The Big Bang symbolizes the instant the universe began, when

time and space came into existence and all matter in the cosmos
launched into expansion. Prior to this all four fundamental forces
gravity, electromagnetism and the strong and weak nuclear forces
were combined. The explosion was one of space within itself. It
was not like the explosion of a bomb where fragments are thrown
outward. The galaxies were not clumped together. During the first
second or so of the universe large amounts of energy, known as
photons, smashed together and changed their energy into mass.
This caused the four forces to split into their separate identities.
As the universe continued to cool, protons and neutrons
combined to form helium and other light nuclei. It was not until
around one million years after the Big Bang, nuclei and electrons
were cool enough to unite to form atoms. The universe did not
start to look as it does today until small deviations in the matter
distribution were able to squeeze to form the stars and galaxies
as
they
are
known
today.
The Big Bang Theory explains the development of the universe,
predicting the correct profusion of hydrogen and helium. The
theory expresses how the early, hot dense universe expanded
and cooled.

The Big Bang Theory OFFERS a feasible solution to one of the

most pressing questions of all time --- how did the universe
begin. It is vital to understand, though, that the theory itself is
continually being adjusted. As more observations are made and
more research is conducted, the Big Bang becomes more
complete and our knowledge of the origins of the universe more
significant.

In the Industrial revolution, art and culture flourished and was

transformed into many different and unique styles. The first industrial
revolution had forever changed England, and later the world. The second
industrial revolution utilized the power of electricity to help them develop
their technology and help social and home life. Michael Faraday, a British
scientist, demonstrated how an electric current could be made. Electricity
improved life by supplying people with light, and electricity to power
machines. Communications improved as a result of electricity. The telephone
and telegraph were the first communicational devices that were for public
use. With the development of technology, radio waves were discovered. Now
messages could be sent over long distances in virtually no time. Petroleum

begun to be widely used as an alternate energy source. Gasoline

was also needed for transportation also changed from steam
engines to the internal combustion engine. The internal
combustion engine made transportation faster and less public. A
person could own a car instead of using public transportation.
During this time, a new technology was born in the field of
transportation. Orville and Wilbur Wright successfully completed
the first airplane flight at Kitty Hawk. The air plane industry was
born. 1606 Della Porta in 1606 showed that water could be forced
up a pipe by steam pressure.1611 Likewise, Salomon de Caus
demonstrated in 1611 that steam pressure could forcibly eject
water from a closed boiler.1629 Giovanni Branca of Loretto
proposed in 1629 to provide power by impinging steam issuing
from a boiler on to vanes fitted to a horizontal wheel. It is doubtful
if this machine existed otherwise than in the mind of the
presenter. The Stockton and Darlington Railway opened in 1825,
beginning Britain's first public railway to use steam; and the
"Rocket" beat all comers in trials at Rainhill.
1825 The first public railway to use a steam locomotive, the
Stockton and Darlington Railway, opened in 1825. The locomotive
was "Locomotion", built by George Stephenson. In 1850sThe first
marine compound engine was fitted, while John Ramsbottom
completed his DX class goods locomotives - 942 were to follow.
1854 and 1855 Randolph Elder and Co. of Glasgow fitted the first

marine compound engine in the screw steamship "Brandon" in

1854. It was so successful that the Pacific Steam Navigation Co.
ordered compound engines in 1855 for their new steamship
"Valparaiso.
The Dark Ages is a period that is generally accepted as having
begun in the year 410 with the fall of Rome and ending in 1095
with the launch of the first Crusades. The fall of Rome sets a good
understanding for what the Dark Ages were all about because for
centuries the Roman Empire was a unified force that brought
stabilization to most of Europe. It had a vibrant TRADE and
commerce industry that supported a reasonably secure lifestyle
for millions of people. When Rome fell, this network of trade and
commerce collapsed and the European World was set into chaos.
It took seven hundred years of wars, plague, and poverty before
the continent came out of it and was moved into the Renaissance.

Medieval Warlords and the struggle to be emperor

Before it fell, Rome had been the center of the European world for
seven hundred years. Lords from all over Europe were engaged
with each other in battles for land and power. This battling lasted
literally centuries and it meant a constant drain of resources and
a standstill in cultural growth. Outside Forces make it worse. This
constant struggling for power within the continent of Europe
made it very easy for outside forces to penetrate into the
continent and further wreak destruction and drain wealth and
resources. The whole continent was under the constant pressure
of three points of attack from within and from both the north and
south.
The Crusades, while being for the most part a failure in that they
held very little of the land they attempted to conquer, were a
significant factor in the rebirth of Europe in that Europe was
reunited under a common religion and returning crusaders

brought back with them to Europe a wealth of new information in

architecture, medicine, philosophy, mathematics and many other
areas. This infusion of ideas, paired with the end of constant war
within Europe set the stage for the Renaissance. The Dark Ages
were an extraordinarily difficult period in the story of humanity. It
is estimated that 100 million people died at the hands of war,
poverty, and plague. But during this time new ideas and ideals
were born and much of the groundwork was laid for the world we
know today.
In this forest complex emerged the homo variety. It is said that
they emerged from the chimpanzee/ gorilla/monkey family and
this was Darwins conclusion which set up a riot in London when
first propounded in the mid nineteenth century. Emergence of a
creature like man was of multipoint and multi variety. The
Neanderthal man (the Gorilla) emerged in European land mass
and headed for many centuries. In other areas The Java man in
Indonesia, The Peiping Man in China, Heidelberg man in Germany
and Australian man in Australia grew. These Men like creature
went through many changes of body formation. As Prof. Barnell
has opined, it must have taken many centuries to evolve the
present structure and position of the thumbs in the hand, the
changes in the feet structure, the changes in the spine, and the
coordination between the eyes and the limbs, besides other
refinements, Homo species developed through various phases,
home habitat, Homo erectus, Homo sapience being the important
stage. The thinking man (Homo sapience) evolved about a million
year ago or earlier in Rhodesia (presently Kenya) and roamed in
the forest as root / fruit gather and minor hunter of small animals.
They lived in groups, hunted in groups and made stone tools and
slingshots. They were afraid of natures fury, the lightning and
storms and tried to please the external elements. While the man
hunted and found food, the women folk raised children and
watched the vagaries of nature, the growth from the flying seeds
and rising of plants and thus started an interest in agriculture. The

act of controlling fire was the first break through and the tilling of
soil to raise food was second most important development. They
also learnt to create Pottery were first using leaves and replacing
were by mud pottery of various kinds Sun dried and fire dried. In
his quest to improve, man used great ingenuity and thus seeds of
management were planted. Roti, kapda and makan
food,clothing and shelter availability were the major driving force.
This and the desire to know more about the surroundings, the
quest for fresh hunting ground and shared curiosity must had
prompted the Rhodesian man (true man as identified by H. G,
Wells) to march out in small groups from the bush forest land in
search of new habitat following the banks of river Nile. They had
by then domesticated certain animal and learnt the rudiments of
agriculture, the role of seasons, the importance of water and its
management and the law of nature which had to be respected.