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Report On Orifices
Report On Orifices
CONTENT
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
Introduction
Aim
Apparatus used
Theory
Procedure
Data Analysis & Calculations
Discussion
INTRODUCTION
S.D.WERAGALA
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The analysis of the quantity of water which can be discharged through an orifice is arrived at in a
simple, straightforward manner by the application of Bernoulli's equation. However,
experimental tests typically produce a result which is only some 65% of the solution indicated by
the simple analysis. The study of water flow through an orifice is therefore a classic topic to
illustrate the need for a semi-empirical approach which is so often required in Mechanics of
Fluids.
LIST OF SYMBOLS
m2
ac
m2
Cc
coefficient of contraction
Cd
coefficient of discharge
Cv
coefficient of velocity
difference in height
volume flow rate
m/s2
m
m3/sec
horizontal distance
vertical distance
RESULTS
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According to x versus (4hy)0.5 ,Cv value that we got from the slope of the graph is almost
equal to the theoretical values that we calculated from the equation.
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DISCUSSION
There are two methods of analyzing the discharge of a vessel through an orifice. The first of
these applies when the orifice is small in comparison with the head above the orifice; this is
known as small orifice analysis. In this case variations in velocity with height within the jet of
water can be ignored and the velocity is assumed to be constant.
The alternative analysis for large orifices takes into account the variation of velocity with height
within the jet of water issuing from the orifice.
They were,
Cd = Coefficient of Discharge
Cc = Coefficient of Contraction
Cv = Coefficient of Velocity
When we consider Cv values for the 4mm and 6mm, theoretical values that we calculated from
the equations are lower than the experimental values. For Cd values theoretical values are higer
than the values that we calculated from the equation.
Human errors
Frictional loss in liquid
Measurement errors
Change in water level
Defects in orifices
The fluid does not flow in streamline condition. Specially with higher H values.
When measuring Q, time for a large volume of water so the error caused by measuring
the time is minimized.
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This experiment should carry out for a large no of different H values so that the human
REFERENCES
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http://mysite.du.edu/~jcalvert/tech/fluids/orifice.htm
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