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Shairel Dimple P. Noprada

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Biotech

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1."Bioscience" redirects here. For the scientific journal,
see BioScience. For life sciences generally, see life science.

Biotechnology is the use of living systems and organisms to

develop or make products, or "any technological application that
uses biological systems, living organisms or derivatives thereof,
to make or modify products or processes for specific use" (UN
Convention on Biological Diversity, Art. 2).[1] Depending on the
tools and applications, it often overlaps with the (related) fields
of bioengineering,biomedical engineering, etc.

how traits-- and genes for traits--are passed from generation to

generation and how genes and the environment interact to result in
traits. It is used in Fuel, Diagnostics, Genetic Counseling and Gene
Therapy.
Tissue Culture is the ability to grow plant or animal tissues or cells
in test tubes or other laboratory glassware (such as the Petri plate

For thousands of years, humankind has used biotechnology

shown above), without other contaminating organisms, for

in agriculture, food production, and medicine. The term is largely

propagation, chemical production and medical research. It is often

believed to have been coined in 1919 by

used in Fiber (Biopulping).

Hungarian engineer Kroly Ereky. In the late 20th and early 21st

Genetic Engineering/ Recombinant DNA (rDNA) has been used

century, biotechnology has expanded to include new and

since the early 1970's. DNA is like a ribbon and scientists can cut a

diverse sciences such asgenomics, recombinant

DNA segment from one organism and insert it into the DNA of

gene techniques, applied immunology, and development

another organism. The two organisms can be totally unrelated. This

of pharmaceutical therapies anddiagnostic tests. 2

is used in Food Production, Pharmaceuticals, Genetic Counseling

[2]

2. Fermentation uses microbes to convert a substance such as

starch or sugar into other compounds such as lactic acid or ethanol.
It is used in Classical Biotechnology, Pharmaceuticals, Fiber
(Biopulping), Fuel, and Feedstocks (Bioplastics).
Selection and Breeding can include manipulating microbes, plants
or animals, and choosing desirable individuals or populations as
breeding stock for new generations. This tool is used in Classical
Biotechnology, Food Production and Feedstocks (Bioplastics).

and Gene Therapy.

DNA Analysis occurs through two basic methods. The first method
is when Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) makes copies of a DNA
segment. RFLP mapping (restriction fragment length
polymporphism), the second method, detects patterns in DNA that
can indicate the presence of a gene for a trait. Both PCR and RFLP
analysis can be used in DNA fingerprinting for genealogical studies
and forensics.
Africa: Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most-

Genetic Analysis is looking at chromosomes (shown at left), DNA

patterns, and DNA sequences. Genetic Analysis includes studying

populous continent. At about 30.2 million km2 (11.7 million sq mi) including
adjacent islands, it covers six percent of Earth's total surface area and 20.4

percent of its total land area.[2] With 1.1 billion people as of 2013, it accounts

relationship between the scientific community, the public, and the

for about 15% of the world's human population.[3] The continent is

government would ensue. These debates gained exposure in 1975 at

surrounded by theMediterranean Sea to the north, both the Suez Canal and

the Asilomar Conference, where Joshua Lederberg was the most outspoken

the Red Sea along the Sinai Peninsula to the northeast, the Indian Ocean to

supporter for this emerging field in biotechnology. By as early as 1978, with

the southeast, and the Atlantic Ocean to the west. The continent

the synthesis of synthetic human insulin, Lederberg's claims would prove

includes Madagascar and various archipelagos. It has 54 fully

valid, and the biotechnology industry grew rapidly. Each new scientific

recognized sovereign states ("countries"), nine territories and two de

advance became a media event designed to capture public support, and by

facto independent states with limited or no recognition.[4]

the 1980s, biotechnology grew into a promising real industry. In 1988, only
five proteins from genetically engineered cells had been approved as drugs

Africa's population is the youngest among all the continents; 50% of Africans
[5]

are 19 years old or younger.

3. is the application of scientific and engineering principles to the

processing of materials by biological agents to provide goods and services.
[1]

From its inception, biotechnology has maintained a close relationship with

by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA), but this number
would skyrocket to over 125 by the end of the 1990s.
The field of genetic engineering remains a heated topic of discussion in
today's society with the advent of gene therapy,stem cell research, cloning,
and genetically modified food. While it seems only natural nowadays to link

society. Although now most often associated with the development of drugs,

pharmaceutical drugs as solutions to health and societal problems, this

historically biotechnology has been principally associated with food,

relationship of biotechnology serving social needs began centuries ago.

addressing such issues as malnutrition and famine. The history

of biotechnology begins with zymotechnology, which commenced with a

4. The assertion that most innovations in biotechnology are not need driven

focus on brewing techniques for beer. By World War I, however,

is incorrect. Here are a few well-documented examples of biotechnology

zymotechnology would expand to tackle larger industrial issues, and the

innovations targeting pressing needs:

potential of industrial fermentation gave rise to biotechnology. However, both

the single-cell protein and gasohol projects failed to progress due to varying

The argument that the integration of chemical pesticides and seed-use has

issues including public resistance, a changing economic scene, and shifts in

led to lower returns for farmers is incorrect. To support their argument

political power.

Altieri and Rosset reference an obscure manuscript while they ignore several
comprehensive studies that point to increased net returns and reduced

Yet the formation of a new field, genetic engineering, would soon bring
biotechnology to the forefront of science in society, and the intimate

chemical loads (Rice, 1999; Klotz-Ingram et al., 1999; Falk-Zepeda, Traxler,

& Nelson, in press; Gianessi, 1999; Abelson & Hines, 1999; USDA/ERS,

acknowledge the extensive scientific evidence that consistently finds that the

1999a, 1999b).

use of biotechnology methods and biotechnology products pose risks no

different from those of other genetic methods and products.

The assertion that "there are potential risks of eating (bioengineered) foods"
is alarmist. Citing unspecified "recent evidence" Altieri and Rosset fail to