
125
0.0796T
62.5
hp
1
2
213,000 2000
Tn
6762 hp
63,000
63,000
412.
The same as 411, except that the shaft is hollow with an inside
diameter of 2 in.
Solution:
32MDo
Do4 Di4
4F
Do2 Di2
2
32 T 4
4 20
3
s
0.1252T 2.612
4
4
4 2.5
4 2 2.5 2
ss
1
16TDo
Do4 Di4
s
s
y
ss
s
ys
16T 4
0.0939T
4 4 2.5 4
1
2
Page 72 of 133
3
125
hp
1
2
0.0939T
62.5
5619 hp
63,000
63,000
413.
Solution:
For alloy-steel shaft, AISI 4130, WQT 1100oF, sy 114 ksi (Table AT 7)
63,000hp 63,0001500
78,750 in lb
n
1200
1
in
4
1
Di 2 in
2
2
2
2
2
w 0.284
Do Di 0.284
3.25 2.5 0.962 lb in
4
4
2
wL
(Table AT 8)
M M1
8
Do 3
L 10 ft 120 in
M 40,000
0.962120 2
41,732 in lb
8
32MDo
4F
4
4
2
Do Di
Do Di2
32 41,732 3.25
410,000
22,000 psi
4
4
3.25 2.5
3.25 2 2.5 2
16TDo
16 78,750 3.25
ss
17 ,978 psi
4
4
Do Di
3.25 4 2.5 4
(A)
(B)
s s
2 2
(C) N
sys
1
2
ss2
22,000
1
2
ss2
0.5sy
Page 73 of 133
1
2
17 ,978
22,000 22,000
2
2
0.5114
2.704
21.076
21,076 psi
1
2
17 ,978
32,076 psi
(D)
sy
114
3.554
32.076
1 s
N sy
sys
sy
3
s
s
s
ys
1
2
114
65.82 ksi
3
1 22.0
N 114
17.978
65.82
N 2.99
1
2
The force F on the lever in the illustration (in the plane of the lever)
varies from a maximum of 424.2 lb. to a minimum of -141.4 lb.; L = 20
in., a = 15 in., D2 = 1.2D1, r = 0.125D1, = 45o; the material is colddrawn SAE 1040, 10% worked, the design factor N = 1.5. Compute the
diameter D1 using the Soderberg-line approach with both the
maximum-shear and octahedral-shear theories; indefinite life.
Solution:
For SAE 040, 10% Worked
sn 54 ksi
sy 85 ksi
sn 54
1
sy 85 1.574
sns sn
1
sys sy 1.574
SF 0.85
Page 74 of 133
K fs 1.27
Forces:
Fmax 424.2 lb
Fmin 141.4 lb
1
Fmax Fmax 1 424.2 141.4 141.4 lb
2
2
1
1
Fa Fmax Fmax 424.2 141.4 282.8 lb
2
2
Fm
D2
0.223D2
w 0.284
4
wL2
wL2
FL
2
2
0.233D2 20 2
M m 141.4 20
2828 44.6D2
2
0.233D2 20 2
Ma 282.8 20
5656 44.6D2
2
M M1
T F cos a
32M
D3
32 2828 44.6D2
28,806 454
sm
3
D
D
D3
2
32 5656 44.6D
57 ,612 454
sa
3
D
D
D3
s
Page 75 of 133
16T
D3
ss
161500 7640
3
D3
D
16 3000 15,280
sas
D3
D3
sms
ses
K fssas
sns
sms
sys
SF
ses
1.574 D3 0.85 D3
D3
se
K f sa
sn
sm
sy
SF
se
1.574 D3
D 0.85
1 se
N sn
1
2
ses
sns
2
D
D
D3
D3
1
D
D3
1.5
54 ,000
D 1.5625 in 1
27 ,684
3
27 ,000D
9
in
16
say D 1
5
in
8
Page 76 of 133
9
in
16
122,681 1111
1
D
D3
1.5
54,000
say D 1
D 1.55 in
1
2
sn
3
54,000
31,177 psi
3
1
2
27 ,684
3
31,177D
A hollow steel shaft, SAE 1045, as rolled, has an inside diameter of one
half of the outside diameter and is transmitting 1600 hp at 600 rpm.
The maximum bending moment is 40,000in-lb. Determine the diameter
for N = 3 by both the maximum-shear and octahedral shear theories.
Specify a standard size. Use the Soderberg line for obtaining the
equivalent stresses.
Solution:
For SAE 1045, as rolled, sy 59 ksi, su 96 ksi
sn 0.5su 48 ksi
sn sns 48
1
sy sys 59 1.229
Assume Kf Kfs 1
Do 2Di
For bending:
sm 0
sa s
s
1
se n sm K f sa
0 1 s s
sy
1.229
se s
32MDo
32 40,000 2Di 54,325
Do4 Di4
Di3
2Di 4 Di4
For torsion:
63,000hp 63,0001600
168,000 in lb
n
600
s
ses ns sms K fssas
sys
sas 0
sms s
ses
sns
1 16TDo
1 16168,000 2Di 92,825
sms
sys
1.229 Do4 Di4 1.229 2Di 4 Di4
Di3
92,825
3
24,000Di
1
2
Di 2.295 in
say Di 2.25 in, Do 2Di 4.5 in
Octahedral Shear. sns
Page 77 of 133
sn
3
48,000
27 ,713 psi
3
92,825
3
27 ,713Di
1
2
Di 2.20 in
say Di 2.25 in, Do 2Di 4.5 in
Standard Size Di 2
418.
1
1
in, Do 4 in
4
2
Solution:
For AISI 2340, OQT 1000oF. s y 120 ksi , su 137 ksi
sn 0.5su 0.5137 68.5 ksi
sn sns 68.5
1
3 2
D3
D
D3
D2
D
D
32Ma 32 7.5 76
sa
3
D3
D3
D
sm
16Tm 16 20 102
3
D3
D3
D
16Ta 16 5 25.5
sas
3
D3 D3
D
sms
Page 78 of 133
3 2
sy
SF
1.752 D3 D2 0.85 D3
D
D
Kfs
s
1 102 1 25.5
88
ses ns sms
sas
3
3
3
sys
SF
1.752 D 0.85 D D
se
1
2
88
3
34.25D
D 1.93 in
say D 2 in ,
Octahedral Shear. sns
220
29
2
3
1
D
D
1.5
68.5
sn
3
68.5
39.55 psi
3
1
2
88
39.55D3
D 1.909 in
say D 2 in
419.
The same as 418, except that the shaft has a profile keyway at the
point of maximum moment.
Solution:
K f 1.6
K fs 1.3
Kf
sn
1 229 51 1.6 76 274 29
sm
sa
3 2
sy
SF
1.752 D3 D2 0.85 D3
D
D
Kfs
s
1 102 1.3 25.5
97
ses ns sms
sas
3
3
3
sys
SF
1.752 D 0.85 D D
se
1.5
68.5
D 2.04 in
say D 2 in
Page 79 of 133
1
2
97
34
.
25D3
1.5
68.5
sn
3
1
2
97
39.55D3
D 2.02 in
say D 2 in
68.5
39.55 psi
3
CHECK PROBLEMS
420.
Solution:
For AISI 1144, Elevated Temperature, drawn, sy 83 ksi, su 118 ksi
sn 0.5su 0.5118 59 ksi
sn 59
1
sy 83 1.407
3216.8
32MC
2.0
42.8 ksi
3
3
D
2
se Kf sa Kf
ses
sns
sms K fssas
sys
Tm T ,
Ta 0
Page 80 of 133
ses
sns
s 16T
1 16 21
sms ns
9.5 ksi
3
sys
sys D 1.407 2 3
se
sn
s
es
sns
1 42.8
N 59
1
2
9.5
29.5
1
2
N 1.26
Octahedral Shear. sns 0.577 sn 0.577 59 34.05 psi
42.8
1
N
59
9.5
34.05
N 1.26
421.
1
2
In the figure (399), the bar supports a static load Q = 3000 lb. acting
down; L = 16 in., a = 12 in., b = 7 in. The force F = 2500 lb. is
produced by a rotating unbalanced weight and is therefore repeated
and reversed in both the horizontal and the vertical directions. The 1in. cap screw, with cut UNC threads, is made of AISI C1137, annealed,
and it has been subjected to a tightening torque of 4600 in-lb. The
thickness of the bar is 2 in. (a) Compute the factor of safety for the
load reversing in the vertical direction, and (b) in the horizontal
direction (maximum-shear theory), with the conservative assumption
that friction offers no resistance.
Solution:
For AISI C1137, annealed, sy 50 ksi, su 85 ksi
sn 0.5su 0.5 85 42.5 ksi
Kf 2.8 (Table AT 12)
sn sns 42.5
1
sy sny
50
1.1765
T 0.2DFi
4600 0.21 Fi
Page 81 of 133
kb
kb kc
AE
AE
kb s , kc c
Le
Le
kb
As
0.606
0.2554
kb kc As Ac 0.606 1.5 2
4
Fb Fe
Q 3000 lb 3 kips
F 2500 lb 2.5 kips
Q F
a b Femax Q F b
12 7 Femax 3.0 2.5 7
Femax 7.7 kips
a b Femin Q F b
12 7 Femin 3.0 2.5 7
Femin 0.7 kips
1
Fbmax Fbmin 1 24.97 23.18 24.1 kips
2
2
1
1
Fa Fbmax Fbmin 24.97 23.18 0.9 kip
2
2
Fm
Fm
24.1
39.8 ksi
As 0.606
F
0.9
sa a
1.5 ksi
As 0.606
sm
Page 82 of 133
N sy
sn
1 39.8 2.81.5
N
50
28.9
N 1.06
(b) Horizontal:
a b Fe Qb
12 7 Fe 3 7
Fe 4.2 kips
sy
SF 1.1765
Shear:
Fm 0
1
Fa Fmax Fmin 2.5 kips
2
sms 0
sas
ses
1
Fa
2.5
4.13 ksi
As 0.606
K fssas
sns
1.0 4.13
sms
0
4.86 ksi
sys
SF
0.85
se
sn
1
2
s
es
sns
N 42.5
N 1.21
422.
4.86
21.25
1
2
The load Q, as seen (404), acts on the arm C and varies from 0 to 3
kips. The ends A and B of the shaft are restrained from turning through
an angle but are supported to take the reactions A and B without other
Page 83 of 133
Solution:
T QL
J
J
T1a T2 b
4
D14
D2
T1 10 T2 20
2 4 2.5 4
T1 0.8192T2
0.8192T2 T2 45 in kips
T2 24.74 in kips
Ta1 Tm1
Ta2 Tm2
sms sas
16T
D3
sms1 sas1
16T1 1610.14
6.46 ksi
D13
2 3
Page 84 of 133
sms2 sas2
16T2 1612.37
4.03 ksi
D23
2.5 3
A B Q 3 kips
Aa Bb
A10 B 20
A 2B
2B B 3 kips
B 1 kip
A 2 kips
M Aa Bb 2 10 20 in kips
Mmax M 20 in kips
1
Mm Ma Mmax 10 in kips
2
32M
sm sa
D3
3210
12.73 ksi
2 3
3210
sa2
6.52 ksi
2.5 3
sm1 sa1
sm2
Use (1)
sms 6.46 ksi, sm 12.73 ksi
sas 6.46 ksi, sa 12.73 ksi
r 0.15D1
r
D D2 2.5
0.15 ,
1.25
D1
d D1 2.0
Kt 1.5 , Kts 1.25 (Figure AF 12)
Profile Keyway
K f 1.6 , K fs 1.3
Net
Page 85 of 133
sys sy 59 1.229
SF 0.85 , RF 0.85
K f sa
sn
1
12.73 1.912.73 43.84 ksi
sm
SF RF 1.229
0.85 0.85
sy
se
ses
K fssas
sns
1
6.46 1.3 6.46 16.88 ksi
sms
SF RF 1.229
0.85 0.85
sys
se
sn
s
es
sns
43.84
1
N
48
1
2
16.88
24
1
2
N 0.87
Octahedral Shear. sns 0.577 sn 0.577 48 27.7 psi
43.84
1
N
48
N 0.91
16.88
27.7
1
2
Page 86 of 133
Solution:
AISI C1040, annealed, sy 48 ksi (Fig. AF 1), su 80 ksi
sn 0.5su 40 ksi
sn 40
1
sy 48 1.2
For hole: d D 0.25 2 0.125
Kt 2.2 , Kts 1.6
a 0.01 (annealed)
0.25
r
0.125
2
1
1
q
0.926
a
0.01
1
1
r
0.125
K f q Kt 1 1 0.926 2.2 1 1 2.11
At hole
s s3 s1 s2
Bending F2 :
s2
Mc M
I
I c
F2 e
5 0.5
4.04 ksi
2
3
D dD 2
0.25 2 2
32
6
32
6
F2
5
s3
1.89 ksi
2
2
D
2
dD
0.25 2
4
4
F1b
F1 5
s1
8.08F1
3
2
3
D dD 2
0.25 2 2
32
6
32
6
s2
Page 87 of 133
D dD
16
6
3
16
3
8
0.25 2 2
5.70 ksi
1
5.7 4.75 ksi
1.2
N 2.5
ses
N sn
s
es
sns
1
2
6.74F1 1.78
1
2.5
40
4.75
23.08
1
2
F1 2.3 kips
POWER SCREWS
424. Design a square-thread screw for a screw jack, similar to that shown,
which is to raise and support a load of 5 tons. The maximum lift is to
be 18 in. The material is AISI C1035, as rolled, and N 3.3 based on
the yield strength.
Page 88 of 133
Solution:
AISI C1035, as rolled, sy 55 ksi
sy 55
s
16.6 ksi
N 3.3
F 5 2 10 kips
F
10
0.6034 in2
s 16.6
Dr2
A
0.6034 in2
4
Dr 0.876 in
say 1 in, Dr 1.000 in
A
L 18 in
Le 2L 36 in
1
1
k Dr 1.000 0.125 in
8
8
Le
36
288 40
k 0.125
Transition:
Le 2 2E
k
sy
1
2
2 2 30,000
55
2 EI
NL2e
10,000
2 30 10 6 I
3.3 36 2
Dr4
I
0.14444
64
Dr 1.31 in
Page 89 of 133
1
2
104
Le
104
k
425.
(a) For the screw of 424, what length of threads h will be needed for a
bearing pressure of 1800 psi? (b) Complete the design of the jack. Let
the base be cast iron and the threads integral with the base. Devise a
method of turning the screw with a round steel rod as a lever and fix
the details of a nonrotating cap on which the load rests. (c) What
should be the diameter of the rod used to turn the screw? If a man
exerts a pull of 150 lb. at the end, how long must the rod be?
Solution:
(a)
Th/in = 2.5
Dr 1.40 in
1
0.4 in
2.5
Lead
tan1
Dm
1
Dm 1.75 1.40 1.575 in
2
0.40
tan1
4.62
1
.
575
LeadPitch
f 0.15
tan f 0.15
8.53
F cos
Do Dr L
1800
L 16.30 in
say h 1.5 in
Page 90 of 133
32
6.4 ksi
5
20
s
4 ksi
5
ss
F
Dh
10
6.4
D1.5
ss
D 0.33 in
Dr 1.4 in 0.33 in
3
Do 1 in
4
FDm
101.575 tan 8.53 4.62 1.84 in kips
tan
2
2
T Fa
1.84 0.15a
a 12.3 in
426.
A screw jack, with a 1 -in. square thread, supports a load of 6000 lb.
The material of the screw is AISI C1022, as rolled, and the coefficient of
friction for the threads is about 0.15. The maximum extension of the
screw from the base is 15 in. (a) Considering the ends of the screw
restrained so that Le = L, find the equivalent stress and the design
factor. (b) If the load on the jack is such that it may sway, the screw
probably acts as a column with one end free and the other fixe. What is
the equivalent stress and the factor of safety in this instance? (c) What
force must be exerted at the end of a 20-in. lever to raise the load? (d)
Find the number of threads and the length h of the threaded portion in
the cast-iron base for a pressure of 500 psi on the threads. (e) What
torque is necessary to lower the load?
Page 91 of 133
Solution:
From Table AT 7,
AISI C1022, as rolled, sy = 52 ksi
F = 6000 lb = 6 kips
For 1 in square thread, Dr = 1.0 in, Th/in. = 3.5
f = 0.15
(a) With Le = L = 15 in
1
1
k Dr 1.0 0.125 in
8
8
Le
15
120
k 0.125
k
sy
1
2
2 2 30,000
52
Fc NF
sd
2EA
Le k 2
F
2E
A N Le k 2
Equivalent stress
F
4F
sd
A Dr2
4 6
7.64 ksi
1.0 2
Design factor
2E
sd
N Le k 2
sd
Page 92 of 133
1
2
107
Le
107
k
(b) With Le = 2L = 30 in
Le
30
240
k 0.125
k
sy
1
2
2 2 30,000
52
Fc NF
sd
1
2
107
Le
107
k
2EA
Le k 2
F
2E
A N Le k 2
Equivalent stress
F
4F
sd
A Dr2
4 6
7.64 ksi
1.0 2
Design factor
2E
sd
N Le k 2
sd
2 30,000
N 240 2
N 0.673 not safe
7.64
(c) For force exerted at the end of 20-in. lever to raise the load = Fa
WDm
tan
2
Lead Pc
1
0.2857 in
3.5
1
1.25 1.00 1.125 in
2
Lead
0.2857
tan1
tan1
4.62
Dm
1.125
f tan 0.15
Dm
8.53
W 6000 lb
Page 93 of 133
T Faa
Fa 39.43 lb
(d) Let p = pressure = 500 psi, W = 6000 lb, Do = 1.25 in, Di = 1.00 in.
Nt = number of threads, h = length of threaded portion.
500
Do2
4W
Dr2 Nt
4 6000
1.25 2 1.00 2 Nt
Nt 27
Then
h Nt Pc 27 0.2857 7.7 in
(e) Torque necessary to lower the load.
WDm
tan
2
60001.125
T
tan 8.53 4.62
2
T 230.7 in lb.
427.
k
sy
1
2
2 2 30,000
47.5
Then
Le
16
79.4 112
k 0.2015
Page 94 of 133
1
2
112
sy Le k 2
F
se 1
A
4 2E
se
4W
s L k 2
Dr2 1 y e 2
4 E
4 24
se
47.5 79.4 2
1.612 2 1 2
4 30,000
se 15.74 ksi
s
47.5
N y
3.0 satisfactory
se 15.74
WDm
tan
2
Lead Pc
1
0.4445 in
2.25
1
2.00 1.612 1.806 in
2
Lead
0.4445
tan1
tan1
4.48
Dm
1.806
f tan 0.15
Dm
8.53
W 24,000 lb
WDm
tan
2
24,0001.806
T
tan 8.53 4.48
2
T 5008 in lb
WDm
tan
2
24,0001.806
T
tan 8.53 4.48
2
T 1535 in lb.
Page 95 of 133
Le
112
k
5.71
If f = 0.15
f tan 0.15
8.53
WDm
tan
2
W 20 kips
WDm
tan
2
201.806
T
tan 8.53 4.48
2
T 4.173 in kips
WDm
tan
2
201.806
T
tan 8.53 4.48
2
T 1.279 in kips
.
5.71
If f = 0.15
Page 96 of 133
WDm
tan
2
W 20 kips
WDm
tan
2
201.806
T
tan 8.53 8.904
2
T 5.671 in kips
5.71
If f = 0.15
f tan 0.15
8.53
WDm
tan
2
W 20 kips
WDm
tan
2
201.806
T
tan 8.53 13.224
2
T 7.207 in kips
The conditions for a self-locking screw are given in 8.23, Text. Assume
that the coefficient of friction is equal to the tangent of the lead angle
and show that the efficiency of a self-locking screw is always less than
50%.
Solution:
tan
tan
For self-locking, > , then + > 2
Then,
Page 97 of 133
2
e 0.50
e 50%
e
CURVED BEAMS
430.
Solution:
(a) Table AT3. Wrought aluminum alloy 2014 T6
sn 18 ksi@5 108 cycles
sy 60 ksi
At 106 cycles
10 6
sn sn
nc
0.09
10 6
18 sn
8
5 10
sn 31.49 ksi
0.09
sn 26.77
13.38 ksi
N
2
Equation:
F KcMc
A
I
Page 98 of 133
D2
4
D4
I
64
D
c
2
M Fe
D
2
D4
64
Kc Fe
4F
D2
4F 32KcFe
D2
D3
c D
D
D
13.38
D2
D3
6.0908
c 1.92
Table AT 18: Kc = 1.152
4 2.5
321.152 2.5 3
s
Solution:
(a) Table AT3. Wrought aluminum alloy 2014 T6
sn 18 ksi@5 108 cycles
sy 60 ksi
Page 99 of 133
sn sn
0.09
0.09
10 6
8
5 10
18 sn
sn 31.49 ksi
Equation:
F KcMc
A
I
A bh b 3b 3b2
bh3 b 3b 3
2.25b4
12
12
h
c 0.5h 1.5b
2
M Fe
K Fe1.5b
F
s 2 c
3b
2.25b4
K Fe
F
c 3
2
3b 1.5b
c h
h
h 3b
13.38
2.5 Kc 2.5 3
3b2
1.5b3
4.66
c 3 0.787
Table AT 18: Kc = 1.1736
1.1736 2.5 3
2.5
s
13.38 ksi
2
3 0.787
1.5 0.787 3
Use b = 7/8 in. h = 3b = 2 5/8 in
(b) Residual stress is helpful due to a decrease in total stress on tension side.
432.
Solution:
(a) For AISI 4130, WQT 1100 F, Table AT 7
sy = 114 ksi, su = 127 ksi, sn = su/2 for reversed bending
N sy
sn
sm sa
Kf 1.0
s
repeated load
2
s2
1
s
N 2 sy 0.85 su 2
1 1
1
s
N 2 sy 0.85su
1
1
1
s
2 2114 0.85127
sd 36.63 ksi
For curved beam
F KcMc
A
I
a 1.5 in
2c 2 c2
4
64
4
Table AT 18,
r a c
r a c 1.5 c
c
c
c
Substitute:
36.63
36.63
2.5 Kc 2.51.5 c c
c2
c4 4
c2
c3
3.37 , Kc 1.293
c
0.633
2.5
101.2931.5 0.633
36.63 s
2
0.633
0.633 3
36.63 s 36.60 ksi
F KcMc
A
I
K F1.5 c c
F
114 2 c
c
c4 4
s
114
F Kc F1.5 c
c2
c3
r 1.5 0.6875
3.18 , Kc 1.312
c
0.6875
114
F
1.312 F1.5 0.6875
2
0.6875
0.6875 3
F 32.71 kips
433.
Solution:
(a) For AISI 4130, WQT 1100 F, Table AT 7
sy = 114 ksi, su = 127 ksi, sn = su/2 for reversed bending
At 100,000 repetitions
10 6
sn 0.85 su 2
nc
0.085
10 6
0.85 su 2
100,000
Soderberg line:
1 sm Kf sa
N sy
sn
sm sa
Kf 1.0
s
repeated load
2
s2
1
s
N 2 sy 0.5169 su
1 1
1
s
N 2 sy 1.0338su
1
1
1
s
2 2114 1.0338127
sd 41.66 ksi
For curved beam
F KcMc
A
I
a 1.5 in
2c 2 c2
4
M F a c
2c 4 c4
64
4
Table AT 18,
r a c
r a c 1.5 c
c
c
c
0.085
0.5169 su
41.66
c2
c3
3.5 , Kc 1.28
c
0.601
2.5
101.281.5 0.601
41.66 s
2
0.601
0.601 3
41.66 s 41.64 ksi
Use c =5/8
Diameter = 2c = 1.25 in = 1 1/4 in
(b) Static load that produces incipient yielding.
sd = sy = 114 ksi
F KcMc
A
I
K F1.5 c c
F
114 2 c
c
c4 4
s
114
F Kc F1.5 c
c2
c3
r 1.5 0.625
3.4 , Kc 1.29
c
0.625
F
1.29 F1.5 0.625
114
2
0.625
0.625 3
F 25.97 kips
434.
Solution:
(a) For AISI C1040, OQT 1100 F, Figure AF 1
su = 100 ksi, sn = su/2 for reversed bending
sn = SF x sn = 0.85(0.5)(100) = 42.5 ksi
Kf = 1.0
Modified Goodman line:
1 sm Kf sa
N su
sn
s
sm sa repeated load
2
Kf 1.0
s2
s2
1
F KcMc
A
I
a 2.0 in
2c 2 c2
4
2c 4 c4
64
4
Table AT 18,
r a c
r a c 2.0 c
c
c
c
Substitute:
33.14
33.14
c2
c4 4
c2
c3
4.13 , Kc 1.224
c
0.639
33.14 s
2.0
81.224 2.0 0.639
2
0.639
0.639 3
Use c = 11/16 in
Diameter = 2c = 1.375 in = 1 3/8 in
(b) sus = 0.6su = 0.6 x 100 ksi = 60 ksi
sns = 0.6sn = 0.6 x 42.5 ksi = 25.5 ksi
Equivalent stress (Modified Goodman Line)
s s
se m n Kf sa
su
ses
1
smssns
Kf sas
sus
se
sn
sm sa
s
es
sns
1
2
s
2
ss
2
F cos45 KcMc F cos45 KcF a c cos45 c
s
A
I
c2
c4 4
sms sas
c2
c3
ss
F sin45 F sin45
A
c2
11
in 0.6875 in (assuming constant diameter)
16
r a c 2.0 0.6875
3.91
c
c
0.6875
Table AT 18,
Kc 1.239
c
0.6875 2
0.6875 3
s 19.40 ksi
ss
2.0 sin45
0.6875 2
Then
s s
se m n Kf sa
su
0.95 ksi
se
19.40 42.5
s sn
Kf
1 13.82 ksi
2 su
2 100
ses
smssns
Kf sas
sus
ses
0.85 25.5
ss sns
Kf
1 0.68 ksi
2 sus
2
60
se
sn
2
ses
sns
1 13.82
N 42.5
0.68
25.5
1
2
N 3.06
Since N > 1.8, this section could be made smaller.
435.
A C-frame hand press is made of annealed cast steel (A27-58) and has
a modified I-section, as shown. The dimensions of a 45 o section CD are:
a = 3, b = 6, h = 4, t = 1 in., radius r = 1 in.; also g = 12 in.; and the
maximum force is F = 17 kips, repeated a relatively few times in the
life of the press. (a) Applying the straight-beam formula to the 45 o
section, compute the maximum and minimum normal stresses. (b) Do
the same, applying the curved-beam formula. (c) By what theory would
you judge this section to have been designed? If the radius r were
increased several times over, as it could have been done, would the
stress have been materially reduced? Give reasons for your
conclusions.
Solution:
(a) Straight-beam formula
Consider only normal stresses, relatively static.
F cos45 Mc
A
I
M F g r 2 r cos45
2
A ht at b 2t t
t
t
b 2t
ht b 2t t
t at b t
2
2
2
c2
ht b 2t t at
ht2
t
bt
b 2t
at b
2
2
2
c2
ht b 2t t at
c1 b c2
c2
41 2 6 21 61
31 6
2
2
2.77273 in
41 6 21 1 31
c1 b c2 6 2.7723 3.22727 in
I I Ad2
A1 ht
A2 b 2t t
A3 at
2
I1
ht3
t
ht c2
12
2
I2
t b 2t 3
b
b 2t t c2
12
2
I3
at3
t
at c1
12
2
4 1 3
I1
4 1
12
I2
1 6 21 3
12
1
2.77273
2
21 in4
2.77273
2
6 21 1
5.54 in4
I3
31 3
12
1
31 3.22727
2
22.564 in4
Then
F cos45 Mc2
A
I
F cos45 Mc1
smin
A
I
smax
A 4 1 31 6 2 1 1 11 in2
2.77273
M 17 12 1
1 cos45 215.686 in kips
2
F cos45 KciMc2
A
I
F cos45 KcoMc1
smin
A
I
smax
c2 2.77273 in
c1 3.22727 in
c4 3.22727 1 2.22727 in
c3 2.77273 1 1.77273 in
b1 3 in
t 1 in
b 4 in
c
1 Z r c I
Kc
Arc
c c2
Kci
c2
I
Z r c2
Arc2
2.77273
1 2.944455 3.77273 2.77273 49.104
11 3.77273 2.77273
Kci 0.8286
c c1
Kco
c1
I
Z r c1
Arc1
3.22727
1 2.944455 3.77273 3.22727 49.104
11 3.77273 3.22727
Kco 0.424
F cos45 KciMc2
A
I
F cos45 KcoMc1
smin
A
I
17 cos45 0.8286 215.686 2.77273
smax
compression
c2 2.77273 in
c1 3.22727 in
c4 3.22727 1 2.22727 in
c3 2.77273 1 1.77273 in
t 1 in
b 4 in
c
1 Z r c I
Kc
Arc
c c2
Kci
c2
I
Z r c2
Arc2
2.77273
1 3.622343 4.77273 2.77273 49.104
11 4.77273 2.77273
Kci 0.4664
c c1
Kco
c1
I
Z r c1
Arc1
3.22727
1 3.622343 4.77273 3.22727 49.104
11 4.77273 3.22727
Kco 0.3221
F cos45 KciMc2
A
I
F cos45 KcoMc1
smin
A
I
17 cos45 0.4664 215.686 2.77273
smax
compression
The stress is reduced using by increasing the radius r in Curved Beam
Formula.
Reason: As the radius r increased the stress factor for curved beam
decreases thence the maximum stress is reduced.
Solution:
F KciMci
A
I
Table AT 1
3t
7
2
t 4.5t 10.5t 10.5
2
16
A 4t
c1
4.5t t 4t t
2
t 4.5t t 4t t
2
2.009766 in2
3
t
2
2.035714t
3
t
2
7
c1 2.035714
0.890625 in
16
c2 4.5t 1.5t c1 6t 2.035714t 3.964286t
7
c2 3.964286
1.734375 in
16
Table AT 18
r a c1 1.75 0.890625 2.640625 in
r a c1 2.640625
2.965
c
c1
0.890625
Kci 1.4212
Moment of Inertia
3
4t 3 t
2 4t 3 t
I
12
2
3
2.035714t t
4
t 4.5t 3
12
4.5
t 4.5t 3.964286t
t
2
16
I 31.861607t 4 31.861607
1.167293 in4
F KciMci
A
I
sy 36
1.4212 3.640625 F 0.890625
F
s
N
2 2.009766
1.167293
s
437.
The same as 436, except that the section is trapezoidal with b = in.
(see figure). Ignore the effect of resounding off the corners.
Solution:
F KciMci
A
I
1
3
b 2b 3b 4.5b2 4.5 2.53125 in2
2
4
3b 2b 2b
4
4 3
c1
b 1 in
3 b 2b
3
3 4
A
c2 3b
4
5
5 3
b b 1.25 in
3
3
3 4
3b 3 b2 4b 2b 2b 2
I
3.25b4 3.25
36 b 2b
1.02832 in4
Table AT 18
3.25b4
Z 1
2r
a b c
r c2
b a
log
2
e
r c1
r a c1 1.75 1 2.75 in
a b 0.75 in
b 2b 2 0.75 1.50 in
c 3b 3 0.75 2.25 in
2 2.75
1.50 0.75
2.75 1.25
2.75 1.25 loge
1.50 0.75
0.75
0.75 1.5 2.25
2.25
2.75 1
Z 0.05627
Z 1
c1
I
Z r c1
1
1 0.05627 2.75 1 1.02832
Kci
1.6479
Arc1
2.53125 2.751
M F q c1 F 2.75 1 3.75F
1
F KciMci
A
I
s
36
F
1.6479 3.75 F1
s y
N
2 2.53125
1.02832
s
1
t ri
1 3pi
s
sy
N
1
2
1 in
52
17.333 ksi 17 ,333 psi
3
t 2.25
1
1
2
1
3 8000
17 ,333
1 2.774 in
ti
ti
pi ro2 ri2
ro2 ri2
ri 2.25 in
ro 2.25 2.774 5.024 in
ti
sy
52,000
4.33
12,014
Maximum shear stress
N
ti
ro2 pi po
2 2
ro ri
ro2 pi
ro2 ri2
5.024 2 8000
5.024 2 2.25 2
sy
10,007 psi
52,000
2.60
2 210,007
(c) From thin-shell formula
p r 8000 2.25
t i i
1.0385 in
st
17 ,333
From Barlow formula
N
t
t
pi ro pi ri t
st
st
pi ri
8000 2.25
1.929 in
st pi 17,333 8000
439.
ro2 pi po sy
2N
ro2 ri2
ri
ro2 6 0
35
2
2
2 2.5
ro 6
ro 15.8745 in
t ro ri 15.8745 6 9.8745 in
(b) Octahedral Sheat Theory
t ri
1
sy
N
12
3pi
35
14 ksi
2.5
t 6
12
1
3 6
1
14
t
2.5
1 5.8195 in
t 2.5714 in
Barlow formula
sy
pr
st i o
t
N
6 6 t 35
t
2.5
t 4.5 in
ro2 pi po sy
2N
ro2 ri2
12
6 in
2
pi 6,000 psi 6 ksi
po 0 ksi
ri
ro2 6 0
85
2
2
2 2.5
ro 6
ro 7.459 in
t ro ri 7.459 6 1.459 in
(b) Octahedral Sheat Theory
1
t ri
3pi
1
s
sy
N
12
85
34 ksi
2.5
12
t 6
3 6
1
34
t
2.5
1 1.2005 in
t 1.0588 in
Barlow formula
s
pr
st i o y
t
N
6 6 t 85
t
2.5
t 1.2857 in
1.4375 in
2
2
ID 1.771
ri
0.8855 in
2
2
t 0.552 in
pi 1.4375 2 0.8855 2 0
1.4375 2 0.8855 2
pi 6.7477 ksi
Maximum shear theory
ro2 pi po s
2 2
2
ro ri
1.4375 2 pi
1.4375 2 0.8855 2
15
2
pi 4.654 ksi
Octahedral shear theory
12
1
t ri
3pi
1
s
12
1
0.552 0.8855
3pi
1
15
pi 5.374 ksi
to
2 4.654 0.8855 2 0
to
5.592 ksi
1.4375 2 0.8855 2
(c) External pressure alone.
ti
15
0 2 po 1.4375 2
1.4375 2 0.8855 2
po 4.654 ksi
442.
Di 1.5 in
Do 2.5 in
L 4 in
For pi:
fpiDi2 L
2
T
But
Di3 sys
16
Then
Di3 sys
fpiDi2 L
16
f 0.1 as per Baughers recommendation
pi
Di sys
8 fL
1.5 33
8 0.1 4
15.46875 ksi
Then
D
Ei
1 i
pi
2Di
Do
15.46875
30,000 i
1
21.5
i 0.002417 in - answer.
1.5
2.5
th
30,000 0.002417
1
21.5
Radial stress
rh pi 15.46875 ksi
1.5
2.5
32.87 ksi
443.
The same as 442, except that the hub is ASTM 20, cast iron. Will the
resulting tensile stresses be safe for cast iron?
Solution:
Table AT 6, ASTM 20, cast iron, suc = 83 ksi, su = 20 ksi (hub)
Table AT 7, SAE 1035, as rolled, sy = 55 ksi.
sys = 0.6 sy = 33 ksi
(a) Interference of metal
For hub of cast iron and the shaft is steel.
2
D
Ei 1 i
Do
pi
2
Di
Di 3 1
D
Di 1.5 in
Do 2.5 in
L 4 in
E 30,000 ksi
0.27
For pi:
fpiDi2 L
T
2
But
Di3 sys
16
Then
Di3 sys
16
fpiDi2 L
pi
Di sys
8 fL
Then
1.5 33
8 0.1 4
15.46875 ksi
pi
D
Ei 1 i
Do
2
Di
Di 3 1
Do
15.46875
1.5
30,000 i 1 1.5
2.5
1.5
2.5
3 0.27 1 0.27
i 0.004269 in - answer.
Di
Ei 1
Do
th
D
Di 3 1 i
Do
1.5
2.5
30,000 0.004269 1
th
th
32.87 ksi
30,000 0.002417
1
21.5
1.5
2.5
A cast-steel gear is pressed onto a 2-in. shaft made of AISI 3140, OQT
1000 F. The equivalent hub diameter is 4 in., and the hub length is 4 in.
(a) What are the maximum tangential and radial stresses in the hub
caused by a class FN 2 interference fit? Compute for the apparent
maximum value of i (but recall the probability of this event). (b) What
axial force F in tons will be required to press the gear on the shaft if f1
is assumed to be 0.2? (c) What torque may the force fit safely
transmit? (d) Is the holding capacity of this fit large enough to transmit
a torque that produces a simple torsional stress of 0.6sys in the shaft?
Solution:
Cast steel, E = 30 x 106 psi, = 0.27 or approximately 0.3
AISI 3140, OQT 1000 F, E = 30 x 106 psi, = 0.3, sy = 133 ksi (Fig. AF 2).
Di = 2 in, Do = 4 in, L = 4 in.
th
1
2Di
Do
th
30 10 0.0027 1
6
2 2
Radial stress
D
Ei
1 i
rh pi
2Di
Do
rh
25,313 psi
30 10 0.0027 1
6
2 2
15,188 psi
f1piDi L
tons
2000
0.215,188 2 4
F
38.17 tons
2000
F
fpiDi2 L
2
ssDi3 47 ,880 2 3
T
72,210 psi
16
16
No. The holding capacity of this fit is not large enough to transmit a
torque that produces a simple torsional stress of 0.6sys in the shaft.
445. The same as 444, except that a class FN 4 fit is investigated and the
computation is made for the average i.
Solution:
Cast steel, E = 30 x 106 psi, = 0.27 or approximately 0.3
AISI 3140, OQT 1000 F, E = 30 x 106 psi, = 0.3, sy = 133 ksi (Fig. AF 2).
Di = 2 in, Do = 4 in, L = 4 in.
For Class FN 4 interference fit.
Table 3.2, page 85, 2 in diameter.
Maximum value of i = 0.0042 0.0000 = 0.0042 in
Minimum value of i = 0.0035 0.0012 = 0.0023 in
th
30 10 0.00325 1
6
2 2
Radial stress
rh pi
rh
D
Ei
1 i
2Di
Do
30,469 psi
30 10 0.00325 1
6
2 2
18,281 psi
45.95 tons
2000
(c) Torque safely transmit.
fpiDi2 L
T
2
f = 0.1 as recommended by Baugher.
0.118,281 2 2 4
T
45,945 in lb
2
(d) With simple torsional stress of 0.6sys.
ss 0.6 sys 0.6 0.6 sy 0.6 0.6 133 47.88 ksi 47 ,880 psi
ssDi3 47 ,880 2 3
72,210 psi
16
16
No. The holding capacity of this fit is not large enough to transmit a
torque that produces a simple torsional stress of 0.6sys in the shaft.
446.
A No. 217 ball bearing has a bore of 3.3465 in., a width of 1.1024 in.,
and the inner race is approximately 3/8 in. thick. This bearing is to be
mounted on a solid shaft with i = 0.0014. (a) Calculate the maximum
radial and tangential stresses in the race. (b) Estimate the force
required to press the bearing onto the shaft.
Solution:
Di = 3.3465 in, Do = 3.3465 + 2(3/8) = 4.0965 in, i = 0.0014 in.
(a) Maximum radial stress in the race
2
Di
Ei
1
rh pi
2Di
Do
rh
30 10 0.0014 1
6
2 3.3465
Tangential stress
2
D
Ei
1 i
th
2Di
Do
th
30 10 0.0014 1
6
2 3.3465
3.3465
4.0965
3.3465
4.0965
2,087 psi
10,463 psi
f1piDi L
tons, use f1 = 0.175 on the average
2000
0.175 2,087 2 4
F
4.59 tons
2000
F
447.
Ei
rh pi
2Di
rh
2 2
Maximum tangential stress if Do .
2
D
Ei
1 i
2Di
Do
Ei
th
2Di
th
th
2 2
(b) Maximum radial stress if Do 10 in.
2
Di
Ei
rh pi
1
2Di
Do
rh
30 10 0.005 1
2 2
10
36,000 psi
th
2
D
Ei
1 i
2Di
Do
30 10 0.005 1
6
2
39,000 psi
2 2
10
th
rh pi
rh
D
Ei
1 i
2Di
Do
30 10 0.005 1
6
2 2
2.5
13,500 psi
th
448.
30 10 0.005 1
6
2 2
2
61,500 psi
2.5
ti
30,000 3 2 1.5 2 0
50,000 ksi
3 2 1.5 2
ti
2 30,000 1.5 2 0
20,000 ksi
3 2 1.5 2
(b) Pressure at the interface, tangential stresses at the inner and outer
surface of each cylinder.
to
th hpi ts spi
Eh
Es
i 2 h s Di
Eh Es , h s
pi ro2 ri2
th 2 2
ro ri
Di
th ts
E
Ei 2p1r12
Di ri2 r12
pi 2 2 2 2
ro ri ri r1
30 10 0.003 2 30,0001.5
6
pi
4.5
2.25 2 1.5 2 20,000 48,000
3.571429 2.6
3 2 2.25 2 2.25 2 1.5 2
2
2
2
2
3 2.25 2.25 1.5
pi 11,018.5 psi
Tangential stresses:
ti
Outer surface:
Outer cylinder:
Inner surface:
ti
ti
Outer surface:
to
to
449.
11,018.5 3 2 2.25 2 2 0 3 2
39,351.8 psi
3 2 2.25 2
Solution:
Phosphor Bronze B139C, Es = 16 x 106 psi (Table AT3), s = 0.36 (other
reference).
Cast steel, Eh = 30 x 106 psi , h = 0.27 (Table AT 6)
th hpi ts spi
E
E
h
s
i 2 h s Di
th
pi ro2 ri2
ro2 ri2
ts
pi ri2 r12
ri2 r12
th hpi ts spi
E
E
E
E
h
h
s
s
i Di
2
2
2
2
E
Es
E
r
r
E
r
r
h
s i
1
h o i
(a) pi
i
Di
pi 2 2
ro ri
ri2 r12
h s
2
2
2
2
Eh Es
Eh ro ri
Es ri r1
2.25
1.125 in
2
1.25
ri
0.625 in
2
ro
0.75
0.375 in
2
L 2 in
Di 1.25 in
pi
1.125 2 0.625 2
30 10 6 1.125 2 0.625 2
0.0016
1.25
0.625 2 0.375 2
0.27
0.36
2
2
6
6
30 10 16 10 6
16 10 0.625 0.375
pi
1.28 10
1.328125 10 7 0.9 10 8 2.25 10 8
6.309524 10
pi 7,017 psi
(b) Maximum tangential stress in the steel cylinder.
th
pi ro2 ri2
ro2 ri2
f1piDi L
tons, use f1 = 0.175 on the average
2000
0.175 7 ,017 1.25 4
F
4.82 tons
2000
F
p
s ts s i
Es
ts
ts
pi ri2 r12
ri2 r12
DESIGN PROJECTS
DESIGN PROJECTS
450.
451.
Design an air-operated punch press similar to the one shown. Let the
force at the punch be 12 tons, (or other capacity as specified by the
instructor), the depth of throat to the inside edge of the frame be 25
in., the diameter and stroke of the piston about 8 in. by 8 in., the
mechanical advantage of the lever about 7, and the diameter of the
punch 3/16 in. Determine first the horizontal section of the frame, and
locate and design the cylinder. Then determine the relative
arrangement of the various links and make a force analysis, from which
the design of certain parts follows. Determine the actual distance of
movement of the punch (not less than about 1 in.). The illustration will
assist the student in settling upon the proportions of parts for which
strength calculations cannot be made.
452.
Design a screw press similar to that shown for a load of ___ (say, 3)
tons on the screw. The depth of the throat g is to be ___ (10) in. and the
height of the throat h is to be ___ (15) in. (The instructor will assign the
data.) The order of procedure may be as follows: (a) Find the diameter
of the screw. If Le/k > 40, check as a column. If the top of the screw is
squared off for a handwheel or handle, check this section for twisting.
The equation for pivot friction, if desired, is in 18.10, Text. (b) Decide
upon the diameter of the handwheel or the length of handle (if one is
needed to obtain the maximum pressure), assuming that the
maximum force to be exerted by a man is about 150 lb. Dimensions of
handwheels may be found in handbooks. The handle may be designed
by the flexure formula. (c) Design the frame. The shape of the section
of the frame will depend on the material used. A T-section is suitable
for cast iron (say N = 6 on the ultimate strength), a hollow box or
modified I-section is suitable for cast steel. The 45 o section CD of the
frame should be safe as a curved beam. See Table AT 18. In this
connection, it will be well to make the radius r as large as practicable,
since the larger r the less the stresses from a given load. Compute the
dimensions of the vertical section. It is a good plan to keep t and a the
453.