The Bus Admittance Matrix

The matrix equation for relating the nodal voltages to the

currents that flow into and out of a network using the
admittance values of circuit branches

Iinj = Ybus Vnode

Ik Vk
Network

Used to form the network model of an interconnected

power system
u

Nodes represent substation bus bars

Branches represent transmission lines and transformers
Injected currents are the flows from generator and loads

Power Systems I

The Bus Admittance Matrix

l

Constructing the Bus Admittance Matrix (or the Y bus

matrix)
u

form the nodal solution based upon Kirchhoffs current law

I k inj = yk 0 Vk + yk 1 (Vk V1 ) + yk 2 (Vk V2 ) + K + ykn (Vk Vn )

u

impedances are converted to admittances

1
1
yij =
=
zij rij + j xij

Power Systems I

Matrix Formation Example

generator 1
z = j1.0

generator 2
z = j0.8
line 12
z = j0.4

1
line 13
z = j0.2

2
line 23
z = j0.2

V2

j1.0

j0.8

j0.4

j0.2

j0.2

3
line 34
z = j0.08

4
Network Diagram
Power Systems I

V1

j0.08
4
Impedance Diagram

Matrix Formation Example

I1

y10= -j1.0

I2

y20= -j1.25
1

2
y12 = -j2.5
y13= -j5 y23= -j5
3
y34 = -j12.5
4

Admittance Diagram
Power Systems I

KCL Equations

I1 = y10V1 + y12 (V1 V2 ) + y13 (V1 V3 )

I 2 = y20V2 + y21 (V2 V1 ) + y23 (V2 V3 )

0 = y31 (V3 V1 ) + y32 (V3 V2 ) + y34 (V3 V4 )

0 = y43 (V4 V3 )

Matrix Formation Example

Rearranging the KCL Equations
I1 = ( y10 + y12 + y13 )V1 y12V2 y13V3

I 2 = y21V1 + ( y20 + y21 + y23 )V2 y23V3

0 = y31V1 y32V2 + ( y31 + y32 + y34 )V3 y34V4

0 = y43V3 + y43V4

Matrix Formation of the Equations

I1 ( y10 + y12 + y13 )
I
y21
2 =
y31
0

0
0
Power Systems I

y12
( y20 + y21 + y23 )
y32
0

y13
y23

( y31 + y32 + y34 )

y43

0 V1
0 V2

y34 V3

y43 V4

Matrix Formation Example

Completed Matrix Equation
Y11 = ( y10 + y12 + y13 ) = j8.50
Y23 = Y32 = y23 = j5.00
Y12 = Y21 = y12 = j 2.50
Y33 = ( y31 + y32 + y34 ) = j 22.50
Y13 = Y31 = y13 = j5.00
Y34 = Y43 = y34 = j12.50
Y22 = ( y20 + y21 + y23 ) = j8.75
Y44 = y34 = j12.50
0 V1
j5.00
I1 j8.50 j 2.50
I j 2.50 j8.75
V
5
.
00
0
j
2 =
2
j5.00 j 22.50
j12.50 V3
0 j5.00

0
0
12
.
50
12
.
50
0
j
j

V4
Power Systems I

Y-Bus Matrix Building Rules

l

Square matrix with dimensions equal to the number of

buses
Convert all network impedances into admittances
n
Diagonal elements:

Yii = yij

ji

j =0

Off-diagonal elements:

Yij = Y ji = yij

Matrix is symmetrical along the leading diagonal

Power Systems I

Example
Line
g1
g2
L1
L2
L3
L4
L5
L6

System Data
Start End X value
1
0
1.00
5
0
1.25
1
2
0.40
1
3
0.50
2
3
0.25
2
5
0.20
3
4
0.125
4
5
0.50

Power Systems I

Tap-Changing Transformers
l

The tap-changing transform gives some control of the

power network by changing the voltages and current
magnitudes and angles by small amounts
u

The flow of real power along a network branch is controlled by

the angular difference of the terminal voltages
The flow of reactive power along a network branch is controlled
by the magnitude difference of the terminal voltages
Real and reactive powers can be adjusted by voltage-regulating
transformers and by phase-shifting transformers

bus i

1:a

bus j
a can be a
complex number

Power Systems I

Modeling of Tap-Changers
u

the off-nominal tap ratio is given as 1:a

the nominal turns-ratio (N1/N2) was addressed with the
conversion of the network to per unit
the transformer is modeled as two elements joined together at a
fictitious bus x

Vi

Ii

yt

Ij

Vx
1:a

basic circuit equations:

Vx = 1a V j
Power Systems I

I i = a* I j

I i = yt (Vi Vx )

Vj

Modeling of Tap-Changers
l

Making substitutions

Vx = 1a V j

I i = yt (Vi 1a V j )

I i = yt (Vi Vx )

I i = a* I j
I j = a1* I i
yt
yt
yt
1
I j = * (Vi a V j ) = * Vi + 2 V j
a
a
a
Power Systems I

YBus Formation of Tap-Changers

l

Matrix formation

yt
I i = {yt }Vi + V j
a
y
yt
I j = * Vi + t2 V j
a
a
I i yt
I = y a *
j t
Power Systems I

yt a Vi
2
yt a V j

Pi-Circuit Model of Tap-Changers

l

Valid for real values of a

Taking the y-bus formation, break the diagonal elements
into two components
u

the off-diagonal element represent the impedance across the two

buses
the remainder form the shunt element
non-tap side

i
(a - 1) yt / a
Power Systems I

yt / a

tap side

j
(1 - a) yt / a2