Chapter 9

Multi-carrier CDMA

CCU
Wireless Comm. Lab.

Chapter 9
) 9 Multi-carrier CDMA
A9.1 Multiple Access
A9.2 OFDM FDMA
A9.3 OFDM TDMA
A9.4 OFDM CDMA / Multi-carrier CDMA Systems
9.4.1 MC-CDMA System
9.4.2 Multi-carrier DS-CDMA System
9.4.3 Multi-tone CDMA System
9.4.4 System features comparison
A9.5 Differences between OFDM and MC-CDMA

CCU
Wireless Comm. Lab.

9.1 Multiple Access

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) Multiple Access
AEnable many mobile users to share simultaneously radio
spectrum.
AProvide for the sharing of channel capacity between a
number of transmitters at different locations.
AAim to share a channel between two or more signals in
such way that each signal can be received without
interference from another.

CCU
Wireless Comm. Lab.

9.1.1 Multiple Access

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CCU
Wireless Comm. Lab.

9.1.1 Multiple Access

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) Multiple Access Schemes

AFrequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)
ATime Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
ACode Division Multiple Access (CDMA)

CCU
Wireless Comm. Lab.

9.1.1 Multiple Access

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)Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)

AEach transmitter is allocated a channel with a particular bandwidth.
AAll transmitters are able to transmit simultaneously.
AAllocation of separate channels to FDMA signals

CCU
Wireless Comm. Lab.

9.1.1 Multiple Access

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)Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)

ATransmitter share a common channel.
AOnly one transmitter is allowed to transmit at a time.
AAllocation of time slot in TDMA

CCU
Wireless Comm. Lab.

9.1.1 Multiple Access

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) Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)

A Transmitter may transmit at the same time, in the same channel.
A Each signal is modified by spreading it over a large bandwidth.
This spreading occurs by combining the transmitter signal with a
spreading sequence.

AAllocation of code in CDMA

CCU
Wireless Comm. Lab.

9.2 OFDM FDMA

1/2

) OFDM FDMA
AIn FDMA-OFDM system,the base station assigns each user
a different group of subchannels.
AFor instance, if each user assigned equal number of
subcarriers P and the total number of subcarriers is M,
then the maximum number of active user in such system is
limited to M/P.

CCU
Wireless Comm. Lab.

9.2 OFDM FDMA

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)OFDM FDMA

x bits

IFFT

P/S

#
#

x bits

r
e
t
r
e
v
n
o
c
p
U

#
#

signal
Mapper

n
o
i
t
r
e
s
n
I
l
a
v
r
e
t
n
I
d
r
a
u
G

S/P

Channel

r
e
t
r
e
v
n
o
c
n
w
o
D

x bits
user 2
data

r
e
t
l
i
F
s
s
a
p
w
o
L
&
A
/
D

signal
Mapper

r
e
t
l
i
F
s
s
a
p
w
o
L
&
D
/
A

S/P

l
a
v
o
m
e
R
l
a
v
r
e
t
n
I
d
r
a
u
G

user1
data

user i

S/P

FFT

Freqencyselection

signal
Mapper

data

P/S

#
#

userM
data

S/P

signal
Mapper

10

CCU
Wireless Comm. Lab.

9.3 OFDM TDMA

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) OFDM TDMA
AIn TDMA-OFDM system, the base station assigns each
user different time slots, and each user occupied the whole
bandwidth, i.e., all subcarriers.

11

CCU
Wireless Comm. Lab.

De-interleaving

signal Mapper

P/S
Down-converter

A / D & Low-pass Filter

Guard Interval
Removal

S/P
Up-converter

Guard Interval
Insertion
P/S
signal
Mapper

IFFT
interleavin
g

S/P

#
#

M
U
X

CCU
Wireless Comm. Lab.

12

user i
data

D
E
M
U
X
FF
T
Channel

D / A & Low-pass Filter

Data

2/2

9.3 OFDM TDMA

)OFDM TDMA

User1
Data

User2

User M
Data

1/13

9.4 OFDM CDMA / Multi-carrier CDMA Systems

) OFDM CDMA
ACombination of CDMA and OFDM/ multi-carrier
modulation techniques
MC-CDMA System / OFDM CDMA
Multi-carrier DS-CDMA System
Multi-tone CDMA System

13

CCU
Wireless Comm. Lab.

2/13

9.4 OFDM CDMA / Multi-carrier CDMA Systems

) Frequency domain spreading + multi-carrier modulation
AMC-CDMA scheme
) Time domain spreading + multi-carrier modulation
AMulti-carrier DS-CDMA scheme
f
AMT-CDMA scheme
f1

t
1

3
2

9
8

f2

10

f3

3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

f1 f2 f3 f4 f5 f6 f7 f8 f9 f10

1
2

a1
a1
a1
a1
a1
a1
a1

f4
f5
t
1

3
2

7
8

f6

f7

10

f8

a1
a1
a1

f9
t

3
2

7
6

f10

9
8

10

Frequency domain and time domain spreading

14

CCU
Wireless Comm. Lab.

9.4.1 MC-CDMA System

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) MC-CDMA System
A Frequency domain spreading
A The resulting spectrum of each subcarrier can satisfy the
orthogonality condition with the minimum frequency separation.
A In a (synchronous) down-link mobile radio communication channel,
we can use Hadamard Walsh codes as an optimum orthogonal set.
A It can be implemented via OFDM technique.
A Its a potential candidate for the 4th wireless communication system.

15

CCU
Wireless Comm. Lab.

9.4.1 MC-CDMA System

4/13

) MC-CDMA System
c1

(a) Transmitter

cos(2 f1t )

cos(2 f 2t )

c2

Input Data
Stream

b j (i )
Copier

j
s MC
(t )

GMC

cN

cos(2 f N t )

j
Mc

( t ) = b j ( i ) cmj
i = m =1

ps ( t iTs ) cos ( 2 ( f 0 + m+ f ) t )

+f =
(b) Power spectrum of transmitted signal

f1

f2

f3

1
Ts

fN1 f N
16

frequency
CCU
Wireless Comm. Lab.

9.4.1 MC-CDMA System

5/13

) MC-CDMA System
(c) Receiver

cos(2 f 1t )

q 1j
LPF

cos(2 f 2 t )

q 2j
LPF

Received
Signal

ym
cos(2 f N t )

D j

q Nj
LPF

17

CCU
Wireless Comm. Lab.

9.4.2 Multi-carrier DS-CDMA System

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) Multi-carrier DS-CDMA system

A Time domain spreading
A The resulting spectrum of each subcarrier can satisfy the
orthogonality condition with the minimum frequency separation.
A This scheme can lower the data rate in each subcarrier so that a large
chip time make it easier to synchronize the spreading sequences.
A The multicarrier DS-CDMA scheme is originally proposed for a uplink communication channel, because this characteristic is effective for
establishment of a (quasi-) synchronous channel.
A N c = GMD
A When setting the number of subcarriers to be one, Multi-carrier DSCDMA becomes equivalent to a normal DS-CDMA scheme.

18

CCU
Wireless Comm. Lab.

9.4.2 Multi-carrier DS-CDMA System

7/13

) Multi-carrier DS-CDMA system

c j (t )
t
j

j
MD

i = k =1 m =1

p c ( t ( m 1) Tc iTs)
cos {2

s MD ( t )

Serial to
Parallel
Converter

cos(2 f N t )

c j (t )

(b) Power spectrum of transmitted signal

f1

f2

N c G MD

( t ) = bkj ( i ) cmj

cos(2 f 2 t )

c j (t )

Input Data
Stream

b j (i )

cos(2 f1t )

c (t )

(a) Transmitter

Multi-carrier DSCDMA System

fN1 f N

f3
19

f ' =

1
TC

TC =

N CTS
GDS

( f 0 + k + f ) t}

frequency
CCU
Wireless Comm. Lab.

9.4.2 Multi-carrier DS-CDMA System

8/13

) Multi-carrier DS-CDMA system

(c) Receiver

cos(2 f1t )

c j (t )
LPF

cos(2 f 2t )

D1

c j (t )
LPF

Received
Signal

D2
Parallelto-Serial
Conveter

y (t )
cos(2 f N t )

c j (t )
LPF

20

DN

CCU
Wireless Comm. Lab.

9.4.3 Multi-Tone CDMA System

9/13

) Multi-tone CDMA (MT-CDMA) system

A Time domain spreading
A The resulting spectrum of each subcarrier no longer satisfies the
orthogonality condition.
A The MT-CDMA scheme uses longer spreading codes in proportion to
the number of subcarriers, as compared with a normal DS-CDMA
scheme.
A The MT-CDMA system can accommodate more users than the DSCDMA system.
A N c < GMT

21

CCU
Wireless Comm. Lab.

9.4.3 Multi-Tone CDMA System

10/13

) Multi-tone CDMA (MT-CDMA) system

c j (t)
t
(a ) T ra n s m itte r

c (t)

c o s ( 2 f 1t )

j
MD

N c G MD

( t ) = bkj ( i ) cmj
i = k =1 m =1

p c ( t ( m 1) Tc iTs)

c o s( 2 f 2 t )

c j (t)
In p u t D a ta
S tre a m

M u lti-to n e C D M A
S y s te m

sMT (t)

S e ria l to
P a ra lle l
C o n v e rte r

cos {2

( f 0 + k + f ) t }

c o s( 2 f N t )

c j (t)

+ f = is the subcarrier separation

Ts

t
(b) Power spectrum of transmitted signal

f1 f2 f 3

fN1 f N
22

frequency

CCU
Wireless Comm. Lab.

9.4.3 Multi-Tone CDMA System

11/13

) Multi-tone CDMA (MT-CDMA) system

(c) Receiver

cos(2 f1t )
Rake Combiner 1

cos(2 f 2t )
Rake Combiner 2

Received
Signal

Parallelto-Serial
Conveter

cos(2 f N t )
Rake Combiner N

23

CCU
Wireless Comm. Lab.

9.4.4 System Features Comparison

12/13

) System features comparison

Access
Scheme

DS-CDMA

Symbol
Chip
Subcarrier
Duration The Number
Processing Gain
of Subcarrier
Duration Separation
at
Subcarrier

Ts

(1)

Ts

GDS

GDS
GDS
1
Ts

Nc (= GMC ) GMC GDS

MC-CDMA

Ts

Multicarrier
DS-CDMA

NcTs

Nc

MT-CDMA

NcTs

Nc

GMD = GDS

NcTs

GMT = NcGDS Ts

24

Required Bandwidth

GDS

GDS

GDS
1

NcTs

NcTs

Ts

Nyquist Filter

with Roll-off factor 0

(GMC + 1)
Ts

( Nc + 1)

( Nc 1)

GDS

( NcTs )

+2

Nc

Ts

GDS

Ts

CCU
Wireless Comm. Lab.

9.4.4 System Features Comparison

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) System features comparison

A MC-CDMA

N c + 1)
(
1
BW = , B =
Ts
Ts

A Multi-carrier DS-CDMA
A MT-CDMA

BW

f1

f2

BW =

G DS
G DS
, B = ( N c + 1)
( N c Ts )
( N c Ts )

G DS
G DS ( N c 1)
+
BW =
, B=2
Ts
Ts
N cTs

BW

fNc

f1 f2

fNc
B

25

CCU
Wireless Comm. Lab.

1/2

9.5 Differences between OFDM and MC-CDMA

) MC-CDMA System
A OFDM-CDMA
A It can be implemented with OFDM technique
c1

cos(2 f1t )

cos(2 f 2t )

c2

Input Data
Stream

b j (i )
Copier

j
s MC
(t )

cN

cos(2 f N t )

sMC (t)

Input Data
BaseBand
Modulator

S/P
1:N

cn (t )
26

OFDM
Modulator

CCU
Wireless Comm. Lab.

2/2

9.5 Differences between OFDM and MC-CDMA

) MC-CDMA spreads the signal in the frequency domain
according to the spread code (PN code), it can view as
employing the frequency diversity method.
) MC-CDMA performs better than DS-CDMA in Downlink
level, but its performs even worse in Uplink level.
) MC-CDMA has gained much attention, because the signal
can be easily transmitted and received using the fast Fourier
transform (FFT) device without increasing the transmitter
and receiver complexities and it is potentially robust to
channel frequency selectivity with a good frequency use
efficiency.

27

CCU
Wireless Comm. Lab.

References
) [1] Richard van Nee and Ramjee Prasad, OFDM Wireless Multimedia Communication, Artech House
Boston London
) [2] Ahmad R.S. Bahai and Burton R. Saltzberg, Multi-carrier Digital Communications Theory and
Applications of OFDM, Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.
) [3] L. Hanzo, W. Webb and T. Keller, Single- and multi-carrier quadrature amplitude modulation
Principles and applications for personal communications, WLANs and broadcasting, John Wiley & Sons,
Ltd, 2000.
) [4] Prasad R. and Hara SP., An overview of multi-carrier CDMA, Spread Spectrum Techniques and
Applications Proceedings, IEEE 4th International Symposium on, vol.1, pp. 107 114, 1996.

28

CCU
Wireless Comm. Lab.