Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Marketing Research Lecture-4
Marketing Research Lecture-4
FIGURES
Figures
Figure 4.1
Figure 4.2
Figure 4.3
Figure 4.4
Figure 4.5
Table 4.1
Table 4.2
Table 4.3
Tables
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
1.
Define the nature and scope of secondary data and distinguish secondary data from primary
data.
2.
Analyze the advantages and disadvantages of secondary data and their uses in the various
steps of the marketing research process.
3.
Evaluate secondary data using specifications, error, currency, objectives, nature, and
dependability criteria.
4.
Describe in detail the different sources of secondary data including internal sources and
external sources in the form of published materials, computerized databases, and syndicated
services.
5.
6.
53
7.
8.
Identify and evaluate the sources of secondary data useful in international marketing
research.
9.
10. Discuss the use of the Internet and computers in researching secondary data.
AUTHORS NOTES: CHAPTER FOCUS
This chapter provides an overview of secondary data. Secondary data are defined and their
advantages, disadvantages, and evaluations discussed. A classification of secondary data is
presented. Internal sources, published external sources, computerized databases, and syndicated
sources of secondary data are discussed. The usefulness of combining secondary data from
different sources is emphasized. Applications of secondary data in the context of a buying power
index and computer mapping are provided.
This chapter provides a more extensive discussion of secondary data, including syndicated
services, than other competing texts. The several classifications of secondary data, presented in
Figures 4.1 through 4.5, are unique to this book.
This chapter could be taught by focusing on the chapter objectives sequentially. It would
be important to cover the nature of secondary data (Chapter Objective 1), the criteria for the
evaluation of secondary data (Chapter Objective 3), internal data, published external sources, and
computerized databases (Chapter Objective 4), and the material on syndicated sources (Chapter
Objective 5). The need to use multiple sources should be emphasized (Chapter Objective 6).
International marketing research (Chapter Objective 8), ethics in marketing research (Chapter
Objective 9), and the Internet and computers (Chapter Objective 10) should also be covered.
CHAPTER OUTLINE
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
Overview
Primary Versus Secondary Data
Advantages and Uses of Secondary Data
Disadvantages of Secondary Data
Criteria for Evaluating Secondary Data
i. Specifications: Methodology Used to Collect the Data
ii. Error: Accuracy of the Data
iii. Currency: When the Data Were Collected
iv. Objective: The Purpose for Which the Data Were Collected
v. Nature: The Content of the Data
vi. Dependability: How Dependable Are the Data?
Classification of Secondary Data
Internal Secondary Data
54
8)
9)
10)
11)
12)
13)
14)
15)
16)
17)
i. Database Marketing
Published External Secondary Sources
i. General Business Sources
a. Guides
b. Directories
c. Indexes
d. Nongovernmental Statistical Data
ii. Government Sources
a. Census Data
b. Other Government Publications
Computerized Databases
i. Classification of Computerized Databases
ii. Directories of Databases
Syndicate Sources of Secondary Data
Syndicated Data from Households
i. Surveys
a. Psychographics and Lifestyles
b. Advertising Evaluation
c. General Surveys
d. Uses of Surveys
e. Advantages and Disadvantages of Surveys
ii. Purchase and Media Panels
a. Purchase Panels
b. Media Panels
c. Uses of Purchase and Media Panels
d. Advantages and Disadvantages of Purchase and Media Panels
iii. Electronic Scanner Services
a. Uses of Scanner Data
b. Advantages and Disadvantages of Scanner Data
Syndicated Data from Institutions
i. Retailers and Wholesaler Audits
a. Uses of Audit Data
b. Advantages and Disadvantages of Audit Data
ii. Industry Services
a. Uses of Industry Services
b. Advantages and Disadvantages of Industry Services
Combining Information from Different Sources: Single-Source Data
International Marketing Research
Ethics in Marketing Research
Internet and Computer Applications
i. The World Wide Web as an Online Source of Secondary Data
ii. Internal Secondary Data
iii. General Business Sources
iv. Government Data
v. Computerized Databases
vi. Syndicated Sources of Information
vii. International Secondary Data
SPSS Windows
55
18)
19)
20)
Focus on Burke
Summary
Key Terms and Concepts
TEACHING SUGGESTIONS
Chapter Objective 1
Begin the class by having students suggest sources of secondary data with which
they are familiar with and keep a list on the board. Then proceed to discuss the
sources outlined in the text and see how many sources they overlooked.
* See Questions 1, 2, and 3.
Chapter Objective 2
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
The objectives, nature, and methods used to collect the secondary data may not be
appropriate to the present situation.
Secondary data may be lacking in accuracy, or may not be completely current or
dependable.
Tables 4.1 and 4.2 will be useful when covering this information.
* See Questions 17 and 18.
Chapter Objective 3
Explain the criteria for evaluating the quality of secondary data with an example.
Review the following criteria when evaluating the suitability and reliability of secondary
data. Your example should allow the students to address the six criteria below.
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
Accuracy of data.
6)
57
List the various internal sources of secondary data and explain their benefits to the
researcher.
Begin by noting that internal sources can supply some of the most vital data for research.
The information generated by the corporations daily business operations can represent a
wealth of data useful to the researcher and should be the starting point of a project. It
offers the advantages of being proprietary to the company and is available at a low cost
relative to outside suppliers.
As an example, discuss sales data. Sales data are valuable information for any marketing
project because it shows the exact results of a program, salesperson, or sales region.
Actual costs allow the researcher to estimate costs for a research study or project costs for
a marketing program. Detailed information can be gathered on precise questions; for
example, the percentage of sales to industry versus government, or sales broken out by
company accounts. With planning, sales data can be recorded in the companies
management information systems to allow for optimal use by analysts.
Discuss the chore of locating published secondary data that is appropriate for a
researcher.
It should be easy to convince students that published data abound but that the key is
knowing where to look for it. Both government and nongovernmental published sources
exist, as well as guides, directories, and indexes to help locate the necessary information.
The difficulty is locating either the right directory or index to guide you, or to understand
the classification system used. A good librarian is a real advantage and can cut down the
search time remarkably. You may want to bring a copy of a directory or index to show
how complicated they can be to use.
Figure 4.2 may be used here as a framework for your discussion on this topic.
2)
In store variables, such as pricing, promotions, and displays, are part of the data set.
3)
59
4)
Disadvantages:
1)
2)
3)
Quality of scanner data may be impaired due to various factors. For example, not all
product categories may be scanned, the item may not scan on the first try, etc.
Discuss how the Nielsen TV ratings can affect the price that advertisers are ready to
pay for a commercial broadcast during a particular time.
Mention that Nielsen TV ratings provide an estimated figure of the viewership of any
program. Obviously, the more viewership of the program, the more people can be reached
by advertising during the time that program is being broadcast. Therefore, if the Nielsen
TV ratings are higher, the advertisers would be willing to pay a higher price for their
commercials.
Panels provide longitudinal data, i.e. data obtained from the same respondents
repeatedly.
2)
Panel members may provide higher quality data than would a sample because of their
willingness to serve on the panel.
Disadvantages:
1)
2)
Over a period of time maturation sets in and the panel members must be replaced.
3)
Response biases may occur as simply being on the panel may alter behavior.
A lifestyle may be defined as a distinctive pattern of living that is described by the activities
people engage in, the interests they have, and the opinions they hold of themselves and the
world around them. These activities, interests, and opinions are termed AIOs. The AIOs
can be used to segment people into groups with different lifestyles and then the marketing
effort can be geared to meet the needs of any group(s).
Describe scanner data and explain its growing relevance to marketing research.
Scanner machines are commonly found in retail stores at the checkout stand. The
merchandise is passed over a laser scanner that optically reads the bar code on the
merchandise and records the information. Three types of scanner data are available.
Volume tracking data, scanner panels, and scanner panels with cable TV. The volume
tracking data provide information on purchases by brand, size, price, and flavor or
formulation based on sales data collected from the checkout scanner tapes. In scanner
panels, each household member is given an ID card that looks like a credit card. After
shopping, the panel member presents the ID card at the beginning of the checkout process.
The checker keys in the ID number, and each item of that customers order is isolated and
entered into the computer. The information is stored by day of week and time of day. An
advanced use of scanning combines panels with the cable TV industry. Households on
these panels subscribe to one of the cable TV systems. By means of a cable TV split, it is
possible to target different commercials into the homes of the panel members.
This data can be used by marketing researchers in a variety of ways. National volume
tracking data can be used for tracking sales and prices, distribution analysis, modeling, and
early warning signal analysis. Scanner panels with cable TV can be used for new product
testing, product repositioning, promotional mix analysis, advertising decisions including
budget, copy, and media decisions, and pricing analysis. These panels provide marketing
researchers with a unique controlled environment for the manipulation of marketing
variables.
* See Questions 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, and 15.
Chapter Objective 6
Chapter Objective 7
61
Chapter Objective 8
Department of Commerce
Agency for International Development
Small Business Administration
Export-Import Bank of the United States
Department of Agriculture
Department of State
Department of Labor
Port Authority of New York and New Jersey
The Department of Commerce offers not only a number of publications but also a variety
of other services, such as the foreign buyer program, matchmaker events, trade missions,
export contact list service, the foreign commercial service, and custom statistical service
for exporters.
Nongovernment organizations:
o
o
o
o
o
o
United Nations
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)
International Monetary Fund (IMF)
World Bank, International Chambers of Commerce
Commission of the European Community to the United States
Japanese External Trade Organization (JETRO)
62
Note the four ethical issues that are the most pertinent are:
1)
The needless collection of primary data when the problem can be addressed based
only on secondary data.
2)
Limiting the research to only secondary data when primary data are needed to answer
the research question.
3)
The use of secondary data that is not relevant or applicable to the research problem.
4)
The use of secondary data that has been gathered through morally questionable
means.
Chapter Objective 10
EXERCISES
Questions
1)
The differences between primary and secondary data are that primary data are originated by
the researcher for the specific purpose of addressing the problem at hand although
63
secondary data are data that have already been collected for purposes other than the
problem at hand.
2)
It is important to obtain secondary data before primary data because secondary data, as
compared to primary data, are easily available, inexpensive, and retrieving secondary data
requires a short amount of time. In addition, secondary data generally provide valuable
insights for collecting primary data.
3)
The difference between internal and external secondary data is that internal data are those
available within the organization for which the research is being conducted although external
data are those generated by sources outside the organization.
4)
The advantages of secondary data are that secondary data are easily accessible, less
expensive, and less time consuming to obtain than primary data.
5)
The disadvantages of secondary data are that their usefulness to the current problem may be
limited in relevance and accuracy.
6)
The criteria to be used when evaluating secondary data are: to examine the methodology
used to collect the data to identify possible sources of bias in the data, to determine whether
or not the information is accurate enough for the present purposes, to determine whether or
not the data is current enough for the present purposes, to determine why the data were
collected in the first place, to determine the nature of the data, and to determine the overall
dependability of the data.
7)
The various sources of published secondary data include business guides, directories,
indexes, nongovernmental statistical data, government sources, computerized databases, and
syndicated publications.
8)
The different forms of computerized databases are Internet, online or offline databases that
can be further classified as bibliographic, numeric, full-text, directory, or specialized
databases.
9)
The advantages of computerized databases are that the data are current and up-to-date, the
search process is more comprehensive, much quicker, and greatly simplified, the cost of
accessing these databases is low, and it is convenient and easy to access this data with a
personal computer fitted with an appropriate communication device such as a modem or a
communication network.
10) The various syndicated sources of secondary data consist of companies which collect and
sell common pools of data designed to serve information needs shared by a number of
clients. These may be classified as household/consumer information or institutional
information. Household/consumer information services include services which derive their
information from 1) surveys, which can be psychographic and lifestyle surveys, general
surveys or advertising evaluation surveys 2) mail/online panels, which are either purchase
panels or media panels, and 3) electronic scanners, which can be either volume tracking
data, scanner panels, or scanner panels with cable TV. Institutional information services
include services that monitor retailers, wholesalers, and industrial firms. An audit may be
64
Problems
1)
These data may be easily obtained from the Internet. Alternatively, Table 22.1 may be used.
2)
Do not expect the two estimates to be identical. Research methods, databases, and
researcher judgments will all vary.
Students may choose any computerized database relevant to their selected industry. They
should be able to produce the output from their search.
2)
Students should obtain the relevant information about the firm using both internal and
external sources available on the Internet.
3)
A wide variety of information can be obtained. Students should show the relevance of each
type of information to the formulation of domestic marketing strategy.
4)
Students should first select appropriate criteria (e.g., population of the elderly, wealth of the
elderly) and then rank the states on that basis. Top six states for marketing products to the
elderly: Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, California, and Colorado.
5)
The retail sales figures should be given in the aggregate for the United States and also
broken down by major classifications.
The panels maintained by NPD (www.npd.com) are briefly described in the text. Many
details are available on the Internet. The following is the list of the types of panels
maintained by NPD:
6)
o
o
The HTI Consumer Panel. The HTI Consumer Panel consists of 400,000
households, which can be contacted by mail or by telephone.
NPD Online Panel. The NPD Online Panel is a pre-recruited group of online
consumers who have agreed to participate in surveys on the World Wide Web.
ConsumerSCOPE International. ConsumerSCOPE International provides international consumer research for over 50 categories with over 500,000 households
responding throughout Europe, North America, and South America.
The American Shoppers Panel. An ongoing panel of 16,000 households, The
American Shoppers panel is balanced to U.S. demographics.
The Consumer Panel of Canada. Research for the Grocery Industry.
National Eating Trends Panel. NET maintains a panel of 2,000 households to
track the consumption habits of the U.S. population.
66
It is possible that new panels have been added and some old ones deleted. So please check
www.npd.com.
7)
The services of AC Nielsen include: retail, consumer panel, media and customized research
services; information services; retail measurement services; consumer panel services; media
measurement services; customized research services; and Internet services. The company
also offers value added services such as: information delivery services; merchandising and
sales; modeling and analytical services; and client servicing. It is possible that new services
have been added and some old ones deleted. So please check the AC Nielsen Web site.
SOURCE
INFORMATION
a) Internal Data
b) Findex/CIRR
c) Census Data
f) Syndicated Sources
Q2. You are the group product manager for Procter & Gamble in charge of laundry
detergents. How would you make use of information available from a store audit? Ask
another student to play the role of Vice President of Marketing. Explain to your boss
the value of store audit information related to laundry detergents.
A2. A product manager would analyze store data to determine:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Fieldwork
Q1. Make a trip to your local library. Write a report explaining how you would use the
library to collect secondary data for a marketing research project assessing the
demand potential for Cross soft tip pens. Please be specific.
A1. The purpose of this assignment is to get students into their local library to explore the
sources of secondary data available there. All of the sources listed in Chapter 4 may not be
available, but many should be. Encourage them to browse through the sources in order to
familiarize themselves with the presentation and contents.
Group Discussion
Q1. Discuss the significance and limitations of the government census data as a major
source of secondary data.
A1. Census data are extremely useful to marketers because it provides a wide variety of data
available in many forms. The quality of the data are very high and it is often broken out in
specific detail. Finally, because it is a census, as opposed to a sample, sampling error is
minimal.
The limitations of census data include the fact that the volume of data available makes
finding the right information difficult. Much time may be spent just locating the figures
needed. Furthermore, the data are of a general nature and may not provide the specific
information needed.
68
69